Skip to content

Library / Biology / Scientific American Supplement, No. 446, July 19, 1884 / Braille

Scientific American Supplement, No. 446, July 19, 1884 ⠃⠗⠋ braille edition

Grade 1 — uncontracted, letter-for-letter. Translated on this server by our own braille engine (BRF — Braille Ready Format, Library of Congress fdd000551). View Grade 2 instead.

Download .brf — Grade 2 Download .brf — Grade 1 Plain-text reader .txt

240,866 braille cells · 254 embossed pages at 40×25 · 1,364 unrepresentable characters omitted

⠀⠋⠕⠗⠀⠞⠓⠑⠊⠗⠀⠎⠥⠃⠎⠊⠙⠑⠝⠉⠑⠀⠊⠝⠀⠇⠁⠗⠛⠑⠀⠎⠑⠞⠞⠇⠊⠝⠛⠀
⠞⠁⠝⠅⠎⠂⠀⠺⠓⠊⠉⠓⠀⠓⠁⠙⠀⠞⠕⠀⠃⠑⠀⠀⠊⠝⠀⠙⠥⠏⠇⠊⠉⠁⠞⠑⠀⠊⠝⠀
⠕⠗⠙⠑⠗⠀⠞⠕⠀⠏⠑⠗⠍⠊⠞⠀⠕⠋⠀⠉⠕⠝⠞⠊⠝⠥⠕⠥⠎⠀⠺⠕⠗⠅⠊⠝⠛⠲⠀
⠠⠃⠽⠀⠠⠍⠗⠲⠀⠠⠏⠕⠗⠞⠑⠗⠄⠎⠀⠀⠏⠗⠕⠉⠑⠎⠎⠂⠀⠓⠕⠺⠑⠧⠑⠗⠂⠀
⠞⠓⠊⠎⠀⠊⠎⠀⠕⠃⠧⠊⠁⠞⠑⠙⠀⠃⠽⠀⠞⠓⠑⠀⠥⠎⠑⠀⠕⠋⠀⠋⠊⠇⠞⠑⠗⠀
⠏⠗⠑⠎⠎⠑⠎⠂⠀⠞⠓⠗⠕⠥⠛⠓⠀⠀⠺⠓⠊⠉⠓⠀⠞⠓⠑⠀⠉⠓⠁⠇⠅⠽⠀⠺⠁⠞⠑⠗
⠀⠊⠎⠀⠏⠁⠎⠎⠑⠙⠂⠀⠞⠓⠑⠀⠏⠗⠑⠉⠊⠏⠊⠞⠁⠞⠑⠀⠃⠑⠊⠝⠛⠀⠇⠑⠋⠞⠀
⠃⠑⠓⠊⠝⠙⠂⠀⠀⠺⠓⠊⠇⠑⠂⠀⠃⠽⠀⠍⠑⠁⠝⠎⠀⠕⠋⠀⠁⠀⠎⠏⠑⠉⠊⠁⠇⠀
⠁⠗⠗⠁⠝⠛⠑⠍⠑⠝⠞⠀⠕⠋⠀⠉⠑⠇⠇⠎⠂⠀⠞⠓⠑⠀⠎⠕⠋⠞⠑⠝⠑⠙⠀⠁⠝⠙⠀⠀
⠏⠥⠗⠊⠋⠊⠑⠙⠀⠺⠁⠞⠑⠗⠀⠊⠎⠀⠙⠊⠎⠉⠓⠁⠗⠛⠑⠙⠀⠥⠝⠙⠑⠗⠀
⠏⠗⠑⠎⠎⠥⠗⠑⠀⠞⠕⠀⠞⠓⠑⠀⠎⠑⠗⠧⠊⠉⠑⠀⠞⠁⠝⠅⠎⠲⠀⠠⠇⠁⠗⠛⠑⠀⠀
⠟⠥⠁⠝⠞⠊⠞⠊⠑⠎⠀⠉⠁⠝⠀⠞⠓⠥⠎⠀⠃⠑⠀⠙⠑⠁⠇⠞⠀⠺⠊⠞⠓⠂⠀
⠺⠊⠞⠓⠊⠝⠀⠎⠍⠁⠇⠇⠀⠎⠏⠁⠉⠑⠂⠀⠁⠝⠙⠀⠊⠝⠀⠍⠁⠝⠽⠀⠉⠁⠎⠑⠎⠀⠀
⠝⠕⠀⠏⠥⠍⠏⠊⠝⠛⠀⠊⠎⠀⠗⠑⠟⠥⠊⠗⠑⠙⠂⠀⠁⠎⠀⠞⠓⠑⠀
⠗⠑⠎⠊⠎⠞⠁⠝⠉⠑⠀⠕⠋⠀⠞⠓⠑⠀⠋⠊⠇⠞⠑⠗⠊⠝⠛⠀⠍⠑⠙⠊⠥⠍⠀⠃⠑⠊⠝⠛
⠀⠀⠎⠍⠁⠇⠇⠂⠀⠞⠓⠑⠀⠕⠗⠙⠊⠝⠁⠗⠽⠀⠏⠗⠑⠎⠎⠥⠗⠑⠀⠊⠝⠀⠞⠓⠑⠀
⠍⠁⠊⠝⠀⠊⠎⠀⠃⠥⠞⠀⠇⠊⠞⠞⠇⠑⠀⠗⠑⠙⠥⠉⠑⠙⠲⠀⠠⠕⠝⠑⠀⠕⠋⠀⠀⠞⠓⠑
⠀⠁⠏⠏⠁⠗⠁⠞⠥⠎⠀⠑⠭⠓⠊⠃⠊⠞⠑⠙⠀⠊⠎⠀⠙⠑⠎⠊⠛⠝⠑⠙⠀⠋⠕⠗⠀⠥⠎⠑
⠀⠊⠝⠀⠏⠗⠊⠧⠁⠞⠑⠀⠍⠁⠝⠎⠊⠕⠝⠎⠂⠀⠁⠝⠙⠀⠀⠺⠊⠇⠇⠀⠎⠕⠋⠞⠑⠝⠀
⠁⠝⠙⠀⠋⠊⠇⠞⠑⠗⠀⠼⠛⠑⠚⠀⠛⠁⠇⠇⠕⠝⠎⠀⠁⠀⠙⠁⠽⠲⠀⠠⠊⠝⠀⠎⠥⠉⠓⠀
⠁⠀⠉⠁⠎⠑⠂⠀⠺⠓⠑⠗⠑⠀⠊⠞⠀⠺⠕⠥⠇⠙⠀⠀⠏⠗⠕⠃⠁⠃⠇⠽⠀⠃⠑⠀
⠊⠝⠉⠕⠝⠧⠑⠝⠊⠑⠝⠞⠀⠞⠕⠀⠁⠏⠏⠇⠽⠀⠞⠓⠑⠀⠥⠎⠥⠁⠇⠀
⠁⠛⠊⠞⠁⠞⠊⠝⠛⠀⠍⠁⠉⠓⠊⠝⠑⠗⠽⠂⠀⠎⠏⠑⠉⠊⠁⠇⠀⠀
⠁⠗⠗⠁⠝⠛⠑⠍⠑⠝⠞⠎⠀⠓⠁⠧⠑⠀⠃⠑⠑⠝⠀⠍⠁⠙⠑⠀⠃⠽⠀⠺⠓⠊⠉⠓⠀⠁⠇⠇
⠀⠞⠓⠑⠀⠍⠊⠇⠅⠀⠕⠋⠀⠇⠊⠍⠑⠀⠋⠕⠗⠀⠁⠀⠙⠁⠽⠄⠎⠀⠀⠺⠕⠗⠅⠊⠝⠛⠀

These are the same pages the .brf download embosses — form-feed breaks and all. BRF opens in braille software (Duxbury, BrailleBlaster), on embossers, and on refreshable displays.