,illu/ration ,,sci5tific ,,am]ican ,,supplem5t ,,no4 #ddf ,,new ,,york1 ,,july #ai1 #ahhd ,sci5tific ,am]ican ,supplem5t4 ,vol4 ,,xviii1 ,no4 #ddf4 ,sci5tific ,am]ican e/abli%$ #ahde ,sci5tific ,am]ican ,supplem5t1 #e a ye>4 ,sci5tific ,am]ican & ,supplem5t1 #g a ye>4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,table ,,( ,,cont5ts ,i4 ,,*emi/ry4--,t9 9 ,cann$ ,foods4--,by ,pr(4 ,,attfielu4--,small am\nt ( t9 f\nd4--,:5ce come ^! small p>ticles4--,no cause = al>m4 ,,ii4 ,,eng9e]+ ,,& ,,me*anics4--,! ,w9dmill4--,by ,,james ,w4 ,,hill4--,! ,eclipse w9d4--,o!r w9d mills4--,_! op]ation1 use1 etc4 ,! ,pneumatic ,dynamite ,gun4--,) engrav+ ( pneumatic dynamite gun torp$o vessel4 ,rope ,pulley ,friction ,brake4--#c figures4 ,wire ,rope ,t[age4--,treat+ ( ! sy/em ( t[age by haul+ 9 a subm]g$ wire rope z us$ on ! ,riv] ,rh9e1 boats employ$1 etc4--,) engrav+ ( wire rope tug boat4 ,improv$ ,hay ,rope ,ma*9e4--,) engrav+4 ,! ,anglesea ,bridge1 ,cork4--,) engrav+4 ,portable ,railways4--,by ,m ,,decauville4--,n>r[ gauge roads 9 ,great ,brita94--,m4 ,decauvilie's sy/em4--,railways us$ at ! ,panama ,canal1 9 ,tunis1 etc4 ,,iii4 ,,te*nology4--,improv$ ,pneumatic ,filt]+ ,presses1 & ! ,processes 9 :i* !y are employ$4--#b engrav+s4 ,pneumatic ,malt+4 ,a ,new ,=m ( ,gas ,wa%]4--,mann] 9 :i* x is us$4--,by ,a4 ,,b&sept4--#b figures4 ,,iv4 ,,electricity1 ,,heat1 ,,etc4--,g]>d's ,alt]nat+ ,curr5t ,ma*9e4--#b engrav+s4 ,automatic ,fa/ ,spe$ ,telegraphy4--,by ,,!o4 ,f4 ,,taylor4--,spe$ det]m9$ by resi/ance & /atic capacity4--,exp]im5ts ,taylor's sy/em4--,) diagram4 ,!ory ( ! ,action ( ! ,c>bon ,microphone4--,:at is x8 --#b figures4 ,! ,demb9ski ,telephone ,transmitt]4--#c figures4 ,new ,gas ,light]s4--,electric light]s4--#c engrav+s4 ,di/ribution ( ,heat :i* is develop$ by ,=g+4 ,v4 ,,ar*itecture1 ,,art4 ,,etc4--,villa at ,dork+4--,an engrav+4 ,arm ,*air 9 ! ,l\vre ,collection4 ,,vi4 ,,geology4--,! ,deposition ( ,ores4--,by ,j4,s4 ,,newb]ry4--,m9]al ,ve9s4--,b$d$ ve9s4--,!ories ( ore deposit4--,lea*+ ( igne\s rocks4 ,,vii4 ,,natural ,,hi/ory1 ,,etc4--,habits ( ,burr[+ ,crayfi%es 9 ! ,u4,s4--,=m & size ( ! burr[s & m\nds4--,obta9+ food4--,o!r species ( crayfi%4--#c figures4 ,our ,s]vants1 ! ,microbes4--,:at is a microbe8--,multiplication4 --,=mation ( spores4--,h[ !y live4--,diff]5t gr\ps ( bact]ia4--,_! s]vices4 ,,viii4 ,,horticulture4--,a ,new ,/ove ,climb]4--7,ipoma ?omsoniana7 ,spr\t+ ( ,palm ,se$s4 ,hi/ory ( ,:eat4 ,,ix4 ,,miscellane\s4--,te*nical ,education 9 ,am]ica4--,bran*es ( /udy mo/ prom95t 9 s*ools ( diff]5t ,/ates4 ,! ,an/hetics ( ,juggl]s4--,fakirs ( ! ,indies4--,processes employ$ by !m4--,an/hetic plants4 ,epitaphium ,*ymicum4--,an epitaph writt5 by ,dr4 ,,godfrey4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,improv$ ,,filt] ,,presses4 ,hi!rto x has be5 f\nd t ( all ! appliances & me?ods = sep>at+ ! liquid f ! solid matt]s1 :e!r x is 9 ! case ( efflu5ts f tann]ies & o!r manufactories1 or ! o*]\s & muddy sludges tak5 f ! settl+ tanks 9 m9es1 "s ( :i* conta9 f #ij to #ie p] c5t4 ( wat]1 ! filt] press is ! be/ & ! mo/ economical1 & x is to ?is p>ticul> process t ,messrs4 ,johnson's exhibits at ! ,heal? ,exhibition1 ,london1 *iefly relate4 ,our engrav+s are f ,! ,eng9e]4 ,a filt] press consi/s ( a numb] ( n>r[ cells ( ca/ iron1 %[n 9 ,figs4 #c & #d1 held toge!r 9 a suitable frame1 ! int]ior frames be+ provid$ ) dra9age surfaces communicat+ ) outlets at ! bottom1 & cov]$ ) a filt]+ m$ium1 :i* is g5]ally clo? or pap]4 ,! int]ior ( ! cells s built up are 9 direct communication ) ea* o!r1 or ) a common *annel = ! introduction ( ! matt] to be filt]$1 & z ! only exit is ?r\gh ! clo? or pap]1 ! solid portion is kept back :ile ! liquid passes ?r\gh & escapes by ! dra9age surfaces to ! outlets4 ,! cells are subject$ to pressure1 :i* increases z ! op]ation goes on1 f ! gr[+ resi/ance (f]$ by ! increas+ deposit ( solid matt] on ! clo?s2 & x is !re=e necess>y t !y %\ld be provid$ ) a jo9t+ /rip ar\nd ! outside1 & be press$ toge!r suffici5tly to prev5t any escape ( liquid4 ,9 ord9>y work+ bo? sides ( ! cell are expos$ to ! same pressure1 b 9 "s cases ! fe$ passages become *ok$1 & de/roy ! equilibrium4 ,?is1 9 ! e>li] ma*9es1 gave rise to consid]able annoyance1 z ! diaphragms1 be+ ?91 readily collaps$ at ev5 mod]ate pressures2 b rec5tly all tr\ble on ?is head has be5 obviat$ by introduc+ ! ?ree projections ne> ! c5t]1 z %[n 9 ! cuts1 :i* be> ^u ea* o!r & =m a s]ies ( /ays f "o end ( ! cells to ! o!r1 support+ ! plates until ! ob/ruction is =c$ away4 ,we give an illu/ration bel[ %[+ ! arrangem5t ( a pair ( filt] presses ) pneumatic pressure app>atus1 :i* has be5 successfully appli$ = deal+ ) sludge conta9+ a l>ge am\nt ( fibr\s matt] & rubbi%1 :i* c\ld n be conv5i5tly treat$ ) by pumps 9 ! ord9>y way4 ,! sludge is all[$ to gravitate into wr\ght iron receiv]s plac$ bel[ ! floor1 & ( suffici5t size to receive "o *>ge4 ,f ^! vessels x is =c$ into ! presses by means ( air compress$ to f #ajj lb4 to #abj lb4 p] squ>e in*1 ! air be+ suppli$ by ! horizontal pump %[n 9 ! engrav+4 ,! press is ?us almo/ in/antane\sly fill$1 & ! :ole op]ation is complet$ 9 ab\t an h\r1 ! result be+ a h>d press$ cake conta9+ ab\t #de p] c5t4 ( wat]1 :i* c be easily h&l$ & dispos$ ( z requir$4 ,! same arrangem5t is 9 use = deal+ ) sewage sludge1 & ! advantages ( ! compress$ air sy/em ov] ! ord9>y pumps1 z well z ! ready & cleanly me?od ( sep>at+ ! liquid1 w probably comm5d itself to _m ( our read]s4 ,we und]/& t f c>eful exp]im5ts on a l>ge scale1 ext5d+ ov] a p]iod ( two ye>s1 ! co/ ( filtration1 includ+ all exp5ses1 has be5 f\nd to be n m ?an ab\t #f;d4 p] ton ( wet sludge4 ,a numb] ( specim5s ( wa/e liquors f factories ) ! residual matt]s press$ into cakes1 & also ( ! purifi$ efflu5ts1 are exhibit$4 ,^! w prove ( int]e/ to _m1 all ! m s s9ce 9 "s in/ances ! wa/e products are conv]t$ into mat]ials ( value1 :i*1 x is /at$1 w m ?an repay = ! outlay incurr$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #c4 ,fig #d4 ,ano!r application ( ! filt] press is 9 ! ,port]-,cl>k process ( s(t5+ wat]1 :i* is %[n 9 op]ation4 ,we may briefly /ate t ! *ief object is to precipitate ! bic>bonates ( lime & magnesia held 9 solution by ! wat]1 & s get rid ( :at is kn[n z ! tempor>y h>dness4 ,to accompli% ?is1 /rong lime wat] is introduc$ 9 a cle> /ate to ! wat] to be s(t5$1 ! quantity be+ regulat$ accord+ to ! am\nt ( bic>bonates 9 solution4 ,! imm$iate effect ( ?is is t a proportion ( ! c>bonic acid ( ! latt] comb9es ) ! invisible lime ( ! cle> lime wat]1 =m+ a *alky precipitate1 :ile ! loss ( ?is proportion ( c>bonic acid also r$uces ! invisible bic>bonates into visible c>bonates4 ,! precipitates ?us =m$ are 9 ! /ate ( an impalpable p[d]1 & 9 ! orig9al ,cl>k process _m h\rs 7 requir$ = _! subsid5ce 9 l>ge settl+ tanks1 :i* _h to be 9 duplicate 9 ord] to p]mit ( cont9u\s work+4 ,by ,mr4 ,port]'s process1 h[ev]1 ?is is obviat$ by ! use ( filt] presses1 ?r\gh :i* ! *alky wat] is pass$1 ! precipitate be+ left beh9d1 :ile1 by means ( a special arrangem5t ( cells1 ! s(t5$ & purifi$ wat] is dis*>g$ "u pressure to ! s]vice tanks4 ,l>ge quantities c ?us be dealt )1 )9 small space1 & 9 _m cases no pump+ is requir$1 z ! resi/ance ( ! filt]+ m$ium be+ small1 ! ord9>y pressure 9 ! ma9 is b little r$uc$4 ,"o ( ! app>atus exhibit$ is design$ = use 9 private mansions1 & w s(t5 & filt] #gej gallons a day4 ,9 su* a case1 :]e x w\ld probably be inconv5i5t to apply ! usual agitat+ ma*9]y1 special arrangem5ts h be5 made by :i* all ! milk ( lime = a day's work+ is made at "o "t 9 a special vessel agitat$ by h&1 on ! ev5+ previ\s to ! day on :i* x is to be us$4 ,"t is ?us giv5 = ! p>ticles ( lime to settle dur+ ! night4 ,! cle> lime wat] is introduc$ into ! mix+ vessel by means ( a *>ge ( air compress$ 9 ! top ( a receiv]1 by ! action ( wat] f ! ma91 ! air be+ admitt$ to ! milk ( lime vessel ?r\gh a suitable regulat+ valve4 ,a v small filt] suffices = remov+ ! precipitate1 & ! cle>1 s(t5$ wat] c ei!r be us$ at once1 or /or$ 9 ! usual way4 ,! advantages :i* w\ld accrue to ! community at l>ge f ! g5]al adoption ( "s *eap me?od ( r$uc+ ! h>dness ( wat] are too well kn[n to ne$ mu* comm5t f u4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,pneumatic ,,malt+4 ,accord+ to ,k4 ,l9tn]1 ! wor/ features ( ! pres5t sy/em ( malt+ are ! inequalities ( wat] & temp]ature 9 ! heaps & ! irregul> supplies ( oxyg5 to1 & removal ( c>bonic acid f1 ! g]m9at+ gra94 ,! importance ( ! la/ two po9ts is demon/rat$ by ! facts t1 :5 oxyg5 is cut (f1 alcoholic f]m5tation--giv+ rise to ! well-kn[n odor ( apples--sets 9 9 ! cells1 & t 9 an atmosph]e ) #bj p] c5t4 ( c>bonic acid1 g]m9ation ceases4 ,! op5 pneumatic sy/em1 :i* consi/s 9 draw+ w>m air ?r\gh ! heaps spread on a p]=at$ floor1 %\ld yield bett] results4 ,all ! processes are ?or\ghly controll$ by ! eye & by ! !rmomet]1 great cleanl9ess is possible1 & ! space requisite is only "o-?ird ( t requir$ on ! old plan4 ,s9ce ,may1 #ahhb1 ?is me?od has be5 successfully work$ at ,puntigam1 :]e plant has be5 e/abli%$ suffici5t = an annual output ( #g1jjj qrs4 ( malt4 ,! clos$ pneumatic sy/em labors "u ! disadvantages t f ! =m ( ! app>atus g]m9ation _c be ?or\ghly controll$1 & cleanl9ess is v difficult to ma9ta91 :ile ! supply ( oxyg5 is1 z a rule1 m irregul> ?an ) ! op5 floors4 ,illu/ration3 ,,improv$ ,,pneumatic ,,filt]+ ,,presses4 99 99 99 99 99 ,a ,,new ,,=m ,,( ,,gas ,,wa%]4 ,by ,a4 ,,b&sept1 ( ,brussels4 ,! wa%] is an appliance int5d$ to cond5se & clean gas1 :i*1 on leav+ ! hydraulic ma91 holds 9 susp5sion a great _m prop]ties t are injuri\s to its illum9at+ p[]1 & _c1 if reta9$1 be turn$ to pr(itable acc\nt4 ,?is clean+ process is n difficult to c>ry out effectually2 & mo/ ( ! appliances inv5t$ = ! purpose w\ld be highly efficaci\s if !y did n 9 o!r respects pres5t c]ta9 v s]i\s inconv5i5ces4 ,! passage ( ! gas ?r\gh a column ( cold wat] is1 ( c\rse1 suffici5t to cond5se x1 & cle> x ( ^! injuri\s prop]ties2 b ?is op]ation has = its imm$iate effect ! pres5tation ( an ob/acle to ! fl[ ( ! gas1 & consequ5tly augm5tation ( pressure 9 ! retorts4 ,9 ord] to obviate ?is inconv5i5ce 7:i* exi/s not)/&+ ! use ( ! be/ wa%]s71 exhau/]s are employ$ to draw ! gas f ! retorts & =ce x into ! wa%]s4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 ano!r inconv5i5ce :i* c only be rem$i$ by ! use ( a second exhau/]1 viz41 ! loss ( pressure aft] ! passage ( ! gas ?r\gh ! wa%]--a loss result+ f ! ob/acle pres5t$ by ?is appliance to ! /eady fl[ ( ! gas4 ,n[ z1 9 ! c\rse ( its passage ?r\gh ! rema9+ app>atus1 on its way to ! hold]1 ! gas w h to suff] a consid]able loss ( pressure1 x is ( ! greate/ importance t ! wa%] %\ld deprive x ( z little z possible4 ,x w be obvi\s1 !re=e1 t a wa%] :i* fulfills ! be/ conditions z f> z reg>ds ! clean+ ( ! gas w be absolutely p]fect if x does n pres5t any imp$im5t to its fl[4 ,su* an appliance is t :i* is %[n 9 ! illu/ration on next page4 ,its object is1 :ile all[+ = ! wa%+ be+ z vigor\s & z long-cont9u$ z may be desir$1 to draw ! gas out ( ! retorts1 &1 hav+ cleans$ x p]fectly f its delet]i\s prop]ties1 to =ce x onw>d4 ,! app>atus consequ5tly supplies ! place ( ! exhau/] & ! scrubb]4 ,! new wa%] consi/s ( a rectangul> box ( ca/ iron1 hav+ a half-cyl9drical cov]1 9 ! upp] "p ( :i* is fix$ a pipe to c>ry (f ! gas4 ,9 ! box !re is plac$ horizontally a turb9e1 ! holl[ axis ( :i* s]ves = ! conveyance ( ! gas into ! vessel4 ,= ?is purpose ! axis is p]=at$ ) a numb] ( small holes1 "s ( :i* are tapp$1 s z to all[ ( !re be+ screw$ on to ! axis1 & p]p5dicul>ly !reto1 a s]ies ( brooms made ( dog grass1 & hav+ _! h&les ?read$ = ! purpose4 ,^! brooms are arrang$ 9 su* a way z n to enc\nt] too great resi/ance f contact ) ! wat] conta9$ 9 ! vessel1 & s t ! wat] ca/ up by !m %all n be all ?r[n 9 ! same direction4 ,to obviate ^! inconv5i5ces !y are fix$ obliquely to ! axis ( ! c5tral pipe1 & are diff]5tly arrang$ 9 reg>d to ea* o!r4 ,a m symmetrical disposition ( !m c\ld1 h[ev]1 be adopt$ by plac+ !m zigzag1 or 9 su* a way z to =m two helices1 "o ( :i* w\ld move 9 a p>ticul> direction1 & ! o!r 9 a diff]5t way4 ,! c5tral pipe1 furni%$ ) its brooms1 be+ set 9 motion by means ( a pulley fix$ ^u its axis 7:i* also c>ries a fly:eel71 ! gas1 drawn 9 at ! c5t]1 & escap+ by ! holes made 9 ! pipe1 is =c$ to ! circumf]5ce ( ! vessel1 :]e x passes out4 ,! effect ( ?is wa%] is fir/1 to break up ! curr5t ( gas1 & !n =ce x viol5tly into ! wat]2 at ! same "t s5d+ into x ! spray ( wat] ?r[n up by ! brooms4 ,?is d\ble op]ation is con/antly go+ on1 s t ! gas1 hav+ be5 saturat$ by ! transfusion into x ( a vigor\s %[] ( wat] 7into ! bulk ( :i* x is subsequ5tly imm]s$71 is =c$1 on leav+ ! wat]1 to aga9 und]go simil> treatm5t4 ,! same quantity ( gas is !re=e sev]al times submitt$ to ! wa%+ process1 till at l5g? x f9ds its way to ! outlet1 & makes its escape4 ,! ext5t to :i* ! wa%+ ( ! gas is c>ri$ is1 consequ5tly1 only limit$ by ! spe$ ( ! app>atus1 or r by ! ratio ( ! spe$ to ! initial pressure ( ! gas4 ,?is limit be+ det]m9$1 ! op]ation may be cont9u$ indef9itely1 by mak+ ! gas pass into sev]al wa%]s 9 succession4 ,!re is1 !re=e1 no reason :y ! gas %\ld n1 aft] und]go+ ?is treatm5t1 be absolutely fre$ ( all ^? prop]ties :i* are susceptible ( removal by wat]4 ,9 fact1 all t is requisite is to increase ! dim5sions ( ! vessel1 s z to compel ! gas to rema9 long] !re91 & ?us cause x to und]go m frequ5tly ! op]ation ( wa%+4 ,^! dim5sions be+ fix$ )9 reasonable limits1 if ! gas is n suffici5tly wa%$1 ! spe$ ( ! app>atus may be increas$2 & ! degree ( wa%+ w be !reby augm5t$4 ,if ?is does n suffice1 ! numb] ( turb9es may be increas$1 & ! gas pass$ f "o to ! o!r until ! gas is p]fectly clean4 ,?is s]ies ( op]ations w\ld1 h[ev]1 ) any k9d ( wa%]1 result 9 ?or\ghly cleans+ ! gas4 ,! only ?+ t makes su* a process practically impossible is ! v consid]able or x may be ev5 total loss ( pressure :i* x entails4 ,by ! new sy/em1 ! loss ( pressure is nil1 inasmu* z ea* turb9e becomes 9 reality an exhau/]4 ,! gas1 ent]+ ! wa%] at ! axis1 is drawn to ! circumf]5ce by ! rotatory motion ( ! brooms1 :i* ?us =m a v5tilator4 ,x foll[s1 !re=e1 t on leav+ ! vessel ! gas w h a great] pressure ?an x _h on ent]+ x2 & ?is increase ( pressure may be augm5t$ to any desir$ ext5t by alt]+ ! spe$ ( rotation ( ! axis1 precisely z 9 ! case ( an exhau/]4 ,=c+ ! gas viol5tly into wat]1 & at ! same "t divid+ ! curr5t1 is evid5tly ! mo/ simple1 rational1 & effici5t me?od ( wa%+1 especially :5 ?is op]ation is effect$ by brooms fix$ on a %aft & rotat$ ) great spe$4 ,!re=e1 if !re _h n be5 ?is loss ( pressure to deal )--a fatal consequ5ce ( e viol5t op]ation--! "q ( p]fect wa%+ w\ld probably h be5 solv$ long ago4 ,! inv5tion :i* ,i h n[ submitt$ consi/s ( an arrangem5t :i* enables all loss ( pressure to be avoid$1 inasmu* z x furni%es ! app>atus ) ! greate/ numb] ( valuable qualities1 :e!r reg>d$ f ! po9t ( view ( wa%+ or t ( cond5sation4 ,illu/ration3 ,longitud9al ,section4 ,elevation4 ,transv]se ,section4 ,ref]r+ to ! illu/ration1 ! gas ent]s ! wa%] by ! pipe1 ,a1 :i* t]m9ates 9 ! =m ( a ,symbol3 inv]t$ ,t4 ,"o end 7a7 ( ?is pipe is bolt$ to ! c5t] ( "o ( ! sides ( ! cyl9drical portion ( ! case1 9 :i* !re is a hole ( simil> diamet] to ! pipe2 ! o!r 7a'7 be+ =m$ by ! face-plate ( a /uff+-box1 ,b1 ?r\gh :i* passes ! c5tral %aft1 ,c1 support$ by ! plumm]-block1 ,d1 z %[n4 ,?is %aft has ^u its opposite end a plate p]=at$ ) holes1 ,e1 :i* is fix$ ^u ! flange ( a horizontal pipe1 ,f4 ,?is pipe is clos$ at ! o!r end by means ( a plate1 ,e'1 furni%$ ) a sp9dle1 support$ by a /uff+-box1 ,b'1 & c>ry+ a fly-:eel1 ,g4 ,! c5tral pipe1 ,f1 is p]=at$ ) a numb] ( small holes4 ,! gas ent]+ by ! pipe1 ,a1 makes its way into ! c5tral pipe ?r\gh ! op5+s 9 ! plate1 ,e1 & passes into ! cyl9drical case ?r\gh ! small holes 9 ! c5tral pipe1 :i* c>ries ! brooms1 ,h4 ,^! are caus$ to rotate rapidly by means ( ! pulley1 ,i2 & ?us a con/ant %[] ( wat] is project$ into ! cyl9drical case4 ,:5 ! gas has be5 sev]al times subject$ to ! wa%+ process1 x passes (f by ! pipe1 ,k4 ,fre% cold wat] is suppli$ to ! vessel by ! pipe1 ,l2 & ,m is ! outlet = ! t>4--,j\rnal ( ,gas ,light+4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,w9d ,,mill4 ,footnote3 ,a pap] read be=e ! ,eng9e]s' ,club ( ,/4 ,l\is1 #ahhd4 ,by ,,james ,w4 ,,hill4 ,9 ! hi/ory ( ! _w ! utilization ( ! w9d z a motive p[] ant$ates ! use ( bo? wat] & /eam = ! same purpose4 ,! adv5t ( /eam caus$ a cessation 9 ! progress ( w9d p[]1 & x 0 comp>atively neglect$ = _m ye>s4 ,b m rec5tly att5tion has be5 aga9 drawn to x1 ) ! result ( develop+ improvem5ts1 s t x is n[ utiliz$ 9 _m ways4 ,! ne$ 9 ! ,we/ ( a motive p[] :]e wat] p[] is r>e & fuel exp5sive has done mu* to develop & p]fect w9d mills4 ,w9d mills1 z at pres5t con/ruct$ 9 ?is c\ntry1 are ( rec5t date4 ,! mill kn[n z ! ,eclipse 0 ! fir/ mill ( its class built4 ,x is kn[n z ! solid-:eel1 self-regulat+ patt]n1 & 0 inv5t$ ab\t sev5te5 ye>s ago4 ,! w9d :eel is ( ! rosette type1 built )\t any jo9ts1 :i* gives x ! "n solid :eel1 9 contradi/9ction to :eels made ) loose sections or fans h+$ to ! arms or spokes1 & kn[n z section :eel mills4 ,! regulation ( ! ,eclipse mill is accompli%$ by ! use ( a small adju/able side vane1 flexible or h+$ rudd] vane1 & weight$ lev]1 z %[n 9 ,plate #a 7on ! l>g] sizes ( mills iron balls atta*$ to a *a9 are us$ 9 place ( ! weight$ lev]74 ,! side vane & weight on lev] be+ adju/able1 c be set to run ! mill at any desir$ spe$4 ,n[ y w obs]ve f ! model t ! action ( ! gov]n+ me*anism is automatic4 ,z ! velocity ( ! w9d increases1 ! pressure on ! side vane t5ds to c>ry ! w9d :eel ar\nd edgewise to ! w9d & p>allel to ! rudd] vane1 !reby *ang+ ! angle & r$uc+ ! area expos$ to ! w9d2 at ! same "t ! lev]1 ) adju/able weight atta*$1 sw+s f a v]tical t[>d a horizontal position1 ! resi/ance increas+ z x moves t[>d ! latt] position4 ,?is acts z a c\nt]balance ( v>y+ resi/ance aga9/ ! pressure ( ! w9d on ! side vane1 & holds ! mill at an angle to ! plane ( ! w9d1 insur+ !reby ! numb] ( revolutions p] m9ute requir$1 accord+ to ! position to :i* ! gov]n+ me*anism has be5 set or adju/$4 ,if ! velocity ( ! w9d is su* t ! pressure on ! side vane ov]comes ! resi/ance ( ! c\nt] weight1 !n ! side vane is c>ri$ ar\nd p>allel ) ! rudd] vane1 pres5t+ only ! edge ( ! w9d :eel or ends ( ! fans to ! w9d1 :5 ! mill /ops runn+4 ,?is type ( mill pres5ts m effective w9d receiv+ or work+ surface :5 9 ! w9d1 & less surface expos$ to /orms :5 out ( ! w9d1 ?an any o!r type ( mill4 ,x is at all times "u ! control ( an op]ator on ! gr\nd4 ,a #bb-;foot ,eclipse mill pres5ts #ceb squ>e feet ( w9d receiv+ & work+ surface 9 ! w9d1 & only #i squ>e feet ( w9d resi/+ surface :5 out ( ! w9d4 ,solid-:eel mills are sup]s$+ all o!rs 9 ?is c\ntry1 & are be+ export$ l>gely to all p>ts ( ! _w1 9 sizes f #aj to #cj feet 9 diamet]4 ,_m ( ^! mills h )/ood /orms )\t injury1 :]e sub/antial build+s 9 ! imm$iate vic9ity h be5 badly damag$4 ,i w ref] to "s results accompli%$ ) pump+ mills3 ,9 ! spr+ ( #ahha !re 0 erect$ = ,arkansas ,city1 ,kansas1 a #ad-;foot diamet] pump+ w9d mill2 a #cb1jjj-;gallon wat] tank1 re/+ on a /one sub/ructure #ae feet high1 ! gr\nd on :i* x /&s be+ #d feet high] ?an ! ma9 /reet ( ! t[n4 ,"o ?\s& f\r hundr$ feet ( #d-;in* wood pipe 0 us$ = ma9s1 ) #a1bjj feet ( #a-;in* wr\ght iron pipe4 ,?ree #c-;in* fire hydrants 7 plac$ on ! ma9 /reet4 ,! w9d mill 0 locat$ #a1ajj feet f ! tank1 & =c$ ! wat] ?is di/ance1 elevat+ x #ej feet4 ,we e/imate t ?is mill is pump+ f #ah1jjj to #bj1jjj gallons ( wat] e tw5ty-f\r h\rs4 ,we le>n$ t ^! works h sav$ two build+s f burn+1 & t ! wat] is be+ us$ = spr9kl+ ! /reets1 & be+ furni%$ to consum]s at ! foll[+ rates p] annum3 ,private h\ses1 #e2 /ores1 #e2 hotels1 #aj2 liv]y /ables1 #ae4 ,at ^! v l[ rates1 ! city has an income ( #cjj p] annum4 ,! approximate co/ ( ! works 0 #b1jjj4 ,?is gives #ae p] c5t4 int]e/ on ! inve/m5t1 n d$uct+ any?+ = repairs or ma9t5ance1 :i* has n co/ #e p] annum s f>4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate #b4 ,,! ,,eclipse ,,w9d ,,mill4 ,9 ,june1 #ahhc1 a w9d wat] works sy/em 0 erect$ = ! city ( ,mc,pherson1 ,kansas1 consi/+ ( a #bb-;foot diamet] w9d mill on a #ge-;foot t[]1 :i* pumps ! wat] out ( a well #hj feet deep1 & deliv]s x into a #fj1jjj-;gallon tank re/+ on a sub/ructure #dc feet above ! gr\nd4 ,sixte5 hundr$ feet ( #f-;in* & #cjj feet ( #d-;in* ca/ iron pipe furni% ! means ( di/ribution2 eight #b-;in* d\ble dis*>ge fire hydrants 7 locat$ on ! pr9cipal /reets4 ,a gate valve 0 plac$ 9 ! #f-;in* ma9 close to ! elb[ on l[] end ( ! d[n pipe f ! tank4 ,?is pipe is atta*$ to ! bottom ( ! tank2 ano!r pipe 0 run up ?r\gh ! bottom ( tank #i feet 7! tank be+ #ah feet deep71 & c>ri$ d[n to a connection ) ! ma9 pipe j outside ! gate valve4 ,! op]ation ( ?is arrangem5t is z foll[s3 ,! gate valve be+ clos$1 ! wat] _c be drawn bel[ ! #i-;foot level 9 tank1 :i* leaves ab\t #ce1jjj gallons 9 /ore = fire protection1 & is at once available by op5+ ! gate valve ref]r$ to4 ,! tank re/s on gr\nd ab\t #e feet above ! ma9 /reets1 :i* gives a head ( #eg feet :5 ! tank is half full4 ,! di/ance f tank to ! f>!/ hydrant be+ s %ort1 !y get ! pressure due to ?is head at ! hydrant1 :5 play+ #b-;in*1 or #a-a_/h-;in* /reams1 ) %ort l9es ( #b-;in* hose2 ?is gives fair fire /reams = a t[n ) few if any build+s ov] two /ories high4 ,x is e/imat$ t ?is mill is pump+ f #cj1jjj to #ch1jjj gallons on an av]age e tw5ty-f\r h\rs4 ,!re is an automatic device atta*$ to ?is mill1 :i* /ops x :5 ! tank is full1 b z soon z ! wat] 9 ! tank is l[]$1 x goes to pump+ aga94 ,! co/ ( ^! works complete to ! city 0 a trifle ov] #f1jjj4 ,9 ,novemb] la/ a w9d mill #ah feet 9 diamet] 0 erect$ ov] a coal m9e at ,ri*mond1 9 ?is ,/ate4 ,! conditions 7 z foll[s3 ,! m9e produces #aa1jjj gallons ( wat] e tw5ty-f\r h\rs4 ,! sump holds #aa1jjj gallons4 ,two entries t c be damm$ up give a /orage ( #af1ejj gallons1 mak+ a total /orage capacity ( #bg1ejj gallons4 ,x takes sixty h\rs = ! m9e to produce ?is quantity ( wat]1 :i* all[s = days t ! w9d does n bl[4 ,! av]age elevation t ! wat] has to be rais$ is #fe feet1 measur+ f c5t] ( sump to po9t ( deliv]y4 ,a record ( n9ety days %[s t ?is mill has kept ! m9e free f wat] ) ! exception ( #f1jjj gallons1 :i* 0 rais$ 9 ! boxes t ! coal is rais$ 94 ,! location is n good = a w9d mill1 z x /&s 9 a n>r[ rav9e or valley a %ort di/ance f its m\?1 :i* t]m9ates at ! bottom l&s ( ! ,miss\ri ,riv]4 ,?is1 tak5 9 connection ) ! fact t ! grit 9 ! wat] cuts ! pump plung] pack+ s fa/ t 9 a %ort "t ! pump w n "w up to its capacity1 acc\nts = ! app>5t small am\nt ( p[] develop$ by ?is mill4 ,!re has be5 "s discussion ( late 9 reg>d to ! horse p[] ( w9d mills1 "o p>ty claim+ t !y 7 capable ( do+ l>ge am\nts ( gr9d+ & %[+ a developm5t ( p[] t 0 surpris+ to ! av]age p]son unacqua9t$ ) w9d mills1 :ile ! o!r p>ty has ma9ta9$ t !y 7 n capable ( develop+ any great am\nt ( p[]1 & has cit$ _! p]=mance 9 pump+ wat] to su/a9 8 argum5t4 ,my exp]i5ce has has l$ me to ! conclusion t pump+ wat] ) a w9d mill is n a fair te/ ( ! p[] t x is capable ( develop+1 = ! foll[+ reasons3 ,a pump+ w9d mill is ord9>ily atta*$ to a pump ( suitable size to all[ ! mill to run at a mean spe$ 9 an #h to #aj mile w9d4 ,n[1 if ! w9d increases to a velocity ( #af to #bj miles p] h\r1 ! mill w run up to its maximum spe$ & ! gov]nor w beg9 to act1 %ort5+ sail be=e ! w9d atta9s ?is velocity4 ,!re=e1 by a v lib]al e/imate1 ! pump w n ?r[ m ?an d\ble ! quantity t x did 9 ! #h to #aj mile w9d1 :ile ! p[] ( ! mill has quadrupl$1 & is capable ( runn+ at lea/ two pumps z l>ge z ! "o to :i* x is atta*$4 ,z ! velocity ( ! w9d increases1 ?is same proportion ( diff]5ce 9 p[] develop$ to "w done holds good4 ,/4 ,l\is is n consid]$ a v w9dy place1 !re=e ! foll[+ table may be a surprise to "s4 ,?is table 0 compil$ f ! complete record ( ! ye> #ahha1 z record$ by ! anemomet] ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,signal ,(fice on ! ,mutual ,life ,insurance ,build+1 corn] ( ,six? & ,locu/ /reets1 ?is city4 ,x gives ! numb] ( h\rs ea* mon? t ! w9d blew at ea* velocity1 f #f to #bj miles p] h\r dur+ ! ye>2 also ! maximum velocity atta9$ ea* mon?4 ,complete ,w9d ,record at ,/4 ,l\is = ! ,ye> #ahha4 ,no4 ,no4 ,no4 ,no4 ,no4 ,no4 ,no4 ,no4 h\rs h\rs h\rs h\rs h\rs h\rs h\rs h\rs ,maximum w9d w9d w9d w9d w9d w9d w9d w9d velocity ,,ye> blew #f blew #h blew #aj;blew #ab;blew #ad;blew #af;blew #ah;blew #bj;dur+ #ahha4 miles miles miles miles miles miles miles miles ea* ,,mon?sor ov]or ov]or ov]or ov]or ov]or ov]or ov]or ov]mon?4 ,h4 ,m4,h4 ,m4,h4 ,m4,h4 ,m4,h4 ,m4,h4 ,m4 ,h4 ,m4 ,h4 ,m4 ,jan4 #ede #de #dbi #de #bhi #jj #aih #ae #aca #cj #hg #ae #ef #jj #ch #de #ca ,feb4 #fai #cj #ecc #ae #ddi #ae #cgd #ae #bhg #jj #bjg #ae #aea #ae #aaj #cj #cb ,m>*4 #fjd #ae #ecd #cj #ddi #de #cfh #de #bif #cj #bdc #de #aia #jj #aeh #de #cg ,april4 #egg #ae #dfh #de #cdb #de #cei #cj #age #jj #aba #jj #fb #de #cf #jj #bh ,may4 #eec #jj #cge #jj #bbf #ae #ach #jj #gd #de #db #cj #bc #de #aa #cj #ca ,june4 #fad #ae #dfc #de #cjc #cj #bae #ae #abc #de #gf #cj #bi #de #ag #de #cb ,july4 #eef #de #cgh #jj #bbh #ae #acf #ae #ee #cj #bb #cj #f #jj #b #cj #bb ,aug4 #ecf #cj #cde #jj #agf #jj #hj #cj #ce #de #bb #ae #ag #ae #ae #jj #cd ,sept4 #efd #ae #dde #de #cbf #de #bbd #de #ade #cj #if #de #gj #jj #df #de #cj ,oct4 #fag #cj #eja #de #cfh #de #cfc #jj #agj #jj #ic #de #dj #cj #bg #de #bg ,nov4 #fdb #de #ecg #cj #dbh #de #cbh #cj #bbf #jj #aea #de #ajj #cj #gd #jj #cj ,dec4 #eib #ae #eaf #cj #cij #jj #cjh #de #bbd #de #afg #de #aaj #de #fg #jj #cj ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,totals#g1jbd #e1ebi #c1iha #b1iie #a1idf #a1cce #hfh #fjf -- #jj #cj #jj #de #jj #jj #cj #ae ,max4 = ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- #cg ye> ,! location ( a mill has a great deal to d ) ! results atta9$4 ,hav+ _h *>ge ( ! erection ( a l>ge numb] ( ^! mills = p[] purposes1 ,i w ref] to a few ( !m 9 diff]5t ,/ates1 giv+ ! actual results accompli%$1 & leav+ y to =m y\r own op9ion z to ! p[] develop$4 ,9 #ahgg a #be-;foot diamet] mill 0 erect$ at ,dov]1 ,kansas1 a few miles s\?we/ ( ,topeka4 ,x 0 built to d cu/om fl\r & fe$ gr9d+1 also corn %ell+1 & is 9 successful op]ation at ! pres5t "t4 ,we h lett]s frequ5tly f ! own]2 "o ( rec5t date /ates t x has /ood all ( ! ,kansas zephyrs1 nev] hav+ be5 damag$ z yet4 ,on an av]age x %ells & gr9ds f #f to #aj bu%els ( corn p] h\r1 & runs a #ad in* burr /one1 gr9d+ :eat at ! same "t4 ,dur+ /rong w9ds x has %ell$ & gr\nd z high z #cj bu%els ( corn p] h\r4 ,plate #b is f a photograph ( ?is mill & build+ z x /&s4 ,"o bevel p9ion is all ! repairs ?is mill has requir$4 ,9 ! spr+ ( #ahhj !re 0 erect$ a #be-;foot diamet] mill at ,h>v>d1 ,clay ,c\nty1 ,neb4 ,aft] ?is mill _h be5 runn+ n9ete5 mon?s1 we receiv$ ! foll[+ report f ! own]3 ,dur+ ! n9ete5 mon?s we h be5 runn+ ! w9d mill1 x has co/ u no?+ = repairs4 ,we run x ) a two-hole corn %ell]1 a set ( #af-;in* burr /ones1 & an elevator4 ,we gr9d all k9ds ( fe$1 also corn meal & ,graham fl\r4 ,we h gr\nd #h1cdj bu%els1 & w\ld h gr\nd mu* m if corn _h n be5 a v poor crop "h = ! pa/ two seasons2 besides1 we h our f>m to att5d to1 & _c keep x runn+ all ! "t t we h w9d4 ,we h n run a full day at any "t1 b h gr\nd #abe bu%els 9 a day4 ,:5 ! burr is 9 good %ape we c gr9d #bj bu%els an h\r1 & %ell at ! same "t 9 ! av]age w9ds t we h4 ,! mill has )/ood /orms )\t numb]1 ev5 "o t blew d[n a h\se ne> x1 & ano!r t blew d[n _m small] mills4 ,x is "o ( ! be/ inve/m5ts any "o c make4 ,! writ] saw ?is mill ab\t sixty days ago1 & x is 9 good %ape1 & do+ ! "w z /at$4 ,! only repairs t x has requir$ dur+ f\r ye>s 0 "o bevel p9ion put on ?is spr+4 ,! own] ( a #af-;foot diamet] mill1 erect$ at ,blue ,spr+s4 ,neb41 says t ) a fair w9d x gr9ds easily #ae bu%els ( corn p] h\r ) a ,no4 #c gr9d]1 also runs a corn-%ell] & pump at ! same "t1 & t x works smoo?ly & is entirely self-regulat+4 ,! ,no4 #c gr9d] ref]r$ to has *ill$ iron burrs1 & requires f #c to #d horse-p[] to gr9d #ae bu%els ( corn p] h\r4 ,( "o ( ^! #af-;foot mills t has be5 runn+ s9ce #ahge 9 ,nor!rn ,ill9ois1 ! own] writes3 ,9 w9dy days ,i saw cord-wood z fa/ z ! wood c be h&l$1 do+ m "w ?an ,i us$ to accompli% ) five horses4 ,! own] ( "o ( ^! mills1 #bj feet 9 diamet]1 runn+ 9 ! s\?we/]n "p ( ?is ,/ate1 writes t he has a corn-%ell] & two iron gr9d+ mills ) #h-;in* burrs atta*$ to x2 also a bolt+ device2 t ?is mill is m pr(itable to him ?an #hj acres ( good corn l&1 & t x is easily h&l$ & has nev] be5 out ( ord]4 ,! foll[+ report on "o ( ^! #af-;foot mills1 runn+ 9 nor!rn ,ill9ois1 may be ( int]e/3 ,?is mill /&s betwe5 ! h\se & b>n4 ,a connection is made to a pump 9 a well-h\se #be feet di/ant1 & is also arrang$ to op]ate a *urn & wa%+ ma*9e4 ,by means ( %eaves & wire cable1 p[] is transmitt$ to a circul> saw #ce feet di/ant4 ,9 ?is same mann] p[] is transmitt$ to ! b>n #bjj feet di/ant1 :]e connection is made to a ?ra%]1 corn-%ell]1 fe$-cutt]1 & fann+-mill4 ,! corn-%ell] is a ?ree horse-p[]1 ) fan & sack] atta*$4 ,?ree hundr$ bu%els p] day has be5 %ell$1 clean$1 & sack$4 ,! ?ra%+ ma*9e is a two horsep[] ) vibrat+ atta*m5t = sep>at+ /raw f gra94 ,"o man has ?ra%$ #cjj bu%els ( oats p] day1 & on w9dy days says ! mill w\ld run a ?ra%] ( d\ble ?is capacity4 ,! saw us$ is #ah in*es diamet]1 & on w9dy days saws z mu* wood z c be done by six horses work+ on a sweep p[]4 ,! own] furni%es ! foll[+ approximate co/ ( mill ) ! ma*9]y atta*$ & n[ 9 use on 8 place3 #a #af-;foot p[] w9d mill1 %aft+1 & t[]4 #che #a ,two horse ?ra%]4 #gj #a ,?ree horse %ell]4 #ch #a ,fe$ gr9d]4 #ej #a #ah-;in* saw1 frame & arbor4 #dj #a ,fann+ mill4 #be #a ,=ce pump4 #bg #a ,*urn4 #e #a ,wa%+ ma*9e4 #ae ,belt+1 cables1 & pulleys4 #de ---- ,total4 #gjj ,! foll[+ facts & figures furni%$ by ! own] w give a fair idea ( ! economic value ( ?is sy/em1 z comp>$ ) ! usual me?ods ( do+ ! same "w4 ,on ! f>m :]e x is us$1 !re are rais$ annually an av]age ( sixty acres ( oats1 fifty acres ( corn1 tw5ty acres ( rye1 t5 acres ( buck:eat4 ,bu%els4 ,! oats av]age1 say #cj bu%els p] acre4 #a1hjj ,corn #cj #a1ejj ,rye #bj #djj ,buck:eat #bj #bjj ,gr9d+ = self & o!rs4 #a1jjj ,x w co/ to ?ra% ?is gra91 %ell ! corn1 & gr9d ! fe$ ) /eam p[]4 #bhe ,& saw+ wood1 #ab cords4 #ah ,pump+1 "o h\r p] day1 #cfe days4 #cf ,*urn+1 half h\r p] day1 #bjj days4 #aj ,wa%+1 half day p] week1 #bf days4 #bf ---- ,total4 #cge ,?is am\nt is sav$1 & m too1 z "o man1 by ! aid ( ! w9d mill1 w d ?is "w 9 connection ) ! *ores ( ! f>m1 & save en\gh 9 utiliz+ f\l wea!r to m ?an (fset 8 extra labor1 co/ ( oil1 etc41 = ! ma*9]y4 ,! am\nt sav$ ea* ye> is j ab\t equal to ! co/ ( a good man4 ,co/ ( outfit1 #gjj--;j ab\t equal to ! co/ ( a good man = two ye>s1 consequ5tly1 x w pay = itself 9 two ye>s4 ,fifte5 ye>s is a fair e/imate = ! lifetime ( mill ) ord9>y repairs4 ,! solid-:eel w9d mill has nev] be5 built l>g] ?an #cj feet 9 diamet]4 ,= mills l>g] ?an ?is1 ! late/ improv$ ,am]ican mill is ! ,w>wick patt]n4 ,a #cj-;foot mill ( ?is patt]n1 erect$ 9 #ahhj1 9 nor?we/]n ,i[a1 gave ! foll[+ results1 z report$ by ! own]3 ,atta*m5ts z foll[s3 ,"o #bb-;in* burr2 "o ,no4 #d iron fe$-mill2 "o #bf-;in* circul> saw2 "o two-hole corn-%ell]2 "o gra9 elevat]2 a bolt+ app>atus = f9e meal1 buck:eat & graham1 all ( :i* are run at ! same "t 9 good w9ds1 except ! saw or ! iron mill2 !y be+ run f ! same pulley c run b "o at a "t4 ,) all atta*$ & work+ up to _! full capacity1 ! sails are (t5 ?r[n out ( ! w9d by ! gov]nors1 :i* %[s an imm5se p[]4 ,! ma*9es are s arrang$ t ,i c atta* all or sep>ately1 accord+ to ! w9d4 ,) ! burr alone ,i h gr\nd #ejj bu%els 9 #dh consecutive h\rs1 #ajj bu%els ( x be+ f9e meal4 ,i h also gr\nd #bd full bu%els ( f9e meal = table use 9 two h\rs4 ,?is la/ 0 my own1 consequ5tly 0 n toll$4 ,?is 0 be=e ,i b\ght ! iron mill1 & n[ ,i c ne>ly d\ble t am\nt4 ,i saw my fire wood = ?ree fires2 all my f5ce po/s1 etc4 ,my wood is tak5 to ! mill f #ab to #ae feet long1 & z l>ge z ! saw w cut by turn+ ! /ick1 consequ5tly ! saw requires ab\t ! same p[] z ! burrs4 ,) a good sail+ breeze ,i h all ! p[] ,i ne$1 & c run all ! ma*9]y ) ease4 ,la/ w9t] ,i gr\nd d\ble ! am\nt ( any wat] mill 9 ?is vic9ity4 ,i h no bett] prop]ty ?an ! mill4 ,a #dj-;foot mill1 erect$ at ,f[l]1 ,indiana1 9 #ahha1 is runn+ ! foll[+ ma*9]y3 ,i h a univ]sal wood work]1 f\r side1 "o #cd-;in* plan]1 jig saw1 & la!1 also a ,no4 #d ,am]ican gr9d]1 & ) a good1 fair w9d ,i c run all ! ma*9es at "o "t4 ,i c "w ab\t f\r days & nights ea* week4 ,x is easy to control 9 high w9ds4 ,a #fj-;foot diamet] mill ( simil> patt]n 0 erect$ 9 ,/eel ,c\nty1 ,m9nesota1 9 #ahfg4 ,! own] gives ! foll[+ hi/ory ( ?is mill3 ,i h run ?is w9d fl\r+ mill s9ce #ahfg ) excell5t success4 ,x runs #c sets ( burrs1 "o #d feet1 "o #c feet1 & "o #cc in*es4 ,also #b smutt]s1 #b bolts1 & all ! necess>y ma*9]y to make ! mill complete4 ,a #ae-mile w9d runs ev]y?+ 9 good %ape4 ,"o w9d :eel 0 brok5 by a tornado 9 #ahgj1 & ano!r 9 #ahha f same cause4 ,aside f ^! two1 :i* co/ #bej ea*1 & a mon?'s lo/ "t1 ! p[] did n co/ ov] #aj a ye> = repairs4 ,9 ,july1 #ahcc1 a cyclone pass$ ov] ?is section1 wreck+ my w z well z ev]y?+ else 9 its track1 & hav+ 7out ( ! pr(its ( ! w9d mill7 pur*as$ a l>ge wat] & /eam fl\r+ mill "h1 ,i la/ fall mov$ ! w9d mill out to ,dakota1 :]e ,i h x runn+ 9 fir/-class %ape & do+ a good bus9ess4 ,! few tornado wrecks make me ?9k none ! less ( w9d mills1 z my wat] p[] has co/ me f\r times z mu* 9 #f ye>s z ! w9d p[] has 9 #af ye>s4 ,!re are v few ( ^! l>ge mills 9 use 9 ?is c\ntry1 b !re are a great _m f #ad to #cj feet 9 diamet] 9 use1 & _! numb]s are rapidly increas+ z _! m]its become kn[n4 ,! field = ! use ( w9d mills is almo/ unlimit$1 & embraces pump+ wat]1 dra9age1 irrigation1 elevat+1 gr9d+1 %ell+1 & clean+ gra91 g9n+ cotton1 saw+ wood1 *urn+1 runn+ /amp mills1 & *>g+ electrical accumulators4 ,?is la/ may be ! solution ( ! ,/4 ,l\is gas "q4 ,9 ! writ]'s op9ion ! settlem5t ( ! great tablel& ly+ betwe5 ! ,mississippi ,valley & ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s1 & ext5d+ f ! ,gulf ( ,mexico to ! ,r$ ,riv] ( ! ,nor?1 w\ld be greatly ret>d$1 if n entirely impracticable1 9 l>ge sections :]e no wat] is f\nd at less ?an #ajj to #ejj feet bel[ ! surface1 if x 7 n = ! ,am]ican w9d mill2 l>ge cattle ranges )\t any surface wat] h be5 made available by ! use ( w9d mills4 ,wat] pump$ out ( ! gr\nd rema9s ab\t ! same temp]ature dur+ ! ye>1 & is mu* bett] = cattle ?an surface wat]4 ,x yet rema9s 9 ! future to det]m9e :at ! w9d mill w n d ) ! improvem5ts t are be+ made f to "t4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,pneumatic ,,dynamite ,,gun4 ,x is "h %[n z m\nt$ on a torp$o laun* & ready = action4 ,! %ell or projectile is fir$ by compress$ air1 admitt$ f an air res]voir und]nea? by a simple pressure ( ! gunn]'s f+] ov] ! valve4 ,! air passes up ?r\gh ! c5t] ( ! base1 ! pipe connect+ ) "o ( ! holl[ trunnions4 ,! valve is a cont9uation ( ! bree* ( ! gun4 ,! small] cuts illu/rate ,lieut5ant ,zal9ski's plan = m\nt+ ! gun on ea* side ( ! laun*1 by :i* plan ! gun aft] be+ *>g$ may h ! bree* conta9+ ! dynamite depress$1 & protect$ f %ots ( ! enemy by its complete imm]sion alongside ! laun*2 &1 if necess>y1 may be dis*>g$ f ?is protect$ position4 ,! gun is a seamless brass tube ( ab\t =ty feet 9 l5g?1 manipulat$ by ! artill]i/ 9 ! mann] ( an ord9>y cannon4 ,its noiseless dis*>ge s5ds ! missile ) great =ce1 convey+ ! p[]ful explosive )9 x1 :i* is itself dis*>g$ int]nally ^u contact ) ! deck ( a vessel or o!r object ^u :i* x /rikes1 ?r\gh ! explosion ( a p]cussion fuse 9 ! po9t ( ! projectile4 ,a great degree ( accuracy has be5 obta9$ by ! peculi> =m ( ! projectile4 ,illu/ration3 ,,pneumatic ,,dynamite ,,gun ,,torp$o ,,vessel4 ,! projectile consi/s ( a ?9 metal tube1 into :i* ! *>ge is ins]t$1 & a wood5 sabot :i* closes x at ! re> & fl>es out until its diamet] equals t ( ! bore ( ! gun4 ,! =w>d end ( ! tube is po9t$ ) "s s(t mat]ial1 9 :i* is emb$d$ ! fir+ p91 a conical cap clos+ ! end4 ,a cu%ion ( air is int]pos$ at ! re> end ( ! dynamite *>ge1 to less5 ! %ock ( ! dis*>ge & prev5t explosion1 until ! impact ( ! projectile =ces ! fir+ p9 9 ^u ! dynamite & explodes x4 ,_m *>ges h be5 successfully fir$ at ,=t ,hamilton1 ,n4,y4 ,z ! c5t] ( gravity is =w>d ( ! c5t] ( figure 9 ! projectile1 a side w9d act+ ^u ! light] re> "p w\ld t5d to turn ! head into ! w9d & ?us keep x 9 ! l9e ( its trajectory4 ,a range ( #a miles has be5 atta9$ ) ! two in* gun1 ) a pressure ( #dbj lb4 to ! squ>e in*1 & "o ( ?ree miles is hop$ = ) ! l>g] gun & a pressure ( #b1jjj lb4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,rope ,,pulley ,,friction ,,brake4 ,a novel device 9 connection ) rope pulley blocks is illu/rat$ 9 ! annex$ engrav+s1 ! object ( ! appliance be+ to r5d] x possible to leave a weight susp5d$ f a block )\t mak+ ! tail ( ! rope fa/ to "s neighbor+ object4 ,by ?is arrangem5t ! dang] ( ! rope slipp+ loose is avoid$1 & absolute security is atta9$1 )\t ! necessity ( l[]+ ! weight to ! gr\nd4 ,! device itself is a friction brake1 con/ruct$ 9 ! =m ( a clip ) holes 9 x = ! ?ree ropes to pass ?r\gh4 ,x is made to span ! block1 & is secur$ p>tly by ! p9 or bolt ^u :i* ! %eaves run1 & p>tly by ! bottom bolt1 :i* unites ! *eeks ( ! block4 ,?us ! brake is readily atta*able to exi/+ blocks4 ,! inn] half ( ! clip or brake is fix$ solidly to ! block1 :ile ! out] half is c>ri$ by two screws1 ge>$ toge!r by spur-:eels1 & s cut t al?\gh rotat+ 9 opposite directions1 _! movem5ts are equal & simil>4 ,"o ( ! screws c>ries a light rope-:eel1 by :i* x c be rotat$1 ! motion be+ communicat$ to ! second screw by ! too!d :eels4 ,:5 ! :eel is rotat$ 9 ! "r direction ! loose half ( ! clip is =c$ t[>d ! o!r half1 & grips ! ropes pass+ betwe5 ! two s p[]fully t any weight ! blocks are capable ( lift+ is in/antly made secure1 & is held until ! brake is releas$4 ,a light spiral spr+ is plac$ on ea* ( ! screws1 9 ord] to free ! brake f ! rope ! mom5t ! pressure is releas$4 ,! h& rope has a turn & a half r\nd ! pulley1 & ?is obviates ! ne$ ( hold+ bo? ends ( x1 & ?us leaves "o h& free to guide ! desc5d+ weight1 or to hold ! rope ( ! pulley blocks4 ,eng9e]+ says ^! brakes are v useful 9 rais+ heavy weights1 z ! lift c be secur$ at ea* pull1 all[+ ! m5 to move h&s = ano!r pull1 & z !y are made v light !y d n cause any inconv5i5ce 9 mov+ or c>ry+ ! blocks ab\t4 ,manufactur$ by ,&rew ,bell ,co41 ,man*e/]4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,wire ,,rope ,,t[age4 ,we h f "t to "t giv5 acc\nts 9 ?is j\rnal ( ! sy/em ( t[age by haul+ on a subm]g$ wire rope1 fir/ exp]im5t$ ^u by ,b>on ,o4 ,de ,mesnil & ,mr4 ,max ,ey?4 ,on ! riv] ,rh9e ! sy/em has be5 = _m ye>s 9 successful op]ation2 x has also be5 us$ = sev]al ye>s on ! ,erie ,canal 9 ?is ,/ate4 ,we publi% f ,eng9e]+ a view ( "o ( ! wire rope tug boats ( ! late/ patt]n adopt$ = use on ! ,rh9e4 ,! ,cologne ,c5tral ,t[+ ,company 7,c5tral ,acti5-,gesells*aft fr ,tau]ei und ,s*lepps*ifffahrt71 by :om ! wire rope t[age on ! ,rh9e is n[ c>ri$ on1 0 =m$ 9 #ahgf1 by an amalgamation ( ! ,rhrort] und ,mulheim] ,dampfs*lepp%ifffahrt ,gesells*aft & ! ,c5tral ,acti5-,gesells*aft fur ,tau]ei1 & 9 #ahgg x own$ eight wire rope tugs 7:i* x /ill owns7 & sev5te5 paddle tugs4 ,! company s arranges its "w t ! wire rope tugs d ! haulage up ! rapid portion ( ! ,rh9e1 f ,bonn to ,b+51 :ile ! paddle tugs are employ$ on ! quiet] portion ( ! riv] ext5d+ f ,rott]dam to ,bonn1 & f ,b+5 to ,mannheim4 ,illu/ration3 ,,rope ,,pulley ,,friction ,,brake4 ,! lead+ dim5sions ( ! eight wire rope tugs n[ work$ by ! company are z foll[s3 ,tugs ,no4 ,i4 to ,tugs ,no4 ,v4 to ,,iv4 ,,viii4 ,met]s4 ft4 94 ,met]s4 ft4 94 ,l5g? betwe5 p]p5dicul>s #ci #abf #j #db #acg #aj ,l5g? ov] all #db4ge #adj #c #de4ge #aej #a ,extreme bread? #g4b #bh #h #g4e #bd #e ,height ( sides #b4ch #g #aa #b4ch #g #aa ,dep? ( keel #j4ab #j #e #j4ae #j #f ,all ! boats are fitt$ ) tw9 screws1 #a4b met]s 7#c feet #aa in*es7 9 diamet]1 ^! be+ us$ on ! d[n/ream j\rney1 & also = assi/+ 9 /e]+ :ile pass+ awkw>d places dur+ ! j\rney up /ream4 ,!y are also provid$ ) wat] balla/ tanks1 & "u ord9>y circum/ances !y h a draught ( #a4c to #a4d met]s 7#d feet #c in*es to #d feet #g in*es71 ?is draught be+ necess>y to give prop] imm]sion to ! screws4 ,:5 ! wat] 9 ! ,rh9e is v l[1 h[ev]1 ! wat] balla/ is pump$ out & ! tugs are !n run ) a draught ( #a met] 7#c feet #c #c_/h in*es71 x be+ ?us possible to keep !m at "w :5 all o!r t[+ /eam]s on ! ,rh9e are /opp$4 ,?is happ5$ 9 ! spr+ ( #ahhb4 ,ref]r+ to our engrav+1 x w be se5 t ! wire rope ris+ f ! b$ ( ! riv] passes fir/ ov] a l>ge guide pulley1 ! axis ( :i* is c>ri$ by a sub/antial wr\ght iron sw++ bracket1 ?is bracket be+ s pivot$ t :ile ! pulley is free to sw+ into ! l9e on :i* ! rope is approa*$ by ! vessel1 yet ! rope on leav+ ! pulley is deliv]$ 9 a l9e :i* is tang5tial to a second guide pulley plac$ fur!r aft & at a l[] level4 ,?is la/ nam$ guide pulley does n sw+1 & f x ! rope is deliv]$ to ! clip drum1 ov] :i* x passes4 ,f ! clip drum ! rope passes "u a ?ird guide pulley2 ?is pulley sw+s on a bracket hav+ a v]tical axis4 ,?is ?ird pulley projects d[n bel[ ! keel ( ! tug boat1 s t ! rope on leav+ x c pass "u ! vessel )\t f\l+4 ,suitable recesses are =m$ 9 ! side ( ! tug boat to accommodate ! sw++ pulleys1 :ile ! b[ ( ! boat is slop$ d[nw>d ne>ly to ! wat] l9e1 z %[n1 s z to all[ ( ! ris+ "p ( ! rope sw++ ov] x if necess>y4 ,! haul+ ge> ) :i* ! tug is fitt$ consi/s ( a pair ( cond5s+ eng9es ) cyl9d]s #ad4ag in*es 9 diamet] & #bc4fb in*es /roke1 ! crank%aft c>ry+ a p9ion :i* ge>s into a spur :eel on an int]m$iate %aft1 ?is %aft aga9 c>ry+ a p9ion :i* ge>s into a l>ge spur :eel fix$ on ! %aft :i* c>ries ! clip drum4 ,9 ! arrangem5t ( haul+ ge> above describ$ ! ratio ( ! ge> is #a3h4dd1 9 ! case ( tugs ,nos4 ,i4 to ,,iv42 :ile 9 tugs ,nos4 ,v4 to ,,viii4 ! proportion has be5 made #a3aa4hb4 ,9 tugs ,i4 to ,,iv4 ! diamet] ( ! clip drum is #b4gdc met]s 7#i feet71 :ile 9 ! rema9+ tugs x is #c4jef met]s 7#aj feet74 ,f "s int]e/+ data :i* h be5 plac$ at our disposal by ,mr4 ,?omas ,s*w>z1 ! manag] ( ! ,c5tral ,acti5-,gesells*aft fur ,tau]ei und ,s*lepps*ifffahrt1 we le>n t 9 ! tugs ,nos4 ,i4 to ,,iv4 ! haul+ ma*9e develops on an av]age #aej indicat$ horse1 :ile 9 ! tugs ,no4 ,v4 to ,,viii4 ! p[] develop$ av]ages #ahj indicat$ horse p[]4 ,! tugs =m+ ! fir/ nam$ gr\p haul on an av]age #b1bjj tons ( c>go1 conta9$ 9 f\r wood5 b>ges1 at a spe$ ( #d kilomet]s 7#b4h miles7 p] h\r1 aga9/ a /ream runn+ at ! rate ( #f kilomet]s 7#d4je miles7 p] h\r1 :ile ! tugs ,nos4 ,v4 to ,,viii4 w take a load ( #b1fjj tons ( c>go 9 ! same numb] ( wood5 b>ges at ! same spe$ & aga9/ ! same curr5t4 ,9 iron b>ges1 ab\t "o & a half times ! quantity ( useful load c be drawn by a slightly less exp5diture ( p[]4 ,! av]age consumption ( coal p] h\r is1 = tugs ,nos4 ,i4 to ,,iv41 #e cwt1 & = tugs ,nos4 ,v4 to ,,viii41 #f cwt42 & ( ?is fuel a small fraction 7ab\t "o-six?7 is consum$ by ! occasional work+ ( ! screw propell]s at %>p b5ds4 ,! fuel consumption ( ! wire rope tugs contra/s mo/ favorably ) t ( ! paddle & screw tugs employ$ on ! ,rh9e1 ! be/ paddle tugs 7) comp\nd eng9es1 pat5t :eels1 etc47 burn+ ?ree & a half times z mu*2 ! old] paddle tugs 7) l[ pressure non-comp\nd eng9es71 f\r & a half times z mu*2 & ! late/ screw tugs1 two & a half times z mu* coal z ! wire rope tugs :5 do+ ! same "w "u ! same circum/ances4 ,! screw tugs j m5tion$ h a draught ( #b met]s 7#h feet #b in*es71 & are fitt$ ) eng9es ( #efj indicat$ horse p[]4 ,dur+ ! ye>s #ahgi1 #ahhj1 & #ahha1 ! company _h 9 use f\rte5 paddle tugs & t5 eight-wire rope tugs1 bo? classes be+--ow+ to ! /ate ( trade--ab\t equally %ort ( "w4 ,! results ( ! work+ dur+ ^! ye>s 7 z foll[s3 ,freight ,co/ ( ,degree haul$ haulage 9 ( ,class ( tugs4 ,ye>4 9 p5ce p] occupation4 ton-miles4 ton-mile4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,paddle #ahgi #ca1hfb1heh #j4abgb #j4fhf #ahhj #ca1dfg1dbb #j4acje #j4fch #ahha #bh1fbg1jdi #j4abde #j4ecg ,wire ,rope #ahgi #ae1djg1ice #j4aafg #j4fad #ahhj #ag1bhi1gjf #j4ajef #j4fae #ahha #ag1eic1aha #j4jhic #j4ecf ,! la/ column 9 ! above tabul> /atem5t1 head$ ,degree ( ,occupation1 may require "s explanation4 ,x is calculat$ on ! assumption t a tug c\ld d #c1jjj h\rs ( "w p] annum1 & ?is is tak5 z ! unit1 ! "t ( actual haulage be+ c\nt$ z full "t1 & ( /oppages z half "t4 ,! exp5ses includ$ 9 ! /atem5t ( co/ ( haulage include all work+ exp5ses1 repairs1 g5]al managem5t1 & depreciation4 ,! acc\nts = #ahhb1 :i* are n completely available at ! "t we are writ+1 %[ mu* bett] results ?an above record$1 !re be+ a consid]able r$uction ( co/1 :ile ! freight haul$ am\nt$ to a total ( #ed1iba1ife ton-miles4 ,illu/ration3 ,,wire ,,rope ,,tug ,,boat1 ,,riv] ,,rh9e4 ,z reg>ds ! we> ( ! rope1 we may /ate t ! relay+ ( ! fir/ rope betwe5 ,/4 ,go> & ,b+5 0 tak5 9 h& 9 ,septemb]1 #ahgi1 :ile t betwe5 ,ob]cassel & ,b+5 0 p>tially r5ew$ ! same ye>1 ! r5ewal be+ complet$ 9 ,may1 #ahhj1 aft] ! rope _h be5 9 use s9ce ! beg9n+ ( #ahgf4 ,! second rope betwe5 ,bonn & ,b+51 a l5g? ( #gd miles1 is ( galvaniz$ wire1 has n[ be5 #b ye>s 9 use1 dur+ :i* "t !re h be5 b ?ree fractures4 ,! fir/ rope laid 0 n galvaniz$1 & x suff]$ n9e fractures dur+ ! fir/ ?ree ye>s ( its use4 ,! fir/ rope1 we may m5tion1 0 laid 9 l5g?s ( ab\t a mile splic$ toge!r1 :ile ! pres5t rope 0 suppli$ 9 long l5g?s ( #g miles ea*1 s t ! numb] ( splices is greatly r$uc$4 ,accord+ to ! report ( ! company = ! ye> #ahhj1 ! old rope :5 rais$ realizes ab\t #af p] c5t4 ( its orig9al value1 & all[+ = ?is1 x is calculat$ t an all[ance ( #ah4g p] c5t4 p] annum w cov] ! co/ ( rope depreciation & r5ewals4 ,altoge!r ! results obta9$ on ! ,rh9e %[ t 9 a rapid /ream ! economic p]=mances ( wire rope tugs comp>e mo/ favorably ) ^? ( ei!r paddle or screw tug boats1 ! m rapid ! curr5t to be cont5d$ aga9/ ! great] be+ ! advantage ( ! wire rope haulage4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,improv$ ,,hay-,,rope ,,ma*9e4 ,hay-ropes are us$ = _m purposes1 _! pr9cipal use be+ 9 ! f\ndry = core-mak+2 b !y also f9d a l>ge application = pack+ ironmong]y & furniture4 ,! inv5tor is ,james ,poll>d1 ( ! ,atlas ,f\ndry1 ,burnley4 ,illu/ration3 ,,hay ,,rope ,,ma*9e4 ,! *ief "p ( ! me*anism is c>ri$ 9 an op5 frame1 hav+ j\rnals atta*$ to its two ends1 :i* revolve 9 be>+s4 ,! frame is driv5 by ! rope pulley4 ,! j\rnal at ! left h& is holl[2 ! p9ion ^u x is /ation>y1 be+ fix$ to ! bracket ( be>+4 ,! p9ion ge>+ into x is !re=e revolv$ by ! revolution ( ! frame1 & ?r\gh ! m$ium ( bevel :eels actuates a transv]se %aft1 p>allel to :i* roll]s1 & driv5 by :eels (f x1 is a d\ble screw1 :i* trav]ses a build] to & fro across ! wid? ( frame4 ,! build] is m]ely ! eye ?r\gh :i* ! b& passes1 & its (fice is to lay ! b& prop]ly on ! bobb94 ,! latt] is turn$ to coil on ! b& by a pit* *a9 f ! build] screw1 ! motion be+ giv5 ?r\gh a friction clut*1 to all[ = slip z ! bobb9 or coil gets l>g]1 = obvi\sly ! bobb9 z x gets l>g] is n requir$ to turn s fa/ to coil up ! b& produc$ z :5 x is small]4 ,if ! action is /udi$1 x w be se5 t ! twi/ is put 9 betwe5 ! bobb9 & ! holl[ j\rnal1 & e revolution ( ! frame puts 9 "o turn = ! twi/4 ,! hay is f$ to ! ma*9e ?r\gh ! holl[ j\rnal already m5tion$4 ,by suitably proportion+ ! spe$ ( fe$-roll]s & ! revolutions ( ! frame1 :i* is easily accompli%$ by v>y+ ! :eels on ! left h& ( frame1 b&s ( any degree ( h>dness or s(tness may be produc$4 ,! ma*9e appe>s to be simple & n liable to get d]ang$4 ,x may be aft] a little practice att5d$ to by a labor]1 & is claim$ by its mak] to be able to produce #djj y>ds ( b& p] h\r4 ,! frame makes ab\t #ahj revolutions p] m9ute1 t is1 ?is is ! numb] ( turns put into ! twi/ 9 ?is "t4 ,! ma*9e c make a bundle ab\t #bjj y>ds long1 :i* c be remov$ (f ! bobb9 )\t unw9d+ ) ! greate/ facility4--,me*4 ,_w4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,anglesea ,,bridge1 ,,cork4 ,! riv] ,lee fl[s ?r\gh ! city ( ,cork 9 two bran*es1 :i* div]ge j above ! city1 & are reunit$ at ! ,cu/om ,h\se1 ! c5tral portion ( ! city be+ situat$ ^u an isl& betwe5 ! two arms ( ! riv]1 bo? ( :i* are navigable = a %ort di/ance above ! ,cu/om ,h\se1 & are l9$ ) quays on ea* side = ! accommodation ( ! %ipp+ ( ! port4 ,! ,anglesea bridge crosses ! s\? arm ( ! riv] ab\t a qu>t] ( a mile above its junction ) ! nor!rn bran*1 & =ms ! *ief l9e ( communication f ! nor!rn & c5tral portions ( ! city to ! railway t]m9i & deep-wat] quays on ! s\!rn side ( ! riv]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,new ,,anglesea ,,bridge1 ,,cork4 ,! new sw+ bridge occupies ! site ( an old] /ructure :i* _h be5 f\nd inadequate to ! requirem5ts ( ! heavy & increas+ traffic1 & ! f\ndations ( ! old pi]s hav+ fall5 into an insecure condition1 ! con/ruction ( a new op5+ bridge 0 tak5 9 h& jo9tly by ! ,corporation & ,h>bor ,commission]s ( ,cork4 ,! new bridge1 :i* has rec5tly be5 complet$1 is ( a some:at novel design1 & ! arrangem5t ( ! sw+-span 9 p>ticul> pres5ts "s orig9al & int]e/+ features1 :i* appe> to h be5 dictat$ by a c>eful consid]ation ( ! exi/+ local conditions & requirem5ts4 ,on ea* side ( ! riv]1 bo? above & bel[ ! bridge1 ! quays are ord9>ily l9$ ) vessels b]!d alongside ea* ( ! quays1 & z ! riv] is r n>r[ at ?is po9t1 ! l9e ( fairway = vessels pass+ ?r\gh ! bridge is conf9$ ne>ly to ! c5t] ( ! riv]4 ,?is consid]ation1 toge!r ) "s o!rs connect$ ) ! propos$ future deep5+ ( ! fairway1 r5d]$ x v desirable to locate ! op5+ span ne>ly 9 ! c5t] ( ! riv]1 z %[n 9 ! g5]al plan ( ! situation1 :i* we publi% h]e)4 ,at ! same "t x 0 necess>y to avoid any encroa*m5t ^u ! wid? ( ! exi/+ quays1 :i* =m important l9es ( communication = vehicul> & pass5g] traffic along ea* side ( ! riv]1 & to & f ! railway /ations4 ,aga91 x 0 necess>y to pres]ve ! full exi/+ wid? ( wat]way 9 ! riv] itself1 :i* is sometimes subject$ to heavy floods4 ,^! consid]ations evid5tly preclud$ ! con/ruction ( a c5tral pi] & d\ble-arm$ sw+ bridge1 & on ! o!r h& !y also preclud$ ! con/ruction ( any solid masonry sub/ructure = ! turntable1 ei!r ^u ! quay or project$ into ! riv]4 ,to meet ^! sev]al conditions ! bridge has be5 design$ 9 ! =m ( a ?ree-span bridge1 t is to say1 x is only support$ by ! two abutm5ts & two int]m$iate pi]s1 ea* consi/+ ( a pair ( ca/-iron cyl9d]s or columns1 z %[n by ! dott$ circles ^u ! g5]al plan4 ,! c5tral op5+ is t :i* s]ves = ! passage ( vessels4 ,! sw+ bridge ext5ds ov] two op5+s1 or f ! nor? abutm5t to ! s\!rn pi]1 its c5t] ( revolution be+ situat$ ov] ! c5t] ( ! nor!rn span1 & revolves ^u a turntable1 :i* is c>ri$ ^u a l[] plat=m or frame ( gird]s ext5d+ across ! nor!rn span ( ! bridge4 ,! s\!rn op5+ is spann$ by an ord9>y pair ( lattice gird]s 9 l9e ) ! gird]s & sup]/ructure ( ! sw+ bridge4 ,we propose at an e>ly date to publi% fur!r details ( ?is bridge1 & ! hydraulic ma*9]y by :i* x is work$4 ,we pres5t a p]spective view ( ! bridge z se5 f ! entrance to ! exhibition build+1 :i* is situat$ 9 close proximity to ! s\!rn end ( ! bridge4--,eng9e]+4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,portable ,,railways4 ,footnote3 ,pap] read be=e ! ,in/itution ( ,me*anical ,eng9e]s4 ,by ,m4 ,,decauville1 ,ane1 ( ,petit-,b\rg 7,se9e & ,oise71 ,france4 ,n>r[ gauge railways h be5 kn[n = a v long "t 9 ,great ,brita94 ,! mo/ famili> l9es ( ?is description are 9 ,wales1 & x is en\gh to in/ance ! ,fe/9iog ,railway 7#b feet gauge71 :i* has be5 us$ = ! c>riage ( pass5g]s & goods = ne>ly half a c5tury4 ,! prosp]\s condition ( ?is railway1 :i* has be5 s successfully improv$ by ,mr4 ,james ,spoon] & 8 son1 ,mr4 ,*>les ,spoon]1 af=ds suffici5t pro( t n>r[ gauge railways are n only ( great utility1 b may be also v remun]ative4 ,9 ,wales ! fir/ n>r[ gauge railway dates f #ahcb4 ,x 0 con/ruct$ m]ely = ! c>riage ( slates f ,fe/9iog to ,port-,madoc1 & "s ye>s lat] ano!r 0 built f ! slate qu>ries at ,p5rhyn to ! port ( ,bangor4 ,z ! tract ( c\ntry trav]s$ by ! railways became ri*] by degrees1 ! idea 0 conceiv$ ( sub/itut+ locomotives = horses1 & ( adapt+ ! l9e to ! c>riage ( goods ( all sorts1 & f9ally ( pass5g]s also4 ,b ^! railways1 al?\gh v economical1 are at ! same "t v complicat$ 9 con/ruction4 ,_! arrangem5ts are bas$ ^u ! same pr9ciples z railways ( ! ord9>y gauge1 & are n by any means capable ( be+ adapt$ to agriculture1 to public works1 or to any o!r purpose :]e ! tracks are con/antly liable to removal4 ,^! p]man5t n>r[ gauge l9es1 ! lay+ ( :i* dem&s ! s]vice ( eng9e]s1 & ! ma9t5ance ( :i* entails consid]able exp5se1 sugge/$ to ,m4 ,decauville1 ,ane1 f>m] & di/ill] at ,petit-,b\rg1 ne> ,p>is1 ! idea ( =m+ a sy/em ( railways compos$ entirely ( metal1 & capable ( be+ readily laid4 ,cultivat+ "o ( ! l>ge/ f>ms 9 ! neighborhood ( ,p>is1 he contemplat$ at fir/ no?+ fur!r ?an a f>m railroad2 & he contriv$ an extremely portable plant1 adapt$ = cle>+ ! l& ( beetroot1 = spread+ manure1 & = ! o!r ne$s ( 8 f>m4 ,f ! beg9n+ 9 8 fir/ railroads1 ! use ( timb] mat]ials 0 rigidly reject$ by him2 & all p>ts1 :e!r ! /raight or curv$ rails1 cross+s1 turntables1 etc41 7 =m$ ( a s+le piece1 & did n require any special workman to lay !m d[n4 ,by degrees he develop$ 8 sy/em1 & erect$ special work%ops = ! con/ruction ( 8 portable plant2 mak+ use ( 8 f>m1 & "s qu>ries ( :i* he is possess$ 9 ! neighborhood1 z exp]im5tal areas4 ,at ! pres5t "t ?is sy/em ( portable railways s]ves all ! purposes ( agriculture1 ( comm]ce1 ( manufactures1 & ev5 ^? ( w>4 ,)9 s limit$ a space x w\ld be impossible to give a detail$ description ( ! rails & fa/5+s us$ 9 all ^! diff]5t modes ( application4 ,! object ( ?is pap] is r to direct ! att5tion ( me*anical eng9e]s to ! v>i\s uses to :i* n>r[ gauge portable railways may be put1 to ! important sav+ ( labor :i* is effect$ by _! adoption1 & to ! ease ) :i* !y are work$4 ,! success ( ! ,decauville railway has be5 s rapid & s great t _m inv5tors h ent]$ ! same field1 b !y h almo/ all =m$ ! idea ( con/ruct+ ! portable track ) deta*able sleep]s4 ,!re are ?us1 at pres5t1 two sy/ems ( portable tracks3 ^? 9 :i* ! sleep]s are capable ( be+ deta*$1 & ^? 9 :i* !y are n s capable4 ,! portable track ( ! ,decauville sy/em is n capable ( s com+ ap>t4 ,! /eel rails & sleep]s are rivet$ toge!r1 & =m only "o piece4 ,! *ief advantage ( ^! railways is _! great firmness2 besides ?is1 s9ce ! l9e has only to be laid on ! surface j z x /&s1 !re are n ^? co/s ( ma9t5ance :i* become unavoidable ) l9es ( :i* ! sleep]s are fix$ by means ( bolts1 clamps1 or o!r adjuncts1 only too liable to be lo/4 ,moreov]1 tracks :i* are n capable ( sep>ation are light] & !re=e m portable ?an ^? 9 :i* ! sleep]s are deta*able4 ,) reg>d to sleep]s1 a di/9ction mu/ be drawn betwe5 ^? :i* project beyond ! rails & ^? :i* d n s project4 ,m4 ,decauville has adopt$ ! latt] sy/em1 because x (f]s suffici5t /r5g?1 :ile ! l9es are light] & less cumb]some4 ,:]e at fir/ he us$ flat iron sleep]s1 he n[ fits 8 l9es ) di%$ /eel sleep]s1 9 accordance ) ,figs4 #a & #b4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #a4 ,fig4 #b4 ,?is sleep] pres5ts v great /iffness1 at ! same "t pres]v+ its lightness2 & ! feature :i* specially di/+ui%es ?is railway f o!rs ( ! same class is n only its extreme /r5g?1 b above all its solidity1 :i* results f its be>+ equally ^u ! gr\nd by means ( ! rail base & ( ! sleep]s4 ,9 special cases1 ,m4 ,decauville provides also railroads ) project+ sleep]s1 :e!r ( flat /eel beat5 out & r\nd$1 or ( *annel iron2 b ! sleep] & ! rail are always insep>able1 s z n to less5 ! /r5g?1 & also to facilitate ! lay+ ( ! l9e4 ,if ! gr\nd is too s(t1 ! railway is support$ by b[l sleep]s ( di%$ /eel1 ,figs4 #c & #d1 especially at ! curves2 b ! necessity = us+ ^! is b seldom exp]i5c$4 ,! sleep]s are rivet$ cold4 ,! rivets are ( s(t /eel1 & ! pressure ) :i* ?is rivet+ is effect$ is s int5se t ! sleep]s _c be sep>at$ f ! rails1 ev5 aft] cutt+ (f bo? heads ( ! rivets1 unless by heavy bl[s ( ! hamm]1 ! rivets be+ driv5 s ?or\ghly into ! holes made 9 ! rails & sleep]s t !y fill !m up completely4 ,! jo9t+ ( ! rails is excessively simple4 ,! rail to ! "r h& is furni%$ ) two fi%-plates2 t to ! left ) a small /eel plate rivet$ und]nea? ! rail & project+ #a 94 beyond x4 ,x is only necess>y to lay ! l5g?s end to end ) "o ano!r1 mak+ ! rail :i* is furni%$ ) ! small plate lie betwe5 ! two fi%-plates1 & ! junction c at once be effect$ by fi%-bolts4 ,a s+le fi%-bolt1 pass+ ?r\gh ! holes 9 ! fi%-plates1 & ?r\gh an oval hole 9 ! rail end1 is suffici5t = ! purpose4 ,) ?is description ( railway x does n matt] :e!r ! curves are to ! "r or to ! left4 ,! pair ( rails are curv$ to a suitable radius1 & c only ne$ turn+ end = end to =m a curve 9 ! direction requir$4 ,! rails weigh #i lb41 #ad lb41 #ai lb41 & #bd lb4 p] runn+ y>d1 & are v simil> to ! rails us$ on ! ma9 railways ( ,france1 except t _! base has a proportionally great] wid?4 ,z to ! /r5g? ( ! rail1 x is mu* great] 9 proportion to ! load ?an w\ld at fir/ sight be ?\ght2 all n>r[-gauge railways be+ =m$ on ! pr9ciple ( di/ribut+ ! load ov] a l>ge numb] ( axles1 & s r$uc+ ! am\nt on ea* :eel4 ,= in/ance1 ! #i lb4 rail us$ = ! portable railway easily be>s a weight ( half a ton = ea* pair ( :eels4 ,! di/ance betwe5 ! rails diff]s accord+ to ! purpose = :i* !y are int5d$4 ,! mo/ usual gauges are #af;941 #bj 941 & #bd;94 ,! l9e ( #af 94 gauge1 ) #i lb4 rails1 al?\gh extremely light1 is us$ v successfully 9 f>m+1 & 9 ! int]ior ( work%ops4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #c4 ,fig4 #d4 ,fig4 #e4 ,a l5g? ( #af ft4 #e 94 ( #i lb4 /eel rail1 to #af 94 gauge1 ) sleep]s1 etc41 sc>cely weighs m ?an #a cwt41 & may !re=e be readily c>ri$ by a man plac+ himself 9 ! middle & tak+ a rail 9 ea* h&4 ,^? memb]s ( ! ,in/itution :o rec5tly visit$ ! new port ( ,antw]p w recollect hav+ se5 !re ! portable railway :i* ,messrs4 ,c\vreux & ,h]setit _h 9 use2 & z x 0 ^! works at ! port ( ,antw]p t gave rise to ! idea ( ?is pap]1 x w be well to beg9 ) a description ( ?is /yle ( contractor's plant4 ,! e>? 9 su* works may be %ift$ by h&1 horsep[]1 or locomotive4 ,= small works ! railway ( #af 94 gauge1 ) ! #i lb4 rails1 is commonly us$1 & ! trucks c>ry d\ble equilibrium tipp+-boxes1 conta9+ #i to #aa cubic feet4 ,^! wagons1 hav+ tipp+-boxes )\t any me*anical appliances1 are v s]viceable2 s9ce ! box1 hav+ nei!r door nor h+e1 is n liable to ne$ repairs4 ,?is box keeps p]fectly 9 equilibrium ^u ! mo/ brok5 up roads4 ,to tip x up to ! "r or ! left1 x mu/ simply be pu%$ f ! opposite side1 & ! cont5ts are at once empti$ clean out4 ,9 ord] t ! bodies ( ! wagons may n t\* at ! top1 :5 sev]al are c\pl$ toge!r1 ea* end ( ! wagon is furni%$ ) a buff]1 compos$ ( a flat iron b> crank$1 & furni%$ ) a hang+ hook4 ,plant ( ?is description is n[ be+ us$ 9 an important ,engli% und]tak+ at ! port ( ,ne:av51 :]e x is employ$ n only on ! e>?works1 b also = transport+ ! concrete manufactur$ ) ,mr4 ,c>ey's special concrete ma*9e4 ,^! little wagons1 ( f #i to #aa cubic feet capacity1 run along ) ! greate/ ease1 & a lad c\ld propel "o ( !m ) its load = #cjj y>ds at a co/ ( #c;d4 p] cube y>d4 ,9 e>?works ! sav+ ov] ! :eel-b>r[ is #hj p] c5t41 = ! co/ ( wagons propell$ by h& comes to #j4a;d4 p] cube y>d1 c>ri$ #aj y>ds1 & to g ?is di/ance ) a b>r[ co/s d4 ,a horse draws )\t difficulty1 walk+ by ! side ( ! l9e1 a tra9 ( f eight to t5 trucks on ! level1 or five on an incl9e ( #g p] c5t4 7#a 9 #ad74 ,"o mile ( ?is railway1 #af 94 gauge & #i lb4 /eel rail1 ) sixte5 wagons1 ea* hav+ a d\ble equilibrium tipp+ box conta9+ #aa cubic feet1 & all accessories1 repres5ts a weight ( #bj tons--a v light weight1 if x is consid]$ t all ! mat]ials are entirely ( metal4 ,its net co/ price p] mile is #dejl41 ! wagons includ$4 ,l>ge contracts = e>?work ) horse haulage are c>ri$ on to ! greate/ advantage ) ! railway ( #bj 94 gauge & #ad lb4 rails4 ,! l5g? ( #af ft4 #e 94 ( ?is railway weighs #agj lb41 & s c easily be c>ri$ by two m51 "o plac+ himself at ea* end4 ,! wagons mo/ 9 use = ^! works are ^? ) d\ble equilibrium tipp+ boxes1 hold+ #ah cubic feet4 ,^! are at pres5t employ$ 9 "o ( ! greate/ und]tak+s ( ! age1 namely1 ! cutt+ ( ! ,panama ,canal1 :]e !re are us$ upw>d ( #b1gjj su* wagons1 & m ?an #ce miles ( track4 ,a mile ( ^! rails ( #bj 94 gauge ) #ad lb4 rails1 toge!r ) sixte5 wagons ( #ah cubic feet capacity1 ) appurt5ances1 co/s ab\t #ffja41 & repres5ts a total weight ( #cc tons4 ,?is description ( mat]ial is us$ = all contracts exce$+ #bj1jjj cubic y>ds4 ,a v curi\s & int]e/+ use ( ! n>r[-gauge l9e1 & ! wagons ) d\ble equilibrium tipp+-box1 0 made by ! ,societe des ,*em9s de ,f] ,s\s-,m>9s on ! propos$ tunnel betwe5 ,france & ,engl&4 ,! l9e us$ is t ( #af 94 gauge1 ) #i lb4 rails4 ,! fir/ level ( ! tunnel1 :i* 0 con/ruct$ by means ( a special ma*9e by ,colonel ,beaumont1 _h only a diamet] ( #b4ac m4 7#g ft472 ! tipp+ boxes h !re=e a bread? ( only #b ft41 & conta9 #g cubic feet4 ,! boxes are p]fectly balanc$1 & are mo/ easily empti$4 ,! wagons run on two l9es1 ! "o be+ = ! load$ tra9s1 & ! o!r = ! empty tra9s4 ,! eng9e]s & inspectors1 9 ! dis*>ge ( _! duties1 make use ( ! ,liliputian c>riages4 ,! feet ( ! travel]s g betwe5 ! :eels1 & are ne>ly on a level ) ! rails2 nev]!less1 !y are tol]ably com=table4 ,!y are c]ta9ly ! smalle/ c>riages = pass5g]s t h ev] be5 built2 & ! build] ev5 prophesies t ^! w be ! fir/ to ent] into ,engl& ?r\gh ! ,*annel ,tunnel4 ,"o ( ! mo/ important uses to :i* a n>r[ gauge l9e c be put is t ( a milit>y railway4 ,! ,dut*1 ,russian1 & ,fr5* ,gov]nm5ts h tri$ x = ! transport+ ( provisions1 ( w> mat]ial1 & ( ! w\nd$ 9 _! rec5t campaigns4 ,9 ,sumatra1 9 ,turke/an1 & 9 ,tunis ^! milit>y railroads h excit$ mu* int]e/1 & h s fully e/abli%$ _! value t ?is pap] may conf9e itself to a %ort description4 ,! campaign ( ! ,russians aga9/ ! ,turcomans pres5t$ two great difficulties2 ^! 7 ! que/ions ( cross+ di/ricts 9 :i* wat] 0 extremely sc>ce or fail$ entirely1 & ( victual+ ! exp$ition>y =ces4 ,?is latt] object 0 completely effect$ by means ( #fg miles ( railway1 #bj 94 gauge1 #ad lb4 /eel rails1 ) #ejj c>riages = food1 wat]1 & pass5g]s4 ,! rails 7 laid simply on ! s&1 s t small locomotives c\ld n be us$1 & 7 oblig$ to be replac$ by ,kirghiz horses1 :i* drew ) ease f #a1hjj lb4 to #b1bjj lb4 weight = #be miles p] day4 ,9 ! ,tunisian w> ?is railroad ( #bj 94 gauge1 #ad lb4 rail1 0 replac$ by t ( two ft4 gauge1 ) #ad lb4 & #ai lb4 rails4 ,!re 7 q z great difficulties z 9 ! ,turcoman campaign1 & ! c\ntry to be cross$ 0 entirely unkn[n4 ,! obs]vations made be=e ! w> spoke ( a flat & s&y c\ntry4 ,9 reality a m unev5 c\ntry c\ld n be imag9$2 alt]nat+ slopes ( ab\t #a 9 #aj cont9ually succe$$ ea* o!r2 & be=e rea*+ ,kair\an #g miles ( swamp _h to be cross$4 ,nev]!less ! horses h>ness$ to ! railway c>riages did on an av]age twelve to sev5te5 times ! "w ( ^? work+ ord9>y c>riages4 ,9 t campaign also1 on acc\nt ( ! /eep asc5ts1 ! use ( locomotives _h to be giv5 up4 ,! track s]v$ n only = ! convey+ ( victuals1 w> mat]ial1 & cannon1 b also ( ! w\nd$2 & a l>ge numb] ( ! survivors ( ?is campaign owe _! lives to ?is railway1 :i* suppli$ ! means ( _! spe$y removal )\t great suff]+ f ! tempor>y hospitals1 & ( c>ry+ ! w\nd$ to places :]e m c>e c\ld be be/[$ ^u !m4 ,! c>riages :i* did duty 9 ?is campaign are wagons ) a plat=m entirely ( metal1 re/+ ^u eight :eels4 ,! plat=m is #ac ft4 #a 94 9 l5g?1 & #c ft4 #aa 94 9 wid?4 ,! total l5g? ) buff]s is #ad ft4 #i 94 ,?is c>riage may be at w turn$ into a goods wagon or a pass5g] c>riage = sixte5 p]sons1 ) seats back to back1 or an ambulance wagon = eight w\nd$ p]sons4 ,= ! transport ( cannon ! ,fr5* milit>y eng9e]s h adopt$ small trucks4 ,a complete equipage1 capable ( c>ry+ guns weigh+ f #c to #i tons1 is compos$ ( trucks ) two or ?ree axles1 ea* be+ fitt$ ) a pivot support1 by means ( :i* x is made possible to turn ! trucks1 ) ! heavie/ pieces ( ordnance1 on turntables1 & to pu% !m =w>d )\t go+ (f ! rails at ! curves4 ,! trucks :i* h be5 adopt$ = ! s]vice ( ! new =ts 9 ,p>is are drawn by six m51 ?ree ( :om are /ation$ at ea* end ( ! gun1 & ^! are capable ( mov+ ) ! greate/ ease guns weigh+ #i tons4 ,! n>r[-gauge railway 0 te/$ dur+ ! w> 9 ,tunis m ?an 9 any prec$+ campaign1 & ! milit>y au?orities decid$1 aft] peace _h be5 re/or$ 9 t c\ntry1 to cont9ue ma9ta9+ ! n>r[-gauge railways p]man5tly2 ?is is a satisfactory pro( ( _! hav+ r5d]$ good s]vice4 ,! l9e f ,s\sse to ,kair\an is /ill op5 to regul> traffic4 ,9 ,janu>y1 #ahhc1 an express 0 e/abli%$1 :i* leaves ,s\sse e morn+ & arrives at ,kair\an--a di/ance ( =ty miles--9 five h\rs1 by means ( regul>ly organiz$ relays4 ,! numb] ( c>riages & trucks = ! transport ( pass5g]s & goods is #aah4 ,! success ?us atta9$ by ! n>r[-gauge l9e goes f> to prove h[ unf\nd$ is ! judgm5t pron\nc$ by ^? :o hold t light railways w nev] suffice = cont9u\s traffic4 ,^! op9ions are bas$ on c]ta9 cases 9 ! colonies1 :]e x 0 ?\ght fit to adopt a light rail weigh+ ab\t #ah lb4 to #bg lb4 p] y>d1 & keep+ ! old normal gauge4 ,x is nev]!less evid5t t x is impossible to con/ruct *eap railways on ! normal gauge sy/em1 z ! ma9t5ance ( su* w\ld-be light railways is 9 proportion f> m co/ly ?an t ( /&>d railways4 ,! n>r[ gauge is entirely 9 its "r place 9 c\ntries :]e1 z notably 9 ! case ( ! colonies1 ! traffic is n suffici5tly ext5sive to w>rant ! capitalization ( ! exp5ses ( con/ruction ( a normal gauge railway4 ,q rec5tly ! ,ea/]n ,railway ,company ( ! prov9ce ( ,bu5os ,ayres h adopt$ ! n>r[ gauge = connect+ two ( _! /ations1 ! gauge be+ #bd 94 & ! weight ( ! rails #ai lb4 p] y>d4 ,?is company h con/ruct$ altoge!r six miles ( n>r[-gauge road1 ) a roll+ /ock ( ?irty pass5g] c>riages & goods trucks & two eng9es1 at a net co/ price ( #g1ejjl41 ! eng9es includ$4 ,?is l9e works z regul>ly z ! ma9 l9e ) :i* x is connect$4 ,! composite c>riages 9 use leave no?+ to be desir$ ) reg>d to _! appe>ance & ! com=ts !y (f]4 ,?ird-class c>riages1 cov]$ & op51 & cov]$ goods wagons1 are also employ$4 ,all ^! c>riages are con/ruct$ accord+ to ! model ( ^? ( ! ,fe/9iog ,railway4 ,! eng9es weigh #d tons1 & run at #ab miles p] h\r = express tra9s ) a live load ( #af tons2 :ile = goods tra9s c>ry+ #ce tons ! rate is #g miles an h\r4 ,ano!r purpose = :i* ! n>r[-gauge road is ( ! highe/ importance 9 colonial comm]ce is ! transport ( sug> cane4 ,!re are two sy/ems 9 use = ! s]vice ( sug> plantations3 #a4 ,traction by horses1 mules1 or ox54 #b4 ,traction by /eam-eng9e4 ,9 ! =m] case1 ! n>r[ gauge1 #bj 94 ) #ad lb4 rails1 is us$1 ) plat=m trucks & iron baskets #c ft4 #c 94 long4 ,! use ( ^! wagons is p>ticul>ly advantage\s = cle>+ away ! sug> cane f ! fields1 because1 z ! crop to be c>ri$ (f is foll[$ by ano!r h>ve/1 x is important to prev5t ! de/ructive action ( ! :eels ( heavily lad5 wagons4 ,! baskets may be made to conta9 z mu* z #a1cjj lb4 ( cane = animal traction1 & #b1jjj lb4 = /eam traction4 ,9 ^? colonies :]e ! cane is n cut up into pieces1 long plat=m wagons are us$ entirely made ( metal1 & on eight :eels4 ,:5 ! traction is effect$ by horses or mules1 a *a9 #ad ft4 long is us$1 & ! animals are driv5 alongside ! road4 ,ox5 are h>ness$ to a yoke1 long] by #bj 94 to #bd 94 ?an ! ord9>y yoke1 & !y are driv5 along on ea* side ( ! road4 ,on plantations :]e x is desirable to h pass5g] c>riages1 or :]e x is to be =ese5 t ! n>r[-gauge l9e maybe requir$ = ! regul> transport ( pass5g]s & goods1 ! #bj 94 l9e is replac$ by "o ( #bd 94 ,! transport ( ! refuse ( sug> cane is effect$ by means ( tilt+ basket c>ts2 ! l[] "p ( :i* consi/s ( plate iron z 9 e>?work wagons1 :ile ! upp] "p consi/s ( an op5 grat+1 (f]+ ?us a v great hold+ capacity )\t be+ excessively heavy4 ,! cont5t ( ^! wagons is #ij cubic feet 7#b1ejj lit]s74 ,to use x = ! transport ( e>?1 s&1 or rubbi%1 ! grat+ has m]ely to be tak5 (f4 ,9 ! case ( ! transport ( sug> cane hav+ to be effect$ by /eam p[]1 ! mo/ suitable wid? ( road is #bd 941 ) #ai lb4 rails2 & ?is l9e %\ld be laid d[n & balla/$ mo/ c>efully4 ,! co/ ( "o mile ( ! #bj 94 gauge road1 ) #ad lb4 rails1 ?irty basket wagons1 & accessories = ! transport ( sug> cane1 is #gjjl41 & ! total weight ( ?is plant am\nts to #ce tons4 ,ow+ to ! great lightness ( ! portable railways1 & ! facility ) :i* !y c be work$1 ! att5tion ( explor]s has repeat$ly be5 attract$ by !m4 ,! exp$ition ( ! ,og[e 9 ,octob]1 #ahhj1 t ( ! ,upp] ,congo 9 ,novemb]1 #ahha1 & ! ,congo mission "u ,savorgnan de ,brazza1 h all made use ( ! ,decauville n>r[-gauge railway sy/em4 ,dur+ ^! exp$itions to ,c5tral ,africa1 "o ( ! greate/ ob/acles to be surm\nt$ 0 ! transport ( boats :]e ! riv] ceas$ to be navigable2 = x 0 !n necess>y to employ a great numb] ( negroes = c>ry+ bo? ! boats & ! luggage4 ,! explor]s 71 m or less1 left to ! m]cy ( ! natives1 & b v sl[ progress c\ld be made4 ,on return+ f "o ( ^! exp$itions 9 ,africa1 ,dr4 ,balay & ,m4 ,mizon conceiv$ ! idea ( apply+ to ,m4 ,decauville = advice z to :e!r ! n>r[-gauge l9e might n be pr(itably adapt$ = ! exp$ition4 ,m4 ,decauville propos$ to !m to transport _! boats )\t tak+ !m to pieces1 or unload+ !m1 by plac+ !m on two pivot trollies1 9 ! same mann] z ! guns are transport$ 9 =tifications & 9 ! field4 ,! fir/ exp]im5ts 7 made at ,petit-,b\rg ) a pleasure ya*t4 ,! hull1 weigh+ #d tons1 0 plac$ on two gun trollies1 & 0 mov$ ab\t easily across c\ntry by means ( a portable l9e ( #bj 94 gauge1 ) #ad lb4 rails4 ,! l5g? ( ! hull 0 ab\t #de ft41 dep? #f ft4 #g 941 & bread? ( beam #h ft4 #b 941 t is to say1 five times ! wid? ( ! n>r[-gauge1 & not)/&+ all ?is ! :eels nev] came (f ! l9e4 ,! sections ( l9e 7 tak5 up & replac$ z ! boat advanc$1 & a spe$ ( #a1ajj y>ds p] h\r 0 atta9$4 ,dr4 ,balay & ,m4 ,mizon decl>$ t ! result obta9$ exce$$ by f> _! mo/ sangu9e hopes1 because dur+ _! la/ voyage1 ! passage ( ! rapids _h sometimes requir$ a :ole week = #a1ajj y>ds 7#a kilomet]71 & !y consid]$ !mselves v lucky inde$ if !y c\ld atta9 a spe$ ( "o kilomet] p] day4 ,! same n>r[ gauge sy/em has s9ce be5 ?ree times adopt$ by ,african explor]s1 on :i* occasions x 0 f\nd t ! #bj 94 l9e1 ) #i lb4 or #ad lb4 rails1 0 ! mo/ suitable = sci5tific exp$itions ( ?is nature4 ,! trucks us$ are ( ! k9d usually employ$ = milit>y purposes1 ) :eels1 axles1 & pivot be>+s ( /eel2 on be+ dism\nt$ ! bodies ( ! two trucks =m a *e/1 :i* is bolt$ toge!r & conta9s ! :eels1 axles1 & o!r accessories4 ,! total weight ( ! #ace y>ds ( road us$ by ,dr4 ,balay & ,m4 ,mizon dur+ _! fir/ voyage 0 #b1ijj lb41 & ! wagons weigh$ #e1jjj lb4 ,h5ce ! exp$ition _h to c>ry a supplem5t>y weight ( #c tons2 b at any giv5 mom5t ! mat]ial =m+ ?is burd5 became ! means ( transport+1 9 its turn1 sev5 boats1 repres5t+ a total weight ( #bj tons4 ,x is impossible to enum]ate 9 ?is pap] all ! v>i\s k9ds ( wagons & trucks suitable = ! s]vice ( iron works1 %ipy>ds1 m9es1 qu>ries1 =e/s1 & _m o!r k9ds ( works2 & we !re=e limit ourselves to m5tion+ only a few in/ances :i* suffice to %[ t ! n>r[ gauge c be appli$ to works ( ! mo/ v>i$ nature & "u ! mo/ adv]se circum/ances possible4 ,x !re=e only rema9s to m5tion ! v>i\s accessories :i* h be5 inv5t$ = ! purpose ( complet+ ! sy/em4 ,!y consi/ ( (f-rail]s1 cross+s1 turntables1 etc4 ,! (f rail] is us$ = e/abli%+ a portable l9e1 at any po9t1 div]g+ to ! "r or left ( a p]man5t l9e1 & = transf]r+ traffic to x )\t int]ruption4 ,x consi/s ( a m9iature incl9$ plane1 ( ! same height at "o end z ! rail1 tap]+ (f regul>ly by degrees t[>d ! o!r end4 ,x is only necess>y to place ! (f-rail] 7:i*1 l all ! l5g?s ( rail ( ?is sy/em1 =ms b "o piece ) its sleep]s & fi%-plates7 on ! fix$ l9e1 add+ a curve 9 ! direction x is int5d$ to g1 & pu% ! wagons on to ! (f-rail]1 :5 !y w gradually leave ! fix$ l9e & pass on ! new track4 ,! swit*es consi/ ( a rail-end #di 94 9 l5g?1 :i* s]ves z a movable tongue1 plac$ 9 front ( a complete cross+1 ! rails ( :i* h a radius ( #d1 #f1 or #h met]s2 a pu% ) ! foot suffices to alt] ! swit*4 ,!re are f\r diff]5t models ( cross+s con/ruct$ = ea* radius1 viz43 #a4 ,= two tracks ) symmetrical div]g5ce4 #b4 ,= a curve to ! "r & a /raight track4 #c4 ,= a curve to ! left & a /raight track4 #d4 ,= a meet+ ( ?ree tracks4 ,:5 a fix$ l9e is us$1 x is bett] to replace ! movable swit* by a fix$ ca/-iron swit*1 & to let ! workm5 :o drive ! wagon pu% x 9 ! direction requir$4 ,plan$ swit* tongues are also us$1 hav+ ! %ape ( ^? employ$ on ! normal tracks1 especially = ! passage ( small eng9es2 ! swit*es are1 9 ?is case1 complet$ by ! application ( a h& lev]4 ,! portable turntable consi/s ( two fac$ plates laid ov] ! o!r1 "o ( ?ick %eet iron1 & ! o!r ( ca/ iron4 ,! %eet-iron plate is fitt$ ) a pivot1 ar\nd :i* ! ca/ iron "o is made to revolve2 ^! plates may ei!r be smoo?1 or groov$ = ! :eels4 ,! =m] are us$ *iefly :5 x is requir$ to turn wagons or trucks ( light burd51 or1 9 ! case ( e>?works1 = trucks ( mod]ate weight4 ,^! plates are q portable2 _! weight = ! #af 94 gauge does n exce$ #bjj lb4 ,= eng9e]+ works a turntable plate ) v>iable wid? ( track has be5 design$1 admitt+ ( diff]5t tracks be+ us$ ov] ! same turntable4 ,:5 turntables are requir$ = p]man5t l9es1 & to su/a9 heavy burd5s1 turntables ) a ca/ iron box are requir$1 con/ruct$ on ! pr9ciple ( ! turntables ( ord9>y railways4 ,! heavie/ wagons may be plac$ on ^! box turntables1 )\t any portion suff]+ damage or di/urb+ ! level ( ! gr\nd4 ,9 ! case ( coal m9es1 pap] mills1 c[ h\ses ) p]man5t l9es1 etc41 fix$ plates are employ$4 ,su* plates ne$ only be appli$ :]e ! l9e is always wet1 or 9 work%ops :]e ! use ( turntables is n ( frequ5t occurr5ce4 ,?is fix$ plate is mo/ useful 9 f>m]s' /ables1 z x does n pres5t any projection :i* might hurt ! feet ( ! cattle1 & is easy to clean4 ,! only accid5t t c happ5 to ! track is ! break+ ( a fi%-plate4 ,x happ5s (t5 t ! fi%-plates get twi/$1 ow+ to r\gh h&l+ on ! "p ( ! workm51 & break 9 ! act ( be+ /raight5$4 ,9 ord] to facilitate z mu* z possible ! repairs 9 su* cases1 ! fi%-plates are n rivet$ by ma*9]y1 b by h&2 & x is only necess>y to cut ! rivets ) :i* ! fi%-plate is fa/5$1 & remove x if brok53 ,a drill pass$ ?r\gh ! two holes ( ! rail removes all burrs t may be 9 ! way ( ! new rivet4 ,no vises are requir$ = ?is op]ation2 ! track to be repair$ is held by two workm5 at a height ( ab\t #bh 94 above ! gr\nd1 c>e be+ tak5 to let ! end "u repair re/ on a portable anvil1 :i* is suppli$ ) ! necess>y appliances4 ,! two fi%-plates are put 9 _! place at ! same "t1 ! second rivet be+ held 9 place ) "o f+]1 :ile ! fir/ is be+ rivet$ ) a hamm]2 if x is n kept 9 its place 9 ?is mann] x may be impossible to put x 9 aft]w>d1 z ! bl[s ( ! hamm] (t5 cause ! fi%-plate to %ift1 & ! holes 9 ! rail are pi]c$ ) great precision to prev5t !re be+ too mu* cle>ance4 ,no o!r accid5t ne$ be fe>$ ) ?is l9e1 & ! breakage describ$ above c easily be repair$ 9 a few m9utes )\t requir+ any skill$ workman4 ,! n>r[-gauge sy/em1 :i* has rec5tly receiv$ s great a developm5t on ! ,cont95t1 s9ce its usefulness has be5 demon/rat$1 & ! facility ) :i* x c be appli$ to ! mo/ v>i$ purposes1 has n yet met 9 ,engl& ) ! same univ]sal acceptance2 & ^? memb]s ( ?is ,in/itution :o cross$ ! sea to g to ,belgium 71 p]haps1 surpris$ to see s l>ge a numb] ( portable railways employ$ = agricultural & build+ purposes & = contractors' works4 ,b 9 ! h&s ( s practical a p x may be expect$ t ! portable n>r[ gauge railway w soon be appli$ ev5 to a l>g] numb] ( purposes ?an is ! case else:]e4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,g]>d',s ,,alt]nat+ ,,curr5t ,,ma*9e4 ,! ma*9e repres5t$ 9 ! annex$ engrav+s consi/s ( a movable inductor1 ^: alt]nate poles pass 9 front ( an armature compos$ ( a d\ble numb] ( oblong & flat bobb9s1 t are affix$ to a circle firmly connect$ ) ! frame4 ,!re is a simil> circle on ea* side ( ! inductor4 ,! armature is /ation>y1 & ! wires t />t f ! bobb9s are connect$ ) t]m9als plac$ ^u a wood5 support t surm\nts ! ma*9e4 ,illu/ration3 ,,g]>d',s ,,alt]nat+ ,,electric ,,ma*9e4 ,?is arrangem5t all[s ( e possible gr\p+ ( ! curr5ts accord+ to requirem5ts4 ,?us1 ! armature may be divid$ into two curr5ts1 s z to all[ ( c>bons #cj mm4 9 diamet] be+ burn$1 or else s z to h f\r1 eight1 twelve1 tw5ty-f\r1 or ev5 =ty-eight di/9ct circuits capable ( be+ us$ altoge!r or 9 "p4 ,?is ma*9e has be5 /udi$ ) a view ( r5d]+ ! lamps indep5d5t2 & !re may be produc$ ) x1 = example1 a voltaic arc ( an int5sity ( f #bej to #fjj c>cels = ! light+ ( a c\rty>d1 or x may be us$ = produc+ arcs ( less int5sity = %ops1 or = supply+ inc&esc5t lamps4 ,z ea* ( ! circuits is indep5d5t1 x becomes easy to light or ext+ui% any "o ( ! lamps at w4 ,s9ce ! conductors are =m$ ( ord9>y simple wires1 ! co/ att5d+ ! in/allation ( #ab or #bd lamps am\nts to j ab\t ! same z x w\ld 9 ! case ( a s+le cable4 ,illu/ration3 ,,g]>d',s #bej ,h4,p4 ,,direct ,,connection ,,alt]nat+ ,,curr5t ,,/eam ,,dynamo-,,electric ,,ma*9e4 ,"o ( ! annex$ cuts repres5ts a ,corliss /eam eng9e connect$ directly ) an alt]nat+ curr5t ma*9e ( ! sy/em "u consid]ation4 ,accord+ to ! inv5tor1 ?is ma*9e is capable ( supply+ #a1jjj lamps ( a special k9d1 call$ slide lamps1 & a l>g] numb] ( inc&esc5t ones4--,revue ,indu/rielle4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,automatic ,,fa/ ,,spe$ ,,telegraphy4 ,by ,,!o4 ,f4 ,,taylor4 ,s9ce #ahch mu* has be5 done t[>d increas+ ! c>ry+ capacity ( a s+le wire4 ,9 response to y\r invitation ,i w relate my exp]i5ce ^u ! ,po/al's l>ge copp]$ wire1 9 an ef=t to transmit #hjj words p] m9ute ov] a #a1jjj mile circuit1 & add my mite to ! va/ sum ( k already possess$ by electricians4 ,z an introduction1 ,i %all m5tion a few hi/orical facts1 b d n propose to write 9 ?is article ev5 a %ort acc\nt ( ! diff]5t automatic sy/ems1 & ,i mu/ assume t my read]s are famili> ) mod]n automatic ma*9es & appliances4 ,9 #ahgj1 ^u ! completion ( ! ,automatic ,company's #g ohm wire betwe5 ,new ,york & ,wa%+ton1 x happ5$ t ,pr(4 ,moses ,g4 ,f>m] 0 9 ! ,wa%+ton (fice :5 ! fir/ message 0 ab\t to be s5t1 & ^u be+ reque/$1 he turn$ ! crank & transmitt$ ! message to ,new ,york1 at ! rate ( #bag words p] m9ute4 ,^u 8 return to ,new ,york he co-op]at$ ) ,mr4 ,prescott 9 exp]im5ts on ,w4,u4 wires1 _! object be+ to det]m9e :at c\ld be done on iron wires ) ! ,ba9 sy/em4 ,a good ,no4 #h wire runn+ f ,new ,york to ,bo/on 0 select$1 re9sulat$1 well trimm$1 & put 9 fir/-class electrical condition1 previ\s to ! te/4 ,! ,little *emical pap] 0 us$4 ,! maximum spe$ atta9$ on ?is wire 0 #fe words p] m9ute4 ,ab\t ! same "t ,george ,h4 ,grace us$ an electro magnet on ! automatic l9e ) su* good effect t ! spe$ on ! ,new ,york-,wa%+ton circuit 0 increas$ to #dej words p] m9ute4 ,!n a plat9a /ylus or p5 0 sub/itut$ = ! iron p5 9 connection ) iodide pap]1 & ! spe$ increas$ to #ijj words p] m9ute4 ,9 #ahhj1 ^u ! completion ( ! ,rapid ,company's #f ohm wire1 betwe5 ,new ,york & ,bo/on1 #a1bjj words p] m9ute 7 transmitt$ betwe5 ! cities above nam$4 ,9 #ahhb1 ,i 0 employ$ by ! ,po/al ,telegraph ,company to put ! ,leggo automatic sy/em into practical %ape1 &1 if possible1 transmit #hjj words p] m9ute betwe5 ,new ,york & ,*icago4 ,x 0 propos$ to /r+ a /eel-copp] wire1 ! copp] on :i* 0 to weigh #ejj lb4 to ! mile4 ,:5 complete1 ! wire 0 r l>g] ?an ,no4 #c1 ,engli% gauge1 b v>i$ 9 diamet]1 "s be+ z l>ge z ,no4 #a1 & x av]ag$ #ebe lb4 ( copp] p] mile & #a4e ohms4 ,! surface ( ?is wire 01 h[ev]1 l>ge4 ,dr4 ,muirhead e/imat$ its /atic capacity at ab\t #aj ,m4,f41 :i* subsequ5t te/s prov$ to be ne>ly correct4 ,x w be und]/ood t ?is /atic capacity /ood 9 ! way ( fa/ transmission4 ,resi/ance & /atic capacity are ! two factors t det]m9e spe$ ( signal+4 ,! duration ( ! v>iable /ate is 9 proportion to ! squ>e ( ! l5g? ( ! conductor1 s t ! difficulties increase v greatly z ! wire is ext5d$ beyond ord9>y limits4 ,accord+ to ,prescott1 ,! duration ( ! v>iable condition 9 a wire ( #ejj miles is #bej1jjj times z long z 9 a wire ( #a mile4 ,9 o!r words1 a long l9e reta9s a *>ge1 & "t mu/ be all[$ = at lea/ a fall+ (f ( ! *>ge to a po9t indicat$ by ! receiv+ in/rum5t z z]o4 ,9 ! con/ruction ( ! l9e c>e 0 tak5 to insure ! l[e/ possible resi/ance ?r\gh ! circuit1 ev5 to ! furni%+ ( ! riv] cables ) conductors weigh+ #ejj lb4 p] mile4 ,gr\nd wires 7 plac$ on e t5? pole4 ,:5 ! fir/ #ajj miles ( wire _h be5 /rung1 ,i 0 mu* enc\rag$ to f9d t we c\ld telegraph )\t any difficulty pa/ ! av]age prov9cial gr\nd1 provid$ ! t]m9al gr\nds 7 good4 ,:5 ! we/]n end ( ?is rem>kable wire rea*$ ,olean1 ,n4,y41 #djj miles f ,new ,york1 my assi/ant1 ,mr4 ,s4,k4 ,d+le1 proce$$ to t t[n ) a receiv+ in/rum5t1 & we made ! fir/ te/4 ,i f\nd t #hjj words1 or #bj1jjj impulses1 p] m9ute1 c\ld be transmitt$ 9 ,morse *>act]s ov] t circuit )\t comp5sation = /atic4 ,9 o!r words1 ! old ,ba9 me?od 0 compet5t to telegraph #hjj words p] m9ute on ! #djj miles ( #a4e ohm wire4 ,! tr\ble began1 h[ev]1 :5 ! wire rea*$ ,clevel&1 ,o41 ab\t #gjj miles f ,new ,york4 ,^u mak+ a te/ at ,clevel&1 ,i f\nd ! signals made a cont9u\s black l9e ^u ! *emical pap]4 ,i !n plac$ bo? ends ( ! wire to e>? ?r\gh #c1jjj ohms resi/ance1 & introduc$ a small auxili>y batt]y betwe5 ! *emical pap] & e>?4 ,! auxili>y or oppos+ batt]y 0 plac$ 9 ! same circuit ) ! transmitt+ batt]y1 & ! curr5ts :i* 7 transmitt$ f ! latt] ?r\gh ! receiv+ in/rum5t rea*$ ! e>? by pass+ directly ?r\gh ! oppos+ batt]y4 ,! circuit ( ! oppos+ batt]y 0 p]man5tly complet$1 indep5d5tly ( ! transmitt+ app>atus1 ?r\gh bo? bran* conductors & artificial resi/ances4 ,! auxili>y batt]y at ! receiv+ /ation normally ma9ta9$ ^u ! ma9 l9e a cont9u\s electric curr5t ( a negative pol>ity1 :i* did n produce a m>k ^u ! *emical pap]4 ,:5 ! transmitt+ batt]y 0 appli$ !reto1 ! excessive electro-motive =ce ( ! latt] ov]p[]$ ! curr5t f ! auxili>y batt]y & ex]t$1 by means ( a positive curr5t1 an electro-*emical action ^u ! *emical receiv+ pap]1 produc+ a m>k4 ,imm$iately ^u ! int]ruption ( ! circuit ( ! transmitt+ batt]y1 ! unoppos$ curr5t f ! auxili>y batt]y at ! receiv+ /ation fl[$ back ?r\gh ! pap] & into ! ma9 l9e1 !reby bo? neutraliz+ ! residual or inductive curr5t1 :i* t5d$ to fl[ ?r\gh ! receiv+ in/rum5t1 & s]v+ to cle> ! ma9 l9e f electro-/atic *>ge4 ,! foll[+ diagram illu/rates my me?od3 ,ref]r+ to ?is diagram1 ,a & ,b respectively repres5t a transmitt+ & a receiv+ /ation ( an automatic telegraph4 ,^! /ations are unit$ 9 ! usual mann] by a ma9 l9e1 ,l4 ,at ! transmitt+ /ation1 ,a1 is plac$ a transmitt+ batt]y1 ,e1 hav+ its positive pole connect$ by a conductor1 #b1 ) ! metallic transmitt+ drum1 ,t4 ,! negative pole ( ! batt]y1 ,e1 is connect$ ) ! e>? at ,g by a conductor1 #a4 ,a metallic transmitt+ /ylus1 t1 re/s ^u ! surface ( ! drum1 ,t1 & any well kn[n or suitable me*anism may be employ$ = caus+ an automatic transmitt+ patt]n slip1 ,p1 to pass betwe5 ! /ylus & ! drum4 ,! transmitt+ or patt]n slip1 ,p1 is p]=at$ ) gr\ps ( ap]tures ( v>y+ l5g?s & int]vals z requir$ to repres5t ! dispat* :i* x is desir$ to transmit1 by an arbitr>y sy/em ( signs1 su*1 = example1 z ! ,morse telegraphic code4 ,at ! receiv+ /ation1 ,b1 is plac$ a record+ app>atus1 ,m1 ( any suitable or well kn[n con/ruction4 ,a /rip ( *emically prep>$ pap]1 ,n1 is caus$ to pass rapidly & uni=mly betwe5 ! drum1 ,m'1 & ! /ylus1 m1 ( ?is in/rum5t 9 a well kn[n mann]4 ,! drum1 ,m'1 is connect$ ) ! e>? by conductors1 #d & #c1 betwe5 :i* is plac$ ! auxili>y batt]y1 ,e1 ! positive or m>k+ pole ( ?is batt]y be+ connect$ ) ! drum & ! negative pole ) ! e>?4 ,! electro-motive =ce ( ! batt]y1 ,e'1 is pref]ably made ab\t "o-?ird z great z t ( ! batt]y1 ,e4 ,illu/ration ,ext5d+ f a po9t1 o1 9 ! ma9 l9e1 ne> ! transmitt+ /ation1 to ! e>? at ,g1 is a bran* conductor1 l1 conta9+ an adju/able artificial resi/ance1 ,r4 ,a simil> conductor1 ll1 ext5ds f a po9t1 o'1 ne> ! receiv+ t]m9al ( ! l9e1 ,l1 to ! conductor1 #c1 9 :i* an artificial resi/ance1 ,r'1 is also includ$1 ?is resi/ance be+ pref]ably approximately equal to ! resi/ance1 ,r4 ,! proportions ( ! resi/ance ( ! ma9 l9e & ! artificial resi/ances :i* ,i pref] to employ may be approximately indicat$ z foll[s3 ,assum+ ! resi/ance ( ! ma9 l9e to be #ijj ohms1 ! resi/ance1 ,r1 & ,r'1 %\ld be ea* ab\t #c1jjj ohms4 ,! ma9 batt]y1 ,e1 %\ld !n comprise ab\t #ij cells1 & ! auxili>y batt]y1 ,e'1 #cj cells4 ,! op]ation ( my improv$ sy/em is z foll[s3 ,:ile ! app>atus is at re/ a con/ant curr5t f ! batt]y1 ,e'1 trav]ses ! l9e1 ,l1 & ! bran* conductors1 l1 & ll1 divid+ itself betwe5 !m1 9 inv]se proportion to _! respective resi/ances1 9 accordance ) ! well-kn[n law ( ,ohm4 ,:5 ! transmitt+ patt]n /rip1 ,p1 is caus$ to pass betwe5 ! roll]1 ,t1 & ! /ylus1 t1 electric impulses w be transmitt$ ^u ! l9e1 ,l1 f ! positive pole ( ! batt]y1 ,e1 :i* w trav]se ! ma9 l9e1 ,l1 ! two bran* l9es1 l1 & ll1 & _! includ$ resi/ances1 & also ! receiv+ in/rum5t1 ,m4 ,! great] portion ( ?is curr5t w1 h[ev]1 on acc\nt ( ! less resi/ance (f]$1 trav]se ! receiv+ in/rum5t1 ,m1 & ! auxil>y batt]y1 ,e'4 ,! curr5t f ! la/-nam$ batt]y w ?us be neutraliz$ & ov]p[]$1 & ! excess ( curr5t f ! ma9 batt]y1 ,e1 w act ^u ! *emically prep>$ pap] & record 9 ! =m ( dots & da%es or l arbitr>y *>act]s ! impulses :i* are transmitt$4 ,imm$iately on ! cessation ( ea* impulse1 ! auxili>y batt]y1 ,e'1 aga9 acts to s5d an impulse ( positive pol>ity ?r\gh ! receiv+ pap] & /ylus 9 ! rev]se direction & ?r\gh ! l9e1 ,l1 :i* returns to ! negative pole ( ! batt]y by way ( ! artificial resi/ances1 ,r & ,r'4 ,su* an impulse1 foll[+ imm$iately ^u ! int]ruption ( ! circuit ( ! transmitt+ batt]y1 acts to de/roy ! effect ( ! tail+ or /atic dis*>ge ( ! l9e1 ,l1 ^u ! receiv+ in/rum5t1 & also to neutralize ! same ?r\gh\t ! l9e4 ,by ?us oppos+ ! dis*>ge ( ! l9e by a rev]se curr5t transmitt$ directly ?r\gh ! *emical pap]1 a %>ply def9$ record w 9 all cases be obta9$2 & by transmitt+ ! oppos+ impulse ?r\gh ! l9e1 ! latt] w be plac$ 9 a condition to receive ! next succe$+ impulse & to record ! same z a %>ply def9$ "*4 ,?is arrangem5t 0 made on ! ,new ,york-,clevel& circuit1 & ! *>act]s 7 !n cle>ly def9$ & ( uni=m di/9ctness4 ,! spe$ ( transmission on ?is circuit 0 f #a1jjj to #b1jjj words p] m9ute4 ,^u ! completion ( ! wire to ,*icago1 total di/ance #a1jej miles1 includ+ six miles ( ,no4 #h iron wire ?r\gh ! city1 ! maximum spe$ 0 f\nd to be #a1bjj words p] m9ute1 & to my surprise ! spe$ 0 n affect$ by ! sub/itution ( an und]gr\nd conductor = ! ov]head wire4 ,! und]gr\nd conductor 0 a ,no4 #af copp] wire weigh+ #fg p\nds p] mile1 9 a ,patt]son cable laid ?r\gh an iron pipe4 ,i us$ #aej cells ( l>ge ,full] batt]y on ! ,new ,york-,*icago circuit1 & aft]w>d ) #bjj cells 9 fir/ class condition1 transmitt$ #a1ejj words1 or #cg1jjj impulses1 p] m9ute f #di ,broadway1 ,new ,york1 to our te/ (fice at ,?irty-n9? ,/reet1 ,*icago4 ,! matt] 0 always c>efully c\nt$1 & ! utmo/ c>e tak5 to obta9 correct figures4 ,x may be m5tion$ z a curi\s fact t we n only s5d #a1bjj words p] m9ute ?r\gh #a1jej miles ( ov]head wire & five miles ( und]gr\nd cable1 b also ?r\gh a second conductor 9 ,no4 #b cable back to ,?irty-n9? ,/reet1 & !n connect$ to a ?ird und]gr\nd conductor 9 ,no4 #a cable back to ,*icago ma9 (fice1 9 all ab\t fifte5 miles ( und]gr\nd1 ?r\gh :i* we s5t #a1bjj words p] m9ute & _h a spl5did m>g94--,electrical ,_w4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,electrical ,,review4 ,,!ory ,,( ,,! ,,action ,,( ,,! ,,c>bon ,,microphone--,,:at ,,is ,,x8 ,a c>eful exam9ation ( ! op9ions ( sci5tific m5 giv5 9 ! telephone cases--be=e ,"l ,mc,laren 9 ,ed9burgh & be=e ,mr4 ,ju/ice ,fry 9 ,london--leads me to ! conclusion t sci5tific m51 at lea/ ^? ^: op9ions ,i %all quote1 are n agre$ z to :at is ! action ( ! c>bon microphone4 ,9 ! ,ed9burgh case1 ,sir ,fr$]ick ,bramwell said3 ,! v>iations ( ! curr5ts are effect$ s z to produce ) rem>kable fidelity ! v>i$ *anges :i* occur1 accord+ z ! c>bon is compress$ or reliev$ f compression by ! g5tle impacts ( ! air set 9 motion by ! voice4 ,! mo/ prom95t quality ( c>bon is its capability1 "u ! mo/ m9ute diff]5ces ( pressure1 to enorm\sly increase or decrease ! resi/ances ( ! circuit4 ,t ! v>y+ pressure ( ! black t5sion-regulator 7,edison's7 is suffici5t to cause a *ange 9 ! conduct+ p[]4 ,sir ,fr$]ick also said he c\ld n believe t ! resi/ance 0 v>i$ by a jolt+ motion2 c\ld n conceive a jolt+ motion produc+ v>iation & diff]5ce ( pressure1 & su* an in/rum5t c\ld n be reli$ on1 & !re=e w\ld be practically useless4 ,sir ,william ,?omson1 9 ! same case1 said3 ,! function ( ! c>bon is to give rise to dim9i%$ resi/ance by pressure2 x possesses ! quality (1 "u slight degrees ( pressure1 decreas+ ! resi/ance to ! passage ( ! electric curr5t2 &1 also1 ! jolt+ motion w\ld be a make-&-break1 & ! articulate s\nds w\ld be impair$4 ,!re c be no virtue 9 a speak+ telephone hav+ a jolt+ motion4 ,delicacy ( contact is a virtue2 loos5ess ( contact is a vice4 ,loos5ess ( contact is a great virtue 9 ,hughes' microphone2 & ! elem5ts :i* "w advantages 9 ,hughes' are detrim5tal to ! good work+ ( ! articulat+ in/rum5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #a4 ,mr4 ,falcon] ,k+ said3 ,!re w\ld be no advantage 9 hav+ a jolt+ motion2 ! jolt+ motion w\ld break ! circuit & be a defect 9 ! speak+ telephone1 & y mu/ h pressure & p>tially conduct+ sub/ances4 ,pr(essor ,fleem+ ,j5k9 said1 ,! pressure ( ! c>bons is :at favors ! transmission ( s\nd4 ,all ! above nam$ sci5tific m5 agree t v>iations ( a curr5t pass+ ?r\gh a c>bon microphone are produc$ by pressure ( ! c>bons aga9/ "o ano!r1 & !y also agree t a jolt+ motion c\ld n be reli$ ^u to reproduce articulate spee*4 ,mr4 ,conrad ,cooke said1 ,! fir/ & mo/ /rik+ pr9ciple ( ,hughes' microphone is a %ak+ & v>iable contact betwe5 ! two p>ts con/itut+ ! microphone4 ,! %ak+ & v>iable contact is produc$ by ! movable portion be+ effect$ by s\nd4 ,"u ,hughes' sy/em1 :]e gas c>bon 0 us$1 ! in/rum5ts c\ld n possibly "w ^u ! pr9ciple ( pressure4 ,i am satisfi$ t x is n pressure 9 ! s5se ( produc+ a *ange ( resi/ance4 ,i d n ?9k pressure has any?+ to d ) x4 ,pr(essor ,bly? said3 ,! ,hughes microphone dep5ds ess5tially ^u ! loos5ess or delicacy ( contact4 ,i h he>d articulate spee* ) su* an in/rum5t )\t a diaphragm4 ,!re is no d\bt t to a c]ta9 ext5t !re mu/ be a *ange 9 ! numb] ( po9ts ( surface contact :5 ! p5cil is mov$4 ,! action ( ! ,hughes microphone dep5ds m or less ^u ! loos5ess or delicacy ( ! contact & ^u ! *anges 9 ! numb] ( po9ts ( surface contact :5 ! p5cil is mov$4 ,mr4 ,oliv] ,heaviside1 9 ,! ,electrician ( #aj? ,febru>y la/1 writes3 ,!re %\ld be no jolt+ or scrap+4 ,contacts1 ?\gh light1 %\ld n be loose4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #b4 ,a writ]1 :o signs ,w4,e4,h41 9 ,! ,electrician ( #bd? ,febru>y la/1 says3 ,! v>iation ( curr5t arises f a v>iation ( conductivity betwe5 ! electrodes1 consequ5t ^u ! v>iation ( ! clos5ess or pressure ( contact2 & also1 !re mu/ be a v>iation ( pressure betwe5 ! electrodes :5 ! transmitt] is 9 action4 ,x seems1 !n1 t "s sci5tific m5 agree t v>iation ( pressure is requir$ to produce action 9 a microphone1 & "s ( !m admit t a microphone ) loose contacts w transmit articulate spee*1 :ile o!rs d5y x1 & "s admit t a jolt+ or %ak+ motion ( ! p>ts ( ! microphone does n int]f]e ) articulate spee*1 :ile o!rs say su* motion w\ld break ! circuit1 & _c be reli$ on4 ,i w n[ describe two microphones 9 :i* !re is a %ak+ or jolt+ motion1 & loose contacts1 & no v>iation ( pressure ( ! c>bons aga9/ "o ano!r1 & bo? ( ^! microphones :5 us$ ) an induction coil & batt]y give mo/ excell5t articulation4 ,"o ( ^! microphones is made z foll[s3 ,two flat plates ( c>bon are secur$ to a block ( cork1 insulat$ f ea* o!r2 into a hole ( ea* c>bon a p9 ( c>bon fits loosely1 project+ above ! c>bons2 ano!r flat piece ( c>bon1 hav+ two holes 9 x1 bridges ov] ! two l[] c>bons1 be+ kept 9 its place by ! p9s ( c>bon :i* fit loosely 9 ! holes 9 x1 ! bottom c>bons be+ connect$ ) ! batt]y2 a block ( cork has a flat side ( x cut out s z :5 secur$ to ! l[] cork ! c>bons w n come 9 contact ) x1 yet be close en\gh to x to keep ! c>bons f fall+ ap>t4 ,! cork cov]+ ! c>bons =ms a dome4 ,any good telephone receiv] :5 us$ 9 connection ) ?is microphone1 reproduces articulate spee* ) rem>kable di/9ctness1 especially hiss+ s\nds1 & ) a l\d & full tone4 ,a description ( ?is microphone 0 publi%$ 9 ,la ,lumi]e ,electrique1 ( #ae? ,april1 #ahhb1 & a draw+ !re( on #bi? ,april ( same ye>4 ,ano!r =m ( microphone is made z foll[s3 ,two blocks ( gas c>bon1 ,c1 ,b1 ea* ab\t "o & a half in*es long & "o in* squ>e1 hav+ ea* a circul> hole "o & a qu>t] in*es deep & half in* 9 diamet]2 ^! two blocks are emb$d$ 9 a block ( cork1 ,c1 ab\t "o-qu>t] ( an in* ap>t1 ^! holes fac+ ea* o!r1 ea* block =m+ a t]m9al ( ! batt]y & induction coil2 a p5cil ( c>bon1 ,c1 ,p1 ab\t ?ree-eigh?s ( an in* 9 diamet]1 & two in*es long1 hav+ a r+ ( ebonite1 ,v1 fix$ ar\nd its c5t]1 is plac$ 9 ! holes ( ! two fix$ blocks2 ! ebonite r+ fitt+ loosely 9 betwe5 ! two blocks s z to prev5t ! p5cil f t\*+ ! bottom ( ! holes 9 ! blocks4 ,! space betwe5 ! blocks is clos$ ) wax1 ,w1 to exclude ! air1 b n to t\* ! r+ on ! p5cil4 ,a block ( cork fitt+ close to ! c>bon blocks on all sides is !n firmly secur$ to ! o!r block ( cork4 ,! microphone %\ld lie horizontally or at a slight angle4 ,?is microphone produces 9 any good telephone p]fect articulation 9 a l\d & full tone4 ,9 ^! microphones !re is c]ta9ly loos5ess & delicacy ( contact1 & !re is a jolt+ or %ak+ motion1 & x does n seem possible t !re c be any pressure ( "o c>bon aga9/ ano!r4 ,i repeat ! "q ,i ask$ at ! beg9n+ ( ?is communication1 & hope t x may elicit f y1 or "s ( our sci5tific m51 an explanation ( ! !ory ( ! action ( ?is =m ( microphone4 ,w4,c4 ,,b>ney4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,demb9ski ,,microphonic ,,telephone ,,transmitt]4 ,?is app>atus1 :i* is %[n by ,figs4 #a1 #b1 & #c1 consi/s ( a wood5 case1 ,a1 ( oblong %ape1 clos$ by a lid fix$ by h+es to ! top or "o side ( ! case4 ,! lid is actually a frame = hold+ a piece ( wire gauze1 ,l ,l1 ?r\gh :i* ! s\nd waves f ! voice c pass4 ,9 ! case a flat %all[ box1 ,e ,f 7or sev]al boxes71 is plac$1 on ! lid ( :i* ! c>bon microphone1 ,d ,c 7,figs4 #a & #c71 :i* is ( ! ord9>y con/ruction1 is plac$4 ,! box is ( ?9 wood1 coat$ inside ) petroleum lamp black1 = ! purpose ( increas+ ! resonance4 ,x is secur$ 9 two lat]al slides1 fix$ to ! case4 ,! bottom ( ! box is pi]c$ ) two op5+s1 resembl+ ^? 9 a viol9 7,fig4 #b74 ,l5g?wise across ! bottom are /ret*$ a s]ies ( brass spiral spr+s1 ,g ,g ,g1 :i* are tun$ to a *romatic scale4 ,on ! bottom ( ! case a simil> s]ies ( spr+s1 n %[n1 are secur$4 ,! app>atus is provid$ ) an induction coil1 ,j1 :i* is connect$ to ! microphone1 batt]y1 & telephone receiv] 7:i* may be ( any kn[n description7 9 ! usual mann]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #a4 ,! inv5tors claim t ! use ( ! vibrat+ spr+s give to ! transmitt] an increas$ p[] ov] ^? at pres5t 9 use4 ,!y /ate t ! in/rum5t has giv5 v satisfactory results betwe5 ,o/5de & ,arlon1 a di/ance ( #cad kilomet]s 7ab\t #bjj miles74 ,x does n appe>1 h[ev]1 t microphones ( ! ord9>y ,g[]-,bell type1 = example1 7 tri$ 9 competition ) ! new inv5tion1 & 9 ! abs5ce ( su* te/s ! m]e fact t v satisfactory results 7 obta9$ ov] a l5g? ( #bjj miles proves v little4 ,) ref]5ce to a /atem5t t :i/l+ c\ld be v cle>ly he>d1 we may rem>k t exp]i5ce has _m times prov$ t ! mo/ indiff]5t =m ( transmitt] w almo/ always respond well & ev5 p[]fully to su* =ms ( vibration4--,electrical ,review4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #b4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #c4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,new ,,gas ,,light]s4 ,we are go+ to make kn[n to our read]s two new /yles ( electric light]s ^: op]ation is sure & quick1 & ! use ( :i* is j z economical z t ( ^? quasi-incombu/ible little pieces ( wood t we h be5 us+ = "s ye>s "u ! "n ( mat*es4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #a4--,,mode ,,( ,,us+ ,,! ,,gas ,,light]4 ,! fir/ ( ^! is a portable app>atus design$ = light+ gas burn]s1 & is bas$ ^u ! calorific prop]ties ( ! electric sp>k produc$ by ! induction bobb94 ,its int]nal arrangem5t is su* z to p]mit ( its be+ us$ ) a pile ( v limit$ p[] & dim5sions4 ,! app>atus has ! =m ( a rod ( a l5g? t may be v>i$ at w1 accord+ to ! height ( ! burn] to be light$1 & :i* t]m9ates at its l[] "p 9 an ebonite h&le ab\t #d c5timet]s 9 wid? by #bj 9 l5g? 7,fig4 #a74 ,?is h&le is divid$ into two p>ts1 :i* are %[n isolat$ly 9 ,fig4 #b1 & conta9s ! pile & bobb94 ,! arrangem5t ( ! pile1 ,a1 is kept secret1 & all t we c say ( x is t z9c & *loride ( silv] are employ$ z a depol>iz]4 ,x is h]metically clos$1 & c>ries at "o ( its extremities a disk1 ,b1 & a brass r+1 ,c1 atta*$ to its poles & design$ to e/abli% a communication betwe5 ! pile & bobb9 :5 ! two p>ts ( ! app>atus are screw$ toge!r4 ,to ?is end1 two ela/ic pieces1 ,d & ,e1 fit aga9/ ,b & ,c & e/abli% a contact4 ,x is ass]t$ t ! pile is capable ( be+ us$ #be1jjj times be=e x is necess>y to re*>ge x4 ,h is an ebonite tube t incloses & protects ! induction bobb91 ,k1 ^: induc$ wire communicates on ! "o h& ) ! brass tube1 ,l1 & on ! o!r ) an insulat$ c5tral conductor1 ,m1 :i* t]m9ates at a po9t v ne> ! extremity ( ! brass tube4 ,! curr5ts induc$ 9 ?is wire produce a s]ies ( sp>ks betwe5 ! tube1 ,l1 & ! rod1 ,m1 :i* light ! gas :5 ! extremity ( ! app>atus is plac$ 9 proximity ) ! burn]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #b4 ,,me*anism ,,or ,,! ,,induction ,,sp>k ,,gas ,,light]4 ,! +5i\s & new "p ( ! sy/em lies 9 ! mode ( excit+ ! induc$ curr5ts4 ,:5 ! extremity ( ! tube1 ,l1 is br\ght ne> ! gas burn] t is to be light$1 x is only necess>y to %ove ! botton1 ,f1 f left to "r 9 ord] to produce a limit$ numb] ( sp>ks suffici5t to effect ! light+4 ,! motion ( ! button has n = effect1 z might be believ$1 ! clos+ ( ! circuit ( ! pile ^u ! induct+ circuit ( ! bobb94 ,9 fact 9 its normal position1 ! vibrator is di/ant f its contact1 & ! clos+ ( ! circuit w\ld produce no action4 ,! motion ( ,f produces a me*anical motion ( ! spr+ ( ! vibrator1 :i* latt] acts = a few in/ants & produces a c]ta9 numb] ( contacts t give rise to an equal numb] ( sp>ks4 ,ow+ to ?is arrangem5t1 ! exp5diture ( electric en]gy requir$ by ea* light+ is limit$2 &1 an ano!r h&1 ! vibrator1 :i* w\ld be incapable ( op]at+ if x _h to be set 9 motion by ! direct curr5t f ! pile1 c be actuat$ me*anically4 ,z ! motion ( ! vibrator is d]iv$ f ! h& ( ! op]ator1 & n f ! pile1 x w be compreh5d$ t ! latt] c1 ev]y?+ be+ equal1 produce a l>g] numb] ( light+s ?an an ord9>y bobb9 & vibrator4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #c4--;,,inc&esc5t ,,gas ,,light]4 ,dr4 ,n>et's ,fiat ,lux 7,fig4 #c7 is simpl] 9 its op]ation1 & *eap] ( application1 s9ce x takes its curr5t f ! ord9>y piles t supply dome/ic call-bells4 ,x consi/s ess5tially ( a f9e plat9um wire support$ by a tilt+ device 9 connection ) ! two poles ( a pile compos$ ( ?ree ,leclan*e elem5ts4 ,^u ex]t+ a v]tical pressure on ! button plac$ to ! left ( ! app>atus1 ei!r directly or by means ( a cord1 we at ! same "t turn ! cock & cause ! plat9um spiral to approa*1 & ! latt] !n becomes inc&esc5t z a consequ5ce ( ! clos+ ( ! circuit ( ! pile4 ,aft] ! burn] is light$ x is only necess>y to leave ! app>atus to itself4 ,! cock rema9s op51 ! spiral rec$es f ! burn]1 ! circuit op5s anew1 & ! burn] rema9s light$ until ! gas is turn$ (f4 ,?is device1 !n1 is p>ticul>ly appropriate 9 all cases :]e !re is a press+ ne$ ( light1 = a s+le maneuv] suffices to op5 ! cock & effect a light+ ( ! burn]4--,la ,nature4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,di/ribution ,,( ,,heat ,,:i* ,,is ,,develop$ ,,by ,,=g+4 ,on ! #h? ( ,june4 #ahgd1 ,tresca pres5t$ to ! ,fr5* ,academy "s consid]ations respect+ ! di/ribution ( heat 9 =g+ a b> ( plat9um1 & /at$ ! pr9cipal reasons :i* r5d]$ t metal especially suitable = ! purpose4 ,he subsequ5tly exp]im5t$1 9 a simil> way1 ) o!r metals1 & f9ally adopt$ ,s5>mont's me?od = ! /udy ( conductibility4 ,a /eel or copp] b> 0 c>efully poli%$ on its lat]al faces1 & ! poli%$ portion cov]$ ) a ?9 coat ( wax4 ,! b> ?us prep>$ 0 plac$ "u a ram1 ( kn[n weight1 ,p1 :i* 0 rais$ to a height1 ,h1 :]e x 0 automatically releas$ s z to exp5d ^u ! b> ! :ole quantity ( "w ,t,,ph1 betwe5 ! two equal faces ( ! ram & ! anvil4 ,a s+le %ock suffic$ to melt ! wax ^u a c]ta9 zone & ?us to limit1 ) great %>pness1 ! "p ( ! lat]al faces :i* _h be5 rais$ dur+ ! %ock to ! temp]ature ( melt+ wax4 ,g5]ally ! zone ( fusion imitates ! area compris$ betwe5 ! two bran*es ( an equilat]al hyp]bola1 b ! fall c be s graduat$ z to re/rict ?is zone1 :i* !n takes o!r =ms1 some:at diff]5t1 b always symmetrical4 ,if ,a is ! area ( ?is zone1 b ! bread? ( ! b>1 d ! d5sity ( ! metal1 c its capacity = heat1 & t-t#j ! excess ( ! melt+ temp]ature ( wax ov] ! surr\nd+ temp]ature1 x is evid5t t1 if we consid] ,a z ! base ( a horizontal prism :i* is rais$ to ! temp]ature t1 ! calorific effect may be express$ by3 ,ab x d x ,c7t-t#j72 & on multiply+ ?is quantity ( heat by #dbe we f9d1 = ! value ( its equival5t 9 "w1 ,t' #dbe ,abd,c7t-t#j74 ,on comp>+ ,t' to ,t we may consid] ! exp]im5t z a me*anical op]ation1 hav+ a m9imum (3 ,t'_/,t 7#dbe_/,,ph7,abd,c7t-t#j74 ,aft] giv+ diagrams & tables to illu/rate ! geometrical disposition ( ! areas ( fusion1 ,tresca feels ju/ifi$ 9 conclud+ t ! developm5t ( heat dep5ds ^u ! =m ( ! faces & ! int5sity ( ! %ock2 t ! po9ts ( greate/ heat correspond to ! po9ts ( greate/ fl[ ( ! metal1 & t ?is fl[ is really ! me*anical ph5om5on :i* gives rise to ! calorific ph5om5on2 t = action suffici5tly en]getic & = b>s ( suffici5t dim5sions1 ab\t #j4h ( ! labor exp5d$ on ! bl[ may be f\nd aga9 9 ! heat2 t ! figures =m$ 9 ! melt$ wax = %ocks ( less int5sity furni% a k9d ( diagram ( ! di/ribution ( ! heat & ( ! de=mation 9 ! int]ior ( ! b>1 b t ! calculation ( ! coeffici5t ( effici5cy does n yield satisfactory results 9 ! case ( mod]ate bl[s4--,comptes ,r5dus4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,t9 ,,9 ,,cann$ ,,foods4 ,footnote3 ,read at an ev5+ meet+ ( ! ,ph>maceutical ,society1 ,m>* #e1 #ahhd4 ,by ,,pr(essor ,,attfield1 ,f4,r4,s41 ,,etc4 ,f "t to "t1 dur+ ! pa/ twelve ye>s1 p>agraphs h appe>$ 9 newspap]s & o!r p]iodicals t5d+ 9 effect to w>n ! public at lea/ aga9/ ! indiscrim9ate use ( cann$ foods4 ,& :5ev] !re has be5 any f\ndation 9 fact = su* cautions1 x has commonly re/$ on ! alleg$ pres5ce & h>mfulness ( t9 9 ! food4 ,at ! wor/1 ! am\nt ( t9 pres5t has be5 absurdly small1 af=d+ an opportunity = "o lit]>y repres5tative ( m$ic9e to /ate t be=e a man c\ld be s]i\sly affect$ by ! t91 ev5 if x occurr$ 9 ! =m ( a comp\nd ( ! metal1 he w\ld h to consume at a meal t5 p\nds ( ! food conta9+ ! l>ge/ am\nt ( t9 ev] detect$4 ,b ! greate/ proportions ( t9 ?us ref]r$ to are1 accord+ to my exp]im5ts1 f> beyond ^? ev] likely to be actually pres5t 9 ! food itself 9 ! =m ( a comp\nd ( t92 pres5t1 t is to say1 on acc\nt ( ! action ( ! fluids or juices ( ! food on ! t9 ( ! c4 ,su* action & su* consequ5t solution ( ! t91 & consequ5t admixture ( a possibly assimilable comp\nd ( t9 ) ! food1 9 my op9ion nev] occurs to an ext5t :i* 9 relation to heal? has any significance :atev]4 ,! occurr5ce ( t91 n z a comp\nd1 b z ! metal itself1 is1 if possible1 /ill less important4 ,dur+ ! la/ fifte5 ye>s ,i h frequ5tly exam9$ cann$ foods1 n only ) respect to ! food itself z food1 & to ! process ( cann+1 b ) reg>d to ! relation ( ! food to1 or ! influ5ce if any ( ! metal (1 ! c itself4 ,s lately z )9 ! pa/ two or ?ree mon?s ,i h exam9$ sixte5 v>ieties ( cann$ food = metals1 ) ! foll[+ results3 ,decimal p>ts ( a gra9 ( t9 7or o!r =eign metal7 pres5t 9 ,"n ( article a qu>t] ( a lb4 exam9$4 ,salmon none4 ,lob/]s none4 ,oy/]s #j4jjd ,s>d9es none4 ,lob/] pa/e none4 ,salmon pa/e none4 ,bloat] pa/e #j4jjb ,pott$ beef none4 ,pott$ tongue none4 ,pott$ ,/rasb\rg none4 ,pott$ ham #j4jjb ,lun*eon tongue #j4jjc ,apricots #j4jjg ,pe>s #j4jjc ,tomatoes #j4jjg ,pea*es #j4jjd ,^! proportions ( metal are1 ,i say1 undes]v+ ( s]i\s notice4 ,i "q :e!r !y repres5t m ?an ! am\nts ( t9 we p]iodically we> (f t9 saucepans 9 prep>+ food--a mon? ago ,i f\nd a trace ( t9 9 wat] :i* _h be5 boil$ 9 a t9 kettle--or ! silv] we we> (f our =ks & spoons4 ,!re c be little d\bt t we annually pass ?r\gh our sy/ems a s5sible am\nt ( su* metals1 metallic comp\nds1 & o!r sub/ances t d n come "u ! d5om9ation ( food2 b !re is no evid5ce t !y ev] did or are ev] likely to d h>m or occasion u ! slighte/ inconv5i5ce4 ,h>m is f> m likely to come to u f noxi\s gases 9 ! air we brea! ?an f =eign sub/ances 9 ! food we eat4 ,b :5ce come ! mu* less m9ute am\nts ( t9--/ill h>mless1 be x rememb]$--:i* h be5 /at$ to be occasionally pres5t 9 cann$ foods8 ,!y come f ! m9ute p>ticles ( metal *ipp$ (f f ! t9 %eets 9 ! op]ations ( cutt+1 b5d+1 or hamm]+ ! p>ts ( ! c1 or possibly melt$ (f 9 ! op]ations necess>y = ! sold]+ toge!r ( ! jo9ts ( ! c4 ,"s may1 p]haps1 be cut1 (f by ! knife 9 op5+ a c4 ,at all ev5ts ,i n unfrequ5tly f9d su* m9ute p>ticles ( metal on c>efully wa%+ ! ext]nal surfaces ( a mass ( meat j remov$ f a c1 or on o!rwise prop]ly treat+ cann$ food ) ! object ( detect+ su* p>ticles4 ,! publi%$ processes = ! detection ( t9 9 cann$ food w n reveal m ?an ! am\nts /at$ 9 ! table1 or ab\t ^? am\nts2 t is to say1 a few ?\s&?s or p]haps two or ?ree hundr$?s ( a gra91 if ?is precaution be adopt$4 ,if su* c>e be n obs]v$1 ! less m9ute am\nts may be f\nd4 ,i did n detect any metallic p>ticles 9 ! twelve samples ( cann$ food j m5tion$1 b dur+ ! pa/ few ye>s ,i h occasionally f\nd small pieces ( metal1 p]haps am\nt+ 9 "s ( ! cases to a few t5?s ( a gra9 p] p\nd4 ,n[ & !n small %ot-l pieces ( t91 or possibly sold]1 may be met )2 b no "o has ev] f\nd1 to my k1 su* a quantity ( actual metallic t91 t9n$ iron1 or sold] z1 f ! po9t ( view ( heal?1 c h any significance :atev]4 ,! l>ge/ am\nt ( t9 ,i ev] detect$ 9 actual solution 9 food 0 9 "s cann$ s\p1 conta9+ a good deal ( lemon juice4 ,x am\nt$ to only ?ree-hundr$?s ( a gra9 9 a half p9t ( ! s\p z s5t to table4 ,n[1 ,*ri/ison says t quantities ( #ah to #dd gra9s ( ! v soluble *loride ( t9 7 requir$ to kill dogs 9 f "o to f\r days4 ,orfila says t sev]al p]sons on "o occasion dress$ _! d9n] ) *loride ( t91 mi/ak+ x = salt4 ,"o p]son w\ld ?us take n less ?an #bj to #cj gra9s ( ?is soluble comp\nd ( t94 ,yet only a little ga/ric & b[el di/urbance foll[$1 & f ?is all recov]$ 9 a few days4 ,p]eira says t ! dose ( *loride ( t9 z an antispasmodic & /imulant is f #a_/af to a gra9 repeat$ two or ?ree times daily4 ,probably no article ( cann$ food1 n ev5 ! mo/ acid fruit1 if 9 a condition 9 :i* x c be eat51 has ev] conta9$1 9 an ord9>y table portion1 z mu* ( a soluble salt ( t9 z w\ld am\nt to a h>mless or useful m$ic9al dose4 ,metallic p>ticles ( t9 are )\t any effect on man4 ,a ?\s& times ! quantity ev] f\nd 9 a c ( t9n$ food w\ld d no h>m4 ,food z acid z say ord9>y pickles w\ld dissolve t94 ,"s manufactur]s once propos$ us+ t9 /opp]s to _! bottles ( pickles4 ,b ! t9 0 sl[ly dissolv$ by ! acid ( ! v9eg>4 ,^! pickles1 h[ev]1 _h a di/9ctly na/y metallic flavor4 ,! idea 0 ab&on$4 ,probably any article ( food conta9+ en\gh t9 to disagree ) ! sy/em w\ld be too na/y to eat4 ,pur*as]s ( food may re/ assur$ t ! action tak5 by ?is firm w\ld be t usually foll[$4 ,x is n to ! int]e/ ( manufactur]s or o!r v5d]s to (f5d ! s5ses ( pur*as]s1 /ill less to d !m actual h>m1 ev5 if no high] motive comes into =ce4 ,9 ! e>ly days ( cann+1 x is j possible t ! use ( spirits ( salt 9 sold]+ may h result$ 9 ! pres5ce ( a little /ann\s1 plumb\s1 or o!r *loride 9 cann$ food2 b su* a fault w\ld soon be detect$ & correct$1 & z a matt] ( fact1 res9-sold]+ is to my k m g5]ally employ$--inde$1 = any?+ ,i "k to ! contr>y1 is exclusively employ$--9 cann+ food4 ,any res9 t tra9$ access w\ld be p]fectly h>mless4 ,x is j possible1 also1 t =m]ly ! t9 itself may h conta9$ lead1 b ,i h n f\nd any lead 9 ! %eet t9 us$ = cann+ ( late ye>s4 ,9 conclusion3 #a4 ,i h nev] be5 able to satisfy myself t a c ( ord9>y t9n$ food conta9s ev5 a useful m$ic9al dose ( su* a true soluble comp\nd ( t9 z is likely to h any effect on man4 #b4 ,z = ! metal itself1 t is ! fil+s or actual metallic p>ticles or fragm5ts1 "o ounce is a common dose z a v]mifuge2 h>mless ev5 9 t quantity to man1 & n always s h>mful z c\ld be desir$ to ! p>asites = ^: dise/abli%m5t x is adm9i/]$4 ,"o ounce might be conta9$ 9 ab\t f\r hundr$weight ( cann$ food4 #c4 ,if a possibly h>mful quantity ( a soluble comp\nd1 ( t9 be plac$ 9 a portion ( cann$ food1 ! latt] w be s na/y & s unlike any ord9>y na/y flavor1 s metallic1 9 fact1 t no sane p]son w eat x4 #d4 ,respect+ ! globules ( sold] 7lead & t97 t are occasionally met ) 9 cann$ food1 ,i believe mo/ p]sons detect !m 9 ! m\? & remove !m1 z !y w\ld %ots 9 game4 ,b if swall[$1 !y d no h>m4 ,p]eira says t metallic lead is probably in]t1 & t ne>ly a qu>t] ( a p\nd has be5 adm9i/]$ to a dog )\t any obvi\s effects4 ,he goes on to say t z x becomes oxidiz$ x occasionally acquires activity1 quot+ ,paul9i's /atem5t t colic 0 produc$ 9 a pati5t :o _h swall[$ a lead5 bullet4 ,to allay al>m 9 ! m9ds ( ^? :o fe> !y might swall[ pellets ( sold]1 ,i may add t ,p]eira cites ,pr\/ = ! assurance t an alloy ( t9 & lead is less easily oxidiz$ ?an pure lead4 #e4 ,uns\ndness 9 meat does n appe> to promote ! corrosion or solution ( t94 ,i h kept salmon 9 cans till x 0 putrid1 te/+ x occasionally = t94 ,no trace ( t9 0 detect$4 ,nev]!less1 food %\ld n be all[$ to rema9 = a few days1 or ev5 h\rs1 9 saucepans1 metal bak+ pans1 or op5$ t9s or cans1 o!rwise x may ta/e metallic4 #f4 ,uns\nd food1 cann$ or uncann$1 may1 ( c\rse1 injure heal?1 & :]e cann$ food really has done h>m1 ! h>m has 9 all probability be5 due to ! food & n to ! c4 #g4 ,:at has be5 t]m$ idiosyncrasy mu/ also be borne 9 m9d4 ,i "k a man to :om oatmeal is a poison4 ,"s p _c eat lob/]s1 ei!r fre% or t9n$4 ,s]i\s results h foll[$ ! eat+ ( n only oatmeal or %ell fi%1 b salmon & mutton2 hydrate 7misreport$ nitrate7 ( t9 be+ gratuit\sly sugge/$ z be+ conta9$ 9 ! salmon 9 "o case4 ,possibly !re 7 cases ( idiosyncrasy 9 ! eat]1 possibly ! food 0 uns\nd1 possibly o!r causes altoge!r l$ to ! results1 b c]ta9ly1 to my m9d1 ! t9 _h no?+ :atev] to d ) ! matt]4 ,9 my op9ion1 giv5 aft] well weigh+ all evid5ce hi!rto =?com+1 ! public h n ! fa9te/ cause = al>m respect+ ! occurr5ce ( t91 lead1 or any o!r metal 9 cann$ foods4--,ph>4 ,j\r1 & ,trans41 ,m>* #h1 #ahhd1 p4 #gai4 ,9 ref]5ce to ,pr(4 ,attfield's /atem5t conta9$ 9 ! clos+ p>agraph1 we rem>k3 ,x is well kn[n t m]cury is an +r$i5t ( ! sold] us$ 9 "s cann+ conc]ns1 z x makes an easi] melt+ & fl[+ sold]4 ,9 ,,! ,,sci5tific ,,am]ican = ,may #bg1 #ahgf1 9 a report ( ! proce$+s ( ! ,new ,york ,academy ( ,sci5ce1 w be se5 ! /atem5t ( ,pr(4 ,falke1 :o f\nd metallic m]cury 9 a c ( pres]v$ corn beef1 toge!r ) a consid]able quantity ( album9ate ( m]cury4--,,eds4 ,s4,a4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,villa ,,at ,,dork+4 ,! h\se %[n 9 ! illu/ration 0 lately erect$ f ! designs ( ,mr4 ,*>les ,bell1 ,f4,r4,i4,b4,a4 ,al?\gh suffici5tly commodi\s1 ! co/ has be5 only ab\t #a1jejl4--,! ,ar*itect4 ,illu/ration3 ,,sugge/ions ,,9 ,,ar*tecture4--,,an ,,engli% ,,cottage4 ,,co/1 #e1bej4 99 99 99 99 99 ,val]ianate ( c]ium 9 ! vomit+ ( pregnancy is recomm5d$ by ,dr4 ,blondeau 9 a communication to ! ,societe de ,!rapeutique4 ,he gives x 9 doses ( #aj c5tigrammes ?ree times a day4--,m$ical ,record4 99 99 99 99 99 ,illu/ration3 ,,arm ,,*air ,,9 ,,! ,,l\vre ,,collection1 ,,p>is2 ,,fl5i% ,,r5aissance4--,f ,! ,work%op4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,te*nical ,,education ,,9 ,,am]ica4 ,if !re is "o po9t m ?an ano!r 9 :i* ! exub]ant y\? & vitality ( ! ,am]ican nation is visible x is 9 t ( education1 ! provision = :i* is on a mo/ g5]\s scale1 c>ri$ out ) a det]m9ation at :i* ! old] c\ntries ( ! ,ea/]n ,hemisph]e h only arriv$ by sl[ degrees & pa9ful exp]i5ce4 ,( c\rse ! ,am]icans1 be+ "y1 & hav+ come to ! =e1 s to speak1 full-fl$g$1 h be5 able to pr(it by ! lessons :i* !y h d]iv$ f _! neighbors--?\gh x is none ! less to _! cr$it t !y h pr(it$ s well & s quickly4 ,te*nical & indu/rial education has receiv$ a m g5]al recognition1 & be5 develop$ m rapidly1 ?an ! g5]al education ( ! c\ntry1 p>tly = ! reason t !re is no uni=m sy/em ( ! latt] ?r\gh\t ! ,/ates1 b t ea* individual ,/ate & ,t]ritory does t :i* is "r 9 its own eyes4 ,! pr9cipal reason1 h[ev]1 is t to possess ! k1 h[ to "w is ! fir/ cre$ ( ! ,am]ican1 :o consid]s t ! "r to obta9 t k is ! bir?right ( e citiz51 & especially :5 ! manual labor has to be supplem5t$ by a vigor\s use ( bra9s4 ,! ,am]icans z a rule d n l heavy or co>se manual labor1 ?9k+ x b5ea? !m2 &1 inde$1 :5 !y c get ,iri% & ,*9ese to d x = !m1 p]haps !y are n f> wrong4 ,b ! idea ( idl5ess & loaf+ is v f> f ! _s ( ! c\ntry1 & ?is is :y we see ! necessity = indu/rial education s vigor\sly recogniz$1 bo? z a national duty1 & by private individuals or communities ( individuals4 ,f :atev] s\rce x is provid$1 te*nical education 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates comes ma9ly )9 ! scope ( two classes ( in/itutions1 viz41 agricultural & me*anical colleges2 al?\gh ! two are1 z (t5 z n1 comb9$ "u "o e/abli%m5t1 & p>ticul>ly x =ms ! subject ( a national grant4 ,inde$1 x may be said t ! scope ( indu/rial education embraces ?ree classes3 ! f>m]1 ! me*anic1 & ! h\sekeep]2 & 9 ! f> ,we/ we f9d t provision is made = ! education ( ^! ?ree classes 9 ! same s*ools1 x be+ an accept$ idea 9 ! new] ,/ates t man & woman 7! h\sekeep]7 are c[ork]s1 & are1 !re=e1 entitl$ to equal & simil> educational privileges4 ,on ! o!r h&1 9 ! m cons]vative ,ea/ & ,s\?1 we f9d t ! sexes are educat$ di/9ct f ea* o!r4 ,9 ! ,ea/1 !re is g5]ally1 also1 a sep>ation ( subjects4 ,9 ,massa*usetts1 = in/ance1 ! colleges ( agriculture & me*anics are sep>ate affairs1 ! /ud5ts be+ taught 9 diff]5t in/itutions1 viz41 ! agricultural college & ! in/itute ( te*nology4 ,9 ,miss\ri ! sep>ation is less def9$1 ! ,s*ool ( ,m9es & ,metallurgy be+ !1 only "p t is di/9ct f ! o!r dep>tm5ts ( ! ,univ]sity4 ,"o ( ! *ief reasons = ! necessity = ha/5+ ! ext5sion ( te*nical education 9 ,am]ica 0 ! almo/ entire disappe>ance ( ! appr5tice%ip sy/em1 :i*1 9 itself1 is ma9ly due to ! subdivision ( labor s preval5t 9 ! manufacture ( ev]y?+1 f p9s to locomotives4 ,! increas$ use ( ma*9]y1 ! "* ( :i* is su* z (t5 to put an end to small ent]prises1 has promot$ ?is subdivision by accumulat+ workm5 9 l>ge gr\ps4 ,! beg9n]1 conf9+ himself to "o dep>tm5t1 is soon able to e>n wages1 & s he usually cont9ues z he beg9s4 ,mr4 ,c4,b4 ,/etson has writt5 on ?is subject ) great =ce & e>ne/ness1 & x w n be amiss to quote a s5t5ce z to ! advantages enjoy$ by ! te*nically workman4 ,he says t x is ! rude or dext]\s workman1 r ?an ! really skill$ "o1 :o is supplant$ by ma*9]y4 ,skill$ labor requires ?9k+2 b a ma*9e nev] ?9ks1 nev] judges1 nev] discrim9ates4 ,?\gh its employm5t does1 inde$1 enable rude labor]s to d _m ?+s n[ :i* =m]ly c\ld only be done by dext]\s workm51 x is cle> t its use has decid$ly increas$ ! relative dem& = skill$ labor z comp>$ ) unskill$1 & !re is abundant room = an additional increase1 if x is true1 z decl>$ by ! mo/ em95t au?ority1 t ! p[] n[ exp5d$ c be readily made to yield ?ree or f\r times its pres5t results1 & ultimately t5 or tw5ty times1 :5 ma/]s & workm5 c be _h ) suffici5t intellig5ce & skill = ! direction & manipulation ( ! tools & ma*9]y t w\ld be inv5t$4 ,! e/abli%m5t ( colleges & univ]sities by ! aid ( national grants has dep5d$ v mu* = _! "* ^u ! indu/rial t5d5cies ( ! respective ,/ates1 x be+ und]/ood t ! l& grants h pr9cipally be5 giv5 to ^? ( ! new] ,/ates & ,t]ritories :i* requir$ developm5t1 al?\gh "s ( ! in/itutions ( ! old] ,/ates on ! ,atlantic seabo>d h also be5 recipi5ts ( ! same fund1 :i* 9 itself only dates f an act ( ,congress 9 #ahfb4 ,9 ,cali=nia & ,miss\ri1 bo? ,/ates ab\nd+ 9 m9]al res\rces1 !re are c\rses 9 m9+ & metallurgy provid$ 9 ! in/itutions receiv+ national aid4 ,9 ! great gra9-produc+ sections ( ! ,mississippi ,valley ! colleges are pr9cipally devot$ to agriculture1 :]eas ! *>act]i/ic feature ( ! ,i[a & ,kansas s*ools is ! prom95ce giv5 to indu/ries4 ,we ne$ n devote att5tion to ! aims & arrangem5ts ( ! agricultural colleges prop]1 b w pass at once to ^? :i* deal ) ! me*anical arts1 deal+ fir/ ( all ) ^? t are assi/$ by ! national l& grant4 ,tak+ !m alphabetically1 we h fir/ ! ,/ate ,agricultural ,college ( ,colorado1 9 ! me*anical & draw+ dep>tm5t ( :i* %ops = b5* "w 9 wood & iron & = =g+ h be5 rec5tly erect$1 ?is in/itution be+ "o ( ! newe/ 9 ,am]ica4 ,9 ! ,ill9ois ,indu/rial ,univ]sity ! /ud5t ( me*anical eng9e]+ receives practice 9 five %ops devot$ to patt]n-mak+1 blacksmi?+1 m\ld+ & f\nd+1 b5*work = iron1 & ma*9e tool-"w = iron4 ,9 ! fir/ %op ! practice consi/s ( plan+1 *isel+1 turn+1 & ! prep>ation ( patt]ns = ca/+4 ,! ord9>y blacksmi?+ op]ations take place 9 ! second %op1 & ^? ( ca/+ 9 ! ?ird4 ,9 ! f\r? !re is1 fir/ ( all1 a c\rse ( freeh& b5*work1 & aft]w>d ! fitt+ ( p>ts is und]tak54 ,9 ! fif? %op all ! fundam5tal op]ations on iron by ma*9]y are practic$1 ! actual "w be+ c>efully outl9$ be=eh& by draw+s4 ,?is dep>tm5t ( ! ,univ]sity consi/s1 9 po9t ( fact1 ( ?ree sep>ate s*ools1 de/9$ to qualify ! /ud5t = e k9d ( eng9e]+--m9+1 railway1 me*anical1 & ar*itectural4 ,9 addition to ! %ops & ma*9e rooms1 !re are well furni%$ cab9ets ( geological & m9]alogical specim5s1 *emical laboratories = assay+ & metallurgy1 /amp mill1 furnaces1 etc41 &1 9 fact1 e kn[n vehicle = practical in/ruction4 ,! s*ool ( ar*itecture prep>es /ud5ts = ! build+ pr(ession4 ,among ! subjects 9 ?is bran* are (fice "w & %op practice1 con/ruct+ jo9ts 9 c>p5try & jo9]y1 cab9et mak+ & turn+1 toge!r ) model+ 9 clay4 ,! c\rses 9 ma!matics1 me*anics & physics are ! same z ^? 9 ! eng9e]+ s*ool2 b ! te*nical /udies embrace draw+ f ca/s1 wood1 /one1 brick1 & iron con/ruction1 turn]s' "w1 slat+1 pla/]+1 pa9t+1 & plumb+1 ar*itectural draw+ & design+1 ! hi/ory & ae/hetics ( ar*itecture1 e/imates1 agreem5ts specification1 heat+1 light+1 dra9+1 & v5tilation4 ,! /ud5t's "w f scale draw+ occupies ?ree t]ms1 c>p5try & jo9]y be+ taught 9 ! fir/ ye>1 turn+ & cab9et mak+ 9 ! second1 metal & /one "w 9 ! ?ird4 ,a m cond5s$ c\rse1 kn[n z ! build]'s c\rse1 is giv5 to ^? :o c only /op "o ye>4 ,! ma*9e %op has a /eam eng9e ( #af horse p[]1 two eng9es & ?ree pla9 la!s1 a plan]1 a l>ge drill press1 a patt]n %op1 a blacksmi?'s %op1 all ( ! ma*9]y hav+ be5 built on ! spot4 ,! c>p5t]'s %op is likewise suppli$ ) necess>y ma*9e tools1 su* z saws1 plan]s1 t5on+ ma*9e1 :ittl]s1 etc41 ! p[] be+ furni%$ by ! ma*9e %op4 ,at ! date ( ! la/ ,univ]sity report1 !re 7 #da /ud5ts 9 ! c\rses ( me*anical eng9e]+1 #da 9 ^? ( civil eng9e]+1 #c 9 m9+ eng9e]+1 & #ad 9 ar*itecture4 ,tuition is free 9 all ! ,univ]sity classes1 ?\gh ea* /ud5t has to pay a matriculation fee ( #aj1 & ! incid5tal exp5ses am\nt to ab\t #bc annually4 ,he is *>g$ = mat]ial us$ or app>atus brok51 b n = ! ord9>y we> & te> ( in/rum5ts4 ,x %\ld be m5tion$ t ! end[m5t ( ! ,ill9ois ,indu/rial ,univ]sity is f scrip receiv$ f ! ,gov]nm5t = #dhj1jjj acres ( l&1 ( :i* #ded1dfj h be5 sold = #cai1agh4 ,! real e/ate ( ! ,univ]sity1 p>tly made up by donations & p>tly by appropriations made 9 successive sessions by ! ,/ate ( ,ill9ois1 is e/imat$ at #dej1jjj4 ,! ,purdue ,univ]sity 9 ,indiana1 nam$ aft] its f\nd]1 :o gave #aej1jjj1 :i* 0 supplem5t$ by ano!r #ej1jjj f ! ,/ate & a bond grant ( #cij1jjj acres1 also provides a v complete me*anical c\rse1 ) %op in/ruction1 divid$ z foll[s3 ,b5* work+ 9 wood = #ab weeks1 or #abj h\rs4 ,wood-turn+ #d #dj ,patt]n-mak+ #ab #abj ,vise-"w 9 iron #aj #ajj ,=g+ 9 iron & /eel #ah #ahj ,ma*9e tool-"w 9 iron #bj #bjj ,! c\rse 9 c>p5try & jo9]y embraces3 #a4 ,ex]cis+ 9 saw+ & plan+ to dim5sions4 #b ,application1 or box nail$ toge!r4 #c ,mortise & t5on jo9ts2 a pla9 mortise & t5on2 an op5 dovetail$ mortise & t5on 7dovetail$ halv+72 a dovetail$ key$ mortise & t5on4 #d4 ,splices4 #e4 ,common dovetail+4 #f4 ,lap dovetail+ & rabbet+4 #g4 ,bl9d or secret dovetail4 #h4 ,mit]-box4 #i4 ,c>p5t]'s tre/le4 #aj4 ,panel door4 #aa4 ,ro( truss4 #ab4 ,section ( k+-po/ truss ro(4 #ac4 ,draw+ model4 ,! c\rse 9 wood turn+ includes3 #a4 ,elem5t>y pr9ciples3 fir/1 /raight turn+2 second1 cutt+ 92 ?ird1 convex curves ) ! *isel2 f\r?1 comp\nd curves =m$ ) ! g\ge4 #b4 ,file & *isel h&les4 #c4 ,mallets4 #d4 ,picture frames 7*uck "w74 #e4 ,c>d receiv] 7*uck "w74 #f4 ,wat* safe 7*uck "w74 #g4 ,ball4 ,9 ! patt]n-mak+ c\rse ! /ud5t is suppos$ to h "s skill 9 b5* & la! "w1 :i* w be increas$2 ! direct object be+ to tea* :at =ms ( patt]n are 9 g5]al necess>y1 & h[ !y mu/ be con/ruct$ 9 ord] to get a p]fect m\ld f !m4 ,! "* ( ! "w diff]s ea* ye>4 ,= in/ance1 = ! la/ ye>1 besides simpl] patt]ns easily drawn f ! s&1 su* z gl&s1 ball-cranks1 etc41 !re 7 a s]ies ( flang$ pipe-jo9ts = #b 94 pipes1 includ+ ! necess>y core boxes2 also pulley patt]ns f #f 94 to #aj 94 diamet]1 built 9 segm5ts = /r5g?1 & to prev5t w>p+ & %r9kage2 &1 la/ly1 a complete set ( patt]ns = a ?ree horse-p[] horizontal /eam eng9e1 all made f draw+s ( ! f9i%$ piece4 ,9 ! vise "w 9 iron1 ! *ief requirem5ts are ^!3 #a1 giv5 a block ( ca/ iron #d 94 by #b 94 by #a 94 9 ?ickness1 to r$uce ! ?ickness 94 by *ipp+1 & !n f9i%+ ) ! file2 #b1 to file a r\nd hole squ>e2 #c1 to file a r\nd hole into elliptical2 #d1 giv5 a #c 94 cube ( wr\ght iron1 to cut a spl9e #c 94 by #c_/h 94 by 941 & second1 :5 ! "u side is a "o half r\nd holl[--^! two cuts involve ! use ( ! cope *isel & ! r\nd nose *isel1 & are examples ( v difficult *ipp+2 #e1 r\nd til+ or h&-vise "w2 #f1 scrap+2 #g1 special examples ( fitt+4 ,9 ! =g+ classes are elem5t>y processes1 driv+1 b5d+1 & upsett+2 c\rses 9 weld+2 miscellane\s =g+2 /eel =g+1 includ+ h>d5+ & temp]+ 9 all its details4 ,x is wor? m5tion+ t 9 ! indu/rial art s*ool ( ! ,purdue ,univ]sity !re 7 #ac ( ! fair sex z /ud5ts1 besides "o 9 ! *emical s*ool1 & two go+ ?r\gh ! me*anical c\rses j detail$1 %[+ t ! scope ( woman's indu/ry is less limit$ 9 ,am]ica ?an 9 ,engl&4 ,! ,i[a ,/ate ,agricultural ,college has also two dep>tm5ts ( me*anical & civil eng9e]+1 ! =m] includ+ a special c\rse ( ar*itecture4 ,! work%op practice1 :i* occupies ?ree =5oons ( #b h\rs ea* p] week1 is1 h[ev]1 ( m g5]al "*1 & is n pursu$ ) su* a reg>d to any special call+ z 9 ! case ( ! ,purdue ,univ]sity4 ,! ,kansas ,/ate ,agricultural ,college has a c\rse ( c>p5try1 ?\gh design$ r m to meet ! ev]yday necessities ( a f>m]'s life4 ,9 fact1 all ! /ud5ts are oblig$ to att5d ^! classes1 & take ! same fir/ lessons 9 saw+1 plan+1 lumb] dress+1 mak+ mortises1 t5ons1 & jo9ts1 & 9 g5]al use ( tools--j ! k9d ( in/ruction t e ,engli% lad %\ld h be=e he is %ipp$ (f to ! ,colonies4 ,?is f>m]'s c\rse 9 ! ,kansas ,college provides = a g5]al tra9+ 9 me*anical h&iwork1 b facilities are giv5 also to ^? :o wi% to foll[ out ! trade1 & special in/ruction is provid$ 9 ! :ole range ( "w1 f fram+ to /air-build+1 z also 9 iron "w1 su* z ord9>y =g+1 fil+1 temp]+1 etc4 ,( ! /ud5ts att5d+ ?is college1 #ge p]c5t1 are f f>m]s' homes1 & ! majority ( ! rema9d] f ! families ( me*anics & tradesm54 ,! ,/ate ,college ( ,ma9e provides c\rses = bo? civil & me*anical eng9e]s1 & has two %ops equipp$ accord+ to ! ,russian sy/em4 ,=ge & vise "w are taught 9 !m1 ?\gh x is n ! object ( ! college s mu* to tea* ! details ( any "o trade z to qualify /ud5ts by g5]al k to und]take any ( !m aft]w>d4 ,a mu* m complete & ?or\gh te*nical education is giv5 9 ! ,massa*usetts ,in/itute ( ,te*nology at ,bo/on1 :]e !re are di/9ct classes = civil1 me*anical1 m9+1 geological1 & ar*itectural eng9e]+4 ,! foll[+ are ! p>ticul>s ( ! in/ruction 9 ! ar*itectural bran*1 :i* comm5ces 9 ! /ud5t's second ye>1 ) ,greek1 ,roman1 & ,m$ival ar*itectural hi/ory1 ! ,ord]s & _! applications1 draw+1 sket*+1 & trac+1 analytic geometry1 diff]5tial calculus1 physics1 descriptive geometry1 botany1 & physical geography4 ,9 ! ?ird ye> ! c\rse is ext5d$ to ! !ory ( decoration1 color1 =m1 & proportion2 conv5tionalism1 symbolism1 ! decorative arts1 /a9$ glass1 fresco pa9t+1 tiles1 t]ra-cotta1 orig9al designs1 specifications1 integral calculus1 /r5g? ( mat]ials1 dynamics1 bridges & ro(s1 /]eotomy4 ,9 ! f\r? ye> ! /ud5t is turn$ out a f9i%$ ar*itect1 aft] a c\rse ( ! hi/ory ( ornam5t1 ! !ory ( ar*itecture1 /ability ( /ructure1 fl[ ( gases1 %opwork 7c>p5try71 etc4 ,! numb] ( /ud5ts 9 ?is v compreh5sive ,in/itute ( ,te*nology 01 by ! late/ report1 #cij1 ( :om #ach 7 und]go+ special c\rses1 #ci 7 9 ! s*ools ( me*anical art1 & #di 9 ! ,l[ell ,s*ool ( ,practical ,design4 ,tuition is *>g$ at ! rate ( #bjj dols4 = ! in/itute prop]1 & #aej dols4 = ! me*anical s*ools1 ! av]age exp5ses p] /ud5t be+ ab\t #bed dols4 ,!re are #aj free s*ol>%ips1 ( :i* two are giv5 = me*anical art4 ,! ,l[ell ,s*ool has be5 e/abli%$ by ! tru/ee ( ! ,l[ell ,in/itute to af=d free te*nical education1 "u ! auspices ( ! ,in/itute ( ,te*nology1 to bo? sexes--a l>ge numb] ( "y wom5 avail+ !mselves ( x 9 connection ) _! factory "w at ,l[ell4 ,! c\rses include practical designs = manufactures1 & ! art ( mak+ patt]ns = pr9ts1 dela9es1 silks1 pap]hang+s1 c>pets1 oilclo?1 etc41 & ! s*ool is amply provid$ ) patt]n looms4 ,inde$1 ! :ole ( ! appliances = practical tea*+ at ! ,in/itute are on su* a complete scale t at ! risk ( be+ a little t$i\s x is z well to enum]ate !m4 ,!y comprise laboratories devot$ to *emi/ry1 m9]alogy1 metallurgy1 & indu/rial *emi/ry2 !re are also microscopic1 spectroscopic1 & organic laboratories4 ,9 o!r bran*es !re are laboratories & museums ( /eam eng9e]+1 m9+1 & metallurgy1 biology & ar*itecture1 toge!r ) an obs]vatory1 mu* us$ 9 connection ) geodesy & practical a/ronomy4 ,! /eam eng9e]+ laboratory provides practice 9 te/+1 adju/+1 & manag+ /eam ma*9]y4 ,! appliances 9 connection ) m9+ & metallurgy include a five-/amp batt]y1 ,blake cru%]1 automatic ma*9e jigs1 an eng9e pulv]iz]1 a ,root & a ,/urtevant bl[]1 ) bla/ rev]b]at+1 wa/+1 cupellation1 & fusion furnaces1 & all o!r means = r$uc+ ores4 ,! ar*itectural museum conta9s _m ?\s& ca/s1 models1 photographs1 & draw+s4 ,! %ops = h&work are l>ge & well arrang$1 & include a vise-%op1 =ge %op1 ma*9e1 tool1 & la! %ops1 f\ndry1 rooms = patt]n mak+1 weav+1 & o!r indu/rial in/itutions4 ,! vise-%op conta9s f\r heavy b5*es1 ) #cb vises atta*$1 giv+ a capacity = tea*+ #abh /ud5ts ! c\rse e t5 weeks1 or #fdj 9 a ye> ( fifty weeks4 ,! =ge-%op has eight =ges4 ,! f\ndry has #af m\ld+ b5*es1 an ov5 = core bak+1 & a bla/ furnace ( "o-half ton capacity4 ,! patt]n-weav+ room is provid$ ) five looms1 "o ( !m 9 #bj-;h>ness1 & #d-%uttle looms1 & ano!r an improv$ ,jacqu>d patt]n loom4 ,x may safely be said t !re is nor an e/abli%m5t 9 ! _w bett] equipp$ = indu/rial & te*nical education ?an ?is ,in/itute ( ,massa*usetts4--,london ,build+ ,news4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,ivory ,,gett+ ,,sc>ce4--,! /ock ( ivory 9 ,london is e/imat$ at ab\t =ty tons 9 deal]s' private w>eh\ses1 :]eas =m]ly !y usually held ab\t "o hundr$ tons4 ,"o f\r? ( all import$ into ,engl& goes to ! ,%effield cutl]s4 ,no really satisfactory sub/itute = ivory has be5 f\nd1 & millions await ! discov]] ( "o4 ,! exi/+ sub/itutes w n take ! ne$$ poli%4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,anae/hetics ,,( ,,juggl]s4 ,fakirs are religi\s m5dicants :o1 = ! purpose ( excit+ ! *>ity ( ! public1 assume positions 9 :i* x w\ld seem impossible t !y c\ld rema91 submit !mselves to fe>ful tortures1 or else1 by _! mode ( liv+1 _! ab/95ce1 & _! indiff]5ce to inclem5t wea!r & to ext]nal ?+s1 try to make believe t1 ow+ to _! sanctity1 !y are ( a species sup]ior to t ( common mortals4 ,9 ! ,indies1 ^! fakirs visit all ! great m>kets1 all religi\s fetes1 & usually all k9ds ( assemblages1 9 ord] to exhibit1 !mselves4 ,if "o ( !m exhibits "s new peculi>ity1 "s curi\s de=mity1 a /range po/ure1 or1 f9ally1 any physiological curiosity :atev] t surpasses ^? ( 8 confr]es1 he becomes ! attraction ( ! fete1 & ! cr[d surr\nds him1 & small co9 & rupees beg9 to fall into 8 b[l4 ,fakirs1 l all p]sons :o volunt>ily torture !mselves1 are curi\s examples ( ! modifications t w1 pati5ce1 &1 s to speak1 art c introduce into human nature1 & into ! s5sitiv5ess & functions ( ! organs4 ,if ^! latt] are capable ( be+ improv$1 ( hav+ _! functions develop$ & ( acquir+ m /r5g? 7z1 = example1 ! muscles ( box]s1 ! brea/ ( foot rac]s1 ! voice ( s+]s1 etc471 ^! same organs1 on ! contr>y1 c be atrophi$ or modifi$1 & _! functions be *ang$ 9 nature4 ,x is 9 su* degradation & su* deg5]ation ( human nature t fakirs excel1 & x is f su* a po9t ( view t !y are wor? /udy+4 ,we may1 s to speak1 class ^! individuals accord+ to ! grades ( puni%m5ts t !y inflict ^u !mselves1 or accord+ to ! de=mities t !y h caus$ !mselves to und]go4 ,b1 z we h already said1 ! numb] ( bo? ( ^! is extremely v>i$1 ea* fakir /riv+ 9 ?is respect to eclipse 8 fell[s4 ,x is only necess>y to op5 a book ( ,indian travel to f9d descriptions ( fakirs 9 abundance2 & su* descriptions might seem exagg]at$ or unlikely 7 !y n s concordant4 ,! foll[+ are a few examples3 ,immovable fakirs4--,! numb] ( ^! is l>ge4 ,!y rema9 immovable 9 ! spot !y h select$1 & t too = an exce$+ly long p]iod ( "t4 ,an example ( "o ( ^! is cit$ :o rema9$ /&+ = twelve ye>s1 8 arms cross$ ^u 8 brea/1 )\t mov+ & )\t ly+ or sitt+ d[n4 ,9 su* cases *>itable p]sons always take x ^u !mselves to prev5t ! fakir f dy+ ( />vation4 ,"s rema9 sitt+1 immovable1 & app>5tly lifeless1 :ile o!rs1 :o lie /ret*$ out ^u ! gr\nd1 look l corpses4 ,x may be easily imag9$ :at a /ate "o ( ^! be+s is 9 aft] a few mon?s or ye>s ( immobility4 ,he is extremely lean1 8 limbs are atrophi$1 8 body is black ) fil? & du/1 8 hair is long & di%evell$1 8 be>d is %aggy1 8 f+] & toe nails h become g5u9e claws1 & 8 aspect is frightful4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is a "* common to all fakirs4 ,we may likewise class among ! immovables ^? fakirs :o cause !mselves to be int]r$ up to ! neck1 & :o rema9 ?us ) _! head /ick+ out ( ! gr\nd ei!r dur+ ! entire "t ! fair or fete la/s or = mon?s & ye>s4 ,an*ylotic ,fakirs4--,! numb] ( fakirs :o cont9ue to hold "o or bo? arms out/ret*$ is v l>ge 9 ,india4 ,! foll[+ description ( "o ( !m is giv5 by a travel]3 ,he 0 a g\ssa9--a religi\s m5dicant--:o _h di%evell$ hair & be>d1 & horrible tattoo+s ^u 8 face1 &1 :at 0 mo/ hide\s1 0 8 left arm1 :i*1 )]$ & an*ylos$1 /uck up p]p5dicul>ly f ! %\ld]4 ,8 clos$ h&1 surr\nd$ by /raps1 _h be5 trav]s$ by ! nails1 :i*1 cont9u+ to gr[1 _h b5t l claws on ! o!r side4 ,f9ally1 ! holl[ ( ?is h&1 :i* 0 fill$ ) e>?1 s]v$ z a pot = a small sacr$ myrtle4 ,o!r fakirs hold _! two arms above _! head1 ! h&s cross$1 & rema9 p]petually 9 su* a position4 ,o!rs aga9 h "o or bo? arms ext5d$4 ,"s hang by _! feet f ! limb ( a tree by means ( a cord1 & rema9 head d[nw>d = days at a "t1 ) _! face unconge/$ & _! voice cle>1 c\nt+ _! beads & mumbl+ pray]s4 ,"o ( ! mo/ rem>kable peculi>ities ( fakirs is ! faculty t c]ta9 ( !m possess ( rema9+ entirely buri$ 9 vaults & boxes1 & inclos$ 9 bags1 etc41 = weeks & mon?s1 &1 al?\gh !re is a c]ta9 deceit z reg>ds ! l5g? ( _! absolute ab/95ce1 x nev]!less seems to be a demon/rat$ fact t1 aft] und]go+ a peculi> treatm5t1 !y became plung$ into a sort ( le?>gy t all[s !m to rema9 = sev]al days or weeks )\t tak+ food4 ,c]ta9 fakirs t h be5 int]r$ "u su* conditions h1 x appe>s1 pass$ t5 mon?s or a ye> 9 _! grave4 ,tortur$ ,fakirs4--,fakirs t submit !mselves to tortures are v num]\s4 ,"s ( !m p]=m ex]cises analog\s to ^? ( ! ,aissa\a4 ,mr4 ,r\sselet1 9 8 voyage to ! ,indies1 _h an opportunity ( see+ "s ( ^! at ,bhopal1 & ! foll[+ is ! picturesque description t he gives ( !m3 ,i rem>k$ "s gr\ps ( religi\s m5dicants ( a frightfully s9i/] "*4 ,!y 7 ,jog9s1 :o1 />k nak$ & ) di%evell$ hair1 7 walk+ ab\t1 %\t+1 & danc+ a sort ( weird dance4 ,9 ! mid/ ( _! contortions !y br&i%$ long1 %>p poni>ds1 ( a special =m1 provid$ ) /eel *a9s4 ,f "t to "t1 "o ( ^! halluc9at$ creatures w\ld drive ! poni>d into 8 body 7pr9cipally into ! sides ( 8 *e/71 into 8 arms1 & into 8 legs1 & w\ld only desi/ :51 9 ord] to calm 8 app>5t fury1 ! idl]s :o 7 surr\nd+ him ?rew a suffici5t numb] ( p5nies to him4 ,at ! "t ( ! fea/ ( ! ,jugg]naut "o sees1 or r "o did see be=e ! ,engli% some:at humaniz$ ?is c]emony1 c]ta9 fakirs susp5d$ by _! fle% f iron hooks plac$ along ! sides ( ! god's c>4 ,o!rs _h _! prie/s ins]t "u _! %\ld] blades two hooks1 t 7 aft]w>d fix$ to a long pole capable ( pivot+ ^u a po/4 ,! fakirs 7 ?us rais$ ab\t ?irty feet above gr\nd1 & :ile be+ made to sp9 ar\nd v rapidly1 smil+ly ?rew fl[]s to ! fai?ful4 ,o!rs1 aga91 roll$ ov] mattresses g>ni%$ ) nails1 lance-po9ts1 poni>ds1 & sab]s1 & naturally got up ba!d 9 blood4 ,a l>ge numb] cause #abj ga%es 7! sacr$ numb]7 to be made 9 _! back & brea/ 9 honor ( _! god4 ,"s pi]ce _! tongue ) a long & n>r[ poni>d1 & rema9 ?us expos$ to ! admiration ( ! fai?ful4 ,f9ally1 _m ( !m are cont5t to pass po9ts ( iron or rods made ( re$ ?r\gh folds 9 _! sk94 ,x w be se5 f ?is t fakirs are +5i\s 9 _! modes ( excit+ ! compassion & *>ity ( ! fai?ful4 ,else:]e1 among a l>ge numb] ( savage tribes & half-civiliz$ peoples1 we f9d aspirants to ! prie/hood ( ! feti*es und]go+1 "u ! direction ( ! memb]s ( ! religi\s ca/e t !y desir$ to ent]1 ordeals t are extremely pa9ful4 ,n[1 x has be5 rem>k$ = a long "t t1 among ! neophytes1 al?\gh all are prep>$ by ! same h&s1 "s und]go ^! ordeals )\t manife/+ any suff]+1 :ile o!rs _c /& ! pa91 & s run away ) fright4 ,x has be5 conclud$ f ?is t ! object ( su* ordeals is to p]mit ! ca/e to make a selection f among _! recruits1 & t1 too1 by means ( ane/hetics adm9i/]$ to ! *os5 neophytes4 ,9 ,france1 dur+ ! la/ two c5turies1 :5 tortur+ ! accus$ 0 9 vogue1 "s individuals 7 f\nd to be ins5sible to ! mo/ fe>ful tortures1 & "s ev51 :o 7 plung$ into a species ( somnol5ce or /upefaction1 slept 9 ! h&s ( ! execution]4 ,:at are ! processes t p]mit ( su* results be+ rea*$8 ,evid5tly1 we _c "k !m all4 ,a c]ta9 numb] are ca/e1 sect1 or family secrets4 ,_m are kn[n1 h[ev]1 at lea/ 9 a g5]al way4 ,! processes naturally v>y1 accord+ to ! object to be atta9$4 ,"s seem to consi/ only 9 an ef=t ( ! w4 ,?us1 ^? fakirs :o rema9 immovable h no ne$ ( any special prep>ation to rea* su* a result1 & ! same is ! case ) ^? :o are int]r$ up to ! neck1 ! w alone suffic+4 ,fakirs probably pass ?r\gh ! same phases t invalids d :o are =c$ to keep p]fectly quiet ?r\gh a fracture or dislocation4 ,dur+ ! fir/ days ! organism revolts aga9/ su* inaction1 ! con/ra9t is great1 ! muscles contract by />ts1 & !n ! pati5t gets us$ to x2 ! con/ra9t becomes less & less1 ! revolt ( ! muscles becomes less frequ5t1 & ! pati5t becomes reconcil$ to 8 immobility4 ,x is probable t aft] pass+ sev]al mon?s or ye>s 9 a /ate ( immobility fakirs no long] exp]i5ce any desire to *ange _! position1 & ev5 did !y s desire1 x w\ld be impossible ow+ to ! atrophy ( _! muscles & ! an*ylosis ( _! jo9ts4 ,^? fakirs :o rema9 ) "o or sev]al limbs immovable & 9 an abnormal position h to und]go a sort ( prep>ation1 a special treatm5t2 !y h to ent] & rema9 two or ?ree m\?s 9 a sort ( cage or frame ( bamboo1 ! object ( :i* is to keep ! limb t is to be immobiliz$ 9 ! position t x is to pres]ve4 ,?is treatm5t1 :i* is id5tical ) ! "o employ$ by surgeons = cur+ affections ( ! jo9ts1 has ! effect ( sold]+ or an*ylos+ ! articulation4 ,:5 su* a result is rea*$1 ! fakir rema9s1 9 spite ( himself & )\t fatigue1 ) out/ret*$ arms1 &1 9 ord] to cause !m to drop1 he w\ld h to und]go a surgical op]ation4 ,z = ^? volunt>y tortures t cause an effusion ( blood1 ! ins5sibility ( ^? :o are ! victims ( x is expla9able :5 we reflect t ,india is ! c\ntry p> excell5ce ( an/hetic plants4 ,x produces1 notably1 ,indian hemp & poppy1 ! fir/ ( :i* yields ha%i% & ! o!r opium4 ,n[ x is ow+ to ^! two n>cotics1 tak5 9 a prop] dose1 ei!r alone or comb9$ accord+ to a =mula kn[n to ,h9doo fakirs & juggl]s1 b ignor$ by ! l[] class1 t ! =m] are able to become absolutely ins5sible !mselves or make _! adepts s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,indian ,,fakirs ,,9 ,,v>i\s ,,positions4 ,!re is1 especially1 a liquor kn[n 9 ! ,indian ph>macopoeia "u ! "n ( bang1 t produces an excit+ intoxication accompani$ ) complete ins5sibility4 ,n[ ! active "p ( bang consi/s ( a mixture ( opium & ha%i%4 ,x 0 an analog\s liquor t ! ,brahm9s made ,indian wid[s take be=e lead+ !m to ! fun]al pile4 ,?is liquor remov$ f ! victims n only all consci\sness ( ! act t !y 7 accompli%+1 b also r5d]$ !m ins5sible to ! flames4 ,moreov]1 ! dose ( ! an/hetic 0 su* t if1 by accid5t1 ! wid[ _h escap$ f ! pile 7some?+ t m ?an once happ5$1 ?anks to ,engli% protection71 %e w\ld h di$ ?r\gh poison+4 ,"s travel]s 9 ,africa speak ( an h]b call$ ras*1 :i* is ! base ( an/hetic prep>ations employ$ by c]ta9 ,arabian juggl]s & sorc]]s4 ,x 0 ha%i% t ! ,old ,man ( ! ,m\nta91 ! *ief ( ! sect ( ,assass9s1 _h rec\rse to = intoxicat+ 8 adepts1 & x 01 x is ?\ght1 by ! use ( a virul5t solanace\s plant--h5bane1 ?ornapple1 or belladonna--t he succe$$ 9 r5d]+ !m ins5sible4 ,we h un=tunately lo/ ! recipe = c]ta9 an/hetics t 7 kn[n 9 anci5t times1 "s ( :i*1 su* z ! ,memphis /one1 appe> to h be5 us$ 9 surgical op]ations4 ,we are also ignorant ( :at ! w9e ( myrrh 0 t is spok5 ( 9 ! ,bible4 ,we are likewise ignorant ( ! composition ( ! an/hetic soap1 ! use ( :i* became s g5]al 9 ! #ae? & #af? c5turies t1 accord+ to ,tab\reau1 x 0 difficult to torture p]sons :o 7 accus$4 ,! /upefy+ recipe 0 kn[n to all jail]s1 :o1 = a consid]ation1 communicat$ x to prison]s4 ,x 0 ?is use ( an/hetics t gave rise to ! rule ( jurisprud5ce accord+ to :i* p>tial or g5]al ins5sibility 0 reg>d$ z a c]ta9 sign ( sorc]y4 ,we may cite a c]ta9 numb] ( prep>ations1 :i* v>y accord+ to ! c\ntry1 & to :i* is attribut$ ! prop]ly ( giv+ c\rage & r5d]+ p]sons ins5sible to w\nds inflict$ by ! enemy4 ,9 mo/ cases alcohol =ms ! base ( su* bev]ages1 al?\gh ! masla* t ,turki% soldi]s dr9k j be=e a battle conta9s none ( x1 on acc\nt ( a religi\s precept4 ,x consi/s ( diff]5t plant-juices1 & conta9s1 especially1 a little opium4 ,cossacks & ,t>t>s1 j be=e battle1 take a f]m5t$ bev]age 9 :i* has be5 infus$ a species ( toad/ool 7,ag>icus musc>ius71 & :i* r5d]s !m c\rage\s to a high degree4 ,z well kn[n1 ! old soldi]s ( ! ,fir/ ,empire taught ! "y conscripts t 9 ord] to h c\rage & n feel ! bl[s ( ! enemy1 x 0 only necess>y to dr9k a glass ( br&y into :i* gunp[d] _h be5 p\r$4--,la ,nature4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,s*ool ,,( ,,m9es ,,qu>t]ly4 ,,! ,,deposition ,,( ,,ores4 ,by ,j4,s4 ,,newb]ry4 ,,m9]al ,,ve9s4 ,9 ! ,qu>t]ly = ,m>*1 #ahhj1 a pap] 0 publi%$ on ,! ,orig9 & ,classification ( ,ore ,deposits1 :i* treat$1 among o!r ?+s1 ( m9]al ve9s4 ,^! 7 gr\p$ 9 ?ree categories1 namely3 #a4 ,ga% ,ve9s2 #b4 ,segregat$ ,ve9s2 #c4 ,fissure ,ve9s2 & 7 def9$ z foll[s3 ,ga% ,ve9s4--,ore deposits conf9$ to a s+le b$ or =mation ( lime/one1 ( :i* ! jo9ts1 & sometimes planes ( b$d+1 enl>g$ by ! solv5t p[] ( atmosph]ic wat] c>ry+ c>bonic acid1 & =m+ crevices1 gall]ies1 or caves1 are l9$ or fill$ ) ore lea*$ f ! surr\nd+ rock1 e4g41 ! lead deposits ( ! ,upp] ,mississippi & ,miss\ri4 ,segregat$ ,ve9s4--,%eets ( qu>tzose matt]1 *iefly l5ticul> & con=m+ to ! b$d+ ( ! inclos+ rocks1 b sometimes fill+ irregul> fractures across su* b$d+1 f\nd only 9 metamorphic rocks1 limit$ 9 ext5t lat]ally & v]tically1 & consi/+ ( mat]ial indig5\s to ! /rata 9 :i* !y occur1 sep>at$ 9 ! process ( metamorphism1 e4g41 qu>tz l$ges c>ry+ gold1 copp]1 iron pyrites1 etc41 9 ! ,alleghany ,m\nta9s1 ,new ,engl&1 ,canada1 etc4 ,fissure ,ve9s4--,%eets ( metallif]\s matt] fill+ fissures caus$ by subt]ranean =ce1 usually 9 ! planes ( faults1 & =m$ by ! deposit ( v>i\s m9]als br\ght f a l[] level by wat]1 :i* "u pressure & at a high temp]ature1 hav+ great solv5t p[]1 _h become load$ ) matt]s lea*$ f diff]5t rocks1 & deposit$ !m 9 ! *annels ( escape z ! pressure & temp]ature 7 r$uc$4 ,s9ce t article 0 writt51 a consid]able portion ( sev]al ye>s has be5 sp5t by ! writ] cont9u+ ! obs]vations ^u :i* x 0 bas$4 ,dur+ ?is "t mo/ ( ! m9+ c5t]s ( ! ,we/]n ,/ates & ,t]ritories1 z well z "s 9 ,mexico & ,canada1 7 visit$ & /udi$ ) m or less c>e4 ,p]haps no o!r portion ( ! e>?'s surface is s ri* 9 m9]al res\rces z t :i* has be5 cov]$ by ^! obs]vations1 & n[h]e else is to be f\nd z great a v>iety ( ore deposits1 or ^? :i* illu/rate z well _! mode ( =mation4 ,?is is s true t x maybe said )\t exagg]ation t no "o c intellig5tly discuss ! que/ions t h be5 rais$ 9 reg>d to ! orig9 & mode ( =mation ( ore bodies )\t transv]s+ & /udy+ ! great m9+ belt ( our ,we/]n ,/ates & ,t]ritories4 ,! obs]vations made by ! writ] dur+ ! pa/ f\r ye>s confirm 9 all ess5tials ! views set =? 9 ! =m] article 9 ! ,qu>t]ly1 & :ile a volume might be writt5 describ+ ! ph5om5a exhibit$ by diff]5t m9es & m9+ di/ricts1 ! array ( facts ?us pres5t$ w\ld be1 = ! mo/ "p1 simply a re-en=cem5t ( ^? already giv54 ,! pres5t article1 :i* mu/ necess>ily be %ort1 w\ld h>dly h a raison d'etre except t x af=ds an opportunity = an addition :i* %\ld be made to ! classes ( m9]al ve9s h]et(ore recogniz$ 9 ?is c\ntry1 & x seems call$ = by ! rec5t publication ( !ories on ! orig9 ( ore deposits :i* are incompatible ) ^? hi!rto pres5t$ & n[ held by ! writ]1 & :i*1 if all[$ to pass unque/ion$1 might seem to be unque/ionable4 ,,b$d$ ,,ve9s4 ,c]ta9 ore deposits :i* h rec5tly come "u my obs]vation appe> to correspond v closely ) ^? t ,von ,cotta has tak5 z types ( 8 class ( b$d$ ve9s1 & z no simil> ones h be5 notic$ by ,am]ican writ]s on ore deposits !y h seem$ to me wor?y ( description4 ,^! are zones or lay]s ( a s$im5t>y rock1 to ! b$d+ ( :i* !y are con=mable1 impregnat$ ) ore d]iv$ f a =eign s\rce1 & =m$ long subsequ5t to ! deposition ( ! conta9+ =mation4 ,su* deposits are exemplifi$ by ! ,walk] & ,web/]1 ! ,pion1 ! ,climax1 etc41 9 ,p>ley's ,p>k1 & ! ,gre5-,ey$ ,mon/]1 & ! ,de] ,trail1 at ,m>ysvale1 ,utah4 ,^! are all zones 9 qu>tzite :i* h be5 trav]s$ by m9]al solutions t h by sub/itution conv]t$ su* lay]s into ore deposits ( consid]able magnitude & value4 ,! ore conta9$ 9 ^! b$d$ ve9s exhibits "s v>iety ( composition1 b :]e unaffect$ by atmosph]ic action consi/s ( arg5tif]\s gal5a1 iron pyrites c>ry+ gold1 or ! sulphides ( z9c & copp] conta9+ silv] or gold or bo?4 ,! ore ( ! ,walk] & ,web/] & ! ,pion is *iefly lead-c>bonate & gal5a1 (t5 /a9$ ) copp]-c>bonate4 ,t ( ! ,gre5 ,ey$ ,mon/]--n[ ?or\ghly oxidiz$ z f> z p5etrat$--=ms a %eet f tw5ty to =ty feet 9 ?ickness1 consi/+ ( f]rug9\s1 s&y1 or talcose s(t mat]ial c>ry+ f tw5ty to ?irty doll>s to ! ton 9 gold & silv]4 ,! ore ( ! ,de] ,trail =ms a ?9n] %eet conta9+ consid]able copp]1 & sometimes two hundr$ to ?ree hundr$ doll>s to ! ton 9 silv]4 ,! rocks :i* hold ^! ore deposits are ( ,silurian age1 b !y receiv$ _! metallif]\s impregnation mu* lat]1 probably 9 ! ,t]ti>y1 & subsequ5t to ! p]iod ( di/urbance 9 :i* !y 7 elevat$ & metamorphos$4 ,?is is prov$ by ! fact t 9 places :]e ! rock has be5 %att]$1 /r+s ( ore are f\nd runn+ (f f ! ma9 body1 cross+ ! b$d+ & fill+ ! int]/ices betwe5 ! fragm5ts1 =m+ a co>se /ock-"w4 ,b$d$ ve9s may be di/+ui%$ f fissure ve9s by ! abs5ce ( all traces ( a fissure1 ! want ( a b&$ /ructure1 slick5sides1 selvages1 etc42 f ga% ve9s & ! floors ( ore :i* (t5 accompany !m1 z well z f segregat$ ve9s1 !y are di/+ui%$ by ! nature ( ! inclos+ rock & ! =eign orig9 ( ! ore4 ,sometimes ! plane ( junction betwe5 two contigu\s %eets ( rock has be5 ! *annel ?r\gh :i* has fl[$ a metallif]\s solution1 & ! zone :]e ! ore has replac$ by sub/itution portions ( "o or bo? /rata4 ,^! are (t5 call$ blanket ve9s 9 ! ,we/1 b !y belong r to ! category ( contact deposits z ,i h h]et(ore def9$ !m4 ,:]e su* %eets ( ore occupy by pref]5ce ! planes ( contact betwe5 adjac5t /rata1 b sometimes des]t su* planes1 & %[ slick5sid$ walls1 & b&$ /ructure1 l ! great ve9s ( ,b+ham1 ,utah1 ^! %\ld be class$ z true fissure ve9s4 ,,!ories ,,( ,,ore ,,deposit4 ,! rec5tly publi%$ !ories ( ! =mation ( m9]al ve9s1 to :i* ,i h allud$1 are ^? ( ,pr(4 ,von ,groddek#a & ,dr4 ,s&b]g]1#b :o attribute ! fill+ ( ve9s to exudations ( m9]al solutions f ! wall rocks 7i4e41 lat]al secretions71 & ^? ( ,mr4 ,s4,f4 ,emmons1#c & ,mr4 ,g4,f4 ,beck]1#d :o h be5 /udy+1 respectively1 ! ore deposits ( ,leadville & ( ! ,com/ock1 by :om ! ores are cr$it$ to ! lea*+ ( adjac5t igne\s rocks4 ,footnote #a3 ,die ,lehre von d5 ,lag]/att5 d] ,erze1 von ,dr4 ,albre*t von ,groddek1 ,leipzig4 #ahgi4 ,footnote #b3 ,unt]su*ung5 ub] ,erzgange1 von ,fridol9 ,s&b]g]1 ,weisbad51 #ahhb4 ,footnote #c3 ,geology & ,m9+ ,indu/ry ( ,leadville1 ,annual ,report1 ,director ,u4,s4 ,geol4 ,surv41 #ahha4 ,footnote #d3 ,geology ( ! ,com/ock ,lode & ,wa%oe ,di/rict1 ,g4,f4 ,beck]1 ,wa%+ton1 #ahhc4 ,x is b ju/ice to ,messrs4 ,beck] & ,emmons to say t !irs are admirable /udies1 ?or\gh & exhau/ive1 ( great int]e/ & value to bo? m9+ eng9e]s & geologi/s1 & mo/ cr$itable to ! au?ors & ! c\ntry4 ,no bett] "w ( ! k9d has be5 done any:]e1 & x w detract little f its m]it ev5 if ! views ( ! au?ors on ! !oretical "q ( ! s\rces ( ! ores %all n be g5]ally adopt$4 ,! lack ( space mu/ =bid ! full discussion ( ^! !ories at ! pres5t "t1 b ,i w briefly enum]ate "s ( ! facts :i* r5d] x difficult = me to accept !m4 ,fir/1 ! great div]sity ( "* exhibit$ by diff]5t sets ( fissure ve9s :i* cut ! same c\ntry rock seems incompatible ) any !ory ( lat]al secretion4 ,^! di/9ct sy/ems are ( diff]5t ages1 ( div]sifi$ composition1 & h evid5tly drawn _! supply ( mat]ial f diff]5t s\rces4 ,hundr$s ( cases ( ?is k9d c\ld be cit$1 b ,i w m5tion only a few2 among o!rs ! ,humboldt1 ! ,bassick1 & ! ,bull ,dom+o1 ne> ,rosita & ,silv] ,cliff1 ,colorado4 ,^! are ve9s conta9$ 9 ! same %eet ( eruptive rock1 b ! ores are z diff]5t z possible4 ,! ,humboldt is a n>r[ fissure c>ry+ a ?9 ore /reak ( high grade1 consi/+ ( sulphides ( silv]1 antimony1 ars5ic1 & copp]2 ! ,bassick is a great conglom]ate ve9 conta9+ tellurides ( silv] & gold1 arg5tif]\s gal5a1 bl5de1 & yell[ copp]2 ! ,bull ,dom+o is also a great fissure fill$ ) rubbi% conta9+ ore *imneys ( gal5a ) tufts ( wire silv]4 ,i may also cite ! ,jordan1 ) its int]sect+ & yet di/9ct & totally diff]5t ve9s2 ! ,gal5a1 ! ,neptune1 & ! ,am]ican ,flag1 9 ,b+ham ,canon1 ,utah2 & ! closely associat$ yet div]se sy/em ( ve9s ! ,f]ris1 ! ,wa%+ton1 ! ,*attanooga1 ! ,fillmore1 etc41 9 ,bullion ,canon at ,m>ysvale4 ,9 ^! & _m o!r gr\ps :i* h be5 exam9$ by ! writ]1 ! same rocks are cut by ve9s ( diff]5t ages1 hav+ diff]5t be>+s1 & conta9+ diff]5t ores & ve9/ones4 ,x seems impossible t all ^! div]sifi$ mat]ials %\ld h be5 d]iv$ f ! same s\rce1 & ! only rational explanation ( ! ph5om5a is t :i* ,i h h]et(ore advocat$1 ! asc5t ( metallif]\s solutions f diff]5t & deep seat$ s\rces4 ,ano!r app>5tly unansw]able argum5t aga9/ ! !ory ( lat]al secretion is furni%$ by ! cases :]e ! same ve9 trav]ses a s]ies ( di/9ct =mations1 & holds its "* ess5tially unaffect$ by *anges 9 ! c\ntry rock4 ,"o ( _m su* may be cit$ 9 ! ,/> ve9 at ,*]ry ,creek1 ,nevada1 :i*1 ne>ly at "r angles to _! /rike1 cuts belts ( qu>tzite1 lime/one1 & slate1 ma9ta9+ its peculi> "* ( ore & gangue ?r\gh\t4 ,?is & all simil> ve9s h c]ta9ly be5 fill$ ) mat]ial br\ght f a di/ance1 & n d]iv$ f ! walls4 ,,lea*+ ,,( ,,igne\s ,,rocks4 ,! argum5ts aga9/ ! !ory t m9]al ve9s h be5 produc$ by ! lea*+ ( sup]ficial igne\s rocks are 9 "p ! same z ^? already cit$ aga9/ ! g5]al !ory ( lat]al secretion4 ,!y may be briefly summ>iz$ z foll[s3 #a4 ,?\s&s ( m9]al ve9s 9 ?is & o!r c\ntries occur 9 regions remote f eruptive rocks4 ,into ?is category come mo/ ( ^? ( ! ea/]n half ( ! ,cont95t1 viz41 ,canada1 ,new ,engl&1 ! ,alleghany belt1 & ! ,mississippi ,valley4 ,among ^? ,i w ref] only to a few select$ to repres5t ! greate/ range ( "*1 viz41 ! ,victoria lead m9e1 ne> ,sault ,/e4 ,m>ie1 ! ,bruce copp] m9e on ,lake ,huron1 ! gold-be>+ qu>tz ve9s ( ,madoc1 ! ,gatl+ gold ve9 ( ,m>mora1 ! ,acton & ! ,h>vey ,hill copp] m9es ( ,canada1 ! copp] ve9s ( ,ely1 ,v]mont1 & ( ,blue ,hills1 ,ma9e1 ! silv]-be>+ lead ve9s ( ,newburyport1 ,mass42 mo/ ( ! segregat$ gold ve9s ( ! ,alleghany belt1 ! lead ve9s ( ,rossie1 ,ell5ville1 & at o!r localities f>!r ,s\?2 ! copp] be>+ ve9s ( ,virg9ia1 ,nor? ,c>ol9a1 & ,t5nessee2 ! ve9s c>ry+ arg5tif]\s gal5a 9 ,c5tral ,k5tucky & 9 ,s\!rn ,ill9ois2 ! silv]1 copp]1 & antimony ve9s ( ,arkansas2 & ! lead & z9c deposits ( ,miss\ri & ! ,upp] ,mississippi4 ,9 ^! widely sep>at$ localities are to be f\nd fissure1 segregat$1 & ga% ve9s1 & a great div]sity ( ores1 :i* h be5 d]iv$1 sometimes f ! adjac5t rocks--z 9 ! segregat$ ve9s ( ! ,alleghany belt & ! ga% ve9s ( ! ,mississippi region--& 9 o!r cases--:]e !y are conta9$ 9 true fissure ve9s--f a =eign s\rce1 b all deposit$ )\t ! aid ( sup]ficial igne\s rocks1 ei!r z contributors ( matt] or =ce4 #b4 ,9 ! great m9]al belt ( ! ,f> ,we/1 :]e volcanic emanations are s abundant1 & :]e !y h c]ta9ly play$ an important "p 9 ! =mation ( ore deposits1 ! great majority ( ve9s are n 9 imm$iate contact ) trap rocks1 & !y c\ld n1 !re=e1 h furni%$ ! ores4 ,a volume might be =m$ by a li/ ( ! cases ( ?is k9d1 b ,i c "h allude to a few only1 mo/ ( :i* ,i h myself exam9$1 viz43 7a47 ,! great ore *amb]s ( ! ,san ,c>los ,m\nta9s 9 ,*ihuahua1 ! l>ge/ deposits ( ore ( :i* ,i h any k4 ,^! are conta9$ 9 heavy b$s ( lime/one1 :i* are cut 9 v>i\s places by trap dikes1 :i*1 z else:]e1 h und\bt$ly furni%$ ! /imulus to *emical action t has result$ 9 ! =mation ( ! ore bodies1 b are too remote to h suppli$ ! mat]ial4 7b47 ,! silv] m9es ( ,santa ,eulalia1 9 ,*ihuahua1 f :i* dur+ ! la/ c5tury "o hundr$ & twelve millions ( doll>s 7 tak51 op5$ on ore deposits situat$ 9 ,cretace\s lime/ones l ^? ( ,san ,c>los1 & app>5tly simil> ore-fill$ *amb]s2 an igne\s rock caps ! hills 9 ! vic9ity1 b is n[h]e 9 contact or ev5 proximity to ! ore bodies4 7,see ,kimball1 ,am]4 ,j\r4 ,sci14 ,m>*1 #ahgj47 7c47 ,! great *amb]s ( ,tomb/one1 & ! copp] ve9s ( ! ,globe ,di/rict1 ! ,copp] ,que51 etc41 9 ,arizona4 7d47 ,! l>ge bodies ( silv]-ore at ,lake ,valley1 ,new ,mexico2 *amb]s 9 lime/one1 l c4 7e47 ,! ,black ,hawk gr\p ( gold m9es1 ! ,montezuma1 ,georget[n1 & o!r silv] m9es 9 ! granite belt ( ,colorado4 7f47 ,! great gr\p ( ve9s & *amb]s 9 ! ,brad%aw1 ,l9coln1 ,/>1 & ,granite di/ricts ( ,s\!rn ,utah1 :]e we f9d a ho/ ( ve9s ( diff]5t "* 9 lime/one or granite1 ) no trap to :i* ! ores c be cr$it$4 7g47 ,! ,crismon ,mammo? ve9 ( ,t9tic4 7h47 ,! gr\p ( m9es op5$ on ! ,am]ican ,=k1 on ,big & ,little ,cottonwood1 & 9 ,p>ley's ,p>k1 includ+ ! ,silv] ,bell1 ! ,emma1 ! ,vallejo1 ! ,pr9ce ( ,wales1 ! ,kessl]1 ! ,bonanza1 ! ,climax1 ! ,pion1 & ! ,ont>io4 7,! latt]1 ! greate/ silv] m9e n[ kn[n 9 ! c\ntry1 lies 9 qu>tzite1 & ! trap is ne>1 b n 9 contact ) ! ve947 7i47 ,9 ,nevada1 ! ore deposits ( ,pio*e1 ,tempiute1 ,tybo1 ,eureka1 ,:ite ,p9e1 & ,*]ry ,creek1 on ! ea/ side ( ! ,/ate1 ) ^? ( ,au/91 ,belmont1 & a s]ies too great = enum]ation 9 ! c5tral & we/]n portions4 7j47 ,9 ,cali=nia1 ! ,bodie1 ,m>iposa1 ,grass ,valley1 & o!r m9es4#a 7k47 ,9 ,idaho1 ^? ( ! ,poor ,man 9 ! ,owyhee di/rict1 ! pr9cipal ve9s ( ! ,wood ,riv] region1 ! ,ram%orn at ,*allis1 ! ,cu/] & ,*>les ,dick5s1 at ,bonanza ,city1 etc4 ,footnote #a3 ,see ,r$mond's ,report 7,cali=nia ,geol4 ,survey ,m9+ ,/ati/ics1 ,no #a71 :]e sev5ty-sev5 m9es are enum]at$1 ( :i* ?ree are said to be 9 porphyritic s*i/1 all ! o!rs 9 granite1 mica s*i/1 clay1 slate1 etc4 ,9 ne>ly all ^! localities we may f9d evid5ce n only t ! ore deposits h n be5 d]iv$ f ! lea*+ ( igne\s rocks1 b also t !y h n come f ^? ( any k9d :i* =m ! walls ( ! ve9s4 ,! gold-be>+ qu>tz ve9s ( ,deadwood are s closely associat$ ) dikes ( porphyry1 t !y may h be5 consid]$ z illu/rations ( ! pot5cy ( trap dikes 9 produc+ conc5tration ( metals4 ,b we h conclusive evid5ce t ! gold 0 !re 9 ,ar*an times1 :ile ! igne\s rocks are all ( mod]n1 probably ( ,t]ti>y1 date4 ,?is pro( is furni%$ by ! ,cem5t m9es ( ! ,potsdam s&/one4 ,?is is ! bea* ( ! ,l[] ,silurian sea :5 x wa%$ ! %ores ( an ,ar*an isl&1 n[ ! ,black ,hills4 ,! waves t produc$ ?is bea* beat aga9/ cliffs ( granite & slate conta9+ qu>tz ve9s c>ry+ gold4 ,fragm5ts ( ?is aurif]\s qu>tz1 & ! gold beat5 out ( !m & conc5trat$ by ! waves1 7 9 places buri$ 9 ! s& bea* 9 su* quantity z to =m deposits f :i* a l>ge am\nt ( gold is n[ be+ tak54 ,)\t ?is demon/ration ( ! orig9 & antiquity ( ! gold1 x might v well h be5 suppos$ to be d]iv$ f ! eruptive rock4 ,/rong argum5ts aga9/ ! !ory t ! lea*+ ( sup]ficial igne\s rocks has suppli$ ! mat]ials fill+ m9]al ve9s1 are furni%$ by ! facts obs]v$ 9 ! di/ricts :]e igne\s rocks are mo/ preval5t1 viz43 7#a47 ,su* di/ricts are prov]bially b>r5 ( useful m9]als4 7#b47 ,:]e ^! occur1 ! same %eet ( rock may conta9 sev]al sy/ems ( ve9s ) diff]5t ores & gangues4 ,! great lava pla9 ( ,snake ,riv]1 ! ,p$rigal c\ntry ( ea/]n ,oregon1 ,nor!rn ,cali=nia & ,mexico are )\t valuable ore deposits4 ,! same may be said ( ! ,pancake ,range & o!r m\nta9 *a9s ( igne\s rock 9 ,nevada1 :ile ! adjac5t ranges compos$ ( s$im5t>y rocks are ri* 9 ore deposits ( v>i\s k9ds4 ,a /ill /rong] case is furni%$ by ! ,cascade ,m\nta9s1 :i*1 nor? ( ! ,cali=nia l9e1 are compos$ almo/ exclusively ( erupt$ mat]ial1 & yet 9 all ?is belt1 s f> z n[ kn[n1 n a s+le valuable m9e has be5 op5$4 ,9 contra/ ) ?is is ! condition ( ?+s 9 ,cali=nia1 :]e ! ,si]ra ,nevada is compos$ ( metamorphic rocks :i* h be5 %[n to be ! repositories ( va/ quantities ( gold1 silv]1 & copp]4 ,cases belong+ to ?is category may be f\nd at ,rosita & ,silv] ,cliff1 :]e ! div]sity 9 ! ores ( ! m9es already enum]at$ c h>dly be reconcil$ ) ! !ory ( a common orig94 ,at ,lake ,city ! prevail+ porphyry holds ! ve9s ( ! ,ute & ,ulay & ! ,ocean ,wave m9es1 :i* are simil>1 & ! ,hot*kiss1 ! ,belle1 etc41 entirely diff]5t4 ,we h no evid5ce t any volcanic eruption has drawn its mat]ial f zones or magmas especially ri* 9 metals or _! ores1 & on ! contr>y1 volcanic di/ricts1 l ^? m5tion$1 & regions1 su* z ! ,s&wi* ,isl&s1 :]e ! greate/1 eruptions h tak5 place1 are poore/ 9 metallif]\s deposits4 ,all ! k we h ( ! subject ju/ifies ! inf]5ce t mo/ ( ! igne\s rocks :i* h be5 p\r$ out 9 our ,we/]n ,t]ritories are b fus$ conditions ( s$im5ts :i* =m ! sub/ructure ( t c\ntry4 ,ov] ! great m9]al belt :i* lies betwe5 ! ,si]ra ,nevada & ! front range ( ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s1 & ext5ds n only across ! :ole bread? ( our t]ritory1 b f> into ,mexico1 ! surface 0 once und]la9 by a s]ies ( ,palaeozoic s$im5t>y /rata n less ?an tw5ty to ?irty ?\s& feet 9 ?ickness2 & b5ea? ^!1 at ! sides1 & d\btless bel[1 7 ,ar*un rocks1 also metamorphos$ s$im5ts4 ,?r\gh ^! ! ores ( ! metals 7 g5]ally ?\gh sp>sely di/ribut$4 ,9 ! convulsions :i* h 9 rec5t times brok5 up ?is s long quiet & /able portion ( ! e>?'s cru/ 7& :i* h result$ 9 deposit+ 9 ?\s&s ( cracks & cavities ! ores we n[ m9e71 portions ( ! old table-l& 7 9 places set up at high angles =m+ m\nta9 *a9s1 & d\btless ext5d+ to ! zone ( fusion bel[4 ,betwe5 ^! blocks ( s$im5t>y rocks ooz$ up ?r\gh ! l9es ( fracture quantities ( fus$ mat]ial1 :i* also sometimes =m$ m\nta9 *a9s2 & x is possible & ev5 probable t ! rocks compos+ ! volcanic ridges are b phases ( ! same mat]ials t =m ! s$im5t>y *a9s ,!re is1 !re=e1 no a priori reason :y ! lea*+ ( "o gr\p %\ld furni% m ore ?an ! o!r2 b1 z a matt] ( fact1 ! unfus$ s$im5ts are mu* ! ri*] 9 ore deposits4 ,?is c only be acc\nt$ =1 9 my judgm5t1 by suppos+ t !y h be5 ! receptacles ( ore br\ght f a =eign s\rce2 & we c at lea/ conjecture :]e & h[ ga!r$4 ,we c imag9e1 & we are =c$ to conclude1 t !re has be5 a zone ( solution bel[1 :]e /eam & hot wat]1 "u great pressure1 h effect$ ! lea*+ ( ore-be>+ /rata1 & a zone ( deposition above1 :]e cavities 9 pre-exi/5t solidifi$ & %att]$ rocks became ! repositories ( ! deposits made f asc5d+ solutions1 :5 ! temp]ature & pressure 7 dim9i%$4 ,:]e great masses ( fus$ mat]ial 7 p\r$ out1 ^! mu/ h be5 = along "t too highly heat$ to become places ( deposition2 s long inde$ t ! p]iod ( active ve9 =mation may h pass$ be=e !y rea*$ a degree ( solidification & coolness t w\ld p]mit _! becom+ receptacles ( ! products ( deposition4 ,on ! contr>y1 ! masses ( unfus$ & always relatively cool s$im5t>y rocks :i* =m ! mo/ highly metallif]\s m\nta9 ranges 7,:ite ,p9e1 ,toyabe1 etc47 71 ?r\gh\t ! :ole p]iod ( di/urbance1 9 a condition to become su* repositories4 ,c]ta9ly highly heat$ solutions =c$ by an irresi/ible vis a t]go ?r\gh rocks ( any k9d d[n 9 ! heat$ zone1 w\ld be f> m effective lea*+ ag5ts ?an cold surface wat] ) feeble solv5t p[]1 mov$ only by gravity1 p]colat+ sl[ly ?r\gh sup]ficial /rata4 ,ri*?(51 :o fir/ made a /udy ( ! ,com/ock lode1 sugge/s t ! m9]al impregnation ( ! ve9 0 ! result ( a process l t describ$1 viz41 ! lea*+ ( deep-seat$ rocks1 p]haps ! same t inclose ! ve9 above1 by highly heat$ solutions :i* deposit$ _! load ne> ! surface4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ,beck] supposes ! conc5tration to h be5 effect$ by surface wat]s fl[+ lat]ally ?r\gh ! igne\s rocks1 ga!r+ ! preci\s metals & deposit+ !m 9 ! fissure1 z lat]al secretion produces ! accumulation ( ore 9 ! lime/one ( ! lead region4 ,b !re are app>5tly good reasons = pref]r+ ! !ory ( ,ri*?(53 viz41 fir/1 ! ve9/one ( ! ,com/ock is *iefly qu>tz1 ! natural & common precipitate ( hot wat]s1 s9ce !y are f> m p[]ful solv5ts ( silica ?an cold4 ,on ! contr>y1 ! ores deposit$ f lat]al secretion1 z 9 ! ,mississippi lead region1 at l[ temp]ature conta9 comp>atively little silica2 second1 ! great m9]al belt to :i* ref]5ce has be5 made above is n[ ! region :]e ne>ly all ! hot spr+s ( ! cont95t are situat$4 ,x is1 9 fact1 a region conspicu\s = ! numb] ( its hot spr+s1 & x is evid5t t ^! are ! la/ ( ! s]ies ( !rmal ph5om5a connect$ ) ! great volcanic upheavals & eruptions1 ( :i* ?is region has be5 ! !at] s9ce ! beg9n+ ( ! ,t]ti>y age4 ,! geys]s ( ,yell[/one ,p>k1 ! hot spr+s ( ! ,wam*uck di/rict 9 ,oregon1 ! ,/eamboat ,spr+s ( ,nevada1 ! geys]s ( ,cali=nia1 ! hot spr+s ( ,salt ,lake ,city1 ,monroe1 etc41 9 ,utah1 & ! ,pagosa 9 ,colorado1 are only ! mo/ conspicu\s among ?\s&s ( hot spr+s :i* cont9ue 9 action at ! pres5t "t4 ,! evid5ce is also conclusive t ! numb] ( hot spr+s1 great z x n[ is 9 ?is region1 0 once mu* great]4 ,t ^! hot spr+s 7 capable ( produc+ m9]al ve9s by mat]ial br\ght up 9 & deposit$ f _! wat]s1 is demon/rat$ by ! ph5om5a obs]vable at ! ,/eamboat ,spr+s1 & :i* 7 cit$ 9 my =m] article z af=d+ ! be/ illu/ration ( ve9 =mation4 ,! temp]ature ( ! l[] work+s ( ! ,com/ock ve9 is n[ ov] #aej;,f41 & an enorm\s quantity ( hot wat] is dis*>g$ ?r\gh ! ,sutro ,tunnel4 ,?is wat] has be5 heat$ by com+ 9 contact ) hot rocks at a l[] level ?an ! pres5t work+s ( ! ,com/ock lode1 & has be5 driv5 upw>d 9 ! same way t ! fl[ ( all hot spr+s is produc$4 ,z t fl[ is cont9u\s1 x is evid5t t ! work+s ( ! ,com/ock h simply op5$ ! conduits ( hot spr+s1 :i* are do+ to-day :at !y h be5 do+ 9 ages pa/1 b mu* less actively1 i4e41 br++ t[>d ! surface ! mat]ials !y h tak5 into solution 9 a m highly heat$ zone bel[4 ,h5ce x seems mu* m natural to suppose t ! great %eets ( ore-be>+ qu>tz n[ conta9$ 9 ! ,com/ock fissure 7 deposit$ by asc5d+ curr5ts ( hot alkal9e wat]s1 ?an by desc5d+ curr5ts ( ^? :i* 7 cold & neutral ,! hot spr+s are !re1 ?\gh less copi\s & less hot ?an =m]ly1 & ! natural deposits f hot wat]s are !re4 ,is x n m rational to suppose ) ,ri*?(5 t ^! are relat$ z cause & effect1 r ?an t cold wat] has lea*$ ! ore & ! silica f ! walls ne> ! surface8 ,mr4 ,beck]'s pref]5ce = ! latt] hypo!sis seems to be due to ! discov]y ( gold & silv] 9 ! igne\s rocks adjac5t to ! ve91 & yet1 except 9 imm$iate contact ) x1 ^! rocks conta9 no m ( ! preci\s metals ?an ! m]e trace :i* by ref9$ te/s may be discov]$ ev]y:]e4 ,if1 z we h suppos$1 ! fissure 0 = a long "t fill$ ) a hot solution *>g$ ) an unusual quantity ( ! preci\s metals1 no?+ w\ld be m natural ?an t ! wall rocks %\ld be to "s ext5t impregnat$ ) !m4 ,x w p]haps illum9ate ! "q to inquire :i* ( ! spr+s & wat] curr5ts ( ?is region are n[ mak+ deposits t c be comp>$ ) ^? :i* fill$ ! ,com/ock & o!r ve9s4 ,no "o :o has visit$ t c\ntry w hesitate to say ! hot & n ! cold wat]s4 ,! imm5se silici\s deposits1 c>ry+ ! ores ( sev]al metals1 =m$ by ! geys]s ( ! ,yell[/one1 ! ,/eamboat ,spr+s1 etc41 %[ :at ! hot wat]s are capable ( do+2 b we %all se>* 9 va9 = any evid5ce t ! cold surface wat]s h done or c d ?is k9d ( "w4 ,at ,leadville ! case is n s pla91 & yet no facts c be cit$ :i* really prove t ! ore deposits h be5 =m$ by ! lea*+ ( ! ov]ly+ porphyry r ?an by an outfl[ ( heat$ m9]al solutions along ! plane ( junction betwe5 ! porphyry & ! lime/one4 ,ne> ?is plane ! porphyry is (t5 ?or\ghly decompos$1 is some:at impregnat$ ) ore1 & ev5 conta9s %eets ( ore )9 itself2 b remote f ! plane ( contact ) ! lime/one1 x conta9s little diffus$ & no conc5trat$ ore4 ,x is sc>cely m previ\s ?an ! und]ly+ lime/ones1 & :y a solution t c\ld p5etrate & lea* ores f x %\ld be /opp$ at ! upp] surface ( ! blue lime/one is n obvi\s2 nor :y ! plane ( junction betwe5 ! porphyry & ! blue lime/one %\ld be ! special place ( deposit ( ! ore4 ,if ! assays ( ! porphyry report$ by ,mr4 ,emmons 7 accurately made1 & !y %all be confirm$ by ! m num]\s ones necess>y to settle ! "q1 & ! e/imates he makes ( ! ri*ness ( t rock be corroborat$1 an unexpect$ result w be rea*$1 &1 z ,i ?9k1 a rem>kable & exceptional case ( ! diffusion ( silv] & lead ?r\gh an igne\s rock be e/abli%$4 ,x is ( c\rse possible t ! ,leadville porphyries are only phases ( rocks ri* 9 silv]1 lead1 & iron1 :i* und]lie ?is region1 & :i* h be5 fus$ & =c$ to ! surface by an asc5d+ mass ( deep] seat$ igne\s rock2 b ev5 if ! arg5tif]\s "* ( ! porphyry %all be prov$1 x w n be prov$ t su* portions ( x z "h lie ^u ! lime/one h furni%$ ! ore by ! desc5d+ p]colation ( cold surface wat]s4 ,deep] ly+ masses ( ?is same silv]1 lead1 & iron be>+ rock1 dige/$ 9 & lea*$ by hot wat]s & /eam "u great pressure1 w\ld seem to be a m likely s\rce ( ! ore4 ,if ! surface porphyry is z ri* 9 silv] z ,mr4 ,emm\s reports x to be1 x is too ri*1 = ! rock t has furni%$ s l>ge a quantity ( ores z t :i* =m$ ! ore bodies :i* ,i saw 9 ! ,little ,*ief & ,highl& ,*ief m9es1 respectively #ij feet & #afb feet ?ick1 %\ld be poor 9 silv] & iron & lead1 & %\ld be rott5 f ! lea*+ x _h suff]$1 b except ne> ! ore-be>+ contact x is compact & normal4 ,su* a dige/$1 kaol9iz$1 desilicat$ rock z we w\ld naturally look = we f9d 9 ! porphyry ne> ! contact2 & its condition !re1 s diff]5t f :at x is remote f ! contact1 seems to indicate an exposure to local & decompos+ influ5ces1 su* inde$ z a hot *emical solution =c$ up f bel[ along ! plane ( contact w\ld furni%4 ,x is difficult to und]/& :y ! upp] portions ( ! porphyry %eet %\ld be s diff]5t 9 "*1 s solid & homog5e\s1 ) no local conc5trations or pockets ( ore1 if !y h be5 expos$ to ! same ag5cies z ^? :i* h s *ang$ ! "u surface4 ,accept+ all ! facts report$ by ,mr4 ,emmons1 & )\t que/ion+ ! accuracy ( any ( 8 obs]vations1 or depreciat+ 9 any degree ! great value ( ! admirable /udy he has made ( ?is difficult & int]e/+ field1 8 conclusion 9 reg>d to ! s\rce ( ! ore _c yet be insi/$ on z a logical necessity4 ,9 ! judgm5t ( ! writ]1 ! ph5om5a pres5t$ by ! ,leadville ore deposits c be z well or bett] acc\nt$ = by suppos+ t ! plane ( contact betwe5 ! lime/one & porphyry has be5 ! conduit ?r\gh :i* heat$ m9]al solutions com+ f deep seat$ & remote s\rces h fl[$1 remov+ some?+ f bo? ! ov]ly+ & und]ly+ /rata1 & by sub/itution deposit+ sulphides ( lead1 iron1 silv]1 etc41 ) silica4 ,! ore deposits ( ,tybo & ,eureka 9 ,nevada1 ( ! ,emma1 ! ,cave1 & ! ,horn ,silv] #a m9es 9 ,utah1 h mu* 9 common ) ^? ( ,leadville1 & x is n difficult to e/abli% = all ( ! =m] cases a =eign & deep seat$ s\rce ( ! ore4 ,! fact t ! ,leadville ore bodies are sometimes !mselves excavat$ into *amb]s1 :i* has be5 advanc$ z pro( ( ! falsity ( ! !ory "h advocat$1 has no be>+ on ! "q1 z 9 ! process ( oxidation ( ores :i* 7 c]ta9ly once sulphides1 !re has be5 mu* *ange ( place z well z "*2 curr5ts ( wat] h fl[$ ?r\gh !m :i* h collect$ & r$eposit$ ! c]usite 9 %eets ( h>d c>bonate or s& c>bonate1 & h else:]e produc$ accumulations ( k]>gyrite1 p]haps ?\s&s ( ye>s aft] ! deposition ( ! sulphide ores _h ceas$ & ! oxidation _h begun4 ,9 ! lea*+ & re>rangem5t ( ! ore bodies1 no?+ w\ld be m natural ?an t accumulations 9 "o place %\ld be att5d$ by ! =mation ( cavities else:]e4 ,footnote #a3 ,! ,horn ,silv] ore body lies 9 a fault fissure betwe5 a footwall ( lime/one & a hang+ wall ( tra*yte1 & ^? :o consid] ! ,leadville ores z tea*+s ( ! ov]ly+ porphyry w\ld probably also reg>d ! ore ( ! ,horn ,silv] m9e z d]iv$ f ! tra*yte hang+ wall2 b ?ree facts oppose ! acceptance ( ?is view1 viz41 let1 ! tra*yte1 except 9 imm$iate contact ) ! ore body1 seems to be entirely b>r52 #b;d1 ! ,horn ,silv] ore *imney1 p]haps fifty feet ?ick1 five hundr$ feet wide1 & ( unkn[n dep?1 is ! only mass ( ore yet f\nd 9 a mile ( well m>k$ fissure2 & #c;d1 ! ,c>bonate m9e op5$ ne> by 9 a /rong fissure ) a be>+ at "r angles to t ( ! ,horn ,silv]1 & ly+ entirely )9 ! tra*yte1 yields ore ( a totally diff]5t k9d4 ,bo? are op5$ to ! dep? ( sev5 hundr$ feet ) no signs ( *ange or exhau/ion4 ,if ! ore 7 d]iv$ f ! tra*yte1 x %\ld be at lea/ some:at alike 9 ! two m9es1 %\ld be m g5]ally di/ribut$ 9 ! ,horn ,silv] fissure1 & might be expect$ to give out at1 no great dep?4 ,if deposit$ by solutions com+ f deep & diff]5t s\rces1 ! obs]v$ diff]5ces 9 "* w\ld be natural2 x w\ld accumulate z we f9d x 9 ! *annels ( outfl[1 & w\ld be z "t w probably prove x1 p]haps v>iable 9 quantity1 b indef9itely cont9u\s 9 dep?4 ,ano!r "q :i* sugge/s itself 9 ref]5ce to ! ,leadville deposits is ?is3 ,if ! ,leadville ore 0 once a mass ( sulphides d]iv$ f ! ov]ly+ porphyry by ! p]colation ( surface wat]s1 :y has ! deposit ceas$8 ,! deposition ( gal5a1 bl5de1 & pyrite 9 ! ,gal5a lead m9es /ill cont9ues4 ,if ! lea*+ ( ! ,leadville porphyry has n result$ 9 ! =mation ( alkal9e sulphide solutions1 & ! ore has come f ! porphyry 9 ! condition ( c>bonate ( lead1 *loride ( silv]1 etc41 !n ! nature ( ! deposition 0 q diff]5t f t ( ! simil> ones ( ,tybo1 ,eureka1 ,b+ham1 etc41 :i* are pla9ly gossans1 & inde$ is )\t prec$5t4 ,b if ! process 0 simil> to t 9 ! ,gal5a lead region1 & ! ores 7 orig9ally sulphides1 _! =mation %\ld h cont9u$ & be5 detect$ 9 ! ,leadville m9es4 ,= all ^! reasons ! !ory ( ,mr4 ,emmons w be felt to ne$ fur!r confirmation be=e x is univ]sally adopt$4 ,f :at has gone be=e x mu/ n be inf]r$ t lat]al secretion is exclud$ by ! writ] f ! li/ ( ag5cies :i* h fill$ m9]al ve9s1 = x is c]ta9 t ! nature ( ! deposit made 9 ! fissure has frequ5tly be5 influ5c$ by ! nature ( ! adjac5t wall rock4 ,num]\s cases may be cit$ :]e ! ores h increas$ or decreas$ 9 quantity & ri*ness1 or h o!rwise *ang$ "* 9 pass+ f "o =mation to ano!r2 b ev5 "h ! pro( is g5]ally want+ t ! ve9 mat]ials h be5 furni%$ by ! wall rocks opposite ! places :]e !y are f\nd4 ,! v>y+ conductivity ( ! diff]5t /rata 9 relation to heat & electricity may h be5 an important factor4 ,trap dikes frequ5tly enri* ve9s :]e !y approa* or int]sect !m1 & !y h (t5 be5 ! primum mobile ( ve9 =mation1 b *iefly1 if n only1 by supply+ heat1 ! ma9spr+ ( *emical action4 ,! proximity ( heat$ masses ( rock has promot$ *emical action 9 ! same way z d ! ,buns5 burn]s or ! s& ba?s 9 ! laboratory2 b no case has yet come "u my obs]vation :]e x 0 demon/rable t ! fill+ ( a fissure ve9 _h be5 due to secretion f igne\s or s$im5t>y wall rocks4 ,9 ! ,/> ,di/rict ( ,s\!rn ,utah ! c\ntry rock is ,palozoic lime/one1 & x is cut by s great a numb] & v>iety ( m9]al ve9s t f ! ,h>risburg1 a c5tral location1 a rifle %ot w\ld rea* t5 op5+s1 all on z _m di/9ct & diff]5t ve9s 7viz41 ! ,argus1 ,little ,bilk1 ,clean ,sweep1 ,m\nta9e]1 ,/4 ,l\is1 ,x5ia1 ,brant1 ,kann>rah1 ,c5tral1 & ,wat]ee74 ,! ne>e/ trap rock is half a mile or m di/ant1 a column> dike p]haps fifte5 feet 9 ?ickness1 cutt+ ! lime/one v]tically4 ,on ei!r side ( ?is dike is a ve9 f "o to ?ree feet 9 ?ickness1 ( :ite qu>tz ) specks ( ore4 ,:]e did t qu>tz come f8 ,f ! lime/one8 ,b ! lime/one conta9s v little silica1 & is app>5tly ( normal composition q up to ! ve94 ,f ! trap8 ,?is is compact1 sonor\s basalt1 app>5tly un*ang$2 & t c\ld n h suppli$ ! silica )\t complete decomposition4 ,i %\ld r say f silica be>+ hot wat]s t fl[$ up along ! sides ( ! trap1 deposit+ !re1 z 9 ! num]\s & v>i$ ve9s ( ! vic9ity1 m9]al matt]s br\ght f a zone ( solution f> bel[4 ,to summ>ize ! conclusions rea*$ 9 ?is discussion4 ,i may repeat t ! results ( all rec5t z well z e>li] obs]vations has be5 to conv9ce me t ,ri*?(5's !ory ( ! fill+ ( ! ,com/ock lode is ! true "o1 & t ! example & demon/ration ( ! =mation ( m9]al ve9s furni%$ by ! ,/eamboat ,spr+s is n only satisfactory1 b typical4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,nature4 ,,habits ,,( ,,burr[+ ,,crayfi%es ,,9 ,,! ,,unit$ ,,/ates4 ,on ,may #ac1 #ahhc1 ,i *anc$ to ent] a mead[ a few miles above ,wa%+ton1 on ! ,virg9ia side ( ! ,potomac1 at ! head ( a small /ream empty+ into ! riv]4 ,x 0 betwe5 two hills1 at an elevation ( #ajj feet above ! ,potomac1 & ab\t a mile f ! riv]4 ,"h ,i saw _m clayey m\nds cov]+ burr[s scatt]$ ov] ! gr\nd irregul>ly bo? ^u ! banks ( ! /ream & 9 ! adjac5t mead[1 ev5 z f> z t5 y>ds f ! b$ ( ! brook4 ,my curiosity 0 ar\s$1 & ,i explor$ sev]al ( ! holes1 f9d+ 9 ea* a good-siz$ crayfi%1 :i* ,pr(4 ,walt] ,faxon id5tifi$ z ,camb>us diog5es1 ,gir>d 7,c4 obesus1 ,hag571 o!rwise kn[n z ! burr[+ crayfi%4 ,i aft]w>d visit$ ! locality sev]al times1 collect+ specim5s ( ! m\nds & crayfi%es1 :i* are n[ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,national ,museum1 & mak+ obs]vations4 ,at t "t ( ! ye> ! /ream 0 rec$+1 & ! mead[ 0 beg9n+ to dry4 ,at a p]iod n ov] a mon? previ\s1 ! mead[s1 at lea/ z f> f ! /ream z ! burr[s 7 f\nd1 _h be5 cov]$ ) wat]4 ,^? burr[s ne> ! /ream 7 less ?an six in*es deep1 & !re 0 a gradual increase 9 dep? z ! di/ance f ! /ream became great]4 ,moreov]1 ! holes f>!/ f ! /ream 7 9 ne>ly e case cov]$ by a m\nd1 :ile ^? ne>] _h ei!r a v small *imney or none at all1 & subsequ5t visits prov$ t at t "t ( ye> ! m\nds 7 j be+ con/ruct$1 = ea* "t ,i revisit$ ! place ! m\nds 7 m num]\s4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #a ,section ( ,crayfi% burr[ ,! l5g?1 wid?1 g5]al direction ( ! burr[s1 & numb] ( ! op5+s 7 extremely v>iable1 & ! same is true ( ! m\nds4 ,fig4 #a illu/rates a typical burr[ %[n 9 section4 ,"h ! ma9 burr[ is v ne>ly p]p5dicul>1 !re be+ b "o oblique op5+ hav+ a v small m\nd1 & ! ma9 m\nd is some:at wid] ?an long4 ,occasionally ! burr[s are v tortu\s1 & !re are (t5 two or ?ree extra op5+s1 ea* sometimes cov]$ by a m\nd4 ,!re is e conceivable %ape & size 9 ! *imneys1 rang+ f a m]e ridge ( mud1 evid5tly ! fir/ f\ndation1 to ^? ) a bread? "o-half ! height4 ,! typical m\nd is "o :i* cov]s ! p]p5dicul> burr[ 9 ,fig4 #a1 its dim5sions be+ six in*es broad & f\r high4 ,two o!r =ms are %[n 9 ,fig4 #b4 ,! burr[s ne> ! /ream 7 seldom m ?an six in*es deep1 be+ ne>ly p]p5dicul>1 ) an enl>gem5t at ! base1 & always ) at lea/ "o oblique op5+4 ,! m\nds 7 usually ( yell[ clay1 al?\gh 9 "o place ! gr\nd 0 ( f9e gravel1 & !re ! *imneys 7 ( ! same "*4 ,!y 7 always circul>ly pyramidal 9 %ape1 ! hole inside be+ v smoo?1 b ! outside 0 =m$ ( irregul> nodules ( clay h>d5$ 9 ! sun & ly+ j z !y fell :5 dropp$ f ! top ( ! m\nd4 ,a small quantity ( grass & leaves 0 mix$ ?r\gh ! m\nd1 b ?is 0 app>5tly accid5tal4 ,! size ( ! burr[s v>i$ f half an in* to two in*es 9 diamet]1 be+ smoo? = ! entire di/ance1 & ne>ly uni=m 9 wid?4 ,:]e ! burr[ 0 f> di/ant f ! /ream1 ! upp] "p 0 h>d & dry4 ,9 ! deep] holes ,i inv>iably f\nd sev]al enl>gem5ts at v>i\s po9ts 9 ! burr[4 ,"s burr[s 7 ?ree feet deep1 inde$ !y all g d[n to wat]1 &1 z ! wat] 9 ! gr\nd l[]s1 ! burr[ is und\bt$ly project$ deep]4 ,! diagonal op5+s nev] at t season ( ! ye> h p]fect *imneys1 & seldom m ?an a m]e rim4 ,9 no case did ,i f9d any connection betwe5 two diff]5t burr[s4 ,9 digg+ aft] ! inhabitants ,i 0 seldom able to secure a specim5 f ! deep] burr[s1 = ,i f\nd t ! animal always retreat$ to ! extreme end1 & :5 x c\ld g no f>!r w\ld use its claws 9 def5se4 ,bo? males & females h burr[s1 b !y 7 nev] f\nd toge!r1 ea* burr[ hav+ b a s+le individual4 ,!re is seldom m ?an a p9t ( wat] 9 ea* hole1 & ?is is muddy & h>dly suitable to su/a9 life4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #b ,crayfi% ,m\nd ,! neighbor+ brooks & spr+s 7 inhabit$ by ano!r species ( crayfi%1 ,camb>as b>tonii1 b al?\gh especial se>* 0 made = ! burr[+ species1 9 no case 0 a s+le specim5 f\nd outside ( ! burr[s4 ,c4 b>tonii 0 tak5 bo? 9 ! swiftly runn+ portions ( ! /ream & 9 ! %all[ side pools1 z well z 9 ! spr+s at ! head ( small riv]s4 ,x w\ld swim ab\t 9 all directions1 & 0 (t5 f\nd "u /ones & 9 little holes & crevices1 none ( :i* appe>$ to h be5 made = ! purpose ( retreat1 b 7 accid5tal4 ,! crayfi%es w\ld leave ^! little retreats :5ev] di/urb$1 & swim away d[n /ream out ( sight4 ,!y 7 (t5 f\nd "s di/ance f ! ma9 /ream "u rocks t _h be5 cov]$ by ! brook at a high] wat]m>k2 b al?\gh !re 0 v little wat] "u ! rocks1 & ! /ream _h n cov]$ !m = at lea/ two weeks1 !y %[$ no t5d5cy to burr[4 ,nor h ,i ev] f\nd any burr[s =m$ by ! riv] species ,cumb>us aff9is4 al?\gh ,i h se>*$ ov] miles ( m>% l& on ! ,potomac = ?is purpose4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #b ,crayfi% ,m\nd 7%ort]7 ,! brook ne> :]e my obs]vations 7 made 0 fa/ decreas+ 9 volume1 & w\ld probably cont9ue to d s until 9 ,july its b$ w\ld be ne>ly dry4 ,dur+ ! wet seasons ! mead[ is itself cov]$4 ,ev5 9 ! banks ( ! /ream1 !n "u wat]1 !re 7 holes1 b !y all ext5d$ obliquely )\t exception1 !re be+ no p]p5dicul> burr[s & no m\nds4 ,! holes ext5d$ 9 ab\t six in*es1 & !re 0 nev] a p]p5dicul> bran*1 nor ev5 an enl>gem5t at ! end4 ,i always f\nd ! inhabitant ne> ! m\?1 & by quickly cutt+ (f ! re> "p ( ! hole c\ld =ce him out1 b unless =cibly driv5 out x w\ld nev] leave ! hole1 n ev5 :5 a /ick 0 ?ru/ 9 beh9d x4 ,x 0 und\bt$ly ?is species t ,dr4 ,godman m5tion$ 9 8 ,rambles ( a ,naturali/1 & :i* ,dr4 ,abbott 7,am4 ,nal41 #ahgc1 p4 #ha7 ref]s to ,c4 b>tonii4 ,al?\gh ,i h no pro( t ?is is s1 ,i am incl9$ to believe t ! burr[+ crayfi%es retire to ! /ream 9 w9t] & rema9 !re until e>ly spr+1 :5 !y con/ruct _! burr[s = ! purpose ( re>+ _! "y & escap+ ! summ] dr\ghts4 ,my reason = say+ ?is is t ,i f\nd "o burr[ :i* on my fir/ visit 0 b six in*es deep1 & lat] _h be5 project$ to a dep? at lea/ twice z great1 & ! inhabitant 0 an old female4 ,i ?9k t aft] ! w9t] has pass$1 & :ile ! m>% is /ill cov]$ ) wat]1 impregnation takes place & burr[s are imm$iately begun4 ,i d n believe t ! same burr[ is occupi$ = m ?an "o ye>1 z x w\ld probably fill up dur+ ! w9t]4 ,at fir/ x burr[s diagonally1 & z long z ! m\? is cov]$ ) wat] is satisfi$ ) ?is oblique hole4 ,:5 ! wat] rec$es1 leav+ ! op5+ uncov]$1 ! burr[ mu/ be dug deep]1 & ! economy ( a p]p5dicul> burr[ mu/ imm$iately sugge/ itself4 ,f t "t ! p]p5dicul> direction is pres]v$ ) m or less regul>ity4 ,imm$iately aft] ! p]p5dicul> hole is begun1 a %ort] op5+ to ! surface is ne$$ = convey+ ! mud f ! ne/1 & !n ! p]p5dicul> op5+ is made4 ,mud f ?is1 & also f ! fir/ "p ( ! p]p5dicul> burr[1 is c>ri$ out ( ! diagonal op5+ & deposit$ on ! edge4 ,if a fre%et occurs be=e ?is rim ( mud has _h a *ance to h>d51 x is wa%$ away1 & no m\nd is =m$ ov] ! oblique burr[4 ,aft] ! v]tical op5+ is made1 z ! hole is bor$ deep]1 mud is deposit$ on ! edge1 & ! deep] x is dug ! high] ! m\nd4 ,i d n ?9k t ! *imney is a necess>y "p ( ! ne/1 b simply ! result ( digg+4 ,i c>ri$ away sev]al m\nds1 & 9 a week revisit$ ! place1 & no attempt _h be5 made to replace !m2 b 9 "o case1 :]e ,i _h 9 addition p>tly de/roy$ ! burr[ by dropp+ mud into x1 !re 0 a simple half rim ( mud ar\nd ! edge1 %[+ t ! crayfi% _h be5 at "w2 & z ! mud 0 dry ! cle>+ mu/ h be5 done soon aft] my dep>ture4 ,t ! crayfi% retreats z ! wat] 9 ! gr\nd falls l[] & l[] is prov$ by ! fact t at v>i\s int]vals !re are bottl$-%ap$ cavities m>k+ ! end ( ! burr[ at an e>li] p]iod4 ,a few ( ^? m\nds f>!/ f ! /ream _h _! m\?s clos$ by a pellet ( mud4 ,x is said t all are clos$ dur+ ! summ] mon?s4 ,h[ ^! animals c live = mon?s 9 ! muddy1 impure wat] is to me a puzzle4 ,!y are v sluggi%1 possess+ none ( ! quick motions ( _! alli$ ,c4 b>tonii1 = :5 tak5 out & plac$ ei!r 9 wat] or on ! gr\nd1 !y move v sl[ly4 ,! p[] ( ?r[+ (f _! claws :5 ^! are grasp$ is (t5 ex]cis$4 ,ab\t ! middle ( ,may ! eggs hat*1 & = a "t ! "y cl+ to ! "m1 b ,i am unable to /ate h[ long !y rema9 ?us4 ,aft] hat*+ !y mu/ gr[ rapidly1 & soon ! burr[ w be too small = !m to live 91 & !y mu/ migrate4 ,x w\ld be int]e/+ to "k m ab\t ! habits ( ?is peculi> species1 ab\t :i* s little has be5 writt54 ,an int]e/+ po9t to settle w\ld be h[ & :]e x gets its food4 ,! burr[ conta9s none1 ei!r animal or vegetable4 ,food mu/ be procur$ at night1 or :5 ! sun is n %9+ brightly4 ,9 ! spr+ & fall ! gre5 /alks ( mead[ grasses w\ld furni% food1 b :5 ^! become p>*$ & dry !y mu/ ei!r dig aft] & eat ! roots1 or se>* 9 ! /ream4 ,i feel satisfi$ t !y d n tunnel among ! roots1 = if !y did s ^! burr[s w\ld be frequ5tly met )4 ,little has z yet be5 publi%$ ^u ?is subject1 & t little cov]s only two spr+ mon?s--,april & ,may--& x w\ld be int]e/+ if ^? :o h an opportunity to wat* ! species dur+ o!r seasons1 or :o h obs]v$ !m at any season ( ! ye>1 w\ld make kn[n _! results4 ,,ralph ,s4 ,,t>r 99 99 99 99 99 ,,our ,,s]vants1 ,,! ,,microbes4 ,:o ( u has n1 9 a p>tially d>k5$ room1 se5 ! rays ( ! sun1 z !y ent]$ ?r\gh ap]tures or *9ks 9 ! %utt]s1 exhibit _! track by light+ up ! inf9itely small corpuscles conta9$ 9 ! air8 ,su* corpuscles always exi/1 except 9 ! atmosph]e ( l(ty m\nta9s1 & !y con/itute ! du/ ( ! air4 ,a microscopic exam9ation ( !m is a matt] ( curiosity4 ,ea* flock is a true museum 7,fig4 #a71 :]e9 we f9d gra9s ( m9]al sub/ances associat$ ) organic debris1 & g]ms ( liv+ organisms1 among :i* mu/ be m5tion$ ! microbes4 ,s9ce ! spl5did rese>*es ( ,mr4 ,pa/eur & 8 pupils on f]m5tation & contagi\s diseases1 ! "q ( microbes has become ! ord] ( ! day4 ,9 ord] to %[ our read]s ! importance ( ! /udy ( ! microbes1 & ! results t may be rea*$ by foll[+ ! sci5tific me?od creat$ by ,mr4 ,pa/eur1 x appe>s to u indisp5sable to give a summ>y ( ! hi/ory ( ^! organisms4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 :at is a microbe8 ,al?\gh mu* employ$1 ! ^w has n be5 well def9$1 & x w\ld be easy to f9d sev]al def9itions ( x4 ,9 its mo/ g5]al s5se1 ! t]m microbe designates c]ta9 colorless alg belong+ to ! family ,bact]iace1 ! pr9cipal =ms ( :i* are kn[n "u ! "n ( ,micrococcus4 ,bact]ium1 ,bacillus4 ,vibrio1 _/,spirillum1 etc4 ,9 ord] to obs]ve ^! diff]5t =ms ( ,bact]iace x is only necess>y to exam9e microscopically a drop ( wat] 9 :i* organic matt] has be5 mac]at$1 :5 !re w be se5 ,micrococci 7,fig4 #b1 ,i47look+ l sph]ical granules1 ,bact]ia 9 ! =m ( v %ort rods1 ,bacilli 7,fig4 #b1 ,v471 ,vibriones 7,fig4 #b1 ,,iv417 mov+ _! /raight or curv$ filam5ts1 & ,spirilli 7,fig4 #b1 ,,vi471 roll$ up spirally4 ,^! v>i$ =ms are n absolutely con/ant1 = x (t5 happ5s 9 ! c\rse ( its exi/5ce t a species assumes diff]5t %apes1 s t x is difficult to take ! =m ( ^! alg z a basis = classify+ !m1 :5 all ! phases ( _! developm5t h n be5 /udi$4 ,! ,bact]iace are reproduc$ ) amaz+ rapidity4 ,if ! temp]ature is prop]1 a limpid liquid su* z *ick5 or veal bro? w1 9 a few h\rs1 become turbid & conta9 millions ( ^! organisms4 ,multiplication is effect$ ?r\gh fission1 t is to say1 ea* globule or filam5t1 aft] elongat+1 divides into two segm5ts1 ea* ( :i* increases 9 its turn1 to aga9 divide into two p>ts1 & s on 7,fig4 #b1 ,i4 b74 ,b multiplication 9 ?is way only takes place :5 ! bact]ia are plac$ 9 a prop] nutritive liquid2 & x ceases :5 ! liquid becomes impov]i%$ & ! conditions ( life become difficult4 ,x is at ?is mom5t t ! =mation ( spores occurs--reproductive bodies t are de/9$ to p]mit ! alg to trav]se1 )\t p]i%+1 ^? phases :]e life is impossible4 ,! spores are small1 brilliant bodies t =m 9 ! c5t] or at ! extremity ( ea* articulation or globule ( ! bact]ium 7,fig4 #b1 ,,ii4 l71 & are set free ?r\gh ! break+ up ( ! jo9ts4 ,!re are1 !re=e1 two phases to be di/+ui%$ 9 ! life ( microbes--t ( active life1 dur+ :i* !y multiply ) great rapidity1 are mo/ active1 & cause sicknesses or f]m5tations1 & t ( ret>d$ life1 t is to say1 ! /ate1 ( re/+ spores 9 :i* ! organisms are inactive & consequ5tly h>mless4 ,x is curi\s to f9d t ! resi/ance to ! two causes ( de/ruction is v diff]5t 9 ! two cases4 ,9 ! /ate ( active life ! bact]ides are kill$ by a temp]ature ( f #gj to #hj degrees1 :ile ! spores require ! application ( a temp]ature ( f #ajj to #abj degrees to kill !m4 ,oxyg5 ( a high pressure1 :i* is1 z well kn[n f ,b]t's rese>*es1 a poison = liv+ be+s1 kills _m bact]ia 9 ! /ate ( active life1 b has no influ5ce ^u _! spores4 ,9 a /ate ( active life ! bact]iae are int]e/+ to /udy4 ,! abs5ce ( gre5 matt] prev5ts !m f fe$+ ^u m9]al matt]1 & !y are !re=e oblig$ to subsi/ ^u organic matt]1 j z d plants t are de/itute ( *lorophyl 7su* z fungi1 broomrapes1 etc474 ,?is is :y !y are only met ) 9 liv+ be+s or ^u organic sub/ances4 ,! majority ( ^! algae develop v well 9 ! air1 & !n consume oxyg5 & exhale c>bonic acid1 l all liv+ be+s4 ,if ! supply ( air be cut (f1 !y resi/ asphyxia & take ! oxyg5 t !y require f ! comp\nds t surr\nd !m4 ,! result is a complete & rapid decomposition ( ! organic mat]ials1 or a f]m5tation4 ,f9ally1 !re are ev5 c]ta9 species t die 9 ! pres5ce ( free oxyg51 & t c only live by protect+ !mselves f contact ) ?is gas ?r\gh a sort ( jelly4 ,^! are f]m5ts1 su* z ,bacillus amylobact]1 or butyric f]m5t1 & ,b4 septicus1 or f]m5t ( ! putrefaction ( nitrog5iz$ sub/ances4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a4--;,,atmosph]ic ,,du/4 ,^! prop]ties expla9 ! regul> di/ribution ( bact]ia 9 liquids expos$ to ! air4 ,?us1 9 wat] 9 :i* plants h be5 mac]at$ ! surface ( ! liquid is occupi$ by ,bacillus subtilis4 :i* has ne$ ( free oxyg5 9 ord] to live1 :ile 9 ! bulk ( ! liquid1 9 ! vegetable tissues1 we f9d o!r bact]ia1 notably ,b4 amylobact]1 :i* lives v well by consum+ oxyg5 9 a /ate ( comb9ation4 ,bact]ia1 !n1 c only live 9 organic matt]s1 n[ 9 ! pres5ce & n[ 9 ! abs5ce ( air4 ,:at we h j said all[s u to und]/& ! process ( cultivat+ ^! organisms4 ,:5 x is desir$ to obta9 ^! algae1 we mu/ take organic matt]s or infusions ( su*4 ,^! liquids or sub/ances are heat$ to at lea/ #abj 9 ord] to kill ! g]ms t !y may conta91 & ?is is call$ /]iliz+4 ,9 ?is /]iliz$ liquid are !n s[n ! bact]ia t x is desir$ to /udy1 & by ?is means !y c be obta9$ 9 a /ate ( v great purity4 ,! ,bact]iaceae are v num]\s4 ,among !m we mu/ di/+ui% ^? t live 9 in]t organic matt]s1 alim5t>y sub/ances1 or debris ( liv+ be+s1 & :i* cause *emical decompositions call$ f]m5tations4 ,su* are ,mycod]ma aceti1 :i* conv]ts ! alcohol ( f]m5t$ bev]ages into v9eg>2 ,micrococcus ureae1 :i* conv]ts ! urea ( ur9e into c>bonate ( ammonia1 & ,micrococcus nitrificans1 :i* conv]ts nitrog5iz$ matt]s into intrates1 etc4 ,"s1 t live ^u food products1 produce !re9 special color+ matt]s2 su* are ! bact]ium ( blue milk1 & ,micrococcus prodigiosus 7,fig4 #b1 ,i471 a r$ alga t lives ^u bread & =ms ^? bloody spots t 7 =m]ly consid]$ by ! sup]/iti\s z ! precursors ( great calamities4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #b4--,,v>i\s ,,microbes4 7,highly magnifi$47 ,ano!r gr\p ( bact]ia has assum$ consid]able importance 9 pa?ology1 & t is ! "o ^: species inhabit ! tissues ( liv+ animals1 & cause m or less s]i\s alt]ations !re91 & (t5 dea?4 ,mo/ contagi\s diseases & epidemics are due to alg ( ?is latt] gr\p4 ,to cite only ^? ^: orig9 is well kn[n1 we may m5tion ! bact]ium t causes *>bon1 ! micrococcus ( *ick5 *ol]a1 & t ( hog measles4 ,x w be se5 f ?is sket* h[ important ! /udy ( ^! organisms is to man1 s9ce be mu/ def5d 8 body aga9/ _! invasions or utilize !m = br++ ab\t useful *emical modifications 9 organic matt]s4 ,our ,s]vants4--,we sc>cely "k :at s]vices microbes may r5d] u1 yet ! /udy ( !m1 :i* has b rec5tly be5 begun1 has already %[n1 ?r\gh ! rem>kable labors ( ,messrs4 ,pa/eur1 ,s*loes+ & ,muntz1 ,van ,tieghem1 ,cohn1 ,ko*1 etc41 ! importance ( ^! organisms 9 nature4 ,all ( u h se5 w9e :5 expos$ to air gradually s\r1 & become conv]t$ into v9eg>1 & we "k t 9 ?is case ! surface ( ! liquid is cov]$ ) :ite pellicles call$ "m ( v9eg>4 ,^! pellicles are made up ( myriads ( globules ( ,mycod]ma aceti4 ,?is mycod]m is ! pr9cipal ag5t 9 ! acidification ( w9e1 & x is x t takes oxyg5 f ! air & fixes x 9 ! alcohol to conv]t x into v9eg>4 ,if ! pellicle t =ms becomes imm]s$ 9 ! liquid1 ! w9e w cease to s\r4 ,! v9eg> manufactur]s ( ,orleans did n suspect ! role ( ! "m ( v9eg> 9 ! production ( ?is article :5 !y 7 employ+ empirical processes t _h be5 e/abli%$ by practice4 ,! vats 7 (t5 infe/$ by small worms 7v9eg> eals7 :i* disput$ ) ! mycod]ma = ! oxyg51 kill$ x ?r\gh subm]sion1 & caus$ ! loss ( bat*es t _h be5 "u tr\blesome prep>ation = mon?s4 ,s9ce ,mr4 ,pa/eur's rese>*es1 ! ,mycod]ma aceti has be5 s[n directly 9 ! slightly acidifi$ w9e1 & an excell5t quality ( v9eg> has ?us be5 obta9$1 ) no fe> ( an occurr5ce ( ! disa/]s t accompani$ ! old process4 ,ano!r example w %[ u ! microbes 9 activity 9 ! e>?4 ,let u take a p9* ( vegetable m\ld1 wat] x ) ammonia comp\nds1 & analyze x1 & we %all f9d nitrates !re94 ,:5ce came ^! nitrates8 ,!y came f ! oxidation ( ! ammonia comp\nds br\ght ab\t by moi/5+1 s9ce ! nitrog5 ( ! air does n seem to comb9e "u normal conditions ) ! surr\nd+ oxyg54 ,?is oxidation ( ammonia comp\nds is br\ght ab\t1 z has be5 %[n by ,messrs4 ,s*loes+ & ,muntz1 by a special f]m5t1 ! ,micrococcus nitrificans1 t belongs to ! gr\p ( ,bact]iac4 ,9 fact1 ! vapors ( *lor(orm1 :i* ane/hetize plants1 also prev5t nitrification1 s9ce !y anae/hetize ! nitric f]m5t4 ,s1 too1 :5 we heat vegetable humus to #ajj1 nitrification is arre/$1 because ! f]m5t is kill$4 ,f9ally1 we may s[ ! nitric f]m5t 9 calc9$ e>? & cause nitrification to occur !re9 z surely z we c br+ ab\t a f]m5tation 9 w9e by s[+ ,mycod]ma aceti 9 x4 ,! nitric f]m5t exi/s 9 all soils & 9 all latitudes1 & conv]ts ! ammoniacal matt]s c>ri$ along by ! ra9 into nitrates ( a =m mo/ assimilable by plants4 ,x !re=e con/itutes "o ( ! important elem5ts = f]tiliz+ ! e>?4 ,f9ally1 we mu/ ref] to ! num]\s bact]ia t occasion putrefaction 9 vegetable or animal organisms4 ,^! microbes1 :i* float 9 ! air1 fall ^u dead animals or plants1 develop !reon1 & conv]t into m9]al matt]s ! imm$iate pr9ciples ( :i* ! tissues are compos$1 & ?us cont9ually re/ore to ! air & soil ! elem5ts necess>y = ! =mation ( new organic sub/ances4 ,?us1 ,bacillus amylobact] 7,fig4 #b1 ,,ii471 z ,mr4 ,van ,tieghem has %[n1 subsi/s ^u ! hydroc>bons conta9$ 9 plants1 & disorganizes vegetable tissues 9 dis5gag+ hydrog51 c>bonic acid1 & vegetable acids4 ,bact]ium roseop]sic9a =ms1 9 pools1 rosy or r$ pellicles t cov] vegetable debris & dis5gage gases ( an (f5sive odor4 ,?is bact]ium develops 9 s great quantity ^u l[ %ores cov]$ ) fragm5ts ( alg z to sometimes spread ov] an ext5t ( sev]al kilomet]s4 ,^! microbes1 l _m o!rs1 cont9u\sly m9]alize organic sub/ances1 & ?us exhibit !mselves z ! indisp5sable ag5ts ( ! movem5t ( ! matt] t incessantly circulates f ! m9]al to ! organic _w1 & vice v]sa4--,sci5ce et ,nature4 99 99 99 99 99 ,palms spr\t$ f se$s kept w>m by contact ( ! vessel ) ! wat] boil] ( a kit*5 range are gr[n by a man 9 ,new ,york4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,epitaphium ,,*ymicum4 ,! foll[+ epitaph 0 writt5 by a ,dr4 ,godfrey1 :o di$ 9 ,dubl9 9 #agee3 ,"h lie?1 to dige/ mac]ate1 & amalgamate into clay1 ,9 ,batneo ,ar51 ,/ratum sup] ,/ratum ,! ,residuum1 ,t]ra damnata & ,caput ,mortuum1 ,( ,,boyle ,,godfrey1 ,*ymi/ & ,m4,d4 ,a man :o 9 ?is ,e>?ly ,laboratory pursu$ v>i\s ,processes to obta9 ,arcanum ,vit1 ,or ! ,secret to ,live2 ,also ,aurum ,vit1 or ! art ( gett+ r ?an mak+ gold4 ,al*ymi/-l1 all 8 ,lab\r & ,projection1 z ,m]cury 9 ! ,fire1 ,evaporat$ 9 ,fume :5 he ,dissolv$ to 8 fir/ pr9ciples4 ,he dep>t$ z poor z ! la/ drops ( an ,alembic2 = ,ri*es are n p\r$ on ! ,adepts ( ?is _w4 ,?\gh fond ( ,news1 he c>efully avoid$ ! ,f]m5tation1 ,eff]vesc5ce1 & ,decrepitation ( ?is life4 ,full sev5ty ye>s 8 ,exalt$ ,ess5ce 0 h]metically seal$ 9 its ,t]r5e ,matrass2 b ! ,radical ,moi/ure be+ exhau/$1 ! ,elixir ,vit sp5t1 ,& exsiccate to a ,cuticle1 he c\ld n susp5d long] 9 8 ,vehicle1 b precipitat$ ,gradatim1 p] ,campanam1 to 8 orig9al du/4 ,may t light1 bright] ?an ,bolognian ,phosphorus1 ,pres]ve him f ! ,a?anor1 ,empyreuma1 & ,rev]b]atory ,furnace ( ! o!r _w1 ,depurate him f ! ,fces & ,scoria ( ?is1 ,highly ,rectify & ,volatilize1 8 !real _s1 ,br+ x ov] ! ,helm ( ! ,retort ( ?is ,globe1 place 9 a prop] ,recipi5t or ,cry/all9e orb1 ,among ! elect ( ! ,fl[]s ( ,b5jam92 nev] to be saturat$ till ! ,g5]al ,resuscitation1 ,deflagration1 ,calc9ation1 & ,sublimation ( all ?+s4 99 99 99 99 99 ,a ,,new ,,/ove ,,climb]4 7,ipoma ?omsoniana47 ,! fir/ "t we saw fl[]s ( ?is beautiful new climb+ plant 7ab\t a ye> ago7 we ?\ght t x 0 a :ite-fl[]$ v>iety ( ! favorite old ,ipoma ,horsfalli1 z x s ne>ly resembles x4 ,x has1 h[ev]1 be5 prov$ to be a di/9ct new species1 & ,dr4 ,ma/]s has nam$ x 9 complim5t to ,mr4 ,?omson ( ,ed9burgh4 ,x diff]s f ,i4 ,horsfalli 9 hav+ ! leaflets 9 sets ( ?rees in/ead ( fives1 &1 moreov]1 !y are q entire4 ,! fl[]s1 too1 are q d\ble ! size ( ^? ( ,horsfalli1 b are produc$ 9 clu/]s 9 mu* ! same way2 !y are sn[-:ite4 ,?is ,ipoma is inde$ a welcome addition to ! li/ ( /ove-climb+ plants1 & w und\bt$ly become z popul> z ,i4 ,horsfalli1 :i* may be f\nd 9 almo/ e /ove4 ,x is ( easy culture & ( rapid gr[?1 & x is to be hop$ t x is z cont9u\s 9 fl[]+ z ,horsfalli4 ,x is among ! new plants ( ! ye> n[ be+ di/ribut$ by ,mr4 ,b4,s4 ,williams1 ( ! ,victoria ,nurs]ies1 ,upp] ,holl[ay4--,! ,g>d54 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,,new ,,/ove ,,climb]4 ,,ipom,a ,,?omsoniana4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,:eat4 ,isis 0 suppos$ to h introduc$ :eat into ,egypt1 ,demet] into ,greece1 & ! ,emp]or ,*9-,wong into ,*9a1 ab\t #cjjj ,b4,c4 ,9 ,europe x 0 cultivat$ be=e ! p]iod ( hi/ory1 z samples h be5 recov]$ f ! lacu/r9e dwell+s ( ,switz]l&4 ,! fir/ :eat rais$ 9 ! ,new ,_w 0 s[n by ! ,spani>ds on ! isl& ( ,isabella1 9 ,janu>y1 #adid1 & on ,m>* ! #cj? ! e>s 7 ga!r$4 ,! f\ndation ( ! :eat h>ve/ ( ,mexico is said to h be5 ?ree or f\r gra9s c>efully cultivat$ 9 #aecj1 & pres]v$ by a slave ( ,cortez4 ,! fir/ crop ( ,quito 0 rais$ by a ,franciscan monk 9 front ( ! conv5t4 ,g>cilasso de la ,vega affirms t 9 ,p]u1 up to #afeh1 :eat5 bread _h n be5 sold 9 ,cusco4 ,:eat 0 fir/ s[n by ,go%nold ,cuttyhunk1 on "o ( ! ,elizabe? ,isl&s 9 ,buzz>d's ,bay1 (f ,massa*usetts1 9 #afjb1 :5 he fir/ explor$ ! coa/4 ,9 #afjd1 on ! isl& ( ,/4 ,croix1 ne> ,calais1 ,me41 ! ,sieur de ,monts _h "s :eat s[n :i* fl\ri%$ f9ely4 ,9 #afaa ! fir/ :eat appe>s to h be5 s[n 9 ,virg9ia4 ,9 #afbf1 samples ( :eat gr[n 9 ! ,dut* ,colony at ,new ,ne!rl&s 7 %[n 9 ,holl&4 ,x is probable t :eat 0 s[n 9 ! ,plym\? ,colony prior to #afbi1 ?\gh we f9d no record ( x1 & 9 #afbi :eat 0 ord]$ f ,engl& to be us$ z se$4 ,9 #agah :eat 0 introduc$ into ! valley ( ! ,mississippi by ! ,we/]n ,company4 ,9 #agii x 0 among ! cultivat$ crops ( ! ,pimos ,indians ( ! ,gila ,riv]1 ,new ,mexico4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,det]m9ation ,,( ,,/>*4 ,accord+ to ,bunz5] & ,fries 7,zeits*rift fur das gesammte ,brauwes571 a ?ick1 sirupy />* pa/e prep>$ ) a boil+ "o p] c5t solution ( salicylic acid is only v sl[ly sac*>ifi$1 & on cool+ deposits cry/all9e plates ( />*4 ,= ! det]m9ation ( />* 9 b>ley ! f9ely-gr\nd sample is boil$ = ?ree-qu>t]s ( an h\r ) ab\t ?irty times its weight ( a "o p] c5t solution ( salicylic acid1 ! result+ colorless opalesc5t liquid filt]$ ) ! aid ( suction1 & ! />* !re9 inv]t$ by means ( hydro*loric acid4 ,! dextrose =m$ is e/imat$ by ,fehl+'s solution4 ,! results are "o to two p] c5t high] ?an :5 ! />* is br\ght into solution by wat] at #ace ,c4 99 99 99 99 99 ,a catalogue1 conta9+ brief notices ( _m important sci5tific pap]s h]et(ore publi%$ 9 ! ,,supplem5t1 may be _h gratis at ?is (fice4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,sci5tific ,,am]ican ,,supplem5t4 ,,publi%$ ,,weekly4 ,,t]ms ,,( ,,subscription1 #e ,a ,,ye>4 ,s5t by mail1 po/age prepaid1 to subscrib]s 9 any "p ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates or ,canada4 ,six doll>s a ye>1 s5t1 prepaid1 to any =eign c\ntry4 ,all ! back numb]s ( ,,! ,,supplem5t1 f ! comm5cem5t1 ,janu>y #a1 #ahgf1 c be _h4 ,price1 #aj c5ts ea*4 ,all ! back volumes ( ,,! ,,supplem5t c likewise be suppli$4 ,two volumes are issu$ ye>ly4 ,price ( ea* volume1 #b4ej1 /it*$ 9 pap]1 or #c4ej1 b\nd 9 /iff cov]s4 ,,comb9$ ,,rates--,"o copy ( ,,sci5tific ,,am]ican & "o copy ( ,,sci5tific ,,am]ican ,,supplem5t1 "o ye>1 po/paid1 #g4jj4 ,a lib]al disc\nt to booksell]s1 news ag5ts1 & canvass]s4 ,,munn ,,co41 ,,publi%]s1 #cfa ,,broadway1 ,,new ,,york1 ,n4 ,y4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,pat5ts4 ,9 connection ) ! ,,sci5tific ,,am]ican1 ,messrs4 ,,munn ,co4 are ,solicitors ( ,am]ican & ,=eign ,pat5ts1 h _h #ci ye>s' exp]i5ce1 & n[ h ! l>ge/ e/abli%m5t 9 ! _w4 ,pat5ts are obta9$ on ! be/ t]ms4 ,a special notice is made 9 ! ,,sci5tific ,,am]ican ( all ,inv5tions pat5t$ ?r\gh ?is ,ag5cy1 ) ! "n & resid5ce ( ! ,pat5tee4 ,by ! imm5se circulation ?us giv51 public att5tion is direct$ to ! m]its ( ! new pat5t1 & sales or introduction (t5 easily effect$4 ,any p]son :o has made a new discov]y or inv5tion c asc]ta91 free ( *>ge1 :e!r a pat5t c probably be obta9$1 by writ+ to ,,munn ,co4 ,we also s5d free our ,h& ,book ab\t ! ,pat5t ,laws1 ,pat5ts1 ,caveats4 ,trade ,m>ks1 _! co/s1 & h[ procur$4 ,address ,,munn ,,co41 #cfa ,,broadway1 ,,new ,,york4 ,bran* ,(fice1 cor4 ,f & #g? ,/s41 ,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c4