Anglo-Saxon Primer, With Grammar, Notes, and Glossary

Transcriber's note: In this e-text a-breve is represented by [)a], a-macron by [=a], c-dotted-over by [.c] and e-ogonek by [e,], etc. Aesc, eth and thorn have been expanded to ae, dh and th. in which these characters are displayed properly. See 34316-h.htm or 34316-h.zip: (https://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/34316/pg34316-images.html) or (https://www.gutenberg.org/files/34316/34316-h.zip) Page numbers enclosed by curly braces (example: {25}) have been incorporated to facilitate the use of the Notes to the Readings. AN ANGLO-SAXON PRIMER With Grammar, Notes, and Glossary by HENRY SWEET, M.A., PH.D., LL.D. Eighth Edition, Revised Oxford At the Clarendon Press 1905 Printed in England At the Oxford University Press {v} PREFACE TO FIRST EDITION. The want of an introduction to the study of Old-English has long been felt. Vernon's Anglo-Saxon Guide was an admirable book for its time, but has long been completely antiquated. I was therefore obliged to make my Anglo-Saxon Reader a somewhat unsatisfactory compromise between an elementary primer and a manual for advanced students, but I always looked forward to producing a strictly elementary book like the present one, which would enable me to give the larger one a more scientific character, and would at the same time serve as an introduction to it. Meanwhile, however, Professor Earle has brought out his Book for the beginner in Anglo-Saxon. But this work is quite unsuited to serve as an introduction to my Reader, and will be found to differ so totally in plan and execution from the present one as to preclude all idea of rivalry on my part. We work on lines which instead of clashing can only diverge more and more. My main principle has been to make the book the easiest possible introduction to the study of Old-English. Poetry has been excluded, and a selection made from the easiest prose pieces I could find. Old-English original prose is unfortunately limited in extent, and the most suitable pieces (such as the voyages of Ohthere and Wulfstan) are already given in the Reader; these I could not give over {vi} again. But I hope the short extracts from the Chronicle and the Martyrdom of King Edmund will be found not wanting in interest. For the rest of the selections I have had to fall back on scriptural extracts, which have the great advantages of simplicity and familiarity of subject. The Gospel extracts have been transferred here from the Reader, where they will be omitted in the next edition. The sentences which head the selections have been gathered mainly from the Gospels, Aelfric's Homilies, and the Chronicle. They are all of the simplest possible character, only those having been taken which would bear isolation from their context. They are intended to serve both as an introduction and as a supplement to the longer pieces. They are grouped roughly into paragraphs, according to the grammatical forms they illustrate. Thus the first paragraph consists mainly of examples of the nominative singular of nouns and adjectives, the second of accusative singulars, and so on. The spelling has been made rigorously uniform throughout on an early West-Saxon basis. Injurious as normalizing is to the advanced student, it is an absolute necessity for the beginner, who wants to have the definite results of scholarship laid before him, not the confused and fluctuating spellings which he cannot yet interpret intelligently. Even for purely scientific purposes we require a standard of comparison and classification, as in the arrangement of words in a dictionary, where we have to decide, for instance, whether to put the original of hear under _[=e], [=i]e, [=i] or [=y]_. The spelling I here adopt is, in fact, the one I should recommend for dictionary purposes. From early West-Saxon it is an easy step both to late W. S. and to the Mercian forms from which Modern English is derived. That I give Aelfric in a spelling slightly earlier than his date is no more {vii} unreasonable than it is for a classical scholar to print Ausonius (who doubtless spoke Latin with an almost Italian pronunciation) in the same spelling as Virgil. It is impossible to go into details, but in doubtful or optional cases I have preferred those forms which seemed most instructive to the student. Thus I have preferred keeping up the distinction between the indic. bundon and the subj. bunden, although the latter is often levelled under the former even in early MS. In the accentuation I have for the present retained the conventional quantities, which are really 'prehistoric' quantities, as I have shown elsewhere (Phil. Soc. Proc. 1880, 1881). It is no use trying to disguise the fact that Old English philology (owing mainly to its neglect in its native land) is still in an unsettled state. In the Grammar I have cut down the phonology to the narrowest limits, giving only what is necessary to enable the beginner to trace the connection of forms within the language itself. Derivation and syntax have been treated with the same fulness as the inflections. In my opinion, to give inflections without explaining their use is as absurd as it would be to teach the names of the different parts of a machine without explaining their use, and derivation is as much a fundamental element of a language as inflection. The grammar has been based throughout on the texts, from which all words and sentences given as examples have, as far as possible, been taken. This I consider absolutely essential in an elementary book. What is the use of a grammar which gives a number of forms and rules which the learner has no occasion to apply practically in his reading? Simply to cut down an ordinary grammar and prefix it to a selection of elementary texts, without any attempt to adapt them to one another, is a most unjustifiable proceeding. {viii} In the Glossary cognate and root words are given only when they occur in the texts, or else are easily recognizable by the ordinary English reader. All reference to cognate languages has been avoided. Of course, if the beginner knows German, the labour of learning Old English will be lightened for him by one half, but he does not require to have the analogies pointed out to him. The same applies to the relation between Old and Modern English. To trace the history of the sounds would be quite out of place in this book, and postulates a knowledge of the intermediate stages which the beginner cannot have. The Notes consist chiefly of references to the Grammar, and are intended mainly for those who study without a teacher. As a general rule, no such references are given where the passage itself is quoted in the Grammar. On the whole I do not think the book could be made much easier without defeating its object. Thus, instead of simply referring the student from st[e,]nt to standan, and thence to the Grammar, I might have saved him all this trouble by putting 'st[e,]nt, 3 sg. pres. of standan, stand,' but the result would be in many cases that he would not look at the Grammar at all--surely a most undesirable result. Although I have given everything that I believe to be necessary, every teacher may, of course, at his own discretion add such further illustrations, linguistic, historical, antiquarian, or otherwise, as he thinks likely to instruct or interest his pupils. My thanks are due to Professor Skeat, not only for constant advice and encouragement in planning and carrying out this work, but also for help in correcting the proofs. In conclusion I may be allowed to express a hope that this little book may prove useful not only to young beginners, but also to some of our Professors of and {ix} Examiners in the English language, most of whom are now beginning to see the importance of a sound elementary knowledge of 'Anglo-Saxon'--a knowledge which I believe this book to be capable of imparting, if studied diligently, and not hurriedly cast aside for a more ambitious one. HENRY SWEET. HEATH STREET, HAMPSTEAD, March 31, 1882. PREFACE TO THIRD EDITION. In the present edition I have put this book into what must be (for some time at least) its permanent form, making such additions and alterations as seemed necessary. If I had any opportunity of teaching the language, I should no doubt have been able to introduce many other improvements; as it is, I have had to rely mainly on the suggestions and corrections kindly sent to me by various teachers and students who have used this book, among whom my especial thanks are due to the Rev. W. F. Moulton, of Cambridge, and Mr. C. Stoffel, of Amsterdam. HENRY SWEET. LONDON, October 15, 1884. {x} CONTENTS. Page GRAMMAR 1 TEXTS 55 NOTES 91 GLOSSARY 97 {1} GRAMMAR. The oldest stage of English before the Norman Conquest is called 'Old English,' which name will be used throughout in this Book, although the name 'Anglo-Saxon' is still often used. There were several dialects of Old English. This book deals only with the West-Saxon dialect in its earliest form. SOUNDS. VOWELS. The vowel-letters in Old English had nearly the same values as in Latin. Long vowels were occasionally marked by ('), short vowels being left unmarked. In this book long vowels are marked by (-). The following are the elementary vowels and diphthongs, with examples, and key-words from English, French (F.), and German (G.):-- a as in mann (G.) nama (name). [=a] " father st[=a]n (stone). ae " man glaed (glad). [=ae] " d[=ae]d (deed)[1]. e " ete (F.) ic ete[2] (I eat). [=e] " see (G.) h[=e] (he). [e,] " men m[e,]nn (men). {2} i " fini (F.) cwic (alive). [=i] " sieh (G.) w[=i]n (wine). ie " fin ieldran (ancestors). [=i]e " h[=i]eran (hear). o " beau (F.) god (god). [=o] " so (G.) g[=o]d (good). u " sou (F.) sunu (son). [=u] " gut (G.) n[=u] (now). y " vec_u_ (F.) synn (sin). [=y] " gruen (G.) br[=y]d (bride). ea = ae + a eall (all). [=e]a = [=ae] + a [=e]ast (east). eo = e + o weorc (work). [=e]o = [=e] + o d[=e]op (deep). e and [e,] are both written e in the MSS. The diphthongs are pronounced with the stress on the first element. Those who find a difficulty in learning strange vowel-sounds may adopt the following approximate pronunciation:-- a as in ask (short) nama (n[)a]hm[)a]h). [=a] " father st[=a]n (stahn). ae " man glaed (glad). [=ae] " there [=ae]r (air). e, [e,] " men ete (etty), m[e,]nn (men). [=e] " they h[=e] (hay). i, ie " fin cwic (quick), ieldran (ildr[)a]hn). [=i], [=i]e " see w[=i]n (ween), h[=i]eran (heer[)a]hn). o " not god (god). [=o] " note g[=o]d (goad). u " full full (full). [=u] " fool n[=u] (noo). y " fin synn (zin). [=y] " see br[=y]d (breed). ea = [)e]-[)a]h eall ([)e]-[)a]hl). [=e]a = ai-[)a]h [=e]ast (ai-[)a]hst). {3} eo = [)e]-o weorc (w[)e]-ork). [=e]o = ai-o d[=e]op (dai-op). The pronunciation given in parentheses is the nearest that can be expressed in English letters as pronounced in Southern English. CONSONANTS. Double consonants must be pronounced double, or long, as in Italian. Thus sunu (son) must be distinguished from sunne (sun) in the same way as penny is distinguished from penknife. So also in (in) must be distinguished from inn (house); noting that in modern English final consonants in accented monosyllables after a short vowel are long, our in and inn both having the pronunciation of Old English inn, not of O.E. in. c and g had each a back (guttural) and a front (palatal) pron., which latter is in this book written [.c], [.g]. c = k, as in c[=e]ne (bold), cn[=a]wan (know). [.c] = kj, a k formed in the j (English y) position, nearly as in the old-fashioned pron. of sky: [.c]iri[.c]e (church), sty[.c][.c]e (piece), th[e,]n[.c]an (think). g initially and in the combination ng was pron. as in 'get': g[=o]d (good), lang (long); otherwise (that is, medially and finally after vowels and l, r) as in German sagen: dagas (days), burg (city), h[=a]lga (saint). [.g] initially and in the combination n[.g] was pronounced gj (corresponding to kj): [.g][=e] (ye), [.g]eorn (willing), spr[e,]n[.g]an (scatter); otherwise = j (as in 'you'): dae[.g] (day), wr[=e][.g]an (accuse), h[e,]r[.g]ian (ravage). It is possible that [.g] in [.g]e-boren (born) and other unaccented syllables was already pronounced j. [.c][.g] = [.g][.g]: s[e,][.c][.g]an (say), hry[.c][.g] (back). f had the sound of v everywhere where it was possible:--faran (go), of (of), ofer (over); not, of course, in oft (often), or when doubled, as in offrian (offer). {4} h initially, as in h[=e] (he), had the same sound as now. Everywhere else it had that of Scotch and German ch in loch:--h[=e]ah (high), Wealh (Welshman), riht (right). hw, as in hwaet (what), hw[=i]l (while), had the sound of our wh; and hl, hn, hr differed from l, n, r respectively precisely as wh differs from w, that is, they were these consonants devocalized, hl being nearly the same as Welsh ll:--hl[=a]ford (lord), hl[=u]d (loud); hnappian (doze), hnutu (nut); hrathe (quickly), hr[=e]od (reed). r was always a strong trill, as in Scotch:--r[=ae]ran (to raise), h[=e]r (here), word (word). s had the sound of z:--s[=e][.c]an (seek), sw[=a] (so), w[=i]s (wise), [=a].r[=i]san (rise); not, of course, in combination with hard consonants, as in st[=a]n (stone), faest (firm), r[=i][.c]sian (rule), or when double, as in cyssan (kiss). th had the sound of our th (= dh) in then:--th[=u] (thou), thing (thing), s[=o]th (true), h[=ae]then (heathen); except when in combination with hard consonants, where it had that of our th in thin, as in s[=e][.c]th (seeks). Note haefth (has) = haevdh. w was fully pronounced wherever written:--wr[=i]tan (write), n[=i]we (new), s[=e]ow (sowed pret.). STRESS. The stress or accent is marked throughout in this book, whenever it is not on the first syllable of a word, by (.) preceding the letter on which the stress begins. Thus for.[.g]iefan is pronounced with the same stress as that of forgive, andswaru with that of answer. * * * * * PHONOLOGY. VOWELS. Different vowels are related to one another in various ways in O.E., the most important of which are mutation (German umlaut) and gradation (G. ablaut). {5} The following changes are mutations:-- a .. [e,]:--mann, pl. m[e,]nn; wand (wound prt.), w[e,]ndan (to turn). ea (= a) .. ie (= [e,]):--eald (old), ieldra (older); feallan (fall), fielth (falls). [=a] .. [=ae]:--bl[=a]wan (to blow), bl[=ae]wth (bloweth); h[=a]l (sound), h[=ae]lan (heal). u .. y:--burg (city), pl. byri[.g]; trum (strong), trymman (to strengthen). o .. y:--gold, gylden (golden); coss (a kiss), cyssan (to kiss). e .. i:--beran (to bear), bireth (beareth); cwethan (speak), cwide (speech). eo (= e) .. ie (= i):--heord (herd), hierde (shepherd); [.c]eorfan (cut), [.c]ierfth (cuts). u .. o:--curon (they chose), [.g]e.coren (chosen). [=u] .. [=y]:--c[=u]th (known), c[=y]than (to make known); f[=u]l (foul), [=a].f[=y]lan (defile). [=o] .. [=e]:--s[=o]hte (sought prt.), s[=e][.c]an (to seek); f[=o]da (food), f[=e]dan (to feed). [=e]a .. [=i]e:--h[=e]awan (to hew), h[=i]ewth (hews); t[=e]am (progeny), t[=i]eman (teem). [=e]o .. [=i]e:--st[=e]or (rudder), st[=i]eran (steer); [.g]e.str[=e]on (possession), [.g]es.tr[=i]enan (gain). Before proceeding to gradation, it will be desirable to describe the other most important vowel-relations. a, ae, ea. In O.E. original a is preserved before nasals, as in mann, lang, nama (name), and before a single consonant followed by a, u, or o, as in dagas (days), dagum (to days), faran (go), gafol (profit), and in some words when e follows, as in ic fare (I go), faren (gone). Before r, l, h followed by another consonant, and before x it becomes ea, as in heard (hard), eall (all), eald (old), eahta (eight), weaxan (to grow). Not in baerst (p. 7). In most other cases it becomes ae:--dae[.g], (day), dae[.g]es (of a day), faest (firm), waer (wary). {6} e before nasals always becomes i: compare bindan (to bind), pret. band, with beran (to bear), pret. baer. e before r (generally followed by a consonant) becomes eo:--eorthe (earth), heorte (heart). Not in berstan (p. 7). Also in other cases:--seolfor (silver), heofon (heaven). i before r + cons. becomes ie:--bierth (beareth) contr. from _bireth, hierde_ (shepherd) from heord (herd), wiersa (worse). [e,] before r, or l + cons. often becomes ie:--fierd (army) from faran, bieldo (boldness) from beald, ieldra (elder) from eald. By gradation the vowels are related as follows:-- e (i, eo) .. a (ae, ea) .. u (o):-- bindan (inf.), band (pret.), bundon (they bound). beran (inf.), baer (pret.), boren (past partic.). [.c]eorfan (cut), [.c]earf (pret.), curfon (they cut), corfen (past partic.). b[e,]nd (bond) = mutation of band, byr-then (burden) of bor-en. a (ae, ea) .. [=ae]:--spraec (spoke), spr[=ae]con (they spoke), spr[=ae][.c] (speech). a .. [=o]:--faran (to go), f[=o]r (pret.), f[=o]r (journey). [.g]e.f[=e]ra (companion) mutation of f[=o]r. [=i] .. [=a] .. i:--wr[=i]tan, wr[=a]t, writon, [.g]e.writ (writing, subst.). (be).l[=i]fan (remain), l[=a]f (remains), whence by mutation l[=ae]fan (leave). [=e]o ([=u]) .. [=e]a .. u (o):--[.c][=e]osan (choose), _[.c][=e]as, curon, coren_. cys-t (choice). (for).l[=e]osan (lose), l[=e]as (loose), [=a].l[=i]esan (release), losian (to be lost). b[=u]gan (bend), boga (bow). We see that the laws of gradation are most clearly shown in the conjugation of the strong verbs. But they run through the whole language, and a knowledge of the laws of gradation and mutation is the main key to O.E. etymology. It is often necessary to supply intermediate stages in connecting two words. Thus l[e,][.c][.g]an (lay) cannot be directly referred to li[.c][.g]an (lie), but only to a form *lag-, preserved in the preterite lae[.g]. So also bl[e,]ndan (to blind) can be referred only indirectly to the adjective blind through an intermediate *bland-. Again, the root-vowel of byrthen {7} (burden) cannot be explained by the infinitive beran (bear), but only by the past participle [.g]e.boren. In the same way hryre (fall sb.) must be referred, not to the infinitive hr[=e]osan, but to the preterite plural hruron. The vowel-changes in the preterites of verbs of the 'fall'-conjugation (1) feallan, f[=e]oll, &c., are due not to gradation, but to other causes. CONSONANTS. s becomes r in the preterite plurals and past participles of strong verbs, as in curon, [.g]e.coren from [.c][=e]osan, w[=ae]ron pl. of waes (was), and in other formations, such as hryre (fall) from hr[=e]osan. th becomes d under the same conditions, as in wurdon, [.g]e.worden from weorthan (become), cwaeth (quoth), pl. cw[=ae]don, cwide (speech) from cwethan (infin.). r is often transposed, as in iernan (run) from original *rinnan (cp. the subst. ryne), berstan (burst) from *brestan, baerst (burst pret.) from braest, hors (horse) from *hross. The combinations cae-, gae- become [.c]ea-, [.g]ea-, as in [.c]eaf (chaff) from *caef, s[.c]eal (shall) from *scael, [.g]eaf (gave) = *gaef from [.g]iefan (cp. cwaeth from cwethan), [.g]eat (gate)--cp. faet (vessel). g[=ae]- often becomes [.g][=e]a-, as in [.g][=e]afon (they gave), with which compare cw[=ae]don (they said). ge- becomes [.g]ie, as in [.g]iefan, [.g]ieldan (pay) from *gefan, *geldan--cp. cwethan, delfan. Not in the prefix [.g]e- and [.g][=e] (ye). When g comes before a consonant in inflection, it often becomes h, as in h[=e] l[=i]ehth (he lies) from l[=e]ogan (mentiri). h after a consonant is dropt when a vowel follows, the preceding vowel being lengthened, thus Wealh (Welshman) has plural W[=e]alas. * * * * * INFLECTIONS. NOUNS. Gender. There are three genders in O.E.--masculine, neuter, and feminine. The gender is partly natural, partly {8} grammatical. By the natural gender names of male beings, such as se mann (the man), are masculine; of female beings, such as s[=e]o dohtor (the daughter), are feminine; and of young creatures, such as thaet [.c]ild (the child), neuter. Note, however, that thaet w[=i]f (woman) is neuter. Grammatical gender is known only by the gender of the article and other words connected with the noun, and, to some extent, by its form. Thus all nouns ending in -a, such as se m[=o]na (moon), are masculine, _s[=e]o sunne_ (sun) being feminine. Those ending in -d[=o]m, -h[=a]d, and -s[.c]ipe are also masculine:--se w[=i]sd[=o]m (wisdom), _se [.c]ildh[=a]d_ (childhood), se fr[=e]onds[.c]ipe (friendship). Those in -nes, -o (from adjectives) -r[=ae]den, and -ung are feminine:--s[=e]o rihtw[=i]snes (righteousness), s[=e]o bieldo (boldness) from beald, s[=e]o mann-r[=ae]den (allegiance), _s[=e]o scotung_ (shooting). Compounds follow the gender of their last element, as in _thaet burg-[.g]eat_ (city-gate), from s[=e]o burg and thaet [.g]eat. Hence also se w[=i]f-mann (woman) is masculine. The gender of most words can be learnt only by practice, and the student should learn each noun with its proper definite article. Strong and Weak. Weak nouns are those which form their inflections with n, such as se m[=o]na, plural m[=o]nan; s[=e]o sunne, genitive sing. th[=ae]re sunnan. All the others, such as se dae[.g], pl. dagas, thaet h[=u]s (house), gen. sing. thaes h[=u]ses, are strong. Cases. There are four cases, nominative, accusative, dative, and genitive. The acc. is the same as the nom. in all plurals, in the sing. of all neuter nouns, and of all strong masculines. Masculine and neuter nouns never differ in the plural except in the nom. and acc., and in the singular they differ only in the acc. of weak nouns, which in neuters is the same as the nom. The dative plural of nearly all nouns ends in -um. {9} STRONG MASCULINES. (1) as-plurals. SINGULAR. PLURAL. Nom[3]. st[=a]n (stone). Nom. st[=a]n-as. Dat. st[=a]n-e. Dat. st[=a]n-um. Gen. st[=a]n-es. Gen. st[=a]n-a. So also d[=ae]l (part), cyning (king), [.c]ildh[=a]d (childhood). dae[.g] (day) changes its vowel in the pl. (p. 5):--dae[.g], dae[.g]e, dae[.g]es; dagas, dagum, daga. Nouns in -e have nom. and dat. sing. the same:--[e,]nde, (end), [e,]nde, [e,]ndes; [e,]ndas, [e,]ndum, [e,]nda. Nouns in -el, -ol, -um, -en, -on, -er, -or often contract:--[e,]n[.g]el (angel), [e,]n[.g]le, [e,]n[.g]les; [e,]n[.g]las, [e,]n[.g]lum, [e,]n[.g]la. So also nae[.g]el (nail), the[.g]en (thane), ealdor (prince). Others, such as aecer (field), do not contract. h after a consonant is dropped in inflection (p. 7), as in feorh (life), f[=e]ore, f[=e]ores. So also in Wealh (Welshman), plur. W[=e]alas. There are other classes which are represented only by a few nouns each. (2) e-plurals. A few nouns which occur only in the plur.:--l[=e]ode (people), l[=e]odum, l[=e]oda. So also several names of nations:--[E,]n[.g]le (English), D[e,]ne (Danes); Seaxe (Saxons), Mier[.c]e (Mercians), have gen. plur. Seaxna, Mier[.c]na. (3) Mutation-plurals. SINGULAR. PLURAL. Nom. f[=o]t (foot). Nom. f[=e]t. Dat. f[=e]t. Dat. f[=o]t-um. Gen. f[=o]t-es. Gen. f[=o]t-a. So also t[=o]th (tooth). Mann (man), m[e,]nn, mannes; m[e,]nn, mannum, manna. {10} (4) u-nouns. SINGULAR. PLURAL. Nom. sun-u (son). Nom. sun-a. Dat. sun-a. Dat. sun-um. Gen. sun-a. Gen. sun-a. So also wudu (wood). (5) r-nouns (including feminines). SINGULAR. PLURAL. Nom. m[=o]dor (mother). Nom. m[=o]dor. Dat. m[=e]der. Dat. m[=o]dr-um. Gen. m[=o]dor. Gen. m[=o]dr-a. So also br[=o]thor (brother); faeder (father), dohtor (daughter), have dat. sing. faeder, dehter. (6) nd-nouns. Formed from the present participle of verbs. SINGULAR. PLURAL. Nom. fr[=e]ond (friend). Nom. fr[=i]end. Dat. fr[=i]end. Dat. fr[=e]ond-um. Gen. fr[=e]ond-es. Gen. fr[=e]ond-a. So also f[=e]ond (enemy). Those in -end inflect thus:--b[=u]end (dweller), b[=u]end, b[=u]endes; b[=u]end, b[=u]endum, b[=u]endra. So also H[=ae]lend (saviour). The -ra is an adjectival inflection. STRONG NEUTERS. (1) u-plurals. SINGULAR. PLURAL. Nom. s[.c]ip (ship). Nom. s[.c]ip-u. Dat. s[.c]ip-e. Dat. s[.c]ip-um. Gen. s[.c]ip-es. Gen. s[.c]ip-a. So all neuters with short final syllable, such as [.g]e.bed (prayer), [.g]e.writ (writing), [.g]eat (gate). {11} Faet (vessel), faete, faetes; fatu, fatum, fata (p. 5). R[=i][.c]e (kingdom), r[=i][.c]e, r[=i][.c]es; r[=i][.c]u, r[=i][.c]um, r[=i][.c]a. So also all neuters in e, except [=e]age and [=e]are (p. 13): [.g]e.th[=e]ode (language), sty[.c][.c]e (piece). Those in -ol, -en, -or, &c. are generally contracted:--d[=e]ofol (devil), d[=e]ofles, d[=e]oflu. So also w[=ae]pen (weapon), mynster (monastery), wundor (wonder). (2) Unchanged plurals. SINGULAR. PLURAL. Nom. h[=u]s (house). Nom. h[=u]s. Dat. h[=u]s-e. Dat. h[=u]s-um. Gen. h[=u]s-es. Gen. h[=u]s-a. So all others with long final syllables (that is, containing a long vowel, or a short vowel followed by more than one consonant), such as bearn (child), folc (nation), w[=i]f (woman). Feoh (money) drops its h in inflection and lengthens the eo:--feoh, f[=e]o, f[=e]os. So also bleoh (colour). STRONG FEMININES. (1) a-plurals. SINGULAR. PLURAL. (a) Nom. [.g]ief-u (gift). Nom. [.g]ief-a. Acc. [.g]ief-e. Acc. [.g]ief-a. Dat. [.g]ief-e. Dat. [.g]ief-um. Gen. [.g]ief-e. Gen. [.g]ief-ena. So also lufu (love), scamu (shame). Duru (door) is an u-noun: it has acc. duru, d., g. dura, g. pl. dura. Observe that all these nouns have a short syllable before the final vowel. When it is long, the u is dropped, and the noun falls under (b). {12} SINGULAR. PLURAL. (b) Nom. spr[=ae][.c] (speech). Nom. spr[=ae][.c]-a. Acc. spr[=ae][.c]-e. Acc. spr[=ae][.c]-a. Dat. spr[=ae][.c]-e. Dat. spr[=ae][.c]-um. Gen. spr[=ae][.c]-e. Gen. spr[=ae][.c]-a. So also str[=ae]t (street), sorg (sorrow). Some have the acc. sing. the same as the nom., such as d[=ae]d, hand, miht. Those in -ol, -er, -or, &c. contract:--s[=a]wol (soul), s[=a]wle, s[=a]wla, s[=a]wlum. So also [.c]easter (city), hl[=ae]dder (ladder). Some in -en double the n in inflection:--byrthen (burden), byrthenne. So also those in -r[=ae]den, such as hierdr[=ae]den (guardianship). Those in -nes also double the s in inflection: g[=o]dnes (goodness), g[=o]dnesse. (2) Mutation-plurals. SINGULAR. PLURAL. Nom. b[=o]c (book). Nom. b[=e][.c]. Dat. b[=e][.c]. Dat. b[=o]c-um. Gen. b[=e][.c]. Gen. b[=o]c-a. Burg (city), byri[.g], burge; byri[.g], burgum, burga. (3) Indeclinable. SINGULAR. Nom. bieldo (boldness). Dat. bieldo. Gen. bieldo. So also ieldo (age). For r-nouns, see under Masculines. WEAK MASCULINES. SINGULAR. PLURAL. Nom. nam-a (name). Nom. nam-an. Acc. nam-an. Acc. nam-an. Dat. nam-an. Dat. nam-um. Gen. nam-an. Gen. nam-ena. {13} So also all nouns in -a:--[.g]e.f[=e]ra (companion), guma (man), [.g]e.l[=e]afa (belief). Ieldran (elders) occurs only in the plural. [.G]e.f[=e]a (joy) is contracted throughout:--[.g]ef[=e]a, [.g]ef[=e]an. WEAK NEUTERS. SINGULAR. PLURAL. Nom. [=e]ag-e (eye). Nom. [=e]ag-an. Acc. [=e]ag-e. Acc. [=e]ag-an. Dat. [=e]ag-an. Dat. [=e]ag-um. Gen. [=e]ag-an. Gen. [=e]ag-ena. So also [=e]are 'ear.' WEAK FEMININES. SINGULAR. PLURAL. Nom. sunn-e (sun). Nom. sunn-an. Acc. sunn-an. Acc. sunn-an. Dat. sunn-an. Dat. sunn-um. Gen. sunn-an. Gen. sunn-ena. So also [.c]iri[.c]e (church), f[=ae]mne (virgin), heorte (heart). L[=e]o (lion) has acc., &c. l[=e]on. PROPER NAMES. Native names of persons are declined like other nouns:--Aelfred, gen. Aelfredes, dat. Aelfrede; [=E]ad-burg (fem.), gen. [=E]adburge, &c. Foreign names of persons sometimes follow the analogy of native names, thus Cr[=i]st, Salomon have gen. Cr[=i]stes, Salomones, dat. Cr[=i]ste, Salomone. Sometimes they are declined as in Latin, especially those in -us, but often with a mixture of English endings, and the Latin endings are used {14} somewhat loosely, the accus. ending being often extended to the other oblique cases; thus we find nom. C[=y]rus, gen. C[=y]res, acc. C[=y]rum, dat. C[=y]rum (th[=ae]m cyninge C[=y]rum). Almost the only names of countries and districts in Old English are those taken from Latin, such as Breten (Britain), C[e,]nt (Kent), [.G]erm[=a]nia (Germany), and those formed by composition, generally with land, such as [E,]n[.g]la-land (land of the English, England), Isr.ah[=e]la-th[=e]od (Israel). In both of these cases the first element is in the gen. pl., but ordinary compounds, such as Scot-land, also occur. In other cases the name of the inhabitants of a country is used for the country itself:--on [=E]ast-[e,]n[.g]lum = in East-anglia, lit. 'among the East-anglians.' So also on Angel-cynne = in England, lit. 'among the English race,' more accurately expressed by Angelcynnes land. Uncompounded names of countries are sometimes undeclined. Thus we find _on C[e,]nt_, t[=o] Hierusal[=e]m. [.G]erm[=a]nia, Asia, and other foreign names in -a take -e in the oblique cases, thus gen. [.G]erm[=a]nie. * * * * * ADJECTIVES. Adjectives have three genders, and the same cases as nouns, though with partly different endings, together with strong and weak inflection. In the masc. and neut. sing. they have an instrumental case, for which in the fem. and plur., and in the weak inflection the dative is used. STRONG ADJECTIVES. Adjectives with a short syllable before the endings take -u in the fem. sing. nom. and neut. pl. nom., those with a long one drop it. {15} SINGULAR. Masc. Neut. Fem. (a) Nom. cwic (alive), cwic, cwic-u. Acc. cwic-ne, cwic, cwic-e. Dat. cwic-um, cwic-um, cwic-re. Gen. cwic-es, cwic-es, cwic-re. Instr. cwic-e, cwic-e. (cwicre). PLURAL. Nom. cwic-e, cwic-u, cwic-e. \____________________ ______________/ \/ Dat. cwic-um. Gen. cwic-ra. So also sum (some), f[=ae]rlic (dangerous). Those with ae, such as glaed (glad), change it to a in dat. gladum, &c. Those in -e, such as bl[=i]the (glad), drop it in all inflections:--bl[=i]thne, bl[=i]thu, bl[=i]thre. Those in -ig, -el, -ol, -en, -er, -or often contract before inflections beginning with a vowel, as in h[=a]li[.g] (holy), h[=a]lges, h[=a]lgum; mi[.c]el (great), mi[.c]lu, mi[.c]le. Not, of course, before consonants:--h[=a]li[.g]ne, mi[.c]elne, mi[.c]elra. Those in -u, such as [.g]earu (ready), change the u into a w before vowels:--[.g]earwes, [.g]earwe. Adjectives with long syllable before the endings drop the u of the fem. and neuter:-- Masc. Neut. Fem. (b) Nom. Sing. g[=o]d (good), g[=o]d, g[=o]d. Plur. g[=o]de, g[=o]d, g[=o]de. F[=e]a (few) has only the plural inflections, dat. f[=e]am, gen. f[=e]ara. H[=e]ah (high) drops its second h in inflection and contracts:--h[=e]are, nom. pl. h[=e]a, dat. h[=e]am, acc. sing. masc. h[=e]anne. Fela (many) is indeclinable. {16} WEAK ADJECTIVES. The weak inflections of adjectives agree exactly with the noun ones:- SINGULAR. Masc. Neut. Fem. Nom. g[=o]d-a, g[=o]d-e, g[=o]d-e. Acc. g[=o]d-an, g[=o]d-e, g[=o]d-an. Dat. g[=o]d-an, g[=o]d-an, g[=o]d-an. Gen. g[=o]d-an, g[=o]d-an, g[=o]d-an. \________________ __________________/ \/ PLURAL. Nom. g[=o]d-an. Dat. g[=o]d-um. Gen. g[=o]d-ra. The vowel- and consonant-changes are as in the strong declension. COMPARISON. The comparative is formed by adding -ra, and is declined like a weak adjective:--l[=e]of (dear), l[=e]ofra masc., l[=e]ofre fem., l[=e]ofran plur., etc.; m[=ae]re (famous), m[=ae]rra. The superlative is formed by adding -ost, and may be either weak or strong:--l[=e]ofost (dearest). The following form their comparisons with mutation, with superlative in -est (the forms in parentheses are adverbs):-- eald (old), ieldra, ieldest. lang (long), l[e,]n[.g]ra, l[e,]n[.g]est. n[=e]ah (near), (n[=e]ar), n[=i]ehst. h[=e]ah (high), h[=i]erra, h[=i]ehst. The following show different roots:-- g[=o]d (good), b[e,]tera, b[e,]tst. yfel (evil), wiersa, wierrest. mi[.c]el (great), m[=a]ra (m[=a]), m[=ae]st. l[=y]tel (little), l[=ae]ssa (l[=ae]s), l[=ae]st. {17} The following are defective as well as irregular, being formed from adverbs:-- [=ae]r (formerly), [=ae]rra ([=ae]ror), [=ae]rest. fore (before), . . . forma, fyrmest. [=u]t (out), [=y]terra, [=y]temest. NUMERALS. CARDINAL. ORDINAL. [=a]n, one. forma (first). tw[=a], two. [=o]ther. thr[=e]o, three. thridda. f[=e]ower, four. f[=e]ortha. f[=i]f, five. f[=i]f-ta. siex, six. siex-ta. seofon, seven. seofotha. eahta, eight. eahtotha. nigon, nine. nigotha. t[=i]en, ten. t[=e]otha. [e,]ndlufon, eleven. [e,]ndlyf-ta. tw[e,]lf, twelve. tw[=e,]lf-ta. thr[=e]o-t[=i]ene, thirteen. thr[=e]o-t[=e]otha. f[=e]ower-t[=i]ene, fourteen. f[=i]f-t[=i]ene, fifteen. siex-t[=i]ene, sixteen. seofon-t[=i]ene, seventeen. eahta-t[=i]ene, eighteen. nigon-t[=i]ene, nineteen. tw[e,]n-ti[.g], twenty. thri-ti[.g], thirty. f[=e]ower-ti[.g], forty. f[=i]f-ti[.g], fifty. siex-ti[.g], sixty. {18} hund-.seofon-ti[.g], seventy. hund-.eahta-ti[.g], eighty. hund-.nigon-ti[.g], ninety. hund } hundred. hund-.t[=e]onti[.g], } hund-.[e,]ndlufonti[.g], hundred and ten. hund-.tw[e,]lfti[.g], hundred and twenty. th[=u]send, thousand. [=A]n is declined like other adjectives. Tw[=a] is declined thus:-- Masc. Neut. Fem. Nom. tw[=e][.g]en, tw[=a], tw[=a]. \__________________ ___________________/ \/ Dat. tw[=ae]m. Gen. tw[=e][.g]ra. So also b[=e][.g]en (both), b[=a], b[=ae]m, b[=e][.g]ra. Thr[=e]o is declined thus:-- Masc. Neut. Fem. Nom. thr[=i]e, thr[=e]o, thr[=e]o. \_____________ _______________/ \/ Dat. thrim. Gen. thr[=e]ora. The others up to tw[e,]nti[.g] are generally indeclinable. Those in -ti[.g] are sometimes declined like neuter nouns, sometimes like adjectives, and are often left undeclined. When not made into adjectives they govern the genitive. Hund and th[=u]send are either declined as neuters or left undeclined, always taking a genitive:--eahta hund m[=i]la (eight hundred miles), f[=e]ower th[=u]send wera (four thousand men). Units are always put before tens:--[=a]n and tw[e,]nti[.g] (twenty-one). {19} The ordinals are always weak, except [=o]ther, which is always strong. * * * * * PRONOUNS. PERSONAL. SINGULAR. Nom. i[.c] (I), th[=u] (thou). Acc. m[=e], th[=e]. Dat. m[=e], th[=e]. Gen. m[=i]n, th[=i]n. DUAL. Nom. wit (we two), [.g]it (ye two). Acc. unc, inc. Dat. unc, inc. Gen. uncer, incer. PLURAL. Nom. w[=e] (we), [.g][=e] (ye). Acc. [=u]s, [=e]ow. Dat. [=u]s, [=e]ow. Gen. [=u]re, [=e]ower. SINGULAR. Masc. Neut. Fem. Nom. h[=e] (he), hit (it), h[=e]o (she). Acc. hine, hit, h[=i]e. Dat. him, him, hiere. Gen. his, his, hiere. \_________________ _________________/ \/ PLURAL. Nom. h[=i]e (they). Dat. him. Gen. hiera. There are no reflexive pronouns in O.E., and the ordinary {20} personal pronouns are used instead:--h[=i]e [.g]e.samnodon h[=i]e (they collected themselves, assembled); h[=i]e [=a].b[=ae]don him w[=i]f (they asked for wives for themselves). Self is used as an emphatic reflexive adjective agreeing with its pronoun:--sw[=a] sw[=a] h[=i]e w[=y]s[.c]ton him selfum (as they wished for themselves). POSSESSIVE. M[=i]n (my), th[=i]n (thy), [=u]re (our), [=e]ower (your), and the dual uncer and incer are declined like other adjectives. The genitives his (his, its), hiere (her), hiera (their) are used as indeclinable possessives. INTERROGATIVE. Masc. and Fem. Neut. Nom. hw[=a] (who), hwaet (what). Acc. hwone, hwaet. Dat. hw[=ae]m, hw[=ae]m. Gen. hwaes, hwaes. Instr. hw[=y], hw[=y]. Hwelc (which) is declined like a strong adjective: it is used both as a noun and an adjective. DEMONSTRATIVE. SINGULAR. Masc. Neut. Fem. Nom. se (that, the), thaet, s[=e]o. Acc. thone, thaet, th[=a]. Dat. th[=ae]m, th[=ae]m, th[=ae]re. Gen. thaes, thaes, th[=ae]re. Instr. th[=y], thon, th[=y], (th[=ae]re). \_______________________ __________________/ \/ PLURAL. Nom. th[=a]. Dat. th[=ae]m. Gen. th[=a]ra. {21} Se is both a demonstrative and a definite article. It is also used as a personal pronoun:--_h[=e] [.g]e.h[=i]erth m[=i]n word, and wyr[.c]th th[=a]_ (he hears my words, and does them). S[=e] as a demonstrative and pers. pronoun has its vowel long. SINGULAR. Masc. Neut. Fem. Nom. thes (this), this, th[=e]os. Acc. thisne, this, th[=a]s. Dat. thissum, thissum, thisse. Gen. thisses, thisses, thisse. Instr. th[=y]s, th[=y]s. (thisse). \__________________ ______________/ \/ PLURAL. Nom. th[=a]s. Dat. thissum. Gen. thissa. Other demonstratives, which are used both as nouns and as adjectives, are se ilca (same), which is always weak, swelc (such), which is always strong. RELATIVE. The regular relative is the indeclinable the, as in _[=ae]lc th[=a]ra the th[=a]s m[=i]n word [.g]e.h[=i]erth_ (each of those who hears these my words). It is often combined with s[=e], which is declined:--s[=e] the = who, masc., s[=e]o the, fem., &c. S[=e] alone is also used as a relative:--h[=e]r is m[=i]n cnapa, thone ic [.g]e.[.c][=e]as (here is my servant, whom I have chosen); sometimes in the sense of 'he who':--_h[=e]r th[=u] haefst thaet th[=i]n is_ (here thou hast that which is thine). INDEFINITE. Indefinites are formed with sw[=a] and the interrogative pronouns, thus:--sw[=a] hw[=a] sw[=a], sw[=a] hwel[.c] sw[=a] (whoever), _sw[=a] hwaet sw[=a]_ (whatever). {22} [=A]n and sum (some) are used in an indefinite sense:--[=a]n mann, sum mann = 'a certain man,' hence 'a man.' But the indefinite article is generally not expressed. [=Ae]l[.c] (each), [=ae]ni[.g] (any), n[=ae]ni[.g] (no, none), are declined like other adjectives. [=O]ther (other) is always strong:--th[=a] [=o]thre m[e,]nn. Man, another form of mann, is often used in the indefinite sense of 'one,' French on:--his br[=o]thor Horsan man of.sl[=o]g (they killed his brother Horsa). * * * * * VERBS. There are two classes of verbs in O.E., strong and weak. The conjugation of strong verbs is effected mainly by means of vowel-gradation, that of weak verbs by the addition of d (-ode, -ede, -de) to the root-syllable. The following is the conjugation of the strong verb bindan (bind), which will serve to show the endings which are common to all verbs:-- INDICATIVE. SUBJUNCTIVE. Pres. sing. 1. bind-e, bind-e. 2. bind-est, bintst, bind-e. 3. bind-eth, bint, bind-e. plur. bind-ath, bind-en. Pret. sing. 1. band, bund-e. 2. bund-e, bund-e. 3. band, bund-e. plur. bund-on, bund-en. Imper. sing. bind; plur. bind-ath. Infin. bind-an. Partic. pres. bind-ende; pret. [.g]e-.bund-en. Gerund. t[=o] bind-enne. For the plural bindath, both indicative and imperative, binde is used when the personal pronoun follows immediately after {23} the verb:--_w[=e] bindath_ (we bind), but binde w[=e] (let us bind); so also g[=a]th! (go plur.), but g[=a] [.g][=e]! (go ye). The present participle may be declined like an adjective. Its declension when used as a noun is given above, p. 10. The past participle generally prefixes [.g]e-, as in [.g]e.bunden, [.g]e.numen from niman (take), unless the other parts of the verbs have it already, as in [.g]e.h[=i]eran (hear), [.g]e.h[=i]ered. It is sometimes prefixed to other parts of the verb as well. No [.g]e is added if the verb has another prefix, such as [=a]-, be-, for-; thus for.[.g]iefan (forgive) has the past participle for.[.g]iefen. The past participle may be declined like an adjective. Traces of an older passive voice are preserved in the form h[=a]t-te from h[=a]tan (call, name), which is both present 'is called,' and preterite 'was called':--se munuc h[=a]tte Abbo (the monk's name was Abbo). STRONG VERBS. In the strong verbs the plural of the pret. indic. generally has a different vowel from that of the sing. (ic band, w[=e] bundon). The 2nd sing. pret. indic. and the whole pret. subj. always have the vowel of the preterite plural indicative (th[=u] bunde, ic bunde, w[=e] bunden.) The 2nd and 3rd persons sing. of the pres. indic. often mutate the root-vowel, thus:-- a becomes [e,] as in (h[=e]) st[e,]nt from standan (stand). ea " ie " fielth " feallan (fall). e " i " cwithth " cwethan (say). eo " ie " wierth " weorthan (happen). [=a] " [=ae] " h[=ae]tt " h[=a]tan (command). [=o] " [=e] " gr[=e]wth " gr[=o]wan (grow). [=e]a " [=i]e " h[=i]ewth " h[=e]awan (hew). [=e]o " [=i]e " [.c][=i]est " [.c][=e]osan (choose). [=u] " [=y] " l[=y]cth " l[=u]can (close). {24} The full ending of the 3rd pers. sing. pres. indic. is -eth, which is generally contracted, with the following consonant-changes:-- -teth becomes -tt as in l[=ae]tt from l[=ae]tan (let). -deth " -tt " b[=i]tt " b[=i]dan (wait). -ddeth " -tt " bitt " biddan (pray). -theth " -thth " cwithth " cwethan (say). -seth " -st " [.c][=i]est " [.c][=e]osan (choose). -ndeth " -nt " bint " bindan (bind). Double consonants become single, as in h[=e] fielth from feallan. Before the -st of the 2nd pers. consonants are often dropt, as in _th[=u] cwist_ from cwethan, th[=u] [.c][=i]est from [.c][=e]osan; and d becomes t, as in th[=u] bintst from bindan. For the changes between s and r, th and d, g and h, see p. 7. Some verbs, such as s[=e]on (see), drop the h and contract before most inflections beginning with a vowel:--ic s[=e]o, w[=e] s[=e]oth, _t[=o] s[=e]onne_; but h[=e] sihth. There are seven conjugations of strong verbs, distinguished mainly by the different formation of their preterites. The following lists comprise all the strong verbs that occur in the texts given in this book, together with several others of the commoner ones. I. 'Fall'-conjugation. The pret. sing. and pl. has [=e]o or [=e], and the past partic. retains the original vowel of the infinitive. {25} (a) [=e]o-preterites. ea:-- INFINITIVE. THIRD PRES. PRET. SING. PRET. PL. PTC. PRET. feallan (fall) fielth f[=e]oll f[=e]ollon feallen healdan (hold) hielt h[=e]old h[=e]oldon healden wealdan (wield) wielt w[=e]old w[=e]oldon wealden weaxan (grow) wiext w[=e]ox w[=e]oxon weaxen [=a]:-- bl[=a]wan (blow) bl[=ae]wth bl[=e]ow bl[=e]owon bl[=a]wen cn[=a]wan (know) cn[=ae]wth cn[=e]ow cn[=e]owon cn[=a]wen s[=a]wan (sow) s[=ae]wth s[=e]ow s[=e]owon s[=a]wen [=e]:-- w[=e]pan (weep) w[=e]pth w[=e]op w[=e]opon w[=o]pen W[=e]pan has really a weak present (p. 30) with mutation (the original [=o] re-appearing in the past partic.), but it makes no difference in the inflection. [=o]:-- fl[=o]wan (flow) fl[=e]wth fl[=e]ow fl[=e]owon fl[=o]wen gr[=o]wan (grow) gr[=e]wth gr[=e]ow gr[=e]owon gr[=o]wen r[=o]wan (row) r[=e]wth r[=e]ow r[=e]owon r[=o]wen [=e]a:-- b[=e]atan (beat) b[=i]ett b[=e]ot b[=e]oton b[=e]aten h[=e]awan (hew) h[=i]ewth h[=e]ow h[=e]owon h[=e]awen hl[=e]apan (leap) hl[=i]epth hl[=e]op hl[=e]opon hl[=e]apen (b) [=e]-preterites. [=a]:-- h[=a]tan (command) h[=ae]tt h[=e]t h[=e]ton h[=a]ten [=ae]:-- l[=ae]tan (let) l[=ae]tt l[=e]t l[=e]ton l[=ae]ten [=o]:-- f[=o]n (seize) f[=e]hth f[=e]ng f[=e]ngon fangen h[=o]n (hang) h[=e]hth h[=e]ng h[=e]ngon hangen {26} II. 'Shake'-conjugation. Verbs in a (ea) and [e,] (ie). [=O] in pret. sing, and pl., a (ae) in partic. pret. Standan drops its n in the pret. The partic. pret. of sw[e,]rian is irregular. a:-- INFINITIVE. THIRD. PRES. PRET. SING. PRET. PL. PTC. PRET. faran (go) faerth f[=o]r f[=o]ron faren sacan (quarrel) saecth s[=o]c s[=o]con sacen scacan (shake) scaecth sc[=o]c sc[=o]con scacen standan (stand) st[e,]nt st[=o]d st[=o]don standen The following shows contraction of original ea:-- sl[=e]an (strike) sliehth sl[=o]g sl[=o]gon slae[.g]en [e,]:-- h[e,]bban (lift) h[e,]fth h[=o]f h[=o]fon hafen s[.c]ieppan (create) s[.c]iepth sc[=o]p sc[=o]pon scapen sw[e,]rian (swear) sw[e,]reth sw[=o]r sw[=o]ron sworen The presents of these verbs are inflected weak, so that their imperative sing. is h[e,]fe and sw[e,]re, like that of w[e,]nian (p. 32). Sw[e,]rian has indic. sw[e,]rige, sw[e,]rest, like w[e,]nian; h[e,]bban has h[e,]bbe, h[e,]fst, &c. like h[=i]eran (p. 30). III. 'Bind'-conjugation. I (ie, e, eo) followed by two consonants, one or both of which is nearly always a liquid (l, r) or nasal (m, n) in the infin., a (ae, ea) in pret. sing., u in pret. pl., u (o) in ptc. pret. Findan has a weak preterite. i:-- INFINITIVE. THIRD PRES. PRET.SING. PRET. PL. PTC. PRET. bindan (bind) bint band bundon bunden drincan (drink) drincth dranc druncon druncen findan (find) fint funde fundon funden [.g]ieldan (pay) [.g]ielt [.g]eald guldon golden (on)[.g]innan (begin) -[.g]inth -gann -gunnon -gunnen {27} grindan (grind) grint grand grundon grunden iernan (run) [p. 7] iernth arn urnon urnen [.g]e-.limpan (happen) -limpth -lamp -lumpon -lumpen scrincan (shrink) scrincth scranc scruncon scruncen springan (spring) springth sprang sprungon sprungen swincan (toil) swincth swanc swuncon swuncen windan (wind) wint wand wundon wunden winnan (fight) winth wann wunnon wunnen e:-- berstan (burst) bierst baerst burston borsten bre[.g]dan (pull) ... brae[.g]d brugdon brogden delfan (dig) dilfth dealf dulfon dolfen sweltan (die) swilt swealt swulton swolten eo:-- beorgan (protect) bierhth bearg burgon borgen beornan (burn)[p. 7] biernth barn burnon burnen [.c]eorfan (cut) [.c]ierfth [.c]earf curfon corfen feohtan (fight) fieht feaht fuhton fohten weorpan (throw) wierpth wearp wurpon worpen weorthan (become) wierth wearth wurdon worden IV. 'Bear'-conjugation. Verbs in e (i), followed by a single consonant, generally a liquid or nasal; in brecan the liquid precedes the vowel. A (ae) in pret. sing., [=ae] ([=a]) in pret. pl., o (u) in ptc. pret. Cuman is irregular. i:-- INFINITIVE. THIRD PRES. PRET. SG. PRET. PL. PTC. PRET. niman (take) nimth nam n[=a]mon numen e:-- beran (bear) bierth baer b[=ae]ron boren brecan (break) bricth braec br[=ae]con brocen s[.c]eran (shear) s[.c]ierth s[.c]ear s[.c][=e]aron scoren stelan (steal) stilth stael st[=ae]lon stolen teran (tear) .. taer t[=ae]ron toren {28} u:-- cuman (come) cymth c[=o]m c[=o]mon cumen V. 'Give'-conjugation. Verbs in e (i, eo, ie) followed by single consonants, which are not liquids or nasals. This class differs from the last only in the ptc. pret. which keeps the vowel of the infinitive. e:-- INFINITIVE. THIRD PRES. PRET. SG. PRET. PL. PTC. PRET. cwethan (say) cwithth cwaeth cw[=ae]don cweden etan (eat) itt [=ae]t [=ae]ton eten sprecan (speak) spricth spraec spr[=ae]con sprecen wrecan (avenge) wricth wraec wr[=ae]con wrecen i:-- biddan (pray) bitt baed b[=ae]don beden li[.c][.g]an (lie) l[=i]th lae[.g] l[=ae]gon le[.g]en sittan (sit) sitt saet s[=ae]ton seten thi[.c][.g]an (receive) thi[.g]eth theah th[=ae]gon the[.g]en All these have weak presents:--imper. bide, li[.g]e, site, thi[.g]e. Their _i_s are mutations of the e which appears in their past partic. ie:-- [.g]iefan (give) [.g]iefth [.g]eaf [.g][=e]afon [.g]iefen (on)[.g]ietan (understand) -[.g]iett -[.g]eat -[.g][=e]aton -[.g]ieten The following is contracted in most forms:-- s[=e]on (see) sihth seah s[=a]won sewen VI. 'Shine'-conjugation. Verbs in [=i], with pret. sing, in [=a], pl. i, ptc. pret. i. INFINITIVE. THIRD PRES. PRET. SING. PRET. PL. PTC. PRET. b[=i]dan (wait) b[=i]tt b[=a]d bidon biden b[=i]tan (bite) b[=i]tt b[=a]t biton biten dr[=i]fan (drive) dr[=i]fth dr[=a]f drifon drifen {29} (be)l[=i]fan (remain) -l[=i]fth -l[=a]f -lifon -lifen r[=i]dan (ride) r[=i]tt r[=a]d ridon riden r[=i]pan (reap) r[=i]pth r[=a]p ripon ripen ([=a])r[=i]san (rise) -r[=i]st -r[=a]s -rison -risen s[.c][=i]nan (shine) s[.c][=i]nth sc[=a]n s[.c]inon s[.c]inen sn[=i]than (cut) sn[=i]thth sn[=a]th snidon sniden st[=i]gan (ascend) st[=i][.g]th st[=a]g stigon sti[.g]en (be)sw[=i]can (deceive) -sw[=i]cth -sw[=a]c -swicon -swicen [.g]e.w[=i]tan (depart) -w[=i]tt w[=a]t -witon -witen wr[=i]tan (write) wr[=i]tt wr[=a]t writon writen VII. 'Choose'-conjugation. Verbs in [=e]o and [=u], with pret. sing. [=e]a, pl. u, ptc. pret. o. Fl[=e]on and t[=e]on contract. INFINITIVE. THIRD PRES. PRET. SING. PRET. PL. PTC. PRET. b[=e]odan (offer) b[=i]ett b[=e]ad budon boden br[=e]otan (break) br[=i]ett br[=e]at bruton broten [.c][=e]osan (choose) [.c][=i]est [.c][=e]as curon coren fl[=e]ogan (fly) fl[=i]ehth fl[=e]ag flugon flogen fl[=e]on (flee) fl[=i]ehth fl[=e]ah flugon flogen fl[=e]otan (float) fl[=i]ett fl[=e]at fluton floten hr[=e]osan (fall) hr[=i]est hr[=e]as hruron hroren hr[=e]owan (rue) hr[=i]ewth hr[=e]aw hruwon hrowen for.l[=e]osan (lose) -l[=i]est -l[=e]as -luron -loren s[.c][=e]otan (shoot) s[.c][=i]ett s[.c][=e]at scuton scoten sm[=e]ocan (smoke) sm[=i]ecth sm[=e]ac smucon smocen t[=e]on (pull) t[=i]ehth t[=e]ah tugon togen [=a]-thr[=e]otan (fail) -thr[=i]ett -thr[=e]at -thruton -throten [=u]:-- br[=u]can (enjoy) br[=y]cth br[=e]ac brucon brocen b[=u]gan (bow) b[=y]hth b[=e]ag bugon bogen l[=u]can (lock) l[=y]cth l[=e]ac lucon locen l[=u]tan (bow) l[=y]tt l[=e]at luton loten sc[=u]fan (push) sc[=y]fth s[.c][=e]af scufon scofen {30} WEAK VERBS. There are three conjugations of weak verbs--(1) in -an, pret. -de (h[=i]eran, h[=i]erde, 'hear'); (2) in -ian, pret. -ede (w[e,]nian, w[e,]nede, 'wean'); (3) in -ian, pret. -ode (lufian, lufode, 'love'). The verbs of the first two conjugations nearly all have a mutated vowel in the present and infinitive, which those of the third conjugation very seldom have. I. _an-_verbs. This class of weak verbs has the same endings as the strong verbs, except in the pret. and past partic., which are formed by adding -de and -ed respectively, with the following consonant changes. -ndde becomes -nde as in s[e,]nde from s[e,]ndan (send). -llde " -lde " fylde " fyllan (fill). -tde " -tte " m[=e]tte " m[=e]tan (find). -pde " -pte " dypte " dyppan (dip). -cde " -hte " t[=ae]hte " t[=ae][.c]an (show). The past partic. is generally contracted in the same way:--s[e,]nd, m[=e]tt, t[=ae]ht, but some of them often retain the uncontracted forms:--fylled, dypped. When declined like adjectives they drop their e where practicable:--fylled, plur. fylde; h[=i]ered, h[=i]erde. The 2nd and 3rd pres. sing. ind. are contracted as in the strong verbs. (a) 'Hear'-class. INDICATIVE. SUBJUNCTIVE. Pres. sing. 1. h[=i]er-e (hear), h[=i]er-e. 2. h[=i]er-st, h[=i]er-e. 3. h[=i]er-th, h[=i]er-e. plur. h[=i]er-ath, h[=i]er-en. {31} Pret. sing. 1. h[=i]er-de, h[=i]er-de. 2. h[=i]er-dest, h[=i]er-de. 3. h[=i]er-de, h[=i]er-de. plur. h[=i]er-don, h[=i]er-den. Imper. sing. h[=i]er; plur. h[=i]er-ath. Infin. h[=i]er-an. Ptc. pres. h[=i]er-ende; pret. h[=i]er-ed. Gerund. t[=o] h[=i]er-enne. Further examples of this class are:-- INFINITIVE. THIRD PRES. PRET. PARTIC. PRET. aet.[=i]ewan (show) -[=i]ewth -[=i]ewde -[=i]ewed. c[=y]than (make known) c[=y]thth c[=y]thde c[=y]thed, c[=y]dd fyllan (fill) fylth fylde fylled (n[=e]a)l[=ae][.c]an (approach) -l[=ae][.c]th -l[=ae]hte -l[=ae]ht l[=ae]dan (lead) l[ae]tt l[=ae]dde l[=ae]dd l[e,][.c][.g]an (lay) l[e,][.g]th l[e,][.g]de l[e,][.g]d [.g]e.l[=i]efan (believe) -l[=i]efth -l[=i]efde -l[=i]efed n[e,]mnan (name) n[e,]mneth n[e,]mnde n[e,]mned s[e,]ndan (send) s[e,]nt s[e,]nde s[e,]nd s[e,]ttan (set) s[e,]tt s[e,]tte s[e,]tt sm[=e]an (consider) sm[=e]ath sm[=e]ade sm[=e]ad t[=ae][.c]an (show) t[=ae][.c]th t[=ae]hte t[=ae]ht w[e,]ndan (turn) w[e,]nt w[e,]nde w[e,]nd (b) 'Seek'-class. In this class the mutated vowels lose their mutation in the preterite and past partic., besides undergoing other changes in some verbs. Those in double consonants (and [.c][.g]) simplify them in the contracted 2nd and 3rd sing. pres. indic.:--s[e,]lle, s[e,]lst, s[e,]lth; s[e,][.c][,g]e, s[e,][.g]st, s[e,][.g]th; also in the imperative, which is formed as in Conj. II:--s[e,]le, s[e,][.g]e, by[.g]e, &c. {32} [e,]:-- INFINITIVE. THIRD PRES. PRET. PARTIC. PRET. cw[e,]llan (kill) cw[e,]lth cwealde cweald r[e,][.c][.c]an (tell) r[e,][.c]th reahte reaht s[e,][.c][.g]an (say) s[e,][.g]th sae[.g]de sae[.g]d s[e,]llan (give) s[e,]lth sealde seald w[e,][.c][.c]an (wake) w[e,][.c]th weahte weaht th[e,]n[.c]an (think) th[e,]n[.c]th th[=o]hte th[=o]ht i:-- bringan (bring) bringth br[=o]hte br[=o]ht y:-- by[.c][.g]an (buy) by[.g]th bohte boht thyn[.c]an (appear) thyn[.c]th th[=u]hte th-uht wyr[.c]an (work) wyr[.c]th worhte worht [=e]:-- r[=e][.c]an (care) r[=e][.c]th r[=o]hte r[=o]ht s[=e][.c]an (seek) s[=e][.c]th s[=o]hte s[=o]ht II. 'Wean'-conjugation. INDICATIVE. SUBJUNCTIVE. Pres. sing. 1. w[e,]n-i[.g]e (wean), w[e,]n-i[.g]e. 2. w[e,]n-est, w[e,]n-i[.g]e. 3. w[e,]n-eth, w[e,]n-i[.g]e. plur. w[e,]n-iath, w[e,]n-ien. Pret. sing. 1. w[e,]n-ede, w[e,]n-ede. 2. w[e,]n-edest, w[e,]n-ede. 3. w[e,]n-ede, w[e,]n-ede. plur. w[e,]n-edon, w[e,]n-eden. Imper. w[e,]n-e, w[e,]n-iath. Infin. w[e,]n-ian. Partic. pres. w[e,]n-iende; pret. w[e,]n-ed. Gerund. t[=o] w[e,]n-ienne. {33} So are conjugated all weak verbs with a short mutated root syllable, such as f[e,]rian (carry), w[e,]rian (defend), [.g]e.byrian (befit). There are not many of them. III. 'Love'-conjugation. INDICATIVE. SUBJUNCTIVE. Pres. sing. 1. luf-i[.g]e (love), luf-i[.g]e. 2. luf-ast, luf-i[.g]e. 3. luf-ath, luf-i[.g]e. plur. luf-iath, luf-ien. Pret. sing. 1. luf-ode, luf-ode. 2. luf-odest, luf-ode. 3. luf-ode, luf-ode. plur. luf-odon, luf-oden. Imper. luf-a, luf-iath. Infin. luf-ian. Partic. pres. luf-iende: pret. luf-od. Gerund. t[=o] luf-ienne. So also [=a]scian (ask), macian (make), weorthian (honour), and many others. Irregularities. Some verbs are conjugated partly after I, partly after III. Such are habban (have) and libban (live). Habban has pres. indic. haebbe, haefst, haefth; habbath, subj. haebbe, haebben, pret. haefde, imper. hafa, habbath, particc. habbende, haefd. Libban has pres. libbe, leofast, leofath; libbath, subj. libbe, pret. leofode, imper. leofa, libbath, particc. libbende, lifiende; leofod. F[e,]tian (fetch) has pret. f[e,]tte. STRONG-WEAK VERBS. The strong-weak verbs have for their presents old strong preterites, from which new weak preterites are formed. Note the occasional second person sing. in t. {34} INDICATIVE. SUBJUNCTIVE. Pres. sing. 1. w[=a]t (know), wite. 2. w[=a]st, wite. 3. w[=a]t, wite. plur. witon, witen. Pret. wiste. Imper. wite, witath. Infin. witan. Partic. pres. witende; pret. witen. The other most important weak-strong verbs are given below in the 1st and 2nd sing. pres. indic., in the plur. indic., in the pret., in the infin. and partic. pret. Of several the last two forms are doubtful, or do not exist. [=A]h (possess), [=a]ge, [=a]gon; [=a]hte; [=a]gen (_only as adjective_)[4]. Cann (know) canst, cunnon; c[=u]the; cunnan; c[=u]th (_only as adjective_.) Dearr (dare), durre, durron; dorste. [.G]e.man (remember), -manst; -munde; -munan. Mae[.g] (can), miht, magon, mae[.g]e (subj.); mihte. M[=o]t (may), m[=o]st, m[=o]ton; m[=o]ste. S[.c]eal (shall), s[.c]ealt, sculon, scyle (subj.); scolde. Thearf (need), thurfon, thyrfe (subj.); thorfte; thurfan. ANOMALOUS VERBS. (1) Willan (will) shows a mixture of subj. forms in the pres. indic. sing.:-- INDICATIVE. SUBJUNCTIVE. Pres. sing. 1. wile, wile. 2. wilt, wile. 3. wile, wile. plur. willath, willen. Pret. wolde, etc. {35} Similarly nyllan (will not):-- INDICATIVE. SUBJUNCTIVE. Pres. sing. 1. nyle, nyle. 2. nylt, nyle. 3. nyle, nyle. plur. nyllath, nyllen. Pret. nolde, etc. (2) Wesan (be). INDICATIVE. SUBJUNCTIVE. Pres. sing. 1. eom; b[=e]o, s[=i]e; b[=e]o. 2. eart; bist, s[=i]e; b[=e]o. 3. is; bith, s[=i]e; b[=e]o. plur. sind; b[=e]oth, s[=i]en; b[=e]on. Pret. sing. 1. waes, w[=ae]re. 2. w[=ae]re, w[=ae]re. 3. waes, w[=ae]re. plur. w[=ae]ron, w[=ae]ren. Imper. wes, wesath; b[=e]o, b[=e]oth. Infin. wesan; b[=e]on. Partic. pres. wesende. The contracted negative forms are:--neom, neart, nis; naes, n[=ae]re, n[=ae]ron; n[=ae]re, n[=ae]ren. (3) D[=o]n (do). INDICATIVE. SUBJUNCTIVE. Pres. sing. 1. d[=o], d[=o]. 2. d[=e]st, d[=o]. 3. d[=e]th, d[=o]. plur. d[=o]th, d[=o]n. Pret. dyde, etc. Imper. d[=o], d[=o]th. Infin. d[=o]n. Partic. pres. d[=o]nde; pret. [.g]e.d[=o]n. {36} (4) G[=a]n (go). INDICATIVE. SUBJUNCTIVE. Pres. sing. 1. g[=a], g[=a]. 2. g[=ae]st, g[=a]. 3. g[=ae]th, g[=a]. plur. g[=a]th, g[=a]n. Pret. [=e]ode, [=e]ode. Imper. g[=a], g[=a]th. Infin. g[=a]n. Partic. pres. gangende; pret. [.g]e.g[=a]n. * * * * * DERIVATION. PREFIXES. The following are the most important prefixes, some of which are verbal, being confined to verbs and words formed directly from them; some nominal, being confined to nouns and adjectives. [=a]- (1) originally 'forth,' 'away,' as in [=a].r[=i]san, 'rise forth,' 'arise'; [=a].faran, 'go away,''depart'; but generally only intensive, as in [=a].cw[e,]llan (kill), [=a].hr[=e]osan (fall). (2) = 'ever' in pronouns and particles, where it gives an indefinite sense, as in [=a]-hw[=ae]r (anywhere), [=a]-wiht (anything). [=ae][.g]- from [=a]-[.g]e-, the [=a] being mutated and the e dropped, has a similar meaning, as in [=ae][.g]-hwelc (each), [=ae][.g]ther = [=ae][.g]-hwaether (either). be-, originally 'by,' 'around' (cp. the preposition be), (1) specializes the meaning of a transitive verb, as in be.s[e,]ttan (beset, surround), be.s[.c]ieran (shear); (2) makes an intransitive verb transitive, as in be.th[e,]n[.c]an (consider) from th[e,]n[.c]an (think); (3) gives a privative meaning, as in be.h[=e]afdian (behead). In some words, such as be.cuman (come), it is practically unmeaning. {37} for- (which is distinct from the preposition for) generally has the sense of 'loss' or 'destruction,' as in for.d[=o]n (destroy), for.weorthan (perish). Of course, if the verb with which it is compounded already has this meaning, it acts merely as an intensitive, as in for.br[=e]otan (break up, break), for.scrincan (shrink up). It also modifies in a bad sense generally, as in for.s[=e]on (despise), or negatives, as in for.b[=e]odan (forbid). [.g]e- originally meant 'together,' as in [.g]e.f[=e]ra (fellow-traveller, companion) from f[=e]ran (travel). With verbs it often signifies 'completion,' 'attainment,' and hence 'success,' as in [.g]e.g[=a]n (conquer), originally 'go over,' or 'reach,' [.g]e.winnan (win) from winnan (fight). Hence generally prefixed to h[=i]eran and s[=e]on, [.g]e.h[=i]eran and [.g]e.s[=e]on strictly meaning 'succeed in hearing, seeing.' It is generally prefixed to past participles (p. 23), where it originally gave the meaning of completion--[.g]e.lufod = 'completely loved.' mis- = 'mis,' as in mis-d[=ae]d (misdeed). n- = ne (not), as in n[=a] (not), literally 'never,' n[=ae]fre (never), naes (was not) = ne waes. on- as a verbal prefix has nothing to do with the preposition on. It properly signifies 'separation,' as in on.l[=u]can (open) from l[=u]can (lock, close), but is often practically unmeaning, as in on.[.g]innan (begin). or-, literally 'out of,' is privative, as in orsorg (unconcerned) from sorg (sorrow). t[=o]- as a verbal prefix has nothing to do with the preposition t[=o] (which occurs in t[=o].gaedre, 'together,' &c.), but signifies 'separation,' as in t[=o].berstan (burst asunder), t[=o].bre[.g]dan (shake off), and hence 'destruction,' as in t[=o].cw[=i]esan (crush to pieces, bruise). un- negatives, as in un-[.g]es[=ae]li[.g] (unhappy). {38} ENDINGS. (a) NOUNS. Personal. -end, from the present participle -ende, = '-er':--H[=ae]lend (healer, Saviour), b[=u]end (dweller). -ere = '-er':--s[=a]were (sower), mynetere (money-changer, minter) from mynet (coin). -ing, patronymic, aetheling (son of a noble, prince) from aethele (noble). Abstract. -nes, fem. from adjectives:--g[=o]d-nes (goodness), rihtw[=i]snes (righteousness). -uth, -tho, fem., generally from adjectives:--[.g][=e]oguth (youth), str[e,]n[.g]tho (strength) from strang. -ung, fem. from verbs:--scotung (shooting, shot), h[e,]rgung (ravaging), from scotian, h[e,]rgian. The following are also independent words:-- -d[=o]m, masc.:--w[=i]s-d[=o]m (wisdom), th[=e]ow-d[=o]m (servitude). -h[=a]d, masc.:--[.c]ild-h[=a]d (childhood). -r[=ae]den, fem.:--[.g]e.cwid-r[=ae]den (agreement) from cwide (speech); mann-r[=ae]den (allegiance). -s[.c]ipe, masc.:--fr[=e]ond-s[.c]ipe (friendship). Concrete in waeter-s[.c]ipe (piece of water, water). (b) ADJECTIVES. -en, with mutation, denotes 'material,' 'belonging to':--gylden (golden), st[=ae]nen (of stone), h[=ae]then (heathen) from h[=ae]th (heath). In seolcen (silken) there is no mutation. -feald = '-fold':--hund-feald (hundred-fold). -i[.g]:--miht-i[.g] (mighty); h[=a]l-i[.g] (holy) from h[=a]l (whole). {39} -isc, with mutation:--[E,]n[.g]lisc (English) from Angel; m[e,]nn-isc (human) from mann. -ol:--swic-ol (deceitful). -iht, with mutation, denotes 'material,' 'nature':--st[=ae]n-iht (stony). -sum = 'some':--h[=i]er-sum (obedient). The following exist (sometimes in a different form) as independent words:-- -faest:--s[=o]th-faest (truthful). -full:--sorg-full (sorrowful), [.g]e.l[=e]af-full (believing, pious). -l[=e]as = '-less':--[=a]r-l[=e]as (dishonoured, wicked). -lic (cp. [.g]e.l[=i]c) = '-ly':--folc-lic (popular), heofon-lic (heavenly). -weard = '-ward':--s[=u]than-weard (southward). VERBS. -l[=ae][.c]an:--[=a]n-l[=ae][.c]an (unite), [.g]e.thw[=ae]r-l[=ae][.c]an (agree). ADVERBS. -e, the regular adverb-termination:--lange (long), [.g]e.l[=i]ce (similarly) from lang, [.g]e.l[=i]c. Sometimes -l[=i]ce (from -lic) is used to form adverbs, as bl[=i]the-l[=i]ce (gladly) from bl[=i]the. DERIVATIONS FROM PARTICIPLES. Many abstract words are formed from present participles (often in a passive sense) and past participles (often in an active sense):-- -nes:--for.[.g]iefen-nes (forgiveness), [.g]e.r[e,][.c]ed-nes (narrative), welwillend-nes (benevolence). -lic:--un[=a]r[=i]med-lic (innumerable). -l[=i]ce:--welwillend-l[=i]ce (benevolently). * * * * * {40} SYNTAX. GENDER. When masculine and feminine beings are referred to by the same adjective or pronoun, the adjective or pronoun is put in the neuter:--_h[=i]e [.g]e.samnodon h[=i]e_, _ealle th[=a] h[=e]afod-m[e,]nn, and [=e]ac swelce w[=i]f-menn_ ... and th[=a] h[=i]e bl[=i]thost w[=ae]ron ... (they gathered themselves, all the chief men, and also women ... and when they were most merry ...). Here bl[=i]thost is in the neuter plur. CASES. Accusative. Some verbs of asking (a question) and requesting, together with l[=ae]ran (teach), take two accusatives, one of the person, and another of the thing:--h[=i]e hine ne dorston [=ae]ni[.g] thing [=a]scian (they durst not ask him anything); w[=e] magon [=e]ow r[=ae]d [.g]e.l[=ae]ran (we can teach you a plan). The accusative is used adverbially to express duration of time: _hw[=y] stande [.g][=e] h[=e]r ealne dae[.g] [=i]dle?_ (why stand ye here all the day idle?) Dative. The dative in Old E. is of two kinds, (1) the dative proper, and (2) the instrumental dative, interchanging with the regular instrumental. It is not always easy to separate the two. (1) The dative proper usually designates personal relations, and is frequently used with verbs, together with an accusative (generally of the thing). The dative is also used with adjectives. It is used not only with verbs of giving, &c., as in h[=e] sealde [=ae]lcum [=a]nne p[e,]ning (he gave each a penny); addressing, as in ic [=e]ow s[e,][.c][.g]e (I say to you), h[=e] thancode his Dryhtne (he thanked his Lord); but also with many verbs of benefiting, influencing, &c., as in _ne d[=o] ic th[=e] n[=a]nne t[=e]onan_ (I do thee no injury), _h[=i]e noldon him l[=i]efan_ (they would not allow {41} them to do so); _th[=ae]m r[=e]thum st[=i]erde_ (restrained the cruel ones). Also in looser constructions, to denote the person indirectly affected, benefited, &c., as in _by[.c][.g]ath [=e]ow ele_ (buy for yourselves oil). Note especially the following idiom: h[=i]e [.g]e.s[=o]hton Bretene Brettum t[=o] fultume (they came to Britain as a help to the Britains--to help them); _h[=e] clipode Cr[=i]st him t[=o] fultume_ (he called Christ to his help). The dative is also used with adjectives of nearness, likeness, &c.:--_[=E]admund cyning clipode [=a]nne biscop the him [.g]e.h[e,]ndost waes_ (King Edmund summoned a bishop who was nearest at hand to him); _heofona r[=i][.c]e is [.g]e.l[=i]c th[=ae]m mangere the s[=o]hte thaet g[=o]de m[e,]regrot_ (the kingdom of the heavens is like the merchant who sought the good pearl). (2) The instrumental dative is used to denote the instrument and manner of an action: h[=e] [.g]e.[e,]ndode yflum d[=e]athe (he ended with an evil death). Hence its use to form adverbs, as in s[.c][=e]afm[=ae]lum (sheafwise). It also signifies time when:--_thrim [.g][=e]arum [=ae]r th[=ae]m the h[=e] forth.f[=e]rde_ (three years before he died), which is also expressed by the instrumental itself:--_s[=e]o wolde [e,]fsian [=ae]lce [.g][=e]are thone sanct_ (she used to cut the saint's hair every year); th[=y] f[=e]orthan [.g][=e]are his r[=i][.c]es (in the fourth year of his reign). A past participle with a noun in the instrumental dative is used like the ablative absolute in Latin: _Hubba be.l[=a]f on Northhymbra-lande, [.g]e.wunnenum si[.g]e mid waelhr[=e]ownesse_ (H. remained in Northumbria, victory having been won with cruelty). Genitive. The genitive is often used in a partitive sense:--_his f[=e]onda sum_ (one of his enemies); hiera f[=i]f w[=ae]ron dysi[.g]e (five of them were foolish). Hence it is generally used with fela, as in fela wundra (many miracles); also with numerals when used as substantives (p. 18). The genitive is often used like an accusative to denote the object of various emotions and mental states, such as {42} joy, desire, remembering:--h[=i]e thaes fae[.g]nodon sw[=i]the (they rejoiced at it greatly); _m[=e] l[=e]ofre w[=ae]re thaet ic on [.g]e.feohte f[=e]olle with th[=ae]m the m[=i]n folc m[=o]ste hiera eardes br[=u]can_ (it would be pleasanter to me to fall in fight that my people might enjoy (possess) their country); ic thaes [.g]e.wilni[.g]e (I desire that); _[.g]if h[=e] his f[=e]ores r[=o]hte_ (if he cared about his life); _h[=e] waes thaes H[=ae]lendes [.g]e.myndi[.g]_ (he was mindful of--he remembered the Saviour). Some of these verbs, such as biddan (ask), take an accusative of the person and a genitive of the thing:--h[=e] hine hl[=a]fes bitt (he asks him for bread). Verbs of depriving, restraining, &c., have the same construction:--_nis Angel-cynn be.d[=ae]led Dryhtnes h[=a]lgena_ (England is not deprived of the Lord's saints). Some verbs of giving, &c., take a genitive of the thing and a dative of the person:--him waes of.togen [=ae]lces f[=o]dan (they were deprived of all food). The genitive is often used to define an adjective or noun:--_th[=u] eart wierthe sl[e,][.g]es_ (thou art worthy of death); _on th[=ae]m [.g][=e]are the Aelfred aetheling [=a]n and tw[e,]nti[.g] [.g][=e]ara waes_ (in the year when Prince Alfred was twenty-one). CONCORD. Adjectives agree with their nouns not only when used attributively (g[=o]de m[e,]nn), but also when the adjective follows the noun, either predicatively or in apposition:--th[=a] m[e,]nn sind g[=o]de; _h[=e] [.g]e.seah [=o]thre [=i]dle standan_ (he saw others standing idle); _h[=i]e c[=o]mon mid langum s[.c]ipum, n[=a] manigum_ (they came with long ships, not many). APPOSITION. In such expressions as 'the island of Britain,' the second noun is not put in the genitive, but the two are simply put in {43} apposition, both being declined separately:--_Breten [=i]e[.g]land, on Bretene (th[=ae]m) [=i]e[.g]lande_. In 'king Alfred,' &c., the proper name is put first in the same way:--Aelfred aetheling (prince Alfred); _on Aethelredes cyninges dae[.g]e_ (in the days of king Aethelred). There is a similar apposition with the adjective sum followed by a noun or pronoun, as in sume th[=a] m[e,]nn (some of the men); _th[=a] th[=a] h[=e] s[=e]ow, sumu h[=i]e f[=e]ollon with we[.g]_ (while he sowed, some of them [the seeds] fell by the road). Sometimes the pronoun precedes, as in th[=a] b[=ae]don h[=i]e sume thaet Samson m[=o]ste him macian sum gamen (then some of them asked that Samson might make some sport for them). Another kind of apposition occurs in instances like the following, where we have an adjective agreeing with a following noun, and denoting a part of it:--h[=i]e [.g]e.s[=ae]ton s[=u]thanwearde Bretene [=ae]rest (they occupied the south of Britain first); s[=u]thanweard hit (= thaet land) haefdon Peohtas (the Picts had the south part of it). ADJECTIVES. The weak forms are used: (1) after the definite article:--se aethela cyning (the noble king); thaes aethelan cyninges, thaet g[=o]de m[e,]regrot, _th[=a] g[=o]dan m[e,]regrotu_. (2) after this:--th[=a]s earman landl[=e]ode (these poor people, pl.); thes h[=a]lga cyning (this holy king), _thisses h[=a]lgan cyninges_. (3) occasionally after other demonstrative and indefinite adjectives, and often after possessive pronouns:--th[=i]ne d[=i]eglan gold-hordas (thy hidden treasures). (4) in the vocative:--th[=u] yfla th[=e]ow and sl[=a]wa! (thou bad and slothful servant); [=e]al[=a] th[=u] l[=e]ofa cyning! (oh, thou dear king). Note that [=o]ther always keeps the strong form: _th[=a] [=o]thru d[=e]or_ (the other wild beasts). So also do the possessive pronouns: {44} th[=a]s m[=i]n word (these my words). [=A]n in the sense of 'one' keeps the strong form to distinguish it from the weak [=a]na = 'alone': _thaet [=a]n d[=e]orwierthe m[e,]regrot_ (the one precious pearl). ARTICLES. The definite article is omitted as in Modern English before names such as God, and also before Dryhten (the Lord), D[=e]ofol (the Devil), although se D[=e]ofol also occurs, and names of nations:--Bretta cyning (king of the Britons). It is omitted in many prepositional combinations, not only in those where it is omitted in Modern English also, as in _si[.g]efaest on s[=ae] and on lande_ (victorious on sea and on land), but also in many others: [.g]ew[e,]nde t[=o] wuda on.[.g][=e]an (went back to the wood); _se floth[e,]re f[=e]rde eft t[=o] s[.c]ipe_ (the army of pirates went back to their ships); h[=e] f[=e]ng t[=o] r[=i][.c]e (he took the government--came to the throne). The definite article is, on the other hand, sometimes used where it would not be in Modern E., as in se mann = 'man' (men in general). The indefinite article is often not expressed at all:--_thaet dyde unhold mann_ (an enemy did that); h[=e] be.stealcode on land sw[=a] sw[=a] wulf (he stole to land like a wolf). Or it is expressed by sum: _on th[=ae]m lande waes sum mann, L[=e]ofr[=i][.c] [.g]e.h[=a]ten_ (in that country was a man called L.). Or by [=a]n, as in Modern English_:--[=a]n wulf wearth [=a].s[e,]nd t[=o] be.w[e,]rienne thaet h[=e]afod with th[=a] [=o]thru d[=e]or_ (a wolf was sent to protect the head against the other wild beasts). PRONOUNS. Hwaet is used interrogatively of persons where we should use 'who':--h[=e] nyste hwaet h[=i]e w[=ae]ron (he did not know who they were). {45} VERBS. NUMBER. After [=ae]lc th[=a]ra the (each of-those-who) the verb is put in the sing., agreeing not with th[=a]ra the but with [=ae]lc:--_[=ae]lc th[=a]ra the th[=a]s m[=i]n word [.g]e.h[=i]erth_ (each of those who hear these my words). When thaet or this is connected with a plural predicate by means of the verb 'to be,' the verb is put in the plural:--_thaet w[=ae]ron th[=a] [=ae]restan s[.c]ipu D[e,]niscra manna the Angel-cynnes land [.g]e.s[=o]hton_ (those were the first ships of Danish men which came to the land of the English race). Impersonal verbs take an accusative of the person, sometimes also with a genitive of the thing. Others, such as thyn[.c]an (appear), take a dative of the person:--_waes him [.g]e.th[=u]ht thaet h[=i]e be.h[=y]dden thaet h[=e]afod_ (they thought they (the Danes) had hidden the head). TENSES. There being no future inflection in Old E., the present is used instead:--ne [=a].b[=y]hth n[=ae]fre E[=a]dmund Hinguare (Edmund will never submit to H.); _g[=a] [.g][=e] on m[=i]nne w[=i]n[.g]eard, and ic s[e,]lle [=e]ow thaet riht bith_ (go ye into my vineyard, and I will give you what is right). As we see in this example, there is a tendency to use b[=e]on in a future sense. Another example is _[.g]if ic b[=e]o [.g]e.bunden mid seofon r[=a]pum, s[=o]na ic b[=e]o [.g]e.wield_ (if I am bound with seven ropes, I shall at once be overcome). The future is sometimes expressed by will and shall, as in Modern English, though generally with a sense of volition with the one, and of necessity with the other, the idea of simple futurity coming out most clearly in the preterites wolde and scolde:-- H[=e] [.g]e.l[=ae]hte [=a]ne l[=e]on the hine [=a].b[=i]tan wolde (he seized a lion {46} that was going to devour him); _h[=i]e w[=e]ndon thaet h[=i]e scolden m[=a]re on.f[=o]n_ (they expected to receive more). The preterite has the meaning of the modern (1) Preterite and imperfect:--_se s[=a]were [=u]t [=e]ode his s[=ae]d t[=o] s[=a]wenne, and th[=a] th[=a] h[=e] s[=e]ow ..._ (the sower went out to sow his seed, and while he was sowing ...). (2) Perfect:--h[=e]r is m[=i]n cnapa, thone ic [.g]e[.c][=e]as (here is my servant, whom I have chosen);--_[=u]re cyning c[=o]m n[=u] h[=e]r t[=o] lande_ (our king has just landed here). (3) Pluperfect:--_th[=a] th[=a] [.g]e.c[=o]mon the ymb th[=a] [e,]ndlyftan t[=i]d c[=o]mon_ (when those came who had come at the eleventh hour). Periphrastic tenses are sometimes formed, as in Modern E., by haebbe and haefde with the past participles, and often have the meanings of the modern perfect and pluperfect respectively, as in _n[=u] ic haebbe [.g]estr[=i]ened [=o]thru tw[=a] pund_ (now I have gained two other pounds), but even the pluperfect often has the sense of a simple preterite. The participle is undeclinable in the later language, but originally it was declined, being really an adjective in apposition to the noun or pronoun governed by habban: h[=i]e haefdon hiera cyning [=a].worpenne (they had deposed their king). The pluperfect sense is often indicated by the addition of the adverb [=ae]r (before):--his sw[=e]ora, the [=ae]r waes for.slae[.g]en (his neck, which had been cut through). The periphrastic forms of intransitive verbs are formed with wesan:--siththan h[=i]e [=a].farene w[=ae]ron (after they had gone away). Here the participle always agrees with the noun or pronoun with which it is connected. The periphrases with the present participle have no distinctive meanings of duration, &c.:--_[=a]n mann waes eardiende on Israh[=e]la th[=e]ode, Manu[=e] [.g]e.h[=a]ten_ (a man dwelt in Israel called Manue). {47} PASSIVE. The passive is formed with wesan or weorthan with the past participle. These forms are very vague in meaning, and the distinction between the two auxiliaries is not clearly marked, but wesan appears to indicate a state, weorthan an action. wearth [.g]e.lufod is generally preterite or perfect in meaning: _[=a]n wulf wearth [=a].s[e,]nd_ (a wolf was sent); _m[=i]ne l[=e]ofe the[.g]nas, the on hiera b[e,]ddum wurdon of.slae[.g]ene_ (my beloved thanes, who have been killed in their beds). waes [.g]e.lufod, indicating a state, is naturally pluperfect in meaning:--_se [=ae]rendraca sae[.g]de his hl[=a]forde h[=u] him [.g]e.andwyrd waes_ (the messenger told his lord how he had been answered). SUBJUNCTIVE. The subjunctive states something not as a fact, as in the indicative, but merely as an object of thought. Hence it is used to express wish, conditions, doubt, &c. A. In principal sentences. Wish and command (often nearly equivalent to the imperative):--_thaes him s[=i]e wuldor and lof [=a] b[=u]tan [e,]nde_ (therefore let there be to him praise and glory ever without end); _ne h[=e] ealu ne drince n[=ae]fre oththe w[=i]n_ (nor shall he ever drink ale or wine). B. In dependent sentences. The chief cases are the following:-- (1) In indirect narrative and question: _s[=e]o cw[=e]n sae[.g]de thaet hiere n[=ae]re be healfum d[=ae]le [.g]e.sae[.g]d be Salomones m[=ae]rtho_ (the queen said that she had not been told about Solomon's glory by half); ic [=a]sci[.g]e hw[=ae]r s[=e]o offrung s[=i]e (I ask where the offering is); m[e,]nn woldon s[.c][=e]awian h[=u] h[=e] l[=ae][.g]e (men {48} wished to see how he lay). When the statement in the indirect narration is perfectly certain in itself, and not merely accepted on the authority of the speaker, it is put in the indicative:--_h[=e] hiere sae[.g]de on hw[=ae]m his miht waes_ (he told her what his strength consisted in). (2) After verbs of desiring and commanding:-- _thaes ic [.g]e.wilni[.g]e and [.g]e.wys[.c]e mid m[=o]de thaet ic [=a]na ne be.l[=i]fe aefter m[=i]num l[=e]ofum the[.g]num_ (that I desire and wish with heart that I may not remain alone after my dear thanes). (3) To express purpose:--_th[=y] l[=ae]s [.g][=e] thone hw[=ae]te [=a].wyrtwalien_ (lest ye root up the wheat);--_Dryhten [=a]s.t[=a]g nither, t[=o] b[=ae]m thaet h[=e] [.g]e.s[=a]we th[=a] burg_ (the Lord descended, in order that he might see the city). (4) To express result:--_th[=u] naefst th[=a] mihte thaet th[=u] mae[.g]e him with.standan_ (thou hast not the power that thou canst withstand him). (5) To express hypothetical comparison (as if):--_se wulf folgode forth mid th[=ae]m h[=e]afde, swelce h[=e] tam w[=ae]re_ (the wolf followed on with the head, as if he were tame); _h[=e] [.g]e.l[=ae]hte [=a]ne l[=e]on, and t[=o].brae[.g]d h[=i]e t[=o] sty[.c][.c]um, swelce h[=e] t[=o].t[=ae]re ti[.c][.c]en_ (he seized a lion and tore her to pieces, as if he were rending a kid). (6) In conditional clauses, generally with [.g]if or b[=u]tan, and in concessive clauses with th[=e]ah, th[=e]ah the:--_God w[=a]t thaet ic nyle [=a].b[=u]gan fram his b[=i]g[e,]ngum [=ae]fre, swelte ic, libbe ic_ (God knows that I will not swerve from his worship ever, whether I die or live); _th[=a]s flotm[e,]nn cumath, and th[=e] cwicne [.g]e.bindath, b[=u]tan th[=u] mid fl[=e]ame th[=i]num f[=e]ore [.g]e.beorge_ (these pirates will come and bind thee alive, unless thou savest thy life with flight); _God hielt [=E]admund h[=a]lne his l[=i]chaman oth thone mi[.c]lan dae[.g], th[=e]ah the h[=e] on moldan c[=o]me_ (God will keep Edmund {49} with his body whole until the great day, although he has come to earth--been buried). Sometimes the idea of 'if' must be got from the context:--_clipiath t[=o] thissum [.g]ieftum sw[=a] hwelce sw[=a] [.g][=e] [.g]e.m[=e]ten_ (summon to this wedding whomsoever ye meet, = if ye meet any one); _h[=i]e be.h[=e]ton hiere s[.c]eattas with th[=ae]m the h[=e]o be.swice Samson_ (they promised her money in consideration of her betraying Samson, = if she would...). When the statement is assumed as unreal, instead of merely hypothetical, as in the above instances, both clauses are put in the subjunctive, the preterite being substituted for the present, as in Modern English also, where if I were ... implies I am not.... The modern distinction between if I were and if I had been, the former corresponding to the present indicative I am not, the latter to the preterite I was not, is not made in Old English, which uses gif ic w[=ae]re in both instances. Sometimes the 'if'-clause has to be supplied in thought:--_m[=e] l[=e]ofre w[=ae]re thaet ic on [.g]e.feohte f[=e]olle with th[=ae]m the m[=i]n folc m[=o]ste hiera eardes br[=u]can_ (I would rather fall in fight that my people might possess their country), where we must supply some such clause as _[.g]if hit sw[=a] b[=e]on mihte_ (if it might be so--if it were possible to save my people by my death). (7) In clauses dependant on a negative sentence:--_nis n[=a]n thing the his mihte with.stande_ (there is nothing that resists his might). Sometimes the negation must be gathered from the context, as in _se h[=a]lga is m[=ae]rra thonne m[e,]nn mae[.g]en [=a].sm[=e]an_ (the saint is more illustrious than men can conceive = the saint is so illustrious that no men can conceive it). (8) In other cases, to express uncertainty, futurity, &c.: _th[=i]n r[=i][.c]e [.g]e.w[=i]tt fram th[=e], oth thaet th[=u] wite thaet God [.g]e.wielt manna r[=i][.c]a_ (thy kingdom shall depart from thee, till thou knowest that God rules the kingdoms of men); uton {50} _weorthian [=u]rne naman, [=ae]r th[=ae]m the w[=e] s[=i]en t[=o].d[=ae]lde [.g]eond ealle eorthan!_ (let us make our name famous, before we are dispersed over the earth). The preterite subjunctive is often expressed by should and would with an infinitive, as in Modern English. Scolde is used after verbs of desiring, requesting and commanding:--biddende thone Aelmihtigan thaet h[=e] him [=a]rian scolde (praying the Almighty to have mercy on him). In the following example the verb of commanding is understood from the noun [=ae]rende:--_h[=e] s[e,]nde t[=o] thaem cyninge b[=e]otlic [=ae]rende, thaet h[=e] [=a].b[=u]gan scolde t[=o] his mannr[=ae]denne, [.g]if h[=e] his f[=e]ores r[=o]hte_ (he sent to the king an arrogant message, that he was to turn to his allegiance, if he cared about his life). Wolde is used after verbs of purpose:--_se cyning [=e]ode inn thaet he wolde [.g]e.s[=e]on th[=a] the th[=ae]r s[=ae]ton_ (the king went in to see those who were sitting there). INFINITIVE. After verbs of commanding the infinitive often seems to have a passive sense:--h[=i]e h[=e]ton him s[e,]ndan m[=a]ran fultum (they ordered that more forces should be sent to them). So also after verbs of hearing, &c.:--thaet m[=ae]ste wael the w[=e] s[e,][.c][.g]an h[=i]erdon (the greatest slaughter we have heard told of). In such cases an indefinite pronoun has been omitted: 'ordered them to send ...' etc. GERUND. The gerund is used-- (1) to express purpose:--_[=u]t [=e]ode se s[=a]were his s[=ae]d t[=o] s[=a]wenne_ (the sower went forth to sow his seed). (2) it defines or determines an adjective (adverb or noun): _hit is scandlic ymb swelc t[=o] sprecenne_ (it is shameful to speak of such things). {51} PREPOSITIONS. Some prepositions govern the accusative, such as thurh (through), ymbe (about); some the dative (and instrumental), such as aefter (after), [=ae]r (before), aet (at), be (by), binnan (within), b[=u]tan (without), for (for), fram (from), of (of), t[=o] (to). Some govern both accusative and dative, such as ofer (over), on (on, in), under (under). The general rule is that when motion is implied they take the accusative, when rest is implied, the dative. Thus on with the accusative signifies 'into,' with the dative 'in.' But this rule is not strictly followed, and we often find the accusative used with verbs of rest, as in h[=e] his h[=u]s [.g]e.timbrode ofer st[=a]n (he built his house on a rock), and conversely, the dative with verbs of motion, as in h[=i]e f[=e]ollon on st[=ae]nihte (they fell on stony ground). As regards the use and meaning of the prepositions, it must be noticed that in is very seldom used, its place being supplied by on, the meaning 'on' being in its turn often expressed by ofer, as in the passage just quoted. When a thing is referred to, th[=ae]r is substituted for hit, the preposition being joined on to the th[=ae]r, so that, for instance, th[=ae]r-t[=o] corresponds to t[=o] him; _h[=i]e l[=ae]ddon thone cyning t[=o] [=a]num tr[=e]owe, and t[=i]e[.g]don hine th[=ae]r-t[=o]_ (they led the king to a tree, and tied him to it). So also h[=e]r-be[=e]astan is equivalent to 'east of this (country).' Prepositions sometimes follow, instead of preceding the words they modify, sometimes with other words intervening: _h[=i]e scuton mid gafelocum him t[=o]_ (they shot at him with missiles); _h[=i]e cw[=ae]don him be.tw[=e]onan_ (they said among themselves); _th[=ae]m Aelmihtigan t[=o] lofe, the h[=i]e on [.g]e.l[=i]efdon_ (to the praise of the Almighty, in whom they believed), where on {52} refers to the indeclinable the. So also in thaet h[=u]s the h[=e] inne wunode (the house he dwelt in). Where the noun modified by such a preposition is not expressed, the preposition becomes an adverb: _se cyning s[e,]nde his h[e,]re t[=o], and for.dyde th[=a] mannslagan_ (the king sent his army to the place, and destroyed the murderers). NEGATION. The negative particle is ne, which drops its e before some common verbs and pronouns, as in nis = ne is, n[=a]n = ne [=a]n. The negative particle is prefixed to every finite verb in a sentence, and to all the words besides which admit the contracted forms:--_t[=o].cw[=i]esed hr[=e]od h[=e] ne for.br[=i]ett_ (he breaks not the bruised reed), _hit n[=a] ne f[=e]oll_ (it did not fall); n[=a]n mann nyste n[=a]n thing (no man knew anything). So also with ne ... ne = 'neither ... nor': _ne fl[=i]tt h[=e] ne h[=e] ne hr[=i]emth_ (he neither disputes nor cries out). CORRELATION. Correlation is often more fully expressed in Old than in Modern English, as in th[=a] th[=a] m[e,]nn sl[=e]pon, th[=a] c[=o]m his f[=e]onda sum = 'when the men slept, then came one of his enemies.' In th[=a] th[=a] = 'when' the two correlatives are brought immediately together:--_th[=a] th[=a] h[=e] s[=e]ow, sumu h[=i]e f[=e]ollon with we[.g]_ = 'then when he sowed, some of them fell by the road.' In the following example the conjunction thaet is correlative with the pronoun thaet:--_thaes ic [.g]e.wilni[.g]e thaet ic [=a]na ne be.l[=i]fe aefter m[=i]num l[=e]ofum the[.g]num_--'that I desire, that I may not remain alone after my dear thanes.' Sometimes a word is used to include both the demonstrative and the relative meaning:--_h[=e] [.g]e.br[=o]hte hine th[=ae]r h[=e] hine [=ae]r [.g]e.nam_ (he brought him to the place where he took him from). {53} WORD-ORDER. The Old English word-order resembles that of German in many respects, though it is not so strict, thus:-- The verb comes before its nominative when the sentence is headed by an adverb or adverbial group, or when the object or predicate is put at the head of the sentence:--th[=a] cwaeth se cyning (then said the king); [=ae]rest w[=ae]ron b[=u]end thisses landes Brettas (at first the Britons were the inhabitants of this country); _on his dagum c[=o]mon [=ae]rest thr[=e]o s[.c]ipu_ (in his days three ships first came); _thaet b[=ae]ron olfendas_ (camels carried it); _m[=ae]re is se God the Dani[=e]l on be.l[=i]efth_ (great is the God that Daniel believes in). The infinite often comes at the end of the sentence; _w[=e] magon [=e]ow r[=ae]d [.g]e.l[=ae]ran_ (we can teach you a plan). The finite verb often comes at the end in dependent sentences, an auxiliary verb often coming after an infinitive or participle; _thaet w[=ae]ron th[=a] [=ae]restan s[.c]ipu D[e,]niscra manna the Angel-cynnes land [.g]e.s[=o]hton_ (those were the first ships of Danish men which came to the land of the English race); _thaet m[=ae]ste wael the w[=e] s[e,][.c][.g]an h[=i]erdon oth thisne andweardan dae[.g]_ (the greatest slaughter that we have heard tell of up to this present day); _thaet h[=i]e thone Godes mann [=a].bitan scolden_ (in order that they should devour the man of God). There is a tendency to put the verb at the end in principal sentences also, or, at least, to bring it near the end: hiene man of.sl[=o]g (they killed him); h[=i]e th[=ae]r si[.g]e n[=a]mon (they got the victory there). * * * * * {54} GENERAL TABLE OF ENDINGS. NOUNS. STRONG. WEAK. M. N. F. M. N. F. Sg. N. -- -- -(u) -a -e -e A. -- -- -(e) -an -e -an D. -e -e -e -an -an -an G. -es -es -e -an -an -an \______ ______/ \/ Pl. N. -as -(u) -a -an D. -um -um -um -um G. -a -a -(en)a -ena ADJECTIVES. Sg. N. -- -- -(u) -a -e -e A. -ne -- -(e) -an -e -an D. -um -um -re -an -an -an G. -es -es -re -an -an -an I. -e -e (-re) (-an -an -an) Pl. N. -e -(u) -e \______ ______/ \______ ______/ \/ \/ -an D. -um -um G. -ra -ra VERBS. PRESENT. PRETERITE. Indic. Subj. Indic. Subj. Sg. 1. -e; -i[.g]e -(i[.g])e - ; -de -e; -de 2. -(e)st; -ast -(i[.g])e -e; -dest -e; -de 3. -(e)th; -ath -(i[.g])e - ; -de -e; -de Pl. -ath; -iath -(i)en -on; -don -en; -den Imper. sg. -(a); pl. -(i)ath. Infin. -(i)an. Partic. pres. -(i)ende; pret. -en, -ed, -od. Ger. (i)enne. * * * * * {55} TEXTS. I. SENTENCES. [=A]n on-[.g]inn is ealra thinga, thaet is God ael-mihti[.g]. Se [.g]e.l[=e]afa the bith b[=u]tan g[=o]dum weorcum, s[=e] is d[=e]ad; this sind th[=a]ra apostola word. Ic eom g[=o]d hierde: se g[=o]da hierde s[e,]lth his [=a]gen l[=i]f for his s[.c][=e]apum. [=U]re [=A].l[=i]esend is se g[=o]da hierde, and w[=e] cr[=i]stene m[e,]nn sind his s[.c]eap. Se m[=o]na his 5 leoht ne s[e,]lth, and steorran of heofone feallath. Sw[=a] sw[=a] waeter [=a].dw[=ae]s[.c]th f[=y]r, sw[=a] [=a].dw[=ae]s[.c]th s[=e]o aelmesse synna. Ealle [.g]e.s[.c]eafta, heofonas and [e,]n[.g]las, sunnan and m[=o]nan, steorran and eorthan, eall n[=i]etenu and ealle fuglas, s[=ae] and ealle fiscas God [.g]e.sc[=o]p and [.g]e.worhte on siex dagum; and 10 on th[=ae]m seofothan dae[.g]e h[=e] [.g]e.[e,]ndode his weorc; and h[=e] be.h[=e]old th[=a] eall his weorc the h[=e] [.g]e.worhte, and h[=i]e w[=ae]ron eall sw[=i]the g[=o]d. H[=e] f[=e]rde [.g]eond manigu land, bodiende Godes [.g]e.l[=e]afan. H[=e] for.l[=e]t eall woruld-thing. Se cyning be.b[=e]ad thaet man scolde ofer eall Angel-cynn s[.c]ipu wyr[.c]an; 15 and hiera waes sw[=a] fela sw[=a] n[=ae]fre [=ae]r ne waes on n[=a]nes cyninges dae[.g]e. Se cyning h[=e]t of.sl[=e]an ealle th[=a] D[e,]niscan m[e,]nn the on Angel-cynne w[=ae]ron. Th[=a] ne mihton h[=i]e him n[=a]n word and-swarian, ne n[=a]n mann ne dorste hine n[=a]n thing m[=a]re [=a]scian. H[=i]e fuhton 20 {56} on th[=a] burg ealne dae[.g], and th[=o]hton thaet h[=i]e h[=i]e scolden [=a].brecan. Se eorl [.g]e.w[e,]nde west t[=o] [=I]r-lande, and waes th[=ae]r ealne thone winter. Aethelred cyning and Aelfred his br[=o]thor fuhton with ealne thone h[e,]re on Aesces-d[=u]ne. Se mann is [=e][.c]e on [=a]num d[=ae]le, thaet is, on th[=ae]re s[=a]wle; 25 h[=e]o ne [.g]e.[e,]ndath n[=ae]fre. [.G]if se biscop d[=e]th be his [=a]gnum willan, and wile bindan thone un-scyldigan, and thone scyldigan [=a].l[=i]esan, thonne for.l[=i]est h[=e] th[=a] miht the him God for.[.g]eaf. Th[=e]od winth on.[.g][=e]an th[=e]ode, and r[=i][.c]e on.[.g][=e]an r[=i][.c]e. Ealle m[e,]nn [=e]ow hatiath for m[=i]num naman. H[=e] [.g]e.worhte 30 fela wundra binnan th[=ae]m fierste the h[=e] biscop waes. H[=e] [.g]e.h[=ae]lde sum w[=i]f mid h[=a]lgum waetre. Se cyning wearth of.slae[.g]en fram his [=a]gnum folce. On th[=ae]m ilcan [.g][=e]are waes se mi[.c]la hungor [.g]eond Angel-cynn. Se maesse-pr[=e]ost [=a]scath thaet [.c]ild, and cwithth: 'With.saecst th[=u] d[=e]ofle?' Thonne andwyrt 35 se god-faeder, and cwithth: 'Ic with.sace d[=e]ofle.' God aelmihtiga, [.g]e.miltsa m[=e] synn-fullum! Aethelred cyning c[=o]m h[=a]m t[=o] his [=a]genre th[=e]ode, and h[=e] glaedl[=i]ce fram him eallum on.fangen wearth. Cr[=i]st, [=u]re Dryhten, be.b[=e]ad his leornung-cnihtum thaet 40 h[=i]e scolden t[=ae][.c]an eallum th[=e]odum th[=a] thing th[=a] h[=e] self him t[=ae]hte. [.G]if [.g][=e] for.[.g]iefath mannum hiera synna, thonne for.giefth [=e]ower se heofonlica Faeder [=e]owre synna. Ne mae[.g] n[=a]n mann tw[=ae]m hl[=a]fordum th[=e]owian: oththe h[=e] [=a]nne hatath and [=o]therne lufath, oththe h[=e] bith [=a]num [.g]e.h[=i]ersum and [=o]thrum un[.g]eh[=i]ersum. 45 Se cyning nam thaes eorles sunu mid him t[=o] [E,]n[.g]la-lande. M[e,]nn be.h[=o]fiath g[=o]dre l[=a]re on thissum t[=i]man, the is [.g]e.[e,]ndung thisse worulde. Se l[=i]chama, the is th[=ae]re s[=a]wle r[=e]af, andb[=i]dath thaes mi[.c]lan d[=o]mes; and th[=e]ah h[=e] b[=e]o t[=o] d[=u]ste for.molsnod, 50 {57} God hine [=a].r[=ae]rth, and [.g]e.bringth t[=o].gaedre s[=a]wle and l[=i]chaman t[=o] th[=ae]m [=e][.c]an l[=i]fe. Hwelc faeder wile s[e,]llan his [.c]ilde st[=a]n, [.g]if hit hine hl[=a]fes bitt? [=A].[.g]iefath th[=ae]m c[=a]sere th[=a] thing the thaes c[=a]seres sind, and Gode th[=a] thing the Godes sind. S[=e]o s[=a]wol and-b[=i]dath thaes [=e][.c]an [=ae]ristes. 55 H[=e] waes cyning ofer eall [E,]n[.g]la-land tw[e,]nti[.g] wintra. God aelmihti[.g] is ealra cyninga cyning, and ealra hl[=a]forda hl[=a]ford. D[=e]ofol is ealra un-riht-w[=i]sra manna h[=e]afod, and th[=a] yflan m[e,]nn sind his limu. Synnfulra manna d[=e]ath is yfel and earmlic, for th[=ae]m the h[=i]e farath of thissum scortan l[=i]fe t[=o] [=e][.c]um 60 w[=i]tum. H[=u] fela hl[=a]fa haebbe [.g][=e]? Seofon, and f[=e]a fisca. Ne [.g]e.wilna th[=u] [=o]thres mannes [=ae]hta! On th[=ae]m landum eardodon [E,]n[.g]le, [=ae]r th[=ae]m the h[=i]e hider on land c[=o]mon. H[=i]e fuhton on th[=a] burg ealne dae[.g], ac h[=i]e ne mihton h[=i]e [=a].brecan. Th[=a] [=e]odon h[=i]e t[=o] hiera s[.c]ipum. Th[=ae]r 65 b[=e]oth sw[=i]the mani[.g]e byri[.g] on th[=ae]m lande, and on [=ae]lcre byri[.g] bith cyning. God cwaeth t[=o] No[=e]: 'Ic wile for.d[=o]n eall mann-cynn mid waetre for hiera synnum, ac ic wile [.g]e.healdan th[=e], and th[=i]n w[=i]f, and th[=i]ne thr[=i]e suna.' [=A]n mann haefde tw[=e][.g]en suna; th[=a] 70 cwaeth h[=e] t[=o] th[=ae]m ieldran: 'g[=a] and wyr[.c] t[=o].dae[.g] on m[=i]num w[=i]n-[.g]earde.' Th[=a] cwaeth h[=e]: 'ic nyle:' [=e]ode th[=e]ah siththan t[=o] th[=ae]m w[=i]n[.g]earde. H[=e] dyde his faeder willan. Se pr[=e]ost cwaeth t[=o] th[=ae]m folce: 'Ic [=e]ow bl[=e]tsi[.g]e on naman thaes Faeder, thaes Suna, and thaes H[=a]lgan G[=a]stes.' [=A]ra th[=i]num faeder and 75 th[=i]nre m[=e]der! Sum w[=i]f c[=o]m t[=o] Cr[=i]ste, and baed for hiere dehter. S[=e]o dohtor wearth [.g]e.h[=ae]led thurh [.g]e.l[=e]afan th[=ae]re m[=o]dor. B[=e]oth [.g]e.myndi[.g]e th[=a]ra tw[=e][.g]ra worda the Dryhten cwaeth on {58} his god-spelle! H[=e] cwaeth: 'For.[.g]iefath, and [=e]ow bith for.[.g]iefen; 80 s[e,]llath, and [=e]ow bith [.g]e.seald.' Tw[=e][.g]en m[e,]nn [=e]odon int[=o] Godes temple h[=i]e t[=o] [.g]e.biddenne. Aelfred cyning f[=o]r mid thrim s[.c]ipum [=u]t on s[=ae], and [.g]e.feaht with f[=e]ower s[.c]ip-hlaestas D[e,]niscra manna, and th[=a]ra s[.c]ipa tw[=a] [.g]e.nam, and th[=a] m[e,]nn of.slae[.g]ene w[=ae]ron the 85 th[=ae]r-on w[=ae]ron. Th[=a] c[=o]mon thr[=e]o s[.c]ipu. Th[=a] [.g]e.f[=e]ngon h[=i]e th[=a]ra thr[=e]ora s[.c]ipa tw[=a], and th-a m[e,]nn of.sl[=o]gon, ealle b[=u]tan f[=i]fum. Se w[=i]tega [=a].wr[=a]t be th[=ae]m f[=e]ower n[=i]etenum the him aet.[=i]ewdu w[=ae]ron, thaet h[=i]e haefden [=e]agan him on [=ae]lce healfe. [=A]n th[=a]ra n[=i]etena waes on m[e,]nniscre ons[=i]ene him aet.[=i]ewed, 90 [=o]ther on l[=e]on ons[=i]ene, thridde on [.c]ealfes, f[=e]orthe on earnes. God thone [=ae]restan mann rihtne and g[=o]dne [.g]e.sc[=o]p, and eall mann-cynn mid him. Aelfred Aethelwulfing waes cyning ofer eall Angel-cynn b[=u]tan th[=ae]m d[=ae]le the under D[e,]na onwealde waes. [=Ae]lc g[=o]d tr[=e]ow bierth g[=o]de waestmas, and [=ae]lc 95 yfel tr[=e]ow bierth yfle waestmas; ne mae[.g] thaet g[=o]de tr[=e]ow beran yfle waestmas, ne thaet yfle tr[=e]ow g[=o]de waestmas. [=E]adigu sind [=e]owru [=e]agan, for th[=ae]m the h[=i]e [.g]e.s[=e]oth, and [=e]owru [=e]aran, for th[=ae]m the h[=i]e [.g]e.h[=i]erath. Sw[=a] hw[=a] sw[=a] s[e,]lth [=a]num thurstigum m[e,]nn [.c]eald waeter on m[=i]num naman, ne 100 for.l[=i]est h[=e] his m[=e]de. Ne fare [.g][=e] on h[=ae]thenra manna we[.g]e! G[=o]d mann of g[=o]dum gold-horde bringth g[=o]d forth; and yfel mann of yflum goldhorde bringth yfel forth. Greg[=o]rius se h[=a]lga p[=a]pa is rihtl[=i]ce [.g]e.cweden [E,]n[.g]liscre th[=e]ode apostol. Th[=a] h[=e] [.g]e.seah thaet se m[=ae]sta d[=ae]l th[=ae]re th[=e]ode 105 his l[=a]re for.s[=a]won, th[=a] for.l[=e]t h[=e] h[=i]e, and [.g]e.[.c][=e]as th[=a] h[=ae]thnan l[=e]ode. [.G]if se blinda blindne l[=ae]tt, h[=i]e feallath b[=e][.g]en on [=a]nne pytt. Se H[=a]lga G[=a]st is lufu and willa thaes Faeder and thaes Suna; and h[=i]e sind ealle [.g]e.l[=i]ce mihti[.g]e. B[e,]tere is s[=e]o s[=a]wol thonne se m[e,]te, and b[e,]tera se l[=i]chama thonne his scr[=u]d. 110 {59} S[=e]o s[=a]wol is g[=a]st, and be eorthlicum m[e,]ttum ne leofath. Be.healdath th[=a]s fl[=e]ogendan fuglas, the ne s[=a]wath ne ne r[=i]path, ac se heofonlica Faeder h[=i]e [=a].f[=e]tt. H[=e] cwaeth, 'Ic neom [=o]thrum mannum [.g]e.l[=i]c;' swelce h[=e] cw[=ae]de, 'Ic [=a]na eom rihtw[=i]s, and th[=a] [=o]thre sind synn-fulle.' 115 Th[=a] se H[=ae]lend thanon f[=o]r, th[=a] folgodon him tw[=e][.g]en blinde, cwethende: '[.G]e.miltsa unc, Dav[=i]des sunu!' H[=e] cwaeth t[=o] him: '[.G]e.l[=i]efe [.g]it thaet ic inc mae[.g]e [.g]e.haelan?' H[=e] cwaeth: 'S[=i]e inc aefter incrum [.g]e.l[=e]afan.' Aethelst[=a]n cyning f[=o]r inn on Scot-land, [=ae][.g]ther [.g]e mid land-h[e,]re [.g]e mid s[.c]ip-h[e,]re, 120 and his mi[.c]el ofer.h[e,]rgode. Se mann the God for.[.g]iett, God for.[.g]iett [=e]ac hine. Farath, and l[=ae]rath ealle th[=e]oda! L[=ae]rath h[=i]e thaet h[=i]e healden eall th[=a] thing the ic [=e]ow be.b[=e]ad! Sume m[e,]nn sae[.g]don be him thaet h[=e] w[=ae]re Aelfredes sunu cyninges. Se H[=ae]lend [=a]scode his leornung-cnihtas, 'Hwone s[e,][.c][.g]ath 125 m[e,]nn thaet s[=i]e mannes Sunu?' Hwaet s[e,][.c][.g]e [.g][=e] thaet ic s[=i]e? Th[=u] eart thaes libbendan Godes sunu. Cr[=i]st cwaeth be his Faeder: '[.G][=e] s[e,][.c][.g]ath thaet h[=e] [=e]ower God s[=i]e, and [.g][=e] hine ne on.cn[=e]owon.' [.G]if h[=i]e thone h[=a]lgan Faeder on.cn[=e]owen, thonne under.f[=e]ngen h[=i]e mid [.g]e.l[=e]afan his Sunu, the h[=e] [=a].s[e,]nde 130 t[=o] middan-[.g]earde. Se we[.g] is sw[=i]the nearu and sticol s[=e] the l[=ae]tt t[=o] heofona r[=i][.c]e; and se we[.g] is sw[=i]the br[=a]d and sm[=e]the s[=e] the l[=ae]tt t[=o] h[e,]lle w[)i]te. Dysi[.g] bith se we[.g]-f[=e]renda mann s[=e] the nimth thone sm[=e]than we[.g] the h[=i]ne mis-l[=ae]tt, and for.l[=ae]tt thone sticolan the hine [.g]e.bringth t[=o] th[=ae]re byri[.g]. Thaet 135 ic [=e]ow s[e,][.c][.g]e on th[=e]ostrum, s[e,][.c][.g]ath hit on leohte; and thaet [.g][=e] on [=e]are [.g]e.h[=i]erath, bodiath uppan hr[=o]fum. H[=i]e scufon [=u]t hiera s[.c]ipu, and [.g]e.w[e,]ndon him be.[.g]eondan s[=ae]. Healdath and d[=o]th sw[=a] hwaet sw[=a] h[=i]e s[e,][.c][.g]ath; and ne d[=o] [.g][=e] n[=a], aefter hiera weorcum: h[=i]e s[e,][.c][.g]ath, and ne d[=o]th. Eall 140 hiera weorc h[=i]e d[=o]th thaet m[e,]nn h[=i]e [.g]e.s[=e]on. H[=i]e lufiath thaet {60} man h[=i]e gr[=e]te on str[=ae]tum. [=E]al[=a] [.g][=e] n[=ae]ddran and n[=ae]ddrena cynn, h[=u] fl[=e]o [.g][=e] fram h[e,]lle d[=o]me? W[=e] sind ealle cuman on thissum and-weardan l[=i]fe, and [=u]re eard nis n[=a] h[=e]r; ac w[=e] sind h[=e]r swelce we[.g]-f[=e]rende 145 m[e,]nn: [=a]n cymth, [=o]ther faerth. Hwelc mann s[e,]lth his bearne n[=ae]ddran, [.g]if hit fisces bitt? [=Ae]lc th[=a]ra the bitt, h[=e] on.f[=e]hth; and s[=e] the s[=e][.c]th, h[=e] hit fint. Ne g[=ae]th [=ae]lc th[=a]ra on heofona r[=i][.c]e the cwithth t[=o] m[=e], 'Dryhten, Dryhten;' ac s[=e] the wyr[.c]th m[=i]nes Faeder willan the on heofonum is, s[=e] g[=ae]th on heofona 150 r[=i][.c]e. Nis hit n[=a] g[=o]d th[=ae]t man nime bearna hl[=a]f and hundum weorpe. Ic haebbe the[.g]nas under m[=e]: and ic cwethe t[=o] thissum, 'g[=a],' and h[=e] g[=ae]th; and t[=o] [=o]thrum, 'cum,' and h[=e] cymth, and t[=o] m[=i]num th[=e]owe, 'wyr[.c] this,' and h[=e] wyr[.c]th. Se H[=ae]lend [.g]e.nam th[=a] f[=i]f hl[=a]fas, and bl[=e]tsode, and t[=o].braec, 155 and t[=o].d[=ae]lde be.twix th[=ae]m sittendum; sw[=a] [.g]e.l[=i]ce [=e]ac th[=a] fiscas t[=o].d[=ae]lde; and h[=i]e ealle [.g]e.n[=o]g haefdon. Th[=a] the th[=ae]r [=ae]ton w[=ae]ron f[=e]ower th[=u]send manna, b[=u]tan [.c]ildum and w[=i]fum. H[=i]e c[=o]mon t[=o] him, and t[=o] him [.g]eb[=ae]don, and thus cw[=ae]don: 'S[=o]thl[=i]ce th[=u] eart Godes sunu.' Ne w[=e]ne [.g][=e] thaet 160 ic c[=o]me sibbe on eorthan to s[e,]ndenne: ne c[=o]m ic sibbe t[=o] s[e,]ndenne, ac sweord. H[=e] be.b[=e]ad thaet h[=i]e s[=ae]ten ofer th[=ae]re eorthan. H[=e] sae[.g]de thaet North-manna land w[=ae]re sw[=i]the lang and sw[=i]the smael. H[=i]e ealle on thone cyning w[=ae]ron feohtende, oth thaet h[=i]e 165 hine ofslae[.g]enne haefdon. [=Ae]lc mann the [=o]thre m[e,]nn for.sihth bith fram Gode for.sewen. S[=e] the [=e]aran haebbe t[=o] [.g]e.hi[=e]renne, [.g]e.h[=i]ere. G[=o]d is [=u]s h[=e]r t[=o] b[=e]onne. God cwaeth t[=o] [=a]num w[=i]tegan, s[=e] waes Ionas [.g]e.h[=a]ten: 'Far t[=o] th[=ae]re byri[.g], and boda th[=ae]r th[=a] word the ic th[=e] s[e,][.c][.g]e.' 170 {61} Lufiath [=e]owre f[=i]end, and d[=o]th wel th[=ae]m the [=e]ow yfel d[=o]th. Lufa Dryhten th[=i]nne God on ealre th[=i]nre heortan, and on ealre th[=i]nre sawle, and on eallum th[=i]num m[=o]de. S[=e] the ne lufath his br[=o]thor, thone the h[=e] [.g]e.sihth, h[=u] mae[.g] h[=e] lufian God, thone the h[=e] ne [.g]e.sihth l[=i]cham-l[=i]ce? S[e,][.g]e [=u]s hwonne th[=a]s 175 thing [.g]e.weorthen, and hwelc t[=a]cen s[=i]e th[=i]nes t[=o]-cymes and worulde [.g]e.[e,]ndunge. Se H[=ae]lend cwaeth t[=o] [=a]num his leornung-cnihta, s[=e] waes h[=a]ten Philippus: 'Mid hw[=ae]m magon w[=e] by[.c][.g]an hl[=a]f thissum folce?' Wel wiste Cr[=i]st hwaet h[=e] d[=o]n wolde, and h[=e] wiste 180 thaet Philippus thaet nyste. God mae[.g] d[=o]n eall thing; w[=e] sculon wundrian his mihte, and [=e]ac [.g]e.l[=i]efan. Cr[=i]st [=a].r[=ae]rde Lazarum of d[=e]athe, and cwaeth t[=o] his leornung-cnihtum: 'T[=o].l[=i]esath his b[e,]ndas, thaet h[=e] g[=a]n mae[.g]e.' God is aelmihti[.g], and mae[.g] d[=o]n eall thaet h[=e] wile. [.G][=e] nyton on hwelcre t[=i]de 185 [=e]ower hl[=a]ford cuman wile. For th[=ae]m b[=e]o [.g][=e] [.g]earwe; for th[=ae]m the mannes Sunu wile cuman on th[=ae]re t[=i]de the [.g][=e] nyton. Se H[=ae]lend cwaeth be his Faeder: 'Ic hine cann, and [.g]if ic s[e,][.c][.g]e thaet ic hine ne cunne, thonne b[=e]o ic l[=e]as, [=e]ow [.g]e.l[=i]c.' Se d[=e]ofol cwaeth t[=o] Cr[=i]ste: '[.G]if th[=u] s[=i]e Godes sunu, cweth 190 t[=o] thissum st[=a]num thaet h[=i]e b[=e]on [=a].w[e,]nde t[=o] hl[=a]fum.' Th[=a] and-wyrde se H[=ae]lend, and cwaeth: 'Hit is [=a].writen, "ne leofath se mann n[=a] be hl[=a]fe [=a]num, ac leofath be eallum th[=ae]m wordum the g[=a]th of Godes m[=u]the."' Se H[=ae]lend c[=o]m t[=o] him, th[=ae]r h[=i]e w[=ae]ron [.g]e.gadrode, and cwaeth: 'S[=i]e sibb be.twix 195 [=e]ow; ic hit eom; ne b[=e]o [.g][=e] n[=a] [=a].fyrhte.' Faeder [=u]re, th[=u] the eart on heofonum, s[=i]e th[=i]n nama [.g]e.h[=a]lgod. W[=e] syngodon, w[=e] dydon un-rihtl[=i]ce; s[e,]le [=u]s for.[.g]iefnesse: hwaet sculon w[=e] d[=o]n? {62} II. FROM THE GOSPEL OF ST. MATTHEW. VII. 24-7. [=Ae]lc th[=a]ra the th[=a]s m[=i]n word [.g]e.h[=i]erth, and th[=a] wyr[.c]th, bith [.g]e.l[=i]c th[=ae]m w[=i]san were, s[=e] his h[=u]s ofer st[=a]n [.g]et.imbrode. Th[=a] c[=o]m th[=ae]r re[.g]en and mi[.c]el fl[=o]d, and th[=ae]r bl[=e]owon windas, and [=a].hruron on thaet h[=u]s, and hit n[=a] ne f[=e]oll: s[=o]thl[=i]ce hit waes ofer st[=a]n [.g]e.timbrod. 5 And [=ae]lc th[=a]ra the [.g]e.h[=i]erth th[=a]s m[=i]n word, and th[=a] ne wyr[.c]th, s[=e] bith [.g]e.l[=i]c th[=ae]m dysigan m[e,]nn, the [.g]e.timbrode his h[=u]s ofer sand-[.c]eosol. Th[=a] r[=i]nde hit, and th[=ae]r c[=o]m fl[=o]d, and bl[=e]owon windas, and [=a].hruron on th[=ae]t h[=u]s, and thaet h[=u]s f[=e]oll; and his hryre waes mi[.c]el. 10 XII. 18-21. H[=e]r is m[=i]n cnapa, thone ic [.g]e.[.c][=e]as; m[=i]n [.g]e.corena, on th[=ae]m wel [.g]e.l[=i]code m[=i]nre s[=a]wle: ic [=a].s[e,]tte m[=i]nne g[=a]st ofer hine, and d[=o]m h[=e] bodath th[=e]odum. Ne fl[=i]tt h[=e], ne h[=e] ne hriemth, ne n[=a]n mann ne [.g]e.h[=i]erth his stefne on str[=ae]tum. T[=o].cw[=i]esed hr[=e]od h[=e] ne for.br[=i]ett, and sm[=e]ocende fleax h[=e] ne [=a].dw[=ae]scth, 15 [=ae]r th[=ae]m the h[=e] [=a].weorpe d[=o]m t[=o] si[.g]e. And on his naman th[=e]oda [.g]e.hyhtath. XIII. 3-8. S[=o]thl[=i]ce [=u]t [=e]ode se s[=a]were his s[=ae]d t[=o] s[=a]wenne. And th[=a] th[=a] h[=e] s[=e]ow, sumu h[=i]e f[=e]ollon with we[.g], and fuglas c[=o]mon and [=ae]ton th[=a]. S[=o]thl[=i]ce sumu f[=e]ollon on st[=ae]nihte, th[=ae]r hit 20 {63} naefde mi[.c]le eorthan, and hraedl[=i]ce [=u]p sprungon, for th[=ae]m the h[=i]e naefdon p[=ae]re eorthan d[=i]epan; s[=o]thl[=i]ce, [=u]p sprungenre sunnan, h[=i]e [=a].dr[=u]godon and for.scruncon, for th[=ae]m the h[=i]e naefdon wyrtruman. S[=o]thl[=i]ce sumu f[=e]ollon on thornas, and th[=a] thornas w[=e]oxon, and for.thrysmdon th[=a]. Sumu s[=o]thl[=i]ce 25 f[=e]ollon on g[=o]de eorthan, and sealdon waestm, sum hund-fealdne, sum siexti[.g]-fealdne, sum thriti[.g]-fealdn[e,]. XIII. 24-30. Heofona r[=i][.c]e is [.g]e.worden th[=ae]m m[e,]nn [.g]e.l[=i]c the s[=e]ow g[=o]d s[=ae]d on his aecere. S[=o]thl[=i]ce, th[=a] th[=a] m[e,]nn sl[=e]pon, th[=a] c[=o]m his f[=e]onda sum, and ofer.s[=e]ow hit mid coccele on.middan th[=ae]m 30 hw[=ae]te, and f[=e]rde thanon. S[=o]thl[=i]ce, th[=a] s[=e]o wyrt w[=e]ox, and thone waestm br[=o]hte, th[=a] aet.[=i]ewde se coccel hine. Th[=a] [=e]odon thaes hl[=a]fordes th[=e]owas and cw[=ae]don: 'Hl[=a]ford, h[=u], ne s[=e]owe th[=u] g[=o]d s[=ae]d on th[=i]num aecere? hwanon haefde h[=e] coccel?' Th[=a] cwaeth h[=e]: 'thaet dyde unhold mann.' Th[=a] cw[=ae]don th[=a] 35 th[=e]owas: 'Wilt th[=u], w[=e] g[=a]th and gadriath h[=i]e?' Th[=a] cwaep h[=e]: 'Nese: th[=y] l[=ae]s [.g][=e] thone hw[=ae]te [=a].wyrtwalien, thonne [.g][=e] thone coccel gadriath. L[=ae]tath [=ae][.g]ther weaxan oth r[=i]p-t[=i]man; and on p[=ae]m r[=i]pt[=i]man ic s[e,][.c][.g]e th[=ae]m r[=i]perum: "gadriath [=ae]rest thone coccel, and bindath s[.c][=e]af-m[=ae]lum t[=o] for.baernenne; 40 and gadriath thone hw[=ae]te int[=o] m[=i]num b[e,]rne."' XIII. 44-8. Heofona r[=i][.c]e is [.g]e.l[=i]c [.g]e.h[=y]ddum gold-horde on th[=ae]m aecere. Thone be.h[=y]tt se mann the hine fint, and for his blisse g[=ae]th, and s[e,]lth eall thaet h[=e] [=a]h, and [.g]e.by[.g]th thone aecer. Eft is heofona r[=i][.c]e [.g]e.l[=i]c th[=ae]m mangere the s[=o]hte thaet g[=o]de 45 m[e,]re-grot. Th[=a] h[=e] funde thaet [=a]n d[=e]or-wierthe m[e,]regrot, th[=a] [=e]ode h[=e], and sealde eall thaet h[=e] [=a]hte, and bohte thaet m[e,]regrot. {64} Eft is heofona r[=i][.c]e [.g]e.l[=i]c [=a].s[e,]ndum n[e,]tte on th[=a] s[=ae], and of [=ae]lcum fisc-cynne gadriendum. Th[=a] h[=i]e th[=a] thaet n[e,]tt [=u]p 50 [=a].tugon, and s[=ae]ton be th[=ae]m strande, th[=a] [.g]e.curon h[=i]e th[=a] g[=o]dan on hiera fatu, and th[=a] yflan h[=i]e [=a].wurpon [=u]t. XVIII. 12-14. [.G]if hwelc mann haefth hund s[.c][=e]apa, and him losath [=a]n of th[=ae]m, h[=u], ne for.l[=ae]tt h[=e] th[=a] nigon and hund.nigonti[.g] on th[=ae]m muntum, and g[=ae]th, and s[=e][.c]th thaet [=a]n the for.wearth? And [.g]if 55 hit [.g]e.limpth thaet h[=e] hit fint, s[=o]thl[=i]ce ic [=e]ow s[e,][.c][.g]e thaet h[=e] sw[=i]thor [.g]e.blissath for th[=ae]m [=a]num thonne for th[=ae]m nigon and hund.nigontigum the n[=a] ne losodon. XX. 1-16. Heofona r[=i][.c]e is [.g]e.l[=i]c th[=ae]m h[=i]redes ealdre, the on [=ae]rnemer[.g]en [=u]t [=e]ode [=a].h[=y]ran wyrhtan on his w[=i]n-[.g]eard. [.G]e.wordenre 60 [.g]e.cwid-r[=ae]denne th[=ae]m wyrhtum, h[=e] sealde [=ae]lcum [=a]nne th[e,]ning with his dae[.g]es weorce, and [=a].s[e,]nde h[=i]e on his w[=i]n[.g]eard. And th[=a] h[=e] [=u]t [=e]ode ymbe undern-t[=i]d, h[=e] [.g]e.seah othre on str[=ae]te [=i]dle standan. Th[=a] cwaeth h[=e]: 'G[=a] [.g][=e] on m[=i]nne w[=i]n[.g]eard, and ic s[e,]lle [=e]ow thaet riht bith.' And h[=i]e th[=a] 65 f[=e]rdon. Eft h[=e] [=u]t [=e]ode ymbe th[=a] siextan and nigothan t[=i]d, and dyde th[=ae]m sw[=a] [.g]e.l[=i]ce. Th[=a] ymbe th[=a] [e,]ndlyftan t[=i]d h[=e] [=u]t [=e]ode, and funde [=o]thre standende, and th[=a] sae[.g]de h[=e]: 'Hw[=y] stande [.g][=e] h[=e]r ealne dae[.g] [=i]dle?' Th[=a] cw[=ae]don h[=i]e: 'For th[=ae]m the [=u]s n[=a]n mann ne h[=y]rde.' Th[=a] cwaeth h[=e]: 'And 70 g[=a] [.g][=e] on m[=i]nne w[=i]n[.g]eard.' S[=o]thl[=i]ce th[=a] hit waes [=ae]fen [.g]e.worden, th[=a] sae[.g]de se w[=i]n[.g]eardes hl[=a]ford his [.g]e.r[=e]fan: 'Clipa th[=a] wyrhtan, and [=a].[.g]ief him hiera m[=e]de; on.[.g]inn fram th[=ae]m [=y]t.emestan oth thone fyrmestan.' Eornostl[=i]ce th[=a] th[=a] [.g]e.c[=o]mon the ymbe th[=a] [e,]ndlyftan 75 t[=i]d c[=o]mon, th[=a] on.f[=e]ngon h[=i]e [=ae]lc his p[e,]ning. And th[=a] the {65} th[=ae]r [=ae]rest c[=o]mon, w[=e]ndon thaet h[=i]e scolden m[=a]re on.f[=o]n; th[=a] on.f[=e]ngon h[=i]e syndri[.g]e th[e,]ningas. Tha on.gunnon h[=i]e murcnian on.[.g][=e]an thone h[=i]redes ealdor, and thus cw[=ae]don: 'Th[=a]s [=y]temestan worhton [=a]ne t[=i]d, and th[=u] dydest h[=i]e [.g]e.l[=i]ce [=u]s, 80 the b[=ae]ron byrthenna on thisses dae[.g]es h[=ae]tan.' Th[=a] cwaeth h[=e] and-swariende hiera [=a]num: '[=E]al[=a] th[=u] fr[=e]ond, ne d[=o] ic th[=e] n[=a]nne t[=e]onan; h[=u], ne c[=o]me th[=u] t[=o] m[=e] t[=o] wyr[.c]enne with [=a]num p[e,]ninge? Nim thaet th[=i]n is, and g[=a]; ic wile thissum [=y]temestum s[e,]llan eall sw[=a] mi[.c]el sw[=a] th[=e]. Oththe ne m[=o]t ic 85 d[=o]n thaet ic wile? Hwaether the th[=i]n [=e]age m[=a]nfull is for th[=ae]m the ic g[=o]d eom? Sw[=a] b[=e]oth tha fyrmestan [=y]temeste, and th[=a] [=y]temestan fyrmeste; s[=o]thl[=i]ce mani[.g]e sind [.g]e.clipode, and f[=e]a [.g]e.corene.' XXII. 2-14. Heofona r[=i][.c]e is [.g]e.l[=i]c th[=ae]m cyninge the macode his suna 90 [.g]iefta, and s[e,]nde his th[=e]owas, and clipode th[=a] [.g]e.lathodan t[=o] th[=ae]m [.g]ieftum. Th[=a] noldon h[=i]e cuman. Th[=a] s[e,]nde h[=e] eft [=o]thre th[=e]owas, and sae[.g]de th[=ae]m [.g]e.lathodum: 'N[=u] ic [.g]e.[.g]earwode m[=i]ne feorme: m[=i]ne fearras and m[=i]ne fuglas sind of.slae[.g]ene, and eall m[=i]n thing sind [.g]earu; cumath t[=o] th[=ae]m [.g]ieftum.' Th[=a] 95 for.g[=i]emdon h[=i]e thaet, and f[=e]rdon, sum t[=o] his t[=u]ne, sum t[=o] his mangunge. And th[=a] [=o]thre n[=a]mon his th[=e]owas, and mid t[=e]onan [.g]e.sw[e,]n[.c]ton, and of.sl[=o]gon. Th[=a] se cyning thaet [.g]e.hierde, th[=a] waes h[=e] ierre, and s[e,]nde his h[e,]re t[=o], and for.dyde th[=a] mann-slagan, and hiera burg for.baernde. 100 Th[=a] cwaeth h[=e] t[=o] his th[=e]owum: 'Witodl[=i]ce th[=a]s [.g]iefta sind [.g]earwe, ac th[=a] the [.g]e.lathode w[=ae]ron ne sind wierthe. G[=a]th n[=u] t[=o] wega [.g]el[=ae]tum, and clipiath t[=o] thissum [.g]ieftum sw[=a] hwelce sw[=a] [.g][=e] [.g]e.m[=e]ten.' Th[=a] [=e]odon th[=a] th[=e]owas [=u]t on th[=a] wegas, and [.g]e.gadrodon ealle th[=a] the h[=i]e [.g]e.m[=e]tton, g[=o]de and yfle; 105 th[=a] w[=ae]ron th[=a] [.g]ieft-h[=u]s mid sittendum mannum [.g]efyldu. Th[=a] [=e]ode se cyning inn, thaet h[=e] wolde [.g]e.s[=e]on th[=a] the th[=ae]r {66} s[=ae]ton, and th[=a] [.g]e.seah h[=e] th[=ae]r [=a]nne mann the naes mid [.g]ieftlicum r[=e]afe [.g]escr[=y]dd. Th[=a] cwaeth h[=e]: 'L[=a], fr[=e]ond, h[=u]meta [=e]odest th[=u] inn, and naefdest [.g]ieftlic r[=e]af?' Tha sw[=i]gode h[=e]. 110 And se cyning cwaeth t[=o] his the[.g]num: '[.G]e.bindath his handa and his f[=e]t, and weorpath hine on th[=a] [=y]terran th[=e]ostru; th[=ae]r bith w[=o]p and t[=o]tha gr[=i]st-b[=i]tung.' Witodl[=i]ce mani[.g]e sind [.g]e.lathode, and f[=e]a [.g]e.corene. XXV. 1-13. Thonne bith heofona r[=i][.c]e [.g]e.l[=i]c th[=ae]m t[=i]en f[=ae]mnum, the th[=a] 115 leoht-fatu n[=a]mon, and f[=e]rdon on.[.g][=e]an thone br[=y]d-guman and th[=a] br[=y]d. Hiera f[=i]f w[=ae]ron dysi[.g]e, and f[=i]f gl[=e]awe. And th[=a] f[=i]f dysigan n[=a]mon leohtfatu, and ne n[=a]mon n[=a]nne ele mid him; th[=a] gl[=e]awan n[=a]mon ele on hiera fatum mid th[=ae]m leohtfatum. Th[=a] se br[=y]dguma ielde, th[=a] hnappodon h[=i]e ealle, and sl[=e]pon. 120 Witodl[=i]ce t[=o] middre nihte man hr[=i]emde, and cwaeth: 'N[=u] se br[=y]dguma cymth, farath him t[=o].[.g][=e]anes.' Th[=a] [=a].rison ealle th[=a] f[=ae]mnan, and gl[e,]n[.g]don hiera leohtfatu. Th[=a] cw[=ae]don th[=a] dysigan to p[=ae]m w[=i]sum: 'S[e,]llath [=u]s of [=e]owrum ele, for th[=ae]m [=u]re leohtfatu sind [=a].cw[e,]n[.c]tu.' Th[=a] and.swarodon th[=a] gl[=e]awan, 125 and cw[=ae]don: 'Nese; th[=y] l[=ae]s the w[=e] and [.g][=e] naebben [.g]en[=o]g: g[=a]th t[=o] th[=ae]m [.c][=i]ependum, and by[.c][.g]ath [=e]ow ele.' Witodl[=i]ce, th[=a] h[=i]e f[=e]rdon, and woldon by[.c][.g]an, th[=a] c[=o]m se br[=y]dguma; and th[=a] the [.g]earwe w[=ae]ron [=e]odon inn mid him t[=o] th[=ae]m [.g]ieftum; and s[=e]o duru waes be.locen. Th[=a] aet n[=i]ehstan c[=o]mon 130 tha [=o]thre f[=ae]mnan, and cw[=ae]don: 'Dryhten, Dryhten, l[=ae]t [=u]s inn.' Th[=a] and-swarode h[=e] him, and cwaeth: 'S[=o]th ic [=e]ow s[e,][.c][.g]e, ne cann ic [=e]ow.' Witodl[=i]ce, waciath, for th[=ae]m the [.g][=e] nyton ne thone dae[.g] ne th[=a] t[=i]d. XXV. 14-30. Sum mann f[=e]rde on [e,]lth[=e]odi[.g]nesse, and clipode his 135 {67} th[=e]owas, and be.t[=ae]hte him his [=ae]hta. And [=a]num h[=e] sealde f[=i]f pund, sumum tw[=a], sumum [=a]n: [=ae][.g]hwelcum be his [=a]gnum mae[.g]ne; and f[=e]rde s[=o]na. Th[=a] f[=e]rde s[=e] the th[=a] f[=i]f pund under.f[=e]ng, and [.g]e.str[=i]ende [=o]thru f[=i]f. And eall-sw[=a] s[=e] the th[=a] tw[=a] under.feng, [.g]e.str[=i]ende 140 [=o]thru tw[=a]. Witodl[=i]ce s[=e] the thaet [=a]n under.f[=e]ng, f[=e]rde, and be.dealf hit on eorthan, and be.h[=y]dde his hl[=a]fordes feoh. Witodl[=i]ce aefter mi[.c]lum fierste c[=o]m th[=a]ra th[=e]owa hl[=a]ford, and dihte him [.g]e.rad. Th[=a] c[=o]m s[=e] the th[=a] f[=i]f pund under.f[=e]ng, and br[=o]hte [=o]thru f[=i]f, and cwaeth: 'Hl[=a]ford, f[=i]f pund th[=u] sealdest 145 m[=e]; n[=u] ic [.g]e.str[=i]ende [=o]thru f[=i]f.' Th[=a] cwaep his hl[=a]ford t[=o] him: 'B[=e]o bl[=i]the, th[=u] g[=o]da th[=e]ow and [.g]e.tr[=e]owa: for th[=ae]m the th[=u] w[=ae]re [.g]e.tr[=e]owe ofer l[=y]tlu thing, ic [.]ge.s[e,]tte th[=e] ofer mi[.c]lu; g[=a] int[=o] th[=i]nes hl[=a]fordes blisse.' Th[=a] c[=o]m s[=e] the th[=a] tw[=a] pund under.f[=e]ng, and cwaeth: 'Hl[=a]ford, tw[=a] pund th[=u] 150 m[=e] sealdest; n[=u] ic haebbe [.g]e.str[=i]ened [=o]thru tw[=a].' Th[=a] cwaeth his hl[=a]ford t[=o] him: '[.G]e.blissa, th[=u] g[=o]da th[=e]ow and [.g]etr[=e]owa: for th[=ae]m the th[=u] w[=ae]re [.g]e.tr[=e]owe ofer f[=e]a, ofer fela ic th[=e] [.g]e.s[e,]tte; g[=a] on th[=i]nes hl[=a]fordes [.g]e.f[=e]an.' Th[=a] c[=o]m s[=e] the thaet [=a]n pund under.f[=e]ng, and cwaeth: 'Hl[=a]ford, ic w[=a]t thaet 155 th[=u] eart heard mann: th[=u] r[=i]pst th[=ae]r th[=u] ne s[=e]owe, and gaderast th[=ae]r th[=u] ne spr[e,]n[.g]dest. And ic f[=e]rde of.dr[=ae]dd, and be.h[=y]dde th[=i]n pund on eorthan; h[=e]r th[=u] haefst thaet th[=i]n is.' Th[=a] andswarode his hl[=a]ford him, and cwaeth: 'th[=u] yfla th[=e]ow and sl[=a]wa, th[=u] wistest thaet ic r[=i]pe th[=ae]r ic ne s[=e]owe, 160 and ic gadri[.g]e th[=ae]r ic ne str[=e]dde: hit [.g]e.byrede thaet th[=u] be.faeste m[=i]n feoh myneterum, and ic n[=a]me, thonne ic c[=o]me, thaet m[=i]n is, mid th[=ae]m gafole. [=A].nimath thaet pund aet him, and s[e,]llath th[=ae]m the m[=e] th[=a] t[=i]en pund br[=o]hte. Witodl[=i]ce [=ae]lcum th[=a]ra the haefth man s[e,]lth, and h[=e] haefth [.g]e.n[=o]g; th[=ae]m the naefth, 165 thaet him thyn[.c]th thaet h[=e] haebbe, thaet him bith aet.brogden. And weorpath thone un.nyttan th[=e]ow on th[=a] [=y]terran th[=e]ostru; th[=ae]r bith w[=o]p and t[=o]tha grist.b[=i]tung.' {68} III. OLD TESTAMENT PIECES. I. Aefter th[=ae]m s[=o]thl[=i]ce ealle m[e,]nn spr[=ae]con [=a]ne spr[=ae][.c]e. Th[=a] th[=a] h[=i]e f[=e]rdon fram [=E]ast-d[=ae]le, h[=i]e fundon [=a]nne feld on Senna[=a]r-lande, and wunodon th[=ae]r-on. Th[=a] cw[=ae]don h[=i]e him be.tw[=e]onan: 'Uton wyr[.c]an [=u]s ti[.g]elan, and [=ae]lan h[=i]e on f[=y]re!' Witodl[=i]ce h[=i]e haefdon ti[.g]elan for 5 st[=a]n and tierwan for weal-l[=i]m. And h[=i]e cw[=ae]don: 'Uton timbrian [=u]s [.c]eastre, and st[=i]epel oth heofon h[=e]anne! uton weorthian [=u]rne naman, [=ae]r th[ae]m the w[=e] s[=i]en t[=o].d[=ae]lde [.g]eond ealle eorthan!' Witodl[=i]ce Dryhten [=a].st[=a]g nither, t[=o] th[=ae]m thaet h[=e] [.g]e.s[=a]we 10 th[=a] burg and thone st[=i]epel, the Ad[=a]mes bearn [.g]e.timbrodon. And h[=e] cwaeth: 'this is [=a]n folc, and ealle h[=i]e sprecath [=a]n laeden, and h[=i]e be.gunnon this t[=o] wyr[.c]enne: ne [.g]e.sw[=i]cath h[=i]e [=ae]r th[=ae]m the hit [.g]earu s[=i]e; s[=o]thl[=i]ce uton cuman and t[=o].d[=ae]lan hiera spr[=ae][.c]e!' 15 Sw[=a] Dryhten h[=i]e t[=o].d[=ae]lde of th[=ae]re st[=o]we [.g]eond ealle eorthan. And for th[=ae]m man n[e,]mnde th[=a] st[=o]we Bab[=e]l for th[=ae]m the th[=ae]r w[=ae]ron t[=o].d[=ae]lde ealle spr[=ae][.c]a. II. God wolde p[=a] fandian Abrah[=a]mes [.g]e.h[=i]ersumnesse, and clipode his naman, and cwaeth him thus t[=o]: 'Nim th[=i]nne 20 [=a]n-c[e,]nnedan sunu Isa[=a]c, the th[=u] lufast, and far t[=o] th[=ae]m {69} lande Visionis hrathe, and [.g]e.offra hine th[=ae]r uppan [=a]nre d[=u]ne.' Abrah[=a]m th[=a] [=a].r[=a]s on th[=ae]re ilcan nihte, and f[=e]rde mid tw[=ae]m cnapum t[=o] th[=ae]m fierlenum lande, and Isa[=a]c samod, 25 on assum r[=i]dende. Th[=a] on th[=ae]m thriddan dae[.g]e, th[=a] h[=i]e th[=a] d[=u]ne [.g]e.s[=a]won, th[=ae]r th[=ae]r h[=i]e t[=o] scoldon t[=o] of.sl[=e]anne Isa[=a]c, th[=a] cwaeth Abrah[=a]m t[=o] th[=ae]m tw[=ae]m cnapum thus: 'Andb[=i]diath [=e]ow h[=e]r mid th[=ae]m assum sume hw[=i]le! ic and th[=ae]t [.c]ild g[=a]th unc t[=o] [.g]e.biddenne, 30 and wit siththan cumath s[=o]na eft t[=o] [=e]ow.' Abrah[=a]m th[=a] h[=e]t Isa[=a]c beran thone wudu t[=o] th[=ae]re st[=o]we, and h[=e] self baer his sweord and f[=y]r. Isa[=a]c tha [=a]scode Abrah[=a]m his faeder: 'Faeder m[=i]n, ic [=a]sci[.g]e hw[=ae]r s[=e]o offrung s[=i]e; h[=e]r is wudu and f[=y]r.' Him andwyrde se faeder: 'God fores[.c][=e]awath, 35 m[=i]n sunu, him self th[=a] offrunge.' H[=i]e c[=o]mon th[=a] t[=o] th[=ae]re st[=o]we the him [.g]e.sweotolode God; and h[=e] th[=ae]r weofod [=a].r[=ae]rde on th[=a] ealdan w[=i]san, and thone wudu [.g]e.l[=o]gode sw[=a] sw[=a] h[=e] hit wolde habban t[=o] his suna baernette, siththan h[=e] of.slae[.g]en wurde. H[=e] [.g]e.band th[=a] his 40 sunu, and his sweord [=a].t[=e]ah, thaet h[=e] hine [.g]e.offrode on th[=a] ealdan w[=i]san. Mid th[=ae]m the h[=e] wolde th[=ae]t weorc be.[.g]innan, th[=a] clipode Godes [e,]n[.g]el arodl[=i]ce of heofonum: 'Abrah[=a]m!' H[=e] andwyrde s[=o]na. Se [e,]n[.g]el him cwaeth t[=o]: 'Ne [=a].cw[e,]le th[=u] 45 thaet [.c]ild, ne th[=i]ne hand ne [=a].str[e,][.c]e ofer his sw[=e]oran! N[=u] ic on.cn[=e]ow s[=o]thl[=i]ce thaet p[=u] on.dr[=ae]tst sw[=i]the God, n[=u] p[=u] p[=i]nne [=a]n-c[e,]nnedan sunu woldest of.sl[=e]an for him.' Th[=a] be.seah Abrah[=a]m s[=o]na under baec, and [.g]e.seah th[=ae]r [=a]nne ramm be.twix th[=ae]m br[=e]mlum be th[=ae]m hornum [.g]e.haeftne, 50 and h[=e] haefde thone ramm t[=o] th[=ae]re offrunge, and hine th[=ae]r of.sn[=a]th Gode t[=o] l[=a]ce for his sunu Isa[=a]c. H[=e] h[=e]t th[=a] st[=o]we Dominus videt, thaet is 'God [.g]e.sihth,' and [.g]iet is [.g]e.sae[.g]d sw[=a], In monte Dominus videbit, thaet is, 'God [.g]e.sihth on d[=u]ne.' {70} Eft clipode se [e,]n[.g]el Abrah[=a]m, and cwaeth: 'Ic sae[.g]de 55 thurh m[=e] selfne, sae[.g]de se Aelmihtiga, n[=u] th[=u] noldest [=a]rian th[=i]num [=a]nc[e,]nnedum suna, ac th[=e] waes m[=i]n [e,][.g]e m[=a]re thonne his l[=i]f, ic th[=e] n[=u] bl[=e]tsi[.g]e, and th[=i]nne of-spring ge.mani[.g]-fielde sw[=a] sw[=a] steorran on heofonum, and sw[=a] sw[=a] sand-[.c]eosol on s[=ae]; th[=i]n ofspring s[.c]eal [=a]gan hiera f[=e]onda [.g]eatu. And on 60 th[=i]num s[=ae]de b[=e]oth ealle th[=e]oda [.g]e.bl[=e]tsode, for th[=ae]m the th[=u] [.g]e.h[=i]ersumodest m[=i]nre h[=ae]se thus.' Abrah[=a]m th[=a] [.g]e.[.c]ierde s[=o]na t[=o] his cnapum, and f[=e]rdon him h[=a]m s[=o]na mid heofonlicre bl[=e]tsunge. III. Sum cw[=e]n waes on s[=u]th-d[=ae]le, Saba [.g]e.h[=a]ten, snotor and 65 w[=i]s. Th[=a] [.g]e.h[=i]erde h[=e]o Salomones hl[=i]san, and c[=o]m fram th[=ae]m s[=u]thernum [.g]e.m[=ae]rum to Salomone binnan Hierusal[=e]m mid mi[.c]elre fare, and hiere olfendas b[=ae]ron s[=u]therne wyrta, and d[=e]or-wierthe [.g]imm-st[=a]nas, and un-[.g]er[=i]m gold. S[=e]o cw[=e]n th[=a] haefde spr[=ae][.c]e with Salomon, and sae[.g]de him sw[=a] hwaet 70 sw[=a] h[=e]o on hiere heortan [.g]e.th[=o]hte. Salomon th[=a] h[=i]e l[=ae]rde, and hiere sae[.g]de ealra th[=a]ra worda and[.g]iet the h[=e]o hine [=a]scode. Th[=a] [.g]e.seah s[=e]o cw[=e]n Salomones w[=i]sd[=o]m, and thaet m[=ae]re tempel the h[=e] [.g]e.timbrod haefde, and th[=a] l[=a]c the man Gode offrode, and thaes cyninges mani[.g]-fealde the[.g]nunga, and waes 75 t[=o] th[=ae]m sw[=i]the of.wundrod thaet h[=e]o naefde furthor n[=a]nne g[=a]st, for th[=ae]m the h[=e]o ne mihte n[=a] furthor sm[=e]an. H[=e]o cwaeth th[=a] t[=o] th[=ae]m cyninge: 'S[=o]th is thaet word the ic [.g]e.h[=i]erde on m[=i]num earde be th[=e] and be th[=i]num w[=i]sd[=o]me, ac ic nolde [.g]e.l[=i]efan [=ae]r th[=ae]m the ic self hit [.g]e.s[=a]we. N[=u] haebbe ic [=a].fandod 80 thaet m[=e] naes be healfum d[=ae]le th[=i]n m[=ae]rtho [.g]e.c[=y]ped. M[=a]re is th[=i]n w[=i]sd[=o]m and th[=i]n weorc thonne se hl[=i]sa w[=ae]re the ic [.g]e.h[=i]erde. [=E]adige sind th[=i]ne the[.g]nas and th[=i]ne th[=e]owas, the simle aet.foran th[=e] standath, and th[=i]nne w[=i]sd[=o]m [.g]e.h[=i]erath. [.G]e.bl[=e]tsod s[=i]e se aelmihtiga God, the th[=e] [.g]e.[.c][=e]as and [.g]e.s[e,]tte 85 {71} ofer Israh[=e]la r[=i][.c]e, thaet th[=u] d[=o]mas s[e,]tte and riht-w[=i]snesse,' H[=e]o for.[.g]eaf th[=ae]em cyninge th[=a] hund.tw[e,]lfti[.g] punda goldes, and un[.g]er[=i]m d[=e]orwierthra wyrta and d[=e]orwierthra [.g]immst[=a]na. Salomon [=e]ac for.[.g]eaf th[=ae]re cw[=e]ne sw[=a] hwaes sw[=a] h[=e]o [.g]iernde aet him; and h[=e]o [.g]e.w[e,]nde on.[.g]e[=a]n t[=o] hiere [=e]thle mid hiere 90 the[.g]num. Salomon th[=a] waes [.g]e.m[=ae]rsod ofer eallum eorthlicum cyningum, and ealle th[=e]oda [.g]e.wilnodon thaet h[=i]e hine [.g]e.s[=a]wen, and his w[=i]sd[=o]m [.g]e.h[=i]erden, and h[=i]e him mani[.g]feald l[=a]c br[=o]hton. S[=e]o cw[=e]n haefde [.g]e.t[=a]cnunge th[=ae]re h[=a]lgan [.g]e.lathunge ealles 95 cr[=i]stenes folces, the c[=o]m t[=o] th[=ae]m [.g]e.sibbsuman Cr[=i]ste t[=o] [.g]e.h[=i]erenne his w[=i]sd[=o]m and th[=a] god-spellican l[=a]re tha h[=e] [=a].stealde, and be on.liehtunge thaes s[=o]than [.g]e.l[=e]afan, and be th[=ae]m t[=o]weardan d[=o]me, be [=u]rre s[=a]wle un-d[=e]adlicnesse, and be hyhte and wuldre thaes [.g]e.m[=ae]nelican [=ae]ristes. 100 S[=e]o cw[=e]n c[=o]m t[=o] Salomone mid mi[.c]lum l[=a]cum on golde and on d[=e]orwierthum [.g]immst[=a]num and wyrt-br[=ae]thum; and thaet b[=ae]ron olfendas. S[=e]o [.g]e.l[=e]affulle [.g]e.lathung, the cymth of [=ae]lcum earde t[=o] Cr[=i]ste, bringth him th[=a]s fore-sae[.g]dan l[=a]c aefter g[=a]stlicum and[.g]iete. H[=e]o offrath him gold thurh s[=o]thne 105 [.g]e.l[=e]afan, and wyrtbr[=ae]thas thurh [.g]e.bedu, and d[=e]orwierthe [.g]immas thurh fae[.g]ernesse g[=o]dra th[=e]awa and h[=a]li[.g]ra mae[.g]na. Be thisse [.g]e.lathunge cwaeth se w[=i]tega t[=o] Gode: Adstitit regina a dextris tuis, in vestitu deaurato, circumdata varietate, thaet is, 's[=e]o cw[=e]n st[e,]nt aet th[=i]nre sw[=i]thran, on ofergyldum 110 [.g]ierlan, ymb.scr[=y]dd mid mani[.g]fealdre f[=a]gnesse.' S[=e]o g[=a]stlice cw[=e]n, Godes [.g]e.lathung, is [.g]e.gl[e,]n[.g]ed mid d[=e]orwierthre fraetwunge and mani[.g]fealdum bl[=e]o g[=o]dra drohtnunga and mihta. H[=e]o sae[.g]de Salomone ealle hiere d[=i]egolnessa, and s[=e]o 115 [.g]e.lathung [.g]e.openath Cr[=i]ste hiere inn-[.g]ehy[.g]d and tha d[=i]eglan [.g]e.th[=o]htas on s[=o]thre andetnesse. Olfendas b[=ae]ron th[=a] d[=e]orwierthan l[=a]c mid th[=ae]re cw[=e]ne {72} int[=o] Hierusal[=e]m; for th[=ae]m the th[=a] h[=ae]thnan, the [=ae]r w[=ae]ron [.g]e.hoferode thurh [.g][=i]tsunge and atollice thurh leahtras, b[=ae]ron, 120 thurh hiera [.g]e.[.c]ierrednesse and [.g]e.l[=e]afan, th[=a] g[=a]stlican l[=a]c t[=o] Cr[=i]stes handum. S[=e]o cw[=e]n wundrode Salomones w[=i]sd[=o]mes, and his [.g]e.timbrunga, and the[.g]nunga; and s[=e]o [.g]e.lathung wundrath Cr[=i]stes w[=i]sd[=o]mes, for th[=ae]m the h[=e] is s[=o]th w[=i]sd[=o]m, and eall w[=i]sd[=o]m is 125 of him. H[=e] [.g]e.timbrode th[=a] h[=e]alican heofonas and ealne middan[.g]eard, and ealle [.g]e.sceafta [.g]e.s[e,]tte on thrim thingum, in mensura, et pondere, et numero, thaet is, on [.g]e.mete, and on h[e,]fe, and on [.g]e.tele. Cr[=i]stes the[.g]nung is [=u]re h[=ae]lo and folca [=a].l[=i]esednes, and th[=a] sind [.g]e.s[=ae]li[.g]e the him the[.g]niath t[=o] 130 [.g]e.cw[=e]mednesse on th[=ae]m g[=a]stlicum [.g]e.r[=y]num. S[=e]o cw[=e]n sae[.g]de thaet hiere n[=ae]re be healfum d[=ae]le [.g]e.sae[.g]d be Salomones m[=ae]rtho, and s[=e]o g[=a]stlice cw[=e]n, Godes [.g]e.lathung, oththe [.g]e.hwelc h[=a]li[.g] s[=a]wol, thonne h[=e]o cymth t[=o] th[=ae]re heofonlican Hierusal[=e]m, thonne [.g]e.sihth h[=e]o mi[.c]le m[=a]ran m[=ae]rtho 135 and wuldor thonne hiere [=ae]r on l[=i]fe thurh w[=i]tegan oththe apostolas [.g]e.c[=y]dd w[=ae]re. Ne mae[.g] n[=a]n [=e]age on thissum l[=i]fe [.g]e.s[=e]on, ne n[=a]n [=e]are [.g]e.h[=i]eran, ne n[=a]nes mannes heorte [=a].sm[=e]an th[=a] thing the God [.g]earcath th[=ae]m the hine lufiath. Th[=a] thing w[=e] magon be.[.g]ietan, ac w[=e] ne magon h[=i]e [=a].sm[=e]an, 140 ne [=u]s n[=ae]fre ne [=a].thr[=i]ett th[=a]ra g[=o]da [.g]e.nyhtsumnes. Cr[=i]st is ealra cyninga cyning, and sw[=a] sw[=a] ealle th[=e]oda woldon [.g]e.s[=e]on thone [.g]e.sibbsuman Salomon, and his w[=i]sd[=o]m [.g]e.h[=i]eran, and him mislicu l[=a]c br[=o]hton, sw[=a] [=e]ac n[=u] of eallum th[=e]odum [.g]e.wilniath m[e,]nn t[=o] [.g]e.s[=e]onne thone [.g]e-sibbsuman 145 Cr[=i]st thurh [.g]e.l[=e]afan, and thone godspellican w[=i]sd[=o]m [.g]e.h[=i]eran, and h[=i]e him dae[.g]-hw[=ae]ml[=i]ce th[=a] g[=a]stlican l[=a]c [.g]e.offriath on mani[.g]fealdum [.g]e.metum. IV. On C[=y]res dagum cyninges wr[=e][.g]don th[=a] Babil[=o]niscan thone {73} w[=i]tegan Dani[=e]l, for th[=ae]m the h[=e] t[=o].wearp hiera d[=e]ofol-[.g]ield, 150 and cw[=ae]don [=a]n-m[=o]dl[=i]ce t[=o] th[=ae]m fore-sae[.g]dan cyninge C[=y]rum: 'Bet[=ae][.c] [=u]s Dani[=e]l, the [=u]rne god B[=e]l t[=o].wearp, and thone dracan [=a].cwealde the w[=e] on be.l[=i]efdon; [.g]if th[=u] hine for.st[e,]ntst, w[=e] for.dilgiath th[=e] and th[=i]nne h[=i]red.' Th[=a] [.g]e.seah se cyning thaet h[=i]e [=a]n-m[=o]de w[=ae]ron, and n[=i]edunga 155 thone w[=i]tegan him t[=o] handum [=a].s[.c][=e]af. H[=i]e th[=a] hine [=a].wurpon int[=o] [=a]num s[=e]athe, on th[=ae]m w[=ae]ron seofon l[=e]on, th[=ae]m man sealde dae[.g]hw[=ae]ml[=i]ce tw[=a] hr[=i]theru and tw[=a] s[.c][=e]ap, ac him waes th[=a] of.togen [=ae]lces f[=o]dan siex dagas, thaet h[=i]e thone Godes mann [=a].b[=i]tan scolden. 160 On th[=ae]re t[=i]de waes sum [=o]ther w[=i]tega on J[=u]d[=e]a-lande, his nama waes Abacuc, s[=e] baer his rifterum m[e,]te t[=o] aecere. Th[=a] c[=o]m him t[=o] Godes [e,]n[.g]el, and cwaeth: 'Abacuc, ber thone m[e,]te t[=o] Babil[=o]ne, and s[e,]le Dani[=e]le, s[=e] the sitt on th[=a]ra l[=e]ona s[=e]athe.' Abacuc andwyrde th[=ae]m [e,]n[.g]le: 'L[=a] l[=e]of, ne [.g]e.seah 165 ic n[=ae]fre th[=a] burg, ne ic thone s[=e]ath n[=a]t.' Th[=a] se [e,]n[.g]el [.g]e.l[=ae]hte hine be th[=ae]m feaxe, and hine baer t[=o] Babil[=o]ne, and hine s[e,]tte bufan th[=ae]m s[=e]athe. Th[=a] clipode se Abacuc: 'th[=u] Godes th[=e]ow, Dani[=e]l, nim th[=a]s l[=a]c the th[=e] God s[e,]nde!' Dani[=e]l cwaeth: 'M[=i]n Dryhten H[=ae]lend, s[=i]e th[=e] lof 170 and weorth-mynd thaet th[=u] m[=e] [.g]e.mundest.' And h[=e] th[=a] th[=ae]re sande br[=e]ac. Witodl[=i]ce Godes [e,]n[.g]el th[=ae]r-rihte mid swiftum flyhte [.g]e.br[=o]hte thone disc-the[.g]n, Abacuc, th[=ae]r h[=e] hine [=ae]r [.g]e.nam. Se cyning th[=a] C[=y]rus on th[=ae]m seofothan dae[.g]e [=e]ode dr[=e]ori[.g] 175 t[=o] th[=a]ra l[=e]ona s[=e]athe, and inn be.seah, and efne th[=a] Dani[=e]l sittende waes [.g]e.sundfull on.middan th[=ae]m l[=e]onum. Th[=a] clipode se cyning mid mi[.c]elre stefne: 'M[=ae]re is se God the Dani[=e]l on be.l[=i]efth.' And h[=e] th[=a] mid th[=ae]m worde hine [=a].t[=e]ah of th[=ae]m scraefe, and h[=e]t inn weorpan th[=a] the hine [=ae]r for.d[=o]n woldon. 180 Thaes cyninges h[=ae]s wearth hraedl[=i]ce [.g]e.fr[e,]mmed, and thaes w[=i]tegan [=e]hteras wurdon [=a].scofene be.twix th[=a] l[=e]on, and h[=i]e {74} th[=ae]r-rihte mid gr[=ae]digum [.c]eaflum h[=i]e ealle t[=o].t[=ae]ron. Th[=a] cwaeth se cyning: 'Forhtien and on.dr[=ae]den ealle eorth-b[=u]end Dani[=e]les God, for th[=ae]m the h[=e] is [=A].l[=i]esend and H[=ae]lend, 185 wyr[.c]ende t[=a]cnu and wundru on heofonan and on eorthan.' V. Nabochodonosor, se h[=ae]thena cyning, [.g]e.h[e,]rgode on Godes folce, on J[=u]d[=e]a-lande, and for hiera m[=a]n-d[=ae]dum God thaet [.g]e.thafode. Th[=a] [.g]e.nam h[=e] th[=a] m[=a]thm-fatu, gyldenu and silfrenu, binnan Godes temple, and t[=o] his lande mid him 190 [.g]e.l[=ae]dde. Hit [.g]e.lamp eft siththan thaet h[=e] on swefne [=a]ne [.g]e.sihthe be him selfum [.g]e.seah, sw[=a] sw[=a] him siththan [=a].[=e]ode. Aefter thissum ymb twelf m[=o]nath, [=e]ode se cyning binnan his healle mid orm[=ae]tre [=u]p-[=a]hafennesse, h[e,]riende his weorc and his miht, and cwaeth: 'H[=u], ne is this s[=e]o mi[.c]le Babil[=o]n, 195 the ic self [.g]e.timbrode t[=o] cyne-st[=o]le and t[=o] thrymme, m[=e] selfum to wlite and wuldre, mid m[=i]num [=a]gnum mae[.g]ne and str[e,]n[.g]tho?' Ac him clipode th[=ae]rrihte t[=o] sw[=i]the [e,][.g]eslic stefn of heofonum, thus cwethende: 'Th[=u] Nabochodonosor, th[=i]n r[=i][.c]e [.g]e.w[=i]tt fram th[=e], and th[=u] bist fram mannum [=a].worpen, 200 and th[=i]n wunung bith mid wild[=e]orum, and th[=u] itst gaers, sw[=a] sw[=a] oxa, seofon [.g][=e]ar, oth thaet th[=u] wite thaet se h[=e]alica God [.g]e.wielt manna r[=i][.c]a, and thaet h[=e] for.[.g]iefth r[=i][.c]e th[=ae]m the h[=e] wile.' Witodl[=i]ce on th[=ae]re ilcan t[=i]de waes th[=e]os spr[=ae][.c] [.g]e.fylled 205 ofer Nabochodonosor, and h[=e] arn t[=o] wuda, and wunode mid wild[=e]orum, leofode be gaerse, sw[=a] sw[=a] n[=i]eten, oth thaet his feax w[=e]ox sw[=a] sw[=a] w[=i]f-manna, and his nae[.g]las sw[=a] sw[=a] earnes clawa. Eft siththan him for.[.g]eaf se aelmihtiga Wealdend his [.g]e.witt, 210 and h[=e] cwaeth: 'Ic Nabochodonosor [=a].h[=o]f m[=i]n [=e]agan [=u]p t[=o] heofonum, and m[=i]n and[.g]iet m[=e] wearth for.[.g]iefen, and ic th[=a] bl[=e]tsode thone h[=i]ehstan God, and ic h[e,]rede and wuldrode {75} thone the leofath on [=e][.c]nesse, for th[=ae]m the his miht is [=e][.c]e, and his r[=i][.c]e st[e,]nt on m[=ae][.g]the and on m[=ae][.g]the. Ealle eorth-b[=u]end 215 sind t[=o] n[=a]hte [.g]e.tealde on his with.metennesse. Aefter his willan h[=e] d[=e]th [=ae][.g]ther [.g]e on heofone [.g]e on eorthan, and nis n[=a]n thing the his mihte with.stande, oththe him t[=o] cwethe 'hw[=y] d[=e]st th[=u] sw[=a]?' On th[=ae]re t[=i]de m[=i]n and[.g]iet [.g]e.w[e,]nde t[=o] m[=e], and ic be.c[=o]m t[=o] weorth-mynde m[=i]nes cyne-r[=i][.c]es, and m[=i]n 220 m[e,]nnisce h[=i]w m[=e] be.c[=o]m. M[=i]ne witan m[=e] s[=o]hton, and m[=i]n m[=ae]rtho wearth [.g]e.[=e]acnod. N[=u] eornostl[=i]ce ic m[=ae]rsi[.g]e and wuldri[.g]e thone heofonlican cyning, for th[=ae]m the eall his weorc sind s[=o]th, and his wegas riht-w[=i]se, and h[=e] mae[.g] [.g]e.[=e]ath-m[=e]dan th[=a] the on m[=o]di[.g]nesse farath.' 225 Thus [.g]e.[=e]athm[=e]dde se aelmihtiga God thone m[=o]digan cyning Nabochodonosor. {76} IV. SAMSON. [=A]n mann waes eardiende on Israh[=e]la th[=e]ode, Manu[=e] [.g]e.h[=a]ten, of th[=ae]re m[=ae][.g]the Dan; his w[=i]f waes un-t[=i]emend, and h[=i]e wunodon b[=u]tan [.c]ilde. Him c[=o]m th[=a] gangende t[=o] Godes [e,]n[.g]el, and cwaeth thaet h[=i]e scolden habban sunu him [.g]e.m[=ae]nne; 'ne h[=e] ealu ne drince n[=ae]fre oththe w[=i]n, ne n[=a]ht 5 f[=u]les ne thi[.c][.g]e; s[=e] bith Gode h[=a]li[.g] fram his [.c]ildh[=a]de; and man ne m[=o]t hine [e,]fsian oththe be.s[.c]ieran, for th[=ae]m the h[=e] on.[.g]inth t[=o] [=a].l[=i]esenne his folc, Israh[=e]la th[=e]ode, of Philist[=e]a th[=e]owte.' H[=e]o [=a].c[e,]nde th[=a] sunu, sw[=a] sw[=a] hiere sae[.g]de se [e,]n[.g]el, and 10 h[=e]t hine Samson; and h[=e] sw[=i]the w[=e]ox; and God hine bl[=e]tsode, and Godes g[=a]st waes on him. H[=e] wearth th[=a] mihti[.g] on mi[.c]elre str[e,]n[.g]tho, sw[=a] thaet h[=e] [.g]e.l[=ae]hte [=a]ne l[=e]on be we[.g]e, the hine [=a].b[=i]tan wolde, and t[=o].brae[.g]d h[=i]e t[=o] sty[.c][.c]um, swelce he t[=o].t[=ae]re sum [=e]athelic ti[.c][.c]en. 15 H[=e] be.gann th[=a] t[=o] winnenne with th[=a] Philist[=e]os, and hiera fela of.sl[=o]g and t[=o] scame t[=u]code, th[=e]ah the h[=i]e onweald haefden ofer h[=i]s l[=e]ode. Th[=a] f[=e]rdon th[=a] Philist[=e]i forth aefter Samsone, and h[=e]ton his l[=e]ode thaet h[=i]e hine [=a].[.g][=e]afen t[=o] hiera onwealde, thaet h[=i]e wrecan mihten hiera t[=e]on-r[=ae]denne mid tintregum 20 on him. H[=i]e th[=a] hine [.g]e.bundon mid tw[=ae]m baestenum r[=a]pum and hine [.g]e.l[=ae]ddon t[=o] th[=ae]m folce. And th[=a] Philist[=e]iscan thaes fae[.g]nodon sw[=i]the; urnon him t[=o].[.g][=e]anes ealle hl[=y]dende; woldon hine tintre[.g]ian for hiera t[=e]onr[=ae]denne. Th[=a] t[=o].brae[.g]d Samson b[=e][.g]en his earmas, thaet th[=a] r[=a]pas t[=o]-burston the h[=e] mid 25 {77} [.g]e.bunden waes. And h[=e] [.g]e.l[=ae]hte th[= a] s[=o]na sumes assan [.c]inn-b[=a]n the h[=e] th[=ae]r funde, and [.g]e.feaht with h[=i]e, and of.sl[=o][.g] [=a]n th[=u]send mid thaes assan [.c]innb[=a]ne. H[=e] wearth th[=a] sw[=i]the of.thyrst for th[=ae]m wundorlican sl[e,][.g]e, and baed thone heofonlican God thaet h[=e] him [=a].s[e,]nde drincan, for th[=ae]m the on th[=ae]re 30 n[=e]awiste naes n[=a]n waeters[.c]ipe. Th[=a] arn of th[=ae]n [.c]innb[=a]ne of [=a]num t[=e]th waeter; and Samson th[=a] dranc, and his Dryhtne thancode. Aefter thissum h[=e] f[=e]rde t[=o] Philist[=e]a lande, int[=o] [=a]nre byri[.g] on hiera onwealde, Gaza [.g]e.h[=a]ten. And h[=i]e thaes fae[.g]nodon; 35 be.s[e,]tton th[=a] th[=ae]t h[=u]s the h[=e] inne wunode; woldon hine [.g]e.niman mid th[=ae]m the h[=e] [=u]t [=e]ode on [=ae]rne-mer[.g]en, and hine of.sl[=e]an. Hwaet th[=a] Samson hiera sierwunga under.[.g]eat; and [=a].r[=a]s on middre nihte t[=o].middes his f[=e]ondum, and [.g]e.nam th[=a] burg-[.g]eatu, and [.g]e.baer on his hry[.c][.g]e mid th[=ae]m postum, 40 sw[=a] sw[=a] h[=i]e be.locenu w[=ae]ron, [=u]p t[=o] [=a]nre d[=u]ne t[=o] ufeweardum th[=ae]m cnolle; and [=e]ode sw[=a] or-sorg of hiera [.g]e.sihthum. Hine be.sw[=a]c sw[=a].th[=e]ah siththan [=a]n w[=i]f, Dalila [.g]e.h[=a]ten, of th[=ae]m h[=ae]thnan folce, sw[=a] thaet h[=e] hiere sae[.g]de, thurh hiere sw[=i]cd[=o]m 45 be.p[=ae]ht, on hw[=ae]m his str[e,]n[.g]tho waes and his wundorlicu miht. Th[=a] h[=ae]thnan Philist[=e]i be.h[=e]ton hiere s[.c]eattas with th[=ae]m the h[=e]o be.swice Samson thone strangan. Th[=a] [=a]scode h[=e]o hine [.g]eorne mid hiere [=o]l[=ae][.c]unge on hw[=ae]m his miht w[=ae]re; and h[=e] hiere andwyrde: '[.G]if ic b[=e]o [.g]e.bunden mid seofon 50 r[=a]pum, of sinum [.g]eworhte, s[=o]na ic b[=e]o [.g]e.wield.' Thaet swicole w[=i]f th[=a] be.[.g]eat th[=a] seofon r[=a]pas, and h[=e] thurh sierwunge sw[=a] wearth [.g]e.bunden. And him man c[=y]thde thaet th[=ae]r c[=o]mon his f[=i]end; th[=a] t[=o].braec h[=e] s[=o]na th[=a] r[=a]pas, sw[=a] sw[=a] h[e,]fel-thr[=ae]das; and thaet w[=i]f nyste on hw[=ae]m his miht 55 waes. H[=e] wearth eft [.g]e.bunden mid eall-n[=i]wum r[=a]pum; and h[=e] th[=a] t[=o].braec, sw[=a] sw[=a] th[=a] [=o]thre. H[=e]o be.sw[=a]c hine sw[=a].th[=e]ah, thaet h[=e] hiere sae[.g]de aet {78} n[=i]ehstan: 'Ic eom Gode [.g]e.h[=a]lgod fram m[=i]num [.c]ildh[=a]de; and ic naes n[=ae]fre [.g]e.[e,]fsod, ne n[=ae]fre be.scoren; and [.g]if ic b[=e]o 60 be.scoren, thonne b[=e]o ic un-mihti[.g], [=o]thrum mannum [.g]e.l[=i]c;' and h[=e]o l[=e]t th[=a] sw[=a]. H[=e]o th[=a] on sumum dae[.g]e, th[=a] th[=a] h[=e] on sl[=ae]pe lae[.g], for.[.c]earf his seofon loccas, and [=a].weahte hine siththan; th[=a] waes h[=e] sw[=a] unmihti[.g] sw[=a] sw[=a] [=o]thre m[e,]nn. And th[=a] Philist[=e]i 65 [.g]e.f[=e]ngon hine s[=o]na, sw[=a] sw[=a] h[=e]o hine be.l[=ae]wde, and [.g]e.l[=ae]ddon hine on.we[.g]; and h[=e]o haefde thone s[.c]eatt, sw[=a] sw[=a] him [.g]e.wearth. H[=i]e th[=a] hine [=a].bl[e,]ndon, and [.g]e.bundenne l[=ae]ddon on heardum racent[=e]agum h[=a]m t[=o] hiera byri[.g], and on cwearterne 70 be.lucon t[=o] langre fierste: h[=e]ton hine grindan aet hiera hand-cweorne. Th[=a] w[=e]oxon his loccas and his miht eft on him. And th[=a] Philist[=e]i full.bl[=i]the w[=ae]ron: thancodon hiera Gode, Dagon [.g]e.h[=a]ten, swelce h[=i]e thurh his fultum hiera f[=e]ond [.g]e.wielden. 75 Th[=a] Philist[=e]i th[=a] mi[.c]le feorme [.g]e.worhton, and [.g]e.samnodon h[=i]e on sumre [=u]p-fl[=o]ra, ealle th[=a] h[=e]afod-m[e,]nn, and [=e]ac swelce w[=i]f-m[e,]nn, thr[=e]o th[=u]send manna on mi[.c]elre blisse. And th[=a] th[=a] h[=i]e bl[=i]thost w[=ae]ron, th[=a] b[=ae]don h[=i]e sume thaet Samson m[=o]ste him macian sum gamen; and hine man s[=o]na 80 [.g]e.f[e,]tte mid sw[=i]thlicre w[=a]funge, and h[=e]ton hine standan be.twix tw[=ae]m st[=ae]nenum sw[=e]orum. On th[=ae]m tw[=ae]m sw[=e]orum st[=o]d thaet h[=u]s eall [.g]e.worht. And Samson th[=a] plegode sw[=i]the him aet.foran; and [.g]e.l[=ae]hte th[=a] sw[=e]oras mid sw[=i]thlicre mihte, and sl[=o]g h[=i]e t[=o].gaedre thaet h[=i]e s[=o]na t[=o].burston; and 85 thaet h[=u]s th[=a] [=a].f[=e]oll eall, th[=ae]m folce t[=o] d[=e]athe, and Samson forth mid, sw[=a] thaet h[=e] mi[.c]le m[=a] on his d[=e]athe [=a].cwealde thonne h[=e] [=ae]r cwic dyde. {79} V. FROM THE CHRONICLE. Breten [=i]e[.g]-land is eahta hund m[=i]la lang, and tw[=a] hund m[=i]la br[=a]d; and h[=e]r sind on th[=ae]m [=i]e[.g]lande f[=i]f [.g]e.th[=e]odu: [E,]n[.g]lisc, Brettisc, Scyttisc, Pihtisc, and B[=o]c-laeden. [=Ae]rest w[=ae]ron b[=u]end thisses landes Brettas. Th[=a] c[=o]mon of Armenia, and [.g]e.s[=ae]ton s[=u]than-wearde Bretene [=ae]rest. Th[=a] 5 [.g]e.lamp hit thaet Peohtas c[=o]mon s[=u]than of Scithian mid langum s[.c]ipum, n[=a] manigum; and th[=a] c[=o]mon [=ae]rest on North-ibernian [=u]p; and th[=ae]r b[=ae]don Scottas thaet h[=i]e th[=ae]r m[=o]sten wunian. Ac h[=i]e noldon him l[=i]efan, for th[=ae]m the h[=i]e cw[=ae]don thaet h[=i]e ne mihten ealle aet.gaedre [.g]e.wunian th[=ae]r. 10 And th[=a] cw[=ae]don th[=a] Scottas: 'W[=e] magon [=e]ow hwaethre r[=ae]d [.g]e.l[=ae]ran: w[=e] witon [=o]ther [=i]e[.g]land h[=e]r-be.[=e]astan; th[=ae]r [.g][=e] magon eardian, [.g]if [.g][=e] willath; and [.g]if hw[=a] [=e]ow with.st[e,]nt, w[=e] [=e]ow fultumiath thaet [.g][=e] hit mae[.g]en [.g]e.g[=a]n.' Th[=a] f[=e]rdon th[=a] Peohtas, and [.g]ef[=e]rdon this land northan-weard; 15 s[=u]than-weard hit haefdon Brettas, sw[=a] sw[=a] w[=e] [=ae]r cw[=ae]don. And th[=a] Peohtas him [=a].b[=ae]don w[=i]f aet Scottum on th[=a] [.g]e.r[=a]d thaet h[=i]e [.g]e.curen hiera cyne-cynn [=a] on th[=a] w[=i]f-healfe. Thaet h[=i]e h[=e]oldon sw[=a] lange siththan. And th[=a] [.g]e.lamp ymbe [.g][=e]ara ryne thaet Scotta sum d[=ae]l 20 [.g]e.w[=a]t of Ibernian on Bretene, and thaes landes sumne d[=ae]l [.g]e.[=e]odon; and waes hiera h[e,]re-toga R[=e]oda [.g]e.h[=a]ten: fram thaem h[=i]e sind [.g]e.n[e,]mnede D[=a]lr[=e]odi. {80} Anno 449. H[=e]r Marti[=a]nus and Valent[=i]nus on.f[=e]ngon r[=i][.c]e, and r[=i][.c]sodon seofon winter. 25 And on hiera dagum, H[e,]n[.g]est and Horsa, fram Wyrt[.g]eorne [.g]e.lathode, Bretta cyninge, [.g]e.s[=o]hton Bretene on th[=ae]m st[e,]de the is [.g]e.n[e,]mned Ypwines-fl[=e]ot, [=ae]rest Brettum t[=o] fultume, ac h[=i]e eft on h[=i]e fuhton. Se cyning h[=e]t h[=i]e feohtan on.[.g][=e]an Peohtas; and h[=i]e sw[=a] 30 dydon, and si[.g]e haefdon sw[=a] hw[=ae]r sw[=a] h[=i]e c[=o]mon. H[=i]e th[=a] s[e,]ndon t[=o] Angle, and h[=e]ton him s[e,]ndan m[=a]ran fultum; and h[=e]ton him s[e,][.c][.g]an Bret-w[=e]ala n[=a]htnesse and thaes landes cysta. H[=i]e th[=a] s[e,]ndon him m[=a]ran fultum. Th[=a] c[=o]mon th[=a] m[e,]nn of thrim m[=ae][.g]thum [.G]erm[=a]nie: of Eald-seaxum, of 35 [E,]n[.g]lum, of [=I]otum. Of [=I]otum c[=o]mon Cant-ware and Wiht-ware--thaet is s[=e]o m[=ae][.g]th the n[=u] eardath on Wiht--and thaet cynn on West-seaxum the man n[=u].[.g]iet h[=ae]tt '[=I]otena cynn.' Of Eald-seaxum c[=o]mon [=E]ast-seaxe, and S[=u]th-seaxe, and West-seaxe. 40 Of Angle c[=o]mon--s[=e] [=a] siththan st[=o]d w[=e]ste be.twix [=I]otum and Seaxum--[=E]ast-[e,]n[.g]le, Middel-[e,]n[.g]le, Mier[.c]e, and ealle Northhymbre. 455. H[=e]r H[e,]n[.g]est and Horsa fuhton with Wyrt[.g]eorne th[=ae]m cyninge in th[=ae]re st[=o]we the is [.g]e.cweden Ae[.g]les-threp; 45 and his br[=o]thor Horsan man of.sl[=o]g. And aefter th[=ae]m H[e,]n[.g]est f[=e]ng t[=o] r[=i][.c]e, and Aesc his sunu. 457. H[=e]r H[e,]n[.g]est and Aesc fuhton with Brettas in th[=ae]re st[=o]we the is [.g]e.cweden Cr[e,][.c][.g]an-ford, and th[=ae]r of.sl[=o]gon f[=e]ower th[=u]send wera. And th[=a] Brettas th[=a] for.l[=e]ton C[e,]nt-land, 50 and mid mi[.c]le [e,][.g]e flugon t[=o] Lunden-byri[.g]. 473. H[=e]r Hen[.g]est and Aesc [.g]e.fuhton with W[=e]alas, and [.g]e.n[=a]mon un-[=a]r[=i]medlicu h[e,]re-r[=e]af, and th[=a] W[=e]alas flugon th[=a] [E,]n[.g]le sw[=a] sw[=a] f[=y]r. 787. H[=e]r nam Beorht-r[=i][.c] cyning Offan dohtor [=E]ad-burge. 55 And on his dagum c[=o]mon [=ae]rest thr[=e]o s[.c]ipu; and th[=a] se {81} [.g]e.r[=e]fa th[=ae]r t[=o] r[=a]d, and h[=i]e wolde dr[=i]fan t[=o] thaes cyninges t[=u]ne, th[=y] h[=e] nyste hwaet h[=i]e w[=ae]ron; and hine man of.sl[=o]g. Thaet w[=ae]ron th[=a] [=ae]restan s[.c]ipu D[e,]niscra manna the Angel-cynnes land [.g]e.s[=o]hton. 60 851. H[=e]r [.C]eorl ealdor-mann [.g]e.feaht with h[=ae]thne m[e,]nn mid Defena-s[.c][=i]re aet Wi[.c][.g]an-beorge, and th[=ae]r mi[.c]el wael [.g]e.sl[=o]gon, and si[.g]e n[=a]mon. And th[=y] ilcan [.g][=e]are Aethelst[=a]n cyning and Ealhh[e,]re dux mi[.c]elne h[e,]re of.sl[=o]gon aet Sand-w[=i]c on C[e,]nt; and nigon 65 s[.c]ipu [.g]e.f[=e]ngon, and th[=a] [=o]thru [.g]e.fl[=i]emdon; and h[=ae]thne m[e,]nn [=ae]rest ofer winter s[=ae]ton. And th[=y] ilcan [.g][=e]are c[=o]m f[=e]orthe healf hund s[.c]ipa on T[e,]mese-m[=u]than, and br[=ae]con Cantwara-burg, and Lunden-burg, and [.g]e.fl[=i]emdon Beorhtwulf Mier[.c]na cyning mid his 70 fierde; and f[=e]rdon th[=a] s[=u]th ofer T[e,]mese on S[=u]thri[.g]e; and him [.g]e.feaht with Aethelwulf cyning and Aethelbeald his sunu aet [=A]c-l[=e]a mid West-seaxna fierde, and th[=ae]r thaet m[=ae]ste wael [.g]e.sl[=o]gon on h[=ae]thnum h[e,]re the w[=e] s[e,][.c][.g]an h[=i]erdon oth thisne andweardan dae[.g], and th[=ae]r si[.g]e n[=a]mon. 75 867. H[=e]r f[=o]r se h[e,]re of [=E]ast-[e,]n[.g]lum ofer Humbre-m[=u]than t[=o] Eoforw[=i]c-[.c]eastre on North-hymbre. And th[=ae]r waes mi[.c]el un-[.g]ethw[=ae]rnes th[=ae]re th[=e]ode be.twix him selfum, and h[=i]e haefdon hiera cyning [=a].worpenne [=O]sbryht, and un-[.g]ecyndne cyning under.f[=e]ngon Aellan. And h[=i]e late on [.g][=e]are t[=o] th[=ae]m 80 [.g]e.[.c]ierdon thaet h[=i]e with thone h[e,]re winnende w[=ae]ron; and h[=i]e th[=e]ah mi[.c]le fierd [.g]e.gadrodon, and thone h[e,]re s[=o]hton aet Eoforw[=i]c-[.c]eastre; and on th[=a] [.c]eastre br[=ae]con, and h[=i]e sume inne wurdon; and th[=ae]r waes un-[.g]emetlic wael ge.slae[.g]en Northanhymbra, sume binnan, sume b[=u]tan, and th[=a] cyningas 85 b[=e][.g]en ofslae[.g]ene; and s[=e]o l[=a]f with thone h[e,]re frith nam. {82} VI. KING EDMUND. Sum sw[=i]the [.g]e.l[=ae]red munuc c[=o]m s[=u]than ofer s[=ae] fram sancte Benedictes st[=o]we, on Aethelredes cyninges dae[.g]e, to D[=u]nst[=a]ne aer[.c]e-biscope, thrim [.g][=e]arum [=ae]r th[=ae]m the h[=e] forth.f[=e]rde, and se munuc h[=a]tte Abbo. Th[=a] wurdon h[=i]e aet spr[=ae][.c]e, oth thaet D[=u]nst[=a]n reahte be sancte [=E]admunde, sw[=a] sw[=a] [=E]admundes 5 sweord-bora hit reahte Aethelst[=a]ne cyninge, th[=a] th[=a] D[=u]nst[=a]n [.g][=e]ong mann waes, and se sweord-bora waes for.ealdod mann. Th[=a] [.g]e.s[e,]tte se munuc ealle th[=a], [.g]e.r[e,][.c]ednesse on [=a]nre b[=e]c, and eft, th[=a] th[=a] s[=e]o b[=o]c c[=o]m t[=o] [=u]s, binnan f[=e]am [.g][=e]arum, th[=a] [=a].w[e,]ndon w[=e] hit on [E,]n[.g]lisc, sw[=a] sw[=a] hit h[=e]r.aefter 10 st[e,]nt. Se munuc th[=a] Abbo binnan tw[=ae]m [.g][=e]arum [.g]e.w[e,]nde h[=a]m t[=o] his mynstre, and wearth s[=o]na t[=o] abbode [.g]e.s[e,]tt on th[=ae]m ilcan mynstre. [=E]admund se [=e]adiga, [=E]ast-[e,]n[.g]la cyning, waes snotor and weorthfull, and weorthode simle mid aethelum th[=e]awum thone 15 aelmihtigan God. H[=e] waes [=e]ath-m[=o]d and [.g]e.thungen, and sw[=a] [=a]n-r[=ae]d thurh.wunode thaet h[=e] nolde [=a].b[=u]gan t[=o] bismerfullum leahtrum, ne on n[=a]wthre healfe h[=e] ne [=a].hielde his th[=e]awas, ac waes simle [.g]e.myndi[.g] th[=ae]re s[=o]than l[=a]re: '[.G]if th[=u] eart t[=o] h[=e]afod-m[e,]nn [.g]e.s[e,]tt, ne [=a].h[e,]fe th[=u] th[=e], ac b[=e]o be.twix 20 mannum sw[=a] sw[=a] [=a]n mann of him.' H[=e] waes cysti[.g] w[=ae]dlum and widewum sw[=a] sw[=a] faeder, and mid wel-willendnesse [.g]e.wissode his folc simle t[=o] riht-w[=i]snesse, and th[=ae]m r[=e]thum st[=i]erde, and [.g]e.s[=ae]li[.g]l[=i]ce leofode on s[=o]thum [.g]e.l[=e]afan. 25 {83} Hit [.g]e.lamp th[=a] aet n[=i]ehstan thaet th[=a] D[e,]niscan l[=e]ode f[=e]rdon mid s[.c]ip-h[e,]re, h[e,]rgiende and sl[=e]ande w[=i]de [.g]eond land, sw[=a] sw[=a] hiera [.g]e.wuna is. On th[=ae]m flotan w[=ae]ron th[=a] fyrmestan h[=e]afod-m[e,]nn, Hinguar and Hubba, [.g]e.[=a]nl[=ae]hte thurh d[=e]ofol, and h[=i]e on Northhymbra-lande [.g]e.l[e,]ndon mid aescum, and 30 [=a].w[=e]ston thaet land, and th[=a] l[=e]ode of.sl[=o]gon. Th[=a] [.g]e.w[e,]nde Hinguar [=e]ast mid his s[.c]ipum, and Hubba be.l[=a]f on Northhymbra-lande, [.g]e.wunnenum si[.g]e mid wael-hr[=e]ownesse. Hinguar th[=a] be.c[=o]m t[=o] [=E]ast-[e,]n[.g]lum r[=o]wende on th[=ae]m [.g][=e]are the Aelfred aetheling [=a]n and tw[e,]nti[.g] [.g][=e]ara waes, s[=e] the West-seaxna 35 cyning siththan wearth m[=ae]re. And se fore-sae[.g]da Hinguar f[=ae]rl[=i]ce, sw[=a] sw[=a] wulf, on lande be.stealcode, and th[=a] l[=e]ode sl[=o]g, weras and w[=i]f, and th[=a] un[.g]ewittigan [.c][=i]ld, and to bismere t[=u]code th[=a] bilew[=i]tan Cr[=i]stenan. H[=e] s[e,]nde th[=a] siththan s[=o]na t[=o] th[=ae]m cyninge b[=e]otlic [=ae]rende, thaet h[=e] 40 [=a].b[=u]gan scolde t[=o] his mann-r[=ae]denne, [.g]if h[=e] his f[=e]ores r[=o]hte. Se [=ae]rend-raca c[=o]m th[=a] t[=o] [=E]admunde cyninge, and Hinguares [=ae]rende him arodl[=i]ce [=a].b[=e]ad: 'Hinguar [=u]re cyning, c[=e]ne and si[.g]efaest on s[=ae] and on lande, haefth fela th[=e]oda [.g]e.weald, and c[=o]m n[=u] mid fierde f[=ae]rl[=i]ce h[=e]r t[=o] lande, thaet 45 h[=e] h[=e]r winter-setl mid his werode haebbe. N[=u] h[=ae]tt h[=e] th[=e] d[=ae]lan th[=i]ne d[=i]eglan gold-hordas and th[=i]nra ieldrena [.g]e.str[=e]on arodl[=i]ce with hine, and th[=u] b[=e]o his under-cyning, [.g]if th[=u] cwic b[=e]on wilt, for th[=ae]m the th[=u] naefst th[=a] miht thaet th[=u] mae[.g]e him with.standan.' 50 Hwaet th[=a] [=E]admund cyning clipode [=a]nne biscop the him th[=a] [.g]e.h[e,]ndost waes, and with hine sm[=e]ade h[=u] h[=e] th[=ae]m r[=e]than Hinguare andwyrdan scolde. Th[=a] forhtode se biscop for th[=ae]m f[=ae]rlican [.g]e.limpe, and for thaes cyninges l[=i]fe, and cwaeth thaet him r[=ae]d th[=u]hte thaet h[=e] t[=o] th[=ae]m [.g]e.buge the 55 him b[=e]ad Hinguar. Th[=a] sw[=i]gode se cyning, and be.seah t[=o] th[=ae]re eorthan, and cwaeth th[=a] aet n[=i]ehstan cynel[=i]ce him t[=o]: '[=E]al[=a] th[=u] biscop, t[=o] bismere sind [.g]e.t[=a]wode th[=a]s earman {84} land-l[=e]ode, and m[=e] n[=u] l[=e]ofre w[=ae]re thaet ic on [.g]e.feohte f[=e]olle with th[=ae]m the m[=i]n folc m[=o]ste hiera eardes br[=u]can.' 60 And se biscop cwaeth: '[=E]al[=a] th[=u] l[=e]ofa cyning, th[=i]n folc l[=i]th of.slae[.g]en, and th[=u] naefst thone fultum thaet th[=u] feohtan mae[.g]e, and th[=a]s flot-m[e,]nn cumath, and th[=e] cwicne [.g]e.bindath, b[=u]tan th[=u] mid fl[=e]ame th[=i]num f[=e]ore [.g]e.beorge, oththe th[=u] th[=e] sw[=a] [.g]e.beorge thaet th[=u] b[=u]ge t[=o] him.' Th[=a] cwaeth [=E]admund cyning, 65 sw[=a] sw[=a] h[=e] full.c[=e]ne waes: 'thaes ic [.g]e.wilni[.g]e and [.g]e.w[=y]s[.c]e mid m[=o]de thaet ic [=a]na ne be.l[=i]fe aefter m[=i]num l[=e]ofum the[.g]num, the on hiera b[e,]ddum wurdon mid bearnum and w[=i]fum f[=ae]rl[=i]ce of.slae[.g]ene fram thissum flot-mannum. Naes m[=e] n[=ae]fre [.g]e.wunelic thaet ic worhte fl[=e]ames, ac ic wolde sw[=i]thor sweltan, 70 [.g]if ic thorfte, for m[=i]num [=a]gnum earde, and se aelmihtiga God w[=a]t thaet ic nyle [=a].b[=u]gan fram his b[=i]-g[e,]n[.g]um [=ae]fre, ne fram his s[=o]thre lufe, swelte ic, libbe ic.' Aefter thissum wordum h[=e] [.g]e.w[e,]nde t[=o] th[=ae]m [=ae]rend-racan the Hinguar him t[=o] s[e,]nde, and sae[.g]de him un.forht: 'Witodl[=i]ce 75 th[=u] w[=ae]re n[=u] wierthe sl[e,][.g]es, ac ic nyle [=a].f[=y]lan on th[=i]num f[=u]lum bl[=o]de m[=i]ne cl[=ae]nan handa, for th[=ae]m the ic Cr[=i]ste folgi[.g]e, the [=u]s sw[=a] [.g]e.b[=y]snode; ac ic bl[=i]thel[=i]ce wile b[=e]on of.slae[.g]en thurh [=e]ow, [.g]if hit sw[=a] God fore-s[.c][=e]awath. Far n[=u] sw[=i]the hrathe, and s[e,][.g]e th[=i]num r[=e]than hl[=a]forde, "ne [=a].b[=y]hth n[=ae]fre [=E]admund 80 Hinguare on l[=i]fe, h[=ae]thnum h[e,]re-togan, b[=u]tan h[=e] to H[=ae]lende Cr[=i]ste [=ae]rest mid [.g]e.l[=e]afan on thissum lande [.g]e.b[=u]ge."' Th[=a] [.g]e.w[e,]nde se [=ae]rend-raca arodl[=i]ce on.we[.g], and [.g]e.m[=e]tte be we[.g]e thone wael-hr[=e]owan Hinguar mid ealre his fierde f[=u]se to [=E]admunde, and sae[.g]de th[=ae]m [=a]rleasan h[=u] him [.g]e.andwyrd 85 waes. Hinguar beb[=e]ad th[=a] mid bieldo th[=ae]m s[.c]ip-h[e,]re thaet h[=i]e thaes cyninges [=a]nes ealle c[=e]pan scolden, the his h[=ae]se for.seah, and hine s[=o]na bindan. Hwaet th[=a] [=E]admund cyning, mid th[=ae]m the Hinguar c[=o]m, st[=o]d innan his healle, thaes H[=ae]lendes [.g]e.myndi[.g], and [=a].wearp 90 his w[=ae]pnu: wolde [.g]e.efenl[=ae][.c]an Cr[=i]stes [.g]e.b[=y]snungum, the {85} for.b[=e]ad Petre mid w[=ae]pnum t[=o] winnenne with th[=a] waelhr[=e]owan I[=u]d[=e]iscan. Hwaet th[=a] [=a]rl[=e]asan th[=a] [=E]admund [.g]e.bundon, and [.g]e.bismrodon huxl[=i]ce, and b[=e]oton mid s[=a]glum, and sw[=a] siththan l[=ae]ddon thone [.g]e.l[=e]affullan cyning t[=o] [=a]num eorth-faestan 95 tr[=e]owe, and t[=i]e[.g]don hine th[=ae]r-t[=o] mid heardum b[e,]ndum, and hine eft swungon langl[=i]ce mid swipum; and h[=e] simle clipode be.twix th[=ae]m swinglum mid s[=o]thum [.g]e.l[=e]afan t[=o] H[=ae]lende Cr[=i]ste; and th[=a] h[=ae]thnan th[=a] for his [.g]e.l[=e]afan wurdon w[=o]dl[=i]ce ierre, for th[=ae]m the h[=e] clipode Cr[=i]st him t[=o] fultume: 100 h[=i]e scuton th[=a] mid gafelocum him t[=o], swelce him to gamene, oth thaet h[=e] eall waes be.s[e,]tt mid hiera scotungum, swelce [=i]les byrsta, sw[=a] sw[=a] Sebasti[=a]nus waes. Th[=a] [.g]e.seah Hinguar, se [=a]rl[=e]asa flotmann, thaet se aethela cyning nolde Cr[=i]ste with.sacan, ac mid [=a]nr[=ae]dum [.g]e.l[=e]afan hine [=ae]fre clipode: h[=e]t hine th[=a] 105 be.h[=e]afdian, and th[=a] h[=ae]thnan sw[=a] dydon. Be.twix th[=ae]m the h[=e] clipode t[=o] Cr[=i]ste th[=a].[.g]iet, th[=a] tugon th[=a] h[=ae]thnan thone h[=a]lgan t[=o] sl[e,][.g]e, and mid [=a]num sw[e,]n[.g]e sl[=o]gon him of thaet h[=e]afod, and his s[=a]wol s[=i]thode [.g]e.s[=ae]li[.g] t[=o] Cr[=i]ste. Th[=ae]r waes sum mann [.g]e.h[e,]nde [.g]e.healden, thurh God be.h[=y]dd th[=ae]m h[=ae]thnum, 110 the this [.g]e.h[=i]erde eall, and hit eft sae[.g]de, sw[=a] sw[=a] w[=e] hit s[e,][.c][.g]ath h[=e]r. Hwaet th[=a] se flot-h[e,]re f[=e]rde eft t[=o] s[.c]ipe, and be.h[=y]ddon thaet h[=e]afod thaes h[=a]lgan [=E]admundes on th[=ae]m thi[.c][.c]um br[=e]mlum, thaet hit be.byr[.g]ed ne wurde. Th[=a] aefter fierste siththan h[=i]e 115 [=a].farene w[=ae]ron, c[=o]m thaet land-folc t[=o], the th[=ae]r t[=o] l[=a]fe waes, th[=ae]r hiera hl[=a]fordes l[=i]c lae[.g] b[=u]tan h[=e]afde, and wurdon swithe s[=a]ri[.g]e for his sl[e,][.g]e on m[=o]de, and h[=u]ru thaet h[=i]e naefden thaet h[=e]afod t[=o] th[=ae]m bodi[.g]e. Th[=a] sae[.g]de se s[.c][=e]awere the hit [=ae]r [.g]e.seah, thaet th[=a] flotm[e,]nn haefden thaet h[=e]afod mid him; and 120 waes him [.g]e.th[=u]ht, sw[=a] sw[=a] hit waes full.s[=o]th, thaet h[=i]e beh[=y]dden thaet h[=e]afod on th[=ae]m holte for.hwega. H[=i]e [=e]odon th[=a] [e,]ndemes ealle t[=o] th[=ae]m wuda, s[=e][.c]ende [.g]e.hw[=ae]r, [.g]eond th[=y]flas and br[=e]mlas, [.g]if h[=i]e [=a]-hw[=ae]r mihten {86} [.g]e.m[=e]tan thaet h[=e]afod. Waes [=e]ac mi[.c]el wundor thaet [=a]n wulf 125 wearth [=a].s[e,]nd, thurh Godes wissunge, t[=o] be.w[e,]rienne thaet h[=e]afod with th[=a] [=o]thru d[=e]or ofer dae[.g] and niht. H[=i]e [=e]odon th[=a] s[=e][.c]ende and simle clipiende, sw[=a] sw[=a] hit [.g]e.wunelic is th[=ae]m the on wuda g[=a]th oft, 'hw[=ae]r eart th[=u] n[=u], [.g]e.f[=e]ra?' And him andwyrde thaet h[=e]afod, 'h[=e]r, h[=e]r, h[=e]r;' and sw[=a] [.g]e.l[=o]me 130 clipode andswariende him eallum, sw[=a] oft sw[=a] hiera [=ae]ni[.g] clipode, oth thaet h[=i]e ealle be.c[=o]mon thurh th[=a] clipunge him t[=o]. Th[=a] lae[.g] se gr[=ae]ga wulf the be.wiste thaet h[=e]afod, and mid his tw[=ae]m f[=o]tum haefde thaet h[=e]afod be.clypped, gr[=ae]di[.g] and hungri[.g], and for Gode ne dorste thaes h[=e]afdes on.byr[.g]an, ac 135 h[=e]old hit with d[=e]or. Th[=a] wurdon h[=i]e of.wundrode thaes wulfes hierd-r[=ae]denne, and thaet h[=a]li[.g]e h[=e]afod h[=a]m f[e,]redon mid him, thanciende th[=ae]m Aelmihtigan ealra his wundra. Ac se wulf folgode forth mid th[=ae]m h[=e]afde, oth thaet h[=i]e t[=o] t[=u]ne c[=o]mon, swelce h[=e] tam waere, and [.g]e.w[e,]nde eft siththan 140 t[=o] wuda on.[.g][=e]an. Th[=a] land-l[=e]ode th[=a] siththan l[e,][.g]don thaet h[=e]afod t[=o] th[=ae]m h[=a]lgan bodi[.g]e, and be.byri[.g]don sw[=a] h[=i]e s[=e]lest mihton on swelcre hraedunge, and [.c]iri[.c]an [=a].r[=ae]rdon s[=o]na him on.uppan. Eft th[=a] on fierste, aefter fela [.g][=e]arum, th[=a] s[=e]o h[e,]rgung [.g]e.sw[=a]c, 145 and sibb wearth for.[.g]iefen th[=ae]m [.g]e.sw[e,]n[.c]tan folce, th[=a] f[=e]ngon h[=i]e t[=o].gaedre, and worhton [=a]ne [.c]iri[.c]an weorthl[=i]ce th[=ae]m h[=a]lgan, for th[=ae]m the ge.l[=o]me wundru wurdon aet his byr[.g]enne, aet th[=ae]m [.g]e.bed-h[=u]se th[=ae]r h[=e] be.byr[.g]ed waes. H[=i]e woldon th[=a] f[e,]rian mid folclicre weorthmynde thone h[=a]lgan l[=i]chaman, and 150 l[e,][.c][.g]an innan th[=ae]re [.c]iri[.c]an. Th[=a] waes mi[.c]el wundor thaet h[=e] waes eall sw[=a] [.g]e.h[=a]l swelce h[=e] cwic w[=ae]re, mid cl[=ae]num l[=i]chaman, and his sw[=e]ora waes [.g]e.h[=ae]led, the [=ae]r waes for.slae[.g]en, and waes swelce [=a]n seolcen thr[=ae]d ymbe his sw[=e]oran, mannum t[=o] sweotolunge h[=u] h[=e] ofs.lae[.g]en waes. [=E]ac swelce th[=a] wunda, 155 the th[=a] waelhr[=e]owan h[=ae]thnan mid [.g]e.l[=o]mum scotungum on his l[=i]ce macodon, w[=ae]ron [.g]e.h[=ae]lde thurh thone heofonlican God; {87} and h[=e]; l[=i]th sw[=a] onsund oth thisne and-weardan dae[.g], and-b[=i]diende [=ae]ristes and thaes [=e][.c]an wuldres. His l[=i]chama [=u]s c[=y]thth, the l[=i]th un-formolsnod, thaet h[=e] b[=u]tan for.li[.g]re h[=e]r on 160 worulde leofode, and mid cl[=ae]num l[=i]fe t[=o]; Cr[=i]ste s[=i]thode. Sum widewe wunode, [=O]swyn [.g]e.h[=a]ten, aet thaes h[=a]lgan byr[.g]enne, on [.g]e.bedum and faestennum manigu [.g][=e]ar siththan. S[=e]o wolde [e,]fsian [=ae]lce [.g][=e]are thone sanct, and his nae[.g]las [.c]eorfan s[=i]eferl[=i]ce mid lufe, and on scr[=i]ne healdan t[=o] h[=a]li[.g]-d[=o]me 165 on weofode. Tha weorthode thaet land-folc mid [.g]e.l[=e]afan thone sanct, and Th[=e]odred biscop thearle mid [.g]iefum on golde and on seolfre, th[=ae]m sancte t[=o] weorthmynde. Th[=a] c[=o]mon on sumne s[=ae]l un-[.g]es[=ae]lige th[=e]ofas eahta on [=a]nre nihte t[=o] th[=ae]m [=a]r-weorthan h[=a]lgan: woldon stelan th[=a] 170 m[=a]thmas the m[e,]nn thider br[=o]hton, and cunnodon mid craefte h[=u] h[=i]e inn cuman mihten. Sum sl[=o]g mid sl[e,][.c][.g]e sw[=i]the th[=a] haespan, sum hiera mid f[=e]olan f[=e]olode ymb.[=u]tan, sum [=e]ac under.dealf th[=a] duru mid spadan, sum hiera mid hl[=ae]ddre wolde on.l[=u]can th[=ae]t [=e]ag-th[=y]rel; ac h[=i]e swuncon on [=i]del, and earml[=i]ce 175 f[=e]rdon, sw[=a] thaet se h[=a]lga wer h[=i]e wundorl[=i]ce [.g]e.band, [=ae]lcne sw[=a] h[=e] st[=o]d str[=u]tiendne mid t[=o]le, thaet hiera n[=a]n ne mihte thaet morth [.g]e.fr[e,]mman ne h[=i]e thanon [=a].styrian; ac st[=o]don sw[=a] oth mer[.g]en. M[e,]nn th[=a] thaes wundrodon, h[=u] th[=a] weargas hangodon, sum on hl[=ae]ddre, sum l[=e]at t[=o] [.g]e.delfe, 180 and [=ae]lc on his weorce waes faeste [.g]e.bunden. H[=i]e wurdon th[=a] [.g]e.br[=o]hte t[=o] th[=ae]m biscope ealle, and h[=e] h[=e]t h[=i]e [=a].h[=o]n on h[=e]am [.g]ealgum ealle; ac h[=e] naes n[=a] [.g]e.myndi[.g] h[=u] se mildheorta God clipode thurh his w[=i]tegan th[=a]s word the h[=e]r standath: Eos qui ducuntur ad mortem eruere ne cesses, 'th[=a] the man l[=ae]tt 185 t[=o] d[=e]athe [=a].l[=i]es h[=i]e [=u]t simle.' And [=e]ac th[=a] h[=a]lgan can[=o]nes b[=e]c [.g]e.h[=a]dodum for.b[=e]odath [.g]e biscopum [.g]e pr[=e]ostum t[=o] b[=e]onne ymbe th[=e]ofas, for th[=ae]m the hit ne [.g]e.byreth th[=ae]m the b[=e]op [.g]e.corene Gode to the[.g]nienne thaet h[=i]e [.g]e.thw[=ae]rl[=ae][.c]an scylen on [=ae]ni[.g]es mannes d[=e]athe, [.g]if h[=i]e b[=e]oth Dryhtnes 190 {88} the[.g]nas. Eft th[=a] Th[=e]odred biscop s[.c][=e]awode his b[=e]c, h[=e] siththan be.hr[=e]owsode mid [.g][=e]omrunge thaet h[=e] sw[=a] r[=e]thne d[=o]m s[e,]tte th[=ae]m un[.g]es[=ae]ligum th[=e]ofum, and hit be.s[=a]rgode [=ae]fre oth his l[=i]fes [e,]nde, and th[=a] l[=e]ode baed [.g]eorne thaet h[=i]e him mid faesten full[=i]ce thr[=i]e dagas, biddende thone Aelmihtigan thaet h[=e] him 195 [=a]rian scolde. On th[=ae]m lande waes sum mann, L[=e]ofst[=a]n [.g]e.h[=a]ten, r[=i][.c]e for worulde, un-[.g]ewitti[.g] for Gode; s[=e] r[=a]d t[=o] th[=ae]m h[=a]lgan mid r[=i][.c]etere sw[=i]the, and h[=e]t him aet.[=i]ewan orgell[=i]ce sw[=i]the thone h[=a]lgan sanct, hwaether h[=e] [.g]e.sund w[=ae]re; ac sw[=a] hrathe 200 sw[=a] h[=e] [.g]e.seah thaes sanctes l[=i]chaman, th[=a] [=a].w[=e]dde h[=e] s[=o]na, and wael-hr[=e]owl[=i]ce grymetode, and earml[=i]ce [.g]e.[e,]ndode yflum d[=e]athe. This is th[=ae]m [.g]e.l[=i]c the se [.g]e.l[=e]affulla p[=a]pa Greg[=o]rius sae[.g]de on his [.g]es[e,]tnesse be th[=ae]m h[=a]lgan Laurentie, the l[=i]th on R[=o]me-byri[.g], thaet m[e,]nn wolden s[.c][=e]awian h[=u] h[=e] l[=ae][.g]e [.g]e 205 g[=o]de [.g]e yfle; ac God h[=i]e [.g]e.stilde sw[=a] thaet th[=ae]r swulton on th[=ae]re s[.c][=e]awunge seofon m[e,]nn aet.gaedre; th[=a] [.g]eswicon th[=a] [=o]thre t[=o] s[.c][=e]awienne thone martyr mid m[e,]nniscum [.g]e.dwylde. Fela wundra w[=e] [.g]e.h[=i]erdon on folclicre spr[=ae][.c]e be th[=ae]m 210 h[=a]lgan [=E]admunde, the w[=e] h[=e]r nyllath on [.g]e.write s[e,]ttan, ac h[=i]e w[=a]t [.g]e.hw[=a]. On thissum h[=a]lgan is sweotol, and on swelcum [=o]thrum, thaet God aelmihti[.g] mae[.g] thone mann [=a].r[=ae]ran eft on d[=o]mes dae[.g]e onsundne of eorthan, s[=e] the hielt [=E]admund h[=a]lne his l[=i]chaman oth thone m[=i][.c]lan dae[.g], th[=e]ah the h[=e] on moldan c[=o]me. 215 Wierthe w[=ae]re s[=e]o st[=o]w for th[=ae]m weorthfullan h[=a]lgan thaet h[=i]e man weorthode and wel [.g]e.l[=o]gode mid cl[=ae]num Godes th[=e]owum t[=o] Cr[=i]stes th[=e]owd[=o]me; for th[=ae]m the se h[=a]lga is m[=ae]rra thonne m[e,]nn mae[.g]en [=a].sm[=e]an. Nis Angel-cynn be.d[=ae]led Dryhtnes h[=a]lgena, thonne on [E,]n[.g]la-lande li[.c][.g]ath swelce h[=a]lgan swelce 220 thes h[=a]lga cyning, and C[=u]thberht se [=e]adiga and sancte Aethelthr[=y]th on [=E]li[.g], and [=e]ac hiere sweostor, onsund on l[=i]chaman, [.g]e.l[=e]afan t[=o] trymmunge. Sind [=e]ac fela [=o]thre on {89} Angel-cynne h[=a]lgan, the fela wundra wyr[.c]ath, sw[=a] sw[=a] hit w[=i]de is c[=u]th, th[=ae]m Aelmihtigan t[=o] lofe, the h[=i]e on [.g]e.l[=i]efdon. 225 Cr[=i]st [.g]e.sweotolath mannum thurh his m[=ae]re h[=a]lgan thaet h[=e] is aelmihti[.g] God the wyr[.c]th swelc wundru, th[=e]ah the th[=a] earman I[=u]d[=e]iscan hine eallunga with.s[=o]cen, for th[=ae]m the h[=i]e sind [=a].wier[.g]de, sw[=a] sw[=a] h[=i]e w[=y]s[.c]ton him selfum. Ne b[=e]oth n[=a]n wundru [.g]e.worht aet hiera byr[.g]ennum, for th[=ae]m the h[=i]e ne 230 [.g]e.l[=i]efath on thone lifiendan Cr[=i]st; ac Cr[=i]st [.g]e.sweotolath mannum hw[=ae]r se g[=o]da [.g]e.l[=e]afa is, thonne h[=e] swelc wundru wyr[.c]th thurh his h[=a]lgan w[=i]de [.g]eond th[=a]s eorthan, thaes him s[=i]e wuldor and lof [=a] mid his heofonlicum Faeder and th[=ae]m H[=a]lgan G[=a]ste, [=a] b[=u]tan [e,]nde. 235 {91} NOTES. The references marked 'Gr.' are to the pages and paragraphs of the grammar; paragraph-references in ( ) are to the numbered paragraphs in the grammar. I. SENTENCES. Line 2. s[=e]. Gr. 21. 1. this sind. Gr. 45. 2. l. 6. s[e,]lth. Gr. 45. 5. l. 7. s[=e]o aelmesse. Gr. 44. 3. l. 12. [.g]eworhte. Gr. 46. (3). l. 16. hiera. Gr. 41. 3. n[=ae]fre ... ne ... n[=a]nes. Gr. 52. 2. ne waes is usually contracted into naes; the full form is used here because the waes is emphatic. l. 17. h[=e]t ofsl[=e]an. Gr. 50. 4. l. 23. Aethelred cyning. Gr. 42. 6. l. 24. Aesces-d[=u]n, sf. Ashdown, literally 'hill (or down) of the ashtree.' l. 27. wile here denotes repetition, = 'is in the habit of.' Cp. l. 52. l. 28. thonne is correlative with gif (l. 26), Gr. 52. 3. l. 37. aelmihtiga. Gr. 43. (4). l. 43. [=e]ower se heofonlica Faeder. This insertion of the definite article between a possessive pronoun and an adjective is frequent. l. 50. b[=e]o. Gr. 48. (6). l. 52. t[=o], for. l. 56. tw[e,]nti[.g] wintra. Gr. 18. l. 58. D[=e]ofol. Gr. 44. 1. l. 60. scortan. Gr. 43. (2). l. 61. fisca. Gr. 41. 3. l. 63. p[=ae]m, those. hider on land, lit. hither on to land, = to this land. l. 74. bl[=e]tsian. The older form of this word is bledsian. It is a derivative of bl[=o]d, like r[=i][.c]sian from r[=i][.c]e, with mutation of the root vowel. Its original meaning was to 'sprinkle with blood,' and hence, in heathen times, to 'consecrate,' especially to consecrate an altar by sprinkling it with the blood of the victim. l. 80. godspell. The original form of this word was probably g[=o]dspell = 'good tidings,' a literal translation of the Greek euaggelion. {92} Afterwards the first vowel was shortened before the following consonant-group, or else god was directly substituted for g[=o]d, as giving a more evident meaning, the result being that the word was taken in the sense of 'God's tidings.' In this form it was adopted into Icelandic (gudhspiall) and Old High German (gotespel), having been introduced by the Old English missionaries. bith. Gr. 45. 5. l. 82. h[=i]e. Gr. 19. l. 89. him on [=ae]lce healfe, lit. 'to (for) themselves on each side,' = on every side (of themselves). l. 92. rihtne. Gr. 42. 5. l. 93. Aethelwulf-ing. Gr. 38. l. 101. fare [.g][=e]. Gr. 22. 7. l. 106. fors[=a]won. A plural verb after a singular noun of multitude is common in O. E., as in other languages. l. 107. [.g]if se blinda blindne l[=ae]tt. [.g]if here takes the indic., instead of the subj. (Gr. 48. 6), because the case is not assumed to be unreal. So also in V. 13, where the opposition (withst[e,]nt) is assumed as certain, and VI. 19. l. 114. cw[=ae]de. Gr. 48. (5). l. 118. mae[.g]e. Compare Gr. 47. (B. 1). l. 119. s[=i]e. Gr. 47. (A). l. 120. Scotland is here used in its older sense of 'Ireland.' Compare the first extract from the Chronicle, p. 79 below. l. 121. his. Gr. 41. 3. l. 123. healden. Gr. 48. (2). l. 124. w[=ae]re. Gr. 47. (B. 1). l. 132. s[=e] the. Gr. 21. l. 135. thaet. Gr. 21; 52. 3. l. 137. on [=e]are. Gr. 51. 2. l. 138. [.g]ew[e,]ndon him, lit. 'they went for-themselves'; a reflexive pronoun in the dative, Gr. 40. (1), is often added to verbs of motion. l. 139. d[=o] [.g][=e]. Gr. 22. l. 142. gr[=e]te. Compare Gr. 49. (8). l. 145. swelce, adverb, 'as it were.' l. 151. nime. Gr. 49. (7). l. 161. c[=o]me. Compare mae[.g]e, l. 118 above. l. 166. ofslae[.g]enne. Gr. 46. 5. l. 176. [.g]eweorthan. Gr. 47. (B. 1.) l. 180. wolde. Gr. 45. 5. l. 191. b[=e]on. Gr. 48. (2). {93} II. FROM THE GOSPEL OF ST. MATTHEW. l. 1. th[=a]s m[=i]n word. Gr. 43. 8. l. 16. [=a]weorpe. Gr. 49. (8). l. 20. hit refers back to s[=ae]d, l. 18. l. 22. [=u]p sprungenre sunnan. Gr. 41. 2. l. 28. is [.g]eworden. An over-literal rendering of the Latin factum est. l. 32. hine, reflexive, Gr. 19. l. 40. t[=o] forbaernenne. We see here how out of the active 'in order to burn it' may be developed the passive 'in order that it may be burnt,' as in the modern E. 'a house to let.' Compare Gr. 50. 4, (1). l. 52. on hiera fatu. Compare l. 137. l. 60. [.g]ewordenre [.g]ecwidr[=ae]enne th[=ae]m wyrhtum. A very stiff adaptation of the ablative absolute of the original, 'conventione autem facta cum operariis.' th[=ae]m wyrhtum is to be taken as a dative of the person affected (Gr. 41). l. 67. dyde th[=ae]m sw[=a] [.g]el[=i]ce. The Latin has simply 'fecit similiter.' The sense is 'did like to it' (like his former proceeding), the sw[=a] being pleonastic. l. 86. thaet. Gr. 21. l. 90. suna, dative, 'for his son.' l. 106. [.g]iefth[=u]s. h[=u]s must here be taken in the sense of 'hall,' 'chamber.' In Icelandic the plural h[=u]s is regularly used to denote the group of buildings (often detached) constituting a house or homestead, the kitchen, for instance, which was originally detached, being still called eldh[=u]s (fire-house). l. 107. thaet h[=e] wolde ges[=e]on. This clause is due to a confusion of two constructions, (1) h[=e] wolde [.g]es[=e]on, (2) thaet (in order that) h[=e] [.g]e.s[=a]we. III. OLD TESTAMENT PIECES. The first two pieces are taken from Aelfric's translation of the Heptateuch, first published by Thwaites in his Heptateuchus, and afterwards by Grein as vol. i. of his _Bibliothek der angelsaechsischen Prosa_--Genesis xi. and xxii. The other three are from Aelfric's Homilies (edited by Thorpe)--ii. 584 foll., i. 570, ii. 432. l. 4. him betw[=e]onan. Gr. 51. 5. l. 13. laeden. This word is the Latin latina (= lingua latina) used first in the sense of 'Latin language,' then of language generally. {94} l. 17. for th[=ae]m ... for th[=ae]m the, correlative, the first demonstrative, the second relative. l. 28. t[=o] scoldon. This use of s[.c]eal with a verb of motion understood is very common. l. 36. him self. him is the reflexive dative of interest referring to God--literally, 'God him-self will appoint for him-self.' In such constructions we see the origin of the modern himself, themselves. ll. 46, 47. n[=u] ... n[=u], correlative, = now ... now that, the second n[=u] being almost causal (since). l. 51. haefde ... t[=o], took ... for. l. 52. Gode t[=o] l[=a]ce. Gr. 40. (1). l. 57. m[=i]n [e,][.g]e, objective genitive, 'the fear of me.' m[=a]re, neut. 'a greater thing,' 'something more important.' l. 81. m[=a]re. Cp. l. 57. l. 82. w[=ae]re. Gr. 49. (7). l. 89. hwaes is governed by [.g]iernde, by 'attraction.' l. 135. mi[.c]le, adverb. l. 137. w[=ae]re. Gr, 49. (7). l. 153. bel[=i]efan is a later form for [.g]el[=i]efan. l. 156. t[=o] handum. Cp. l. 122 above. l. 174. [=ae]r [.g]enam. Gr. 46. 6. l. 200. fram mannum. fram here, as usual, denotes the agent 'by' in passive constructions. l. 202. wite. Compare Gr. 48. (3) and 49. (8). IV. SAMSON. From Aelfric's translation of the Book of Judges in Thwaites' Heptateuch. l. 8. on[.g]inth t[=o] [=a]l[=i]esenne, will release, on[.g]innan is often used pleonastically in this way. l. 35. Gaza [.g]eh[=a]ten. When a name together with [.g]eh[=a]ten is put in apposition to another noun it is left undeclined, contrary to the general principle (Gr. 42. 6). l. 41. sw[=a] sw[=a] h[=i]e belocenu w[=ae]ron, locked as they were. ufeweardum th[=ae]m cnolle. Gr. 43. 2. l. 46. waes, consisted. l. 51. [.g]eworhte. We should expect [.g]eworhtum (Gr. 42. 5). Perhaps the nom. is due to confusion with the construction with a relative clause--the of sinum [.g]eworhte sind. {95} l. 74. Dagon [.g]eh[=a]ten. Compare l. 35. swelce, 'on the ground that'--'because (as they said).' l. 81. h[=e]ton. Compare l. 106. l. 87. forth is often used pleonastically in this way with mid. V. FROM THE CHRONICLE. l. 2. h[=e]r sind, there are here. h[=e]r is here used analogously to th[=ae]r, as in II. 3 and the modern E. there are. Cp. also l. 12 below. [.g]eth[=e]odu, languages as the test of nationality. It is believed that Latin was still spoken as a living language by the Romanized Britons at the time of the venerable Bede (eighth century), from whose Church History this section was taken by the compilers of the Chronicle. l. 5. Armenia is an error for Armorica. l. 6. Scithie, Scythia. l. 8. Northibernie, North of Ireland. l. 24. h[=e]r, at this date--at this place in the series of entries which constitute the Chronicle. l. 26. Wyrt[.g]eorn is the regular development of an earlier *Wurtigern from the British Vortigern. l. 28. Ypwinesfl[=e]ot has not been identified; some say Ebbsfleet. l. 45. Ae[.g]lesthrep, Aylesthorpe, a village near Aylesford. l. 49. Cr[e,][.c][.g]anford, Crayford. l. 52. The diction of this passage, with its alliteration and simile, shows that it is taken from some old poem. l. 61. h[=ae]thne m[e,]nn, Danes. l. 62. mid Defena-s[.c][=i]re, literally 'together with Devonshire,' that is 'with a force of Devonshire men.' l. 64. dux is here written instead of ealdormann. So also we find rex for cyning. l. 65. Sandw[=i]c, Sandwich. l. 68. f[=e]orthe healf hund, fourth half = three and a half. This is the regular way of expressing fractional numbers, as in the German viertehalb. l. 71. S[=u]thri[.g]e, Surrey. l. 73. [=A]cl[=e]a, Ockley. l. 76. se h[e,]re, the Danish army. h[e,]re got a bad sense, through its association with h[e,]rgian (to harry), and hence is applied only to a plundering, marauding body of men. In the Laws h[e,]re is defined as {96} a gang of thieves more than thirty-five in number. The national English army (militia) is called fierd, l. 71, 3 above. Humbrem[=u]tha, mouth of the Humber. l. 77. Eoforw[=i]c, York; a corruption of Eboracum. l. 84. inne wurdon, got in. l. 85. sume. Compare IV. 51. VI. KING EDMUND. From Aelfric's Lives of the Saints, now published for the Early English Text Society by Prof. Skeat. The present life has been printed only by Thorpe, in his Analecta Anglosaxonica from a very late MS. It is here given from the older MS., Cott. Jul. E. 7. It will be observed that the present piece is in alliterative prose, that is, with the letter-rime of poetry, but without its metrical form. The alliteration is easily discernible:--c[=o]m s[=u]than ofer s[=ae] fram _s_ancte Benedictes _s_t[=o]we; _d_ae[.g]e, t[=o] D[=u]nst[=a]ne, &c. l. 1. sancte is an English modification of the Latin genitive sancti. l. 5. sancte is here the E. dative inflection, sanct having been made into a substantive. l. 39. bilew[=i]t = *bile-hw[=i]t (with the regular change of hw into w between vowels) literally 'white (=tender) of bill,' originally, no doubt, applied to young birds, and then used metaphorically in the sense of 'gentle,' 'simple.' l. 70. worhte fl[=e]ames. This construction of wyrcan with a genitive is frequent. l. 76. w[=ae]re, subj. Gr. 48. (6). l. 85. f[=u]se. The correct reading is probably f[=u]sne, but the plural f[=u]se may be taken to refer to Hinguar and his men collectively. l. 149. [.g]ebedh[=u]s. The Welsh bettws, as in Bettws-y-coed = 'chapel in the wood,' still preserves the O. E. form nearly unchanged. l. 176. sw[=a] thaet does not denote result here, but is explanatory--'namely by being bound....' l. 178. h[=i]e, reflexive. l. 179. thaes ... h[=u], correlative. l. 185. The reference is apparently to Proverbs xxiv. 11, which (in the Vulgate) runs thus: 'Erue eos qui ducuntur ad mortem.' l. 200. hwaether, (that he might see) whether ... l. 215. l[=i]chaman, instrumental dative (Gr. 41) of defining. l. 222. [=E]li[.g] = [=ae]l-[=i]eg 'eel-island.' {97} GLOSSARY. The order is strictly alphabetical (th following t) except that words with the prefix ge are put in the order of the letter that follows the ge (gebed under b, &c.). The following abbreviations are used :-- sm., sn., sf. masc., neut., fem. substantive. sv. strong verb. wv. weak verb. swv. strong-weak verb (preterito-present). The others require no explanation. The numbers after sv. refer to the classes of strong verbs in the grammar. Words in [ ] are Latin (and Greek) originals or cognate Old E. words. The latter are only referred to when the connection can be proved by the phonetic laws given in the grammar. [=A], av. ever, always. abbod, sm. abbot [Latin abbatem]. [=a]-.b[=e]odan, sv. 7, w. dat. (offer), announce. [=a]-.biddan, sv. 5, ask for, demand. [=a]-.b[=i]tan, sv. 6, devour. [=a]-.bl[e,]ndan, wv. blind [blind]. [=a]-.brecan, sv. 4, break into, take (city). [=a]-.b[=u]gan, sv. 7, bend; swerve, turn. ac, cj. but. [=a]-.c[e,]nnan, wv. bring forth, bear (child). [=a]-.cw[e,]llan, wv. kill. [=a]-.cw[e,]n[.c]an, wv. extinguish. [=a]-.dr[=u]gian, wv. dry up, intr. [dr[=y][.g]e]. [=a]-.dw[=ae]s[.c]an, wv. extinguish. aecer, sm. field. aethele, aj. noble, excellent. aetheling, sm. prince. [=ae]fen, sm. evening. [=ae]fre, av. ever, always. aefter, av., prep. w. dat. after--aefter th[=ae]em, after that, afterwards; according to, by. [=ae][.g]-hwelc, prn. each. [=ae][.g]ther, prn. either, each--cj. [=ae][.g]ther [.g]e ... [.g]e, both ... and [ = [=ae][.g] hwaether]. [=ae]ht, sf. property [[=a]hte, [=a]gan]. [=ae]lan, wv. burn. [=ae]l[.c], aj. each. aelmesse, sf. alms, charity [Greek ele[=e]mosun[=e]]. ael-mihti[g.], aj. almighty. [=ae]ni[.g], aj. any [[=a]n]. [=ae]r, prep. w. dat. before (of time), [=ae]r th[=ae]m the, cj. before. [=ae]r, av. formerly, before; superl. [=ae]rest, adj. and adv., first. aer[.c]e-biscop, sm. archbishop [Latin archiepiscopus]. [=ae]rende, sn. errand, message. {98} [=ae]rend-raca, sm. messenger. [=ae]-rist, sfm. (rising again), resurrection [[=a]r[=i]san]. [=ae]rne-mergen, sm. early morning. aesc, sm. (ash-tree); war-ship. aet, prp. w. dat. at; deprivation, from; origin, source--[=a]b[=ae]don w[=i]f aet him, 'asked for wives from them;' specification, defining--wurdon aet spr[=ae][.c]e, 'fell into conversation.' aet-.bre[.g]dan, sv. 3 (snatch away), deprive of. aet-.foran, prp. w. dat. before. aet-.gaedre, av. together. aet-[=i]ewan, wv. w. dat. show. [=ae]ton, see etan. [=a]-.fandian, wv. experience, find out [findan]. [=a]-.faran, sv. 2, go away, depart. [=a]-.feallan, sv. 1, fall. [=a]-.f[=e]dan, wv. feed. [=a]-.f[=y]lan, wv. defile [f[=u]l]. [=a]-fyrht, aj. frightened [past partic. of [=a].fyrhtan from forht]. [=a]gan, swv. possess. [=a]-.g[=a]n, sv. happen. [=a]gen, aj. own [originally past partic. of [=a]gan]. [=a]-.[.g]iefan, sv. 5, w. dat. give, render. [=a]h, see [=a]gan. [=a]-.h[e,]bban, sv. 2, raise, exalt. [=a]-.hieldan, wv. incline. [=a]-.h[=o]n, sv. 1, hang, trans. [=a]-.hr[=e]osan, sv. 7, fall. [=a]hte, see [=a]gan. [=a]-hw[=ae]r, av. anywhere. [=a]-.h[=y]ran, wv. hire. [=a]-.l[=i]esan, wv. (loosen), release; redeem [l[=e]as]. [=a]-.l[=i]esed-nes, sf. redemption. [=a]-l[=i]esend, sm. redeemer. [=a]n, aj. one (always strong); a certain one, certain; alone (generally weak); gen. pl. [=a]nra in [=a]nra ge-hwel[.c], 'each one.' [=a]n-c[e,]nned, aj. (past partic.) (only-born), only (child). and, cj. and. and-b[=i]dian, wv. w. gen. wait, expect [b[=i]dan]. andet-nes, sf. confession. andettan, wv. confess. and-[.g]iet, sn. sense, meaning; understanding, intelligence. and-swarian, wv. w. dat. answer [andswaru]. and-swaru, sf. answer [sw[e,]rian]. and-weard, aj. present. and-wyrdan, wv. w. dat. answer [word]. Angel, sm. Anglen (a district in Slesvig). Angel-cynn, sn. English nation, England. [=a]-.niman, sv. 4, take away. [=a]n-l[=ae][.c]an, wv. unite. [=a]n-m[=o]d, aj. unanimous. [=a]n-m[=o]d-l[=i]ce, av. unanimously. [=a]n-r[=ae]d, aj. (of one counsel) constant, firm, resolute. apostol, sm. apostle. [=a]r, sf. mercy; honour. [=a]-.r[=ae]ran, wv. raise, build [[=a]r[=i]san]. [=a]rian, wv. w. dat. honour; spare, have mercy on [[=a]r]. [=a]-.r[=i]san, sv. 6, arise. [=a]r-l[=e]as, aj. wicked. arn, see iernan. arod, aj. quick, bold. arod-l[=i]ce, av. quickly, readily, boldly. [=a]r-weorth, adj. worthy of honour, venerable. [=a]scian, wv. ask. [=a]-.sc[=u]fan, sv. 7, thrust. [=a]-.s[e,]ndan, wv. send. [=a]-.s[e,]ttan, wv. set, place. [=a]-.sm[=e]an, wv. consider, think of, conceive. assa, sm. ass. [=a]-.st[e,]llan, wv. institute. [=a]-.st[=i]gan, sv. 6, ascend, descend. [=a]-.str[e,][.c][.c]an, wv. stretch out, extend. [=a]-.styrian, wv. stir, move. [=a]-.t[=e]on, sv. 7, draw out, draw, take. atol-lic, aj. deformed. [=a]-.thr[=e]otan, sv. 7, fail, run short. {99} [=a]-.w[e,][.c][.c]an, wv. awake, arouse [wacian]. [=a]-.w[=e]dan, wv. go mad [w[=o]d]. [=a]-.w[e,]ndan, wv. turn; translate. [=a]-.weorpan, sv. 3, throw, throw away; depose (king). [=a]-.w[=e]stan, wv. lay waste, ravage. [=a]-.wier[.g]ed, aj. cursed, accursed, [past. partic. of [=a]wier[.g]an, from wearg]. [=a]-wiht, prn. aught, anything. [=a]-.wr[=i]tan, sv. 6, write. [=a]-.wyrtwalian, wv. root up. B. Baec, sn. back--under baec, behind. baed, see biddan. b[=ae]don, see biddan. baernan, wv. burn, trans. [beornan]. baernett, sn. burning. b[=ae]ron, see beran. baest, sm. bast. baesten, aj. of bast. be, prep. w. dat. by; about, concerning. beald, aj. bold. bearn, sn. child [beran]. b[=e]atan, sv. 1, beat. be-.b[=e]odan, sv. 7, w. dat. bid, command. be-.byr[.g]an, wv. bury. b[=e][.c], see b[=o]c. be-.clyppan, wv. embrace, encompass, hold. be-.cuman, sv. 4, come. [.g]e.bed, sn. prayer [biddan]. be-.d[=ae]lan, wv. w. gen. deprive of [d[=ae]l]. b[e,]dd, sn. bed. be-.delfan, sv. 3; (hide by digging), bury. [.g]e.bed-h[=u]s, sn. oratory, chapel. be-.faestan, wv. (make fast); w. dat. commit, entrust to. be-.foran, prp. w. dat. before. b[=e][.g]en, prn. both. be-.[.g]eondan, prp. w. acc. beyond. be-.[.g]ietan, sv. 5, get, obtain. be-.[.g]innan, sv. 3, begin. be-.h[=a]tan, sv. 1, w. dat. promise. be-.h[=e]afdian, wv. behead [h[=e]afod]. be-.healdan, sv. 1, behold. be-.h[=o]fian, wv. w. gen. require. be-.hr[=e]owsian, wv. repent [hr[=e]owan]. be-.h[=y]dan, wv. hide. be-.l[=ae]wan, wv. betray. be-.l[=i]efan, wv. believe. be-.l[=i]fan, sv. 6, remain [l[=a]f]. be-.l[=u]can, sv. 7, lock, close. b[e,]nd, smfn. bond [bindan]. b[=e]odan, sv. 7, w. dat. offer. b[=e]on, v. be--b[=e]on ymbe, have to do with. beorg, sm. hill, mountain. _[.g]e_beorgan, sv. 3, w. dat. save, protect. beornan, sv. 3, burn, intrans. b[=e]ot-lic, aj. boastful. be-.p[=ae][.c]an, wv. deceive. beran, sv. 4, bear, carry; ([.g]eberan, bring forth). b[e,]rn, sn. barn. berstan, sv. 3, burst. be-.s[=a]rgian, wv. lament [s[=a]ri[.g]]. be-.s[.c]ieran, sv. 4, shear, cut hair. be-.s[=e]on, sv. 5, see, look. be-.s[e,]ttan, wv. set about, surround, cover. be-.stealcian, wv. go stealthily, steal. be-.sw[=i]can, sv. 6, deceive, circumvent, betray. be-.t[=ae][.c]an, wv. commit, entrust, give up. b[e,]tera, b[e,]tst, see g[=o]d. be.tw[=e]onan, prp. w. dat. between, among. be-.twix, prep. w. acc. and dat. between, among; of time, during--betwix th[=ae]m the, cj. while. be-.w[e,]rian, wv. defend. be-.witan, swv. watch over, have charge of. b[=i]dan, sv. 6, wait. biddan, sv. 5, ask, beg. [.g]e.biddan, sv. 5, refl. pray. {100} bieldo, sf. (boldness), arrogance [beald]. b[=i]-g[e,]ng, sm. worship [bi, by, and g[e,]n[.g] from g[=a]n]. bile-w[=i]t, aj. simple, innocent. bindan, sv. 3, bind. binnan, av. inside; prp. w. dat. within, in [ = be-innan]. biscop, sm. bishop [Latin episcopus]. bi-smer, snm. insult, ignominy. bismer-full, aj. ignominious, shameful. bismerian, wv. treat with ignominy, insult [bismer]. b[=i]tan, sv. 6, bite. bith, see b[=e]on. bl[=a]wan, sv. 1, blow. bleoh, sn. colour. bl[=e]ow, see bl[=a]wan. bl[=e]tsian, wv. bless. blind, aj. blind. bliss, sf. merriment, joy. blissian, wv. rejoice. bl[=i]the, aj. glad, merry. bl[=i]the-l[=i]ce, av. gladly. bl[=o]d, sn. blood. b[=o]c, sf. book, scripture. B[=o]c-laeden, sn. book Latin, Latin. bodian, wv. announce, preach [b[=e]odan]. bodi[.g], sm. body. bohte, see by[.c][.g]an. br[=a]d, aj. broad. br[=ae]th, sm. vapour, odour. brecan, sv. 4, break; take (city). bre[.g]dan, sv. 3, pull. br[=e]mel, sm. bramble. Breten, sf. Britain. Brettas, smpl. the British. Brettisc, aj. British [Brettas]. bringan, wv. bring. br[=o]hte, see bringan. br[=o]thor, sm. brother. br[=u]can, sv. 7, w. gen. enjoy, partake of. br[=y]d, sf. bride. br[=y]d-guma, sm. bridegroom [literally bride-man]. b[=u]an, wv. dwell. b[=u]end, smpl. dwellers [pres. partic. of b[=u]an]. bufan, prp. w. dat. and acc. over, above, on. b[=u]gan, sv. 7, bend, incline. bundon, see bindan. burg, sf. city. burg-[.g]eat, sn. city-gate. b[=u]tan, av. outs[=i]de; prp. w. dat. without, except, besides [ = be-[=u]tan]. b[=u]tan, cj. unless, except. by[.c][.g]an, wv. buy. byrthen, sf. burden [beran]. byr[.g]en, sf. tomb [bebyr[.g]an]. _[.g]e_byrian, wf. be due, befit. byri[.g], see burg. byrst, sf. bristle. [.g]e.b[=y]snian, wv. give example, illustrate. [.g]e.b[=y]snung, sf. example. C. Cann, see cunnan. can[=o]n, sm. canon; can[=o]nes b[=e]c, canonical books. Cantwara-burg, sf. Canterbury [Cantwara, gen. of Cantware]. Cant-ware, pl. Kent-dwellers, men of Kent [Lat. Cantia and ware]. c[=a]sere, sm. emperor [Latin Caesar]. [.c]eaflas, smpl. jaws. [.c]eald, aj. cold. [.c]ealf, sn. calf. [.c][=e]ap, sn. purchase. [.c][=e]as, see [.c][=e]osan. [.c]easter, sf. city [Latin castra]. c[=e]ne, aj. brave, bold. c[e,]nnan, wv. bring forth, bear child. C[e,]nt, sf. Kent [Cantia]. C[e,]nt-land, sn. Kent. [.c]eorfan, sv. 3, cut. [.c][=e]osan, sv. 7, choose. c[=e]pan, wv. w. gen. attend, look out for. [.c][=i]epan, wv. trade, sell [[.c][=e]ap]. [.c][=i]epend, sm. seller [pres. partic. of [.c][=i]epan]. [.c]ierr, sm. turn. {101} [.c]ierran, wv. turn, return, go--[.c]ierran t[=o], take to. [.g]e.[.c]ierred-nes, sf. conversion. [.c]ild, sn. child. [.c]ild-h[=a]d, sm. childhood. [.c]inn-b[=a]n, sn. jawbone. [.c]iri[.c]e, sf. church. cl[=ae]ne, aj. clean, pure. clawu, sf. claw. clipian, wv. call, summon. clipung, sf. calling. clyppan, wv. clip, embrace. cnapa, sm. (boy, youth), servant. cnoll, sm. top, summit. coccel, sm. corn-cockle. c[=o]m, see cuman. coren, see [.c][=e]osan. craeft, sm. skill, cunning. cr[=i]sten, aj. Christian. cuma, sm. stranger [cuman]. cuman, sv. 4, come; cuman [=u]p, land. cunnan, swv. know. cunnian, wv. try [cunnan]. curon, see [.c][=e]osan. c[=u]th, aj. known [originally past partic. of cunnan]. cw[=ae]don, see cwethan. cwaeth, see cwethan. cweartern, sn. prison. cw[=e]man, wv. please, gratify. [.g]e.cw[=e]mednes, sf. pleasing. cw[=e]n, sf. queen. cwethan, sv. 5, say, speak; name, call. cwic, aj. alive. cwide, sm. speech, address [cwethan]. _[.g]e_cw[=i]d-r[=ae]den, sf. agreement. cwithth, see cwethan. cymth, see cuman. cyne-cynn, sn. royal family. cyne-l[=i]c, aj. royal. cyne-l[=i]ce, av. like a king, royally. cyne-st[=o]l, sm. throne. cyning, sm. king. cynn, sn. race, kind. cyst, sf. excellence [[.c][=e]osan]. cysti[.g], aj. (excellent), charitable. c[=y]than, wv. make known, tell [c[=u]th]. D. D[=ae]d, sf. deed. dae[.g], sm. day. dae[.g]-hw[=ae]m-l[=i]ce, av. daily. d[=ae]l, sm. part--be healfum d[=ae]le, by half. d[=ae]lan, wv. divide, share. d[=e]ad, aj. dead. d[=e]ath, sm. death. Defena-s[.c][=i]r, sf. Devonshire [Devonia]. dehter, see dohtor. _[.g]e_delf, sn. digging. delfan, sv. 3, dig. D[e,]ne, smpl. Danes. D[e,]nisc, aj. Danish. d[=e]ofol, sum. devil [Latin diabolus]. d[=e]ofol-[.g]ield, sn. idol. d[=e]op, aj. deep. d[=e]or, sn. wild beast. d[=e]ore, aj. dear, precious. d[=e]or-wierthe, aj. precious. d[=i]egol, aj. hidden, secret. d[=i]egol-nes, sf. secret. d[=i]epe, sf. depth [d[=e]op]. dihtan, wv. appoint [Latin dictare]. disc-the[.g]n, sm. (dish-thane), waiter. dohtor, sf. daughter. d[=o]m, sm. doom, judgment, sentence. d[=o]n, sv. do, act. dorste, see durran. draca, sm. dragon. dranc, see drincan. dr[=e]ori[.g], aj. sad. dr[=i]fan, sv. 6, drive. drinca, sm. drink. drincan, sv. 3, drink. drohtnian, wv. live, continue, behave. drohtnung, sf. conduct. dr[=y][.g]e, aj. dry. Dryhten, sm. Lord, d[=u]n, sf. hill, down. durran, swv. dare. duru, sf. door. d[=u]st, sn. dust. [.g]e.dwyld, sn. error. dyde, see d[=o]n. dyppan, wv. dip. dysi[.g], aj. foolish. {102} E. [=E]ac, av. also; [=e]ac swelce, also. [=e]acnian, wv. increase. [=e]adi[.g], aj. (prosperous), blessed. [=e]age, sn. eye. [=e]ag-th[=y]rel, sn. (eye-hole), window. eahta, num. eight. [=e]a-l[=a], interj. oh! eald, aj. old--cp. ieldra. Eald-seaxe, smpl. Old Saxons. ealdor, sm. chief, master. ealdor-mann, sm. chief, officer. eall, aj. all. eall, av. quite ; eall sw[=a] mi[.c]el sw[=a], (quite) as much as. eall-n[=i]we, aj. quite new. eallunga, av. entirely. ealu, sn. ale. eard, sm. country, native land. eardian, wv. dwell. [=e]are, sn. ear. earm, sm. arm. earm, aj. poor, wretched, despicable. earm-lic, aj. miserable. earm-l[=i]ce, av. miserably, wretchedly. earn, sm. eagle. eart, see wesan. [=e]ast, av. eastwards. [=e]ast-d[=ae]l, sm. east part, the East. [=E]ast-[e,]n[.g]le, smpl. East-Anglians. [=E]ast-seaxe, smpl. East-Saxons. [=e]athe-lic, aj. insignificant, weak. [=e]ath-m[=e]dan, wv. humble [[=e]athm[=o]d]. [=e]ath-m[=o]d, aj. humble. [=e][.c]e, aj. eternal. [=e][.c]-nes, sf. eternity. efen, aj. even. [.g]e.efen-l[=ae][.c]an, wv. imitate. efne, av. behold, lo! [efen]. [e,]fsian, wv. clip, shear. eft, av. again; afterwards, then; back. [e,][.g]e, sm. fear. [e,][.g]esa, sm. fear [e[.g]e]. [e,][.g]es-lic, aj. fearful, awful. [=e]htere, sm. persecutor. ele, sm. oil. [e,]l-th[=e]odi[.g]-nes, sf. foreign land. [e,]nde, sm. end. [e,]ndemes, av. together. [.g]e.[e,]ndian, wv. end; die. [e,]ndlufon, num. eleven. [e,]ndlyfta, aj. eleventh. [.g]e.[e,]ndung, sf. ending, end. [e,]n[.g]el, sm. angel [Latin angelus]. [E,]n[.g]la-land, sn. England [[E,]n[.g]la gen. pl. of [E,]n[.g]le]. [E,]n[.g]le, smpl. the English [Angel]. [E,]n[.g]lisc, aj. English--sn. English language [[E,]n[.g]le]. [=e]ode, see g[=a]n. eom, see wesan. eorl, sm. earl. eorth-b[=u]end, sm. earth-dweller. eorthe, sf. earth. eorth-faest, aj. firm in the earth. eorth-lic, aj. earthly. eornost, sf. earnest. eornost-l[=i]ce, av. in truth, indeed. [=e]ow, see th[=u]. etan, sv. 5, eat. [=e]thel, sm. country, native land. F. Faeder, sm. father. fae[.g]en, aj. glad. fae[.g]er, aj. fair. fae[.g]er-nes, sf. fairness, beauty. fae[.g]nian, wv. w. gen. rejoice. f[=ae]mne, sf. virgin. f[=ae]r, sf. danger. f[=ae]r-lic, aj. sudden. f[=ae]r-l[=i]ce, av. suddenly. faest, aj. fast, firm. faestan, wv. fast. faesten, sf. fasting. faet, sn. vessel. f[=a]g-nes, sf. variegation, various colours. fandian, wv. w. gen. try, test, tempt [findan]. faran, sv. 2, go. faru, sf. procession, retinue, pomp. f[=e]a, aj. pl. few. [.g]e.f[=e]a, sm. joy. feallan, sv. 1, fall. fearr, sm. bull; ox. feax, sn. hair of head. {103} f[=e]dan, wv. feed [f[=o]da]. fela, aj. pl. w. gen. many. feld, sm. field. feoh, sn. money, property. [.g]e.feoht, sn. fight. feohtan, sv. 3, fight. f[=e]ole, sf. file. f[=e]olian, wv. file. f[=e]oll, see feallan. f[=e]ond, sm. enemy. feorh, snm. life. feorm, sf. (food); feast, banquet. feorr, av. far. f[=e]ortha, num. fourth. f[=e]ower, num. four. [.g]e.f[=e]ra, sm. companion [f[=o]r]. f[=e]ran, wv. go, fare [f[=o]r]. [.g]e.f[=e]ran, wv. (go over), take possession of. f[e,]rian, wv. carry [faran]. f[=e]t, see f[=o]t. f[e,]tian, wv. fetch--pret. [.g]ef[e,]tte. [.g]e.f[e,]tte, see f[e,]tian. f[=i]end, see f[=e]ond. fierd, sf. army [faran]. fierlen, aj. distant [feorr]. fierst, sm. period, time. f[=i]f, num. five. findan, sv. 3 (pret. funde), find. fisc, sm. fish. fisc-cynn, sn. fish-kind. fl[=e]am, sm. flight [fl[=e]on]. fleax, sn. flax. fl[=e]ogan, sv. 7, fly. fl[=e]on, sv. 7, flee. fl[=e]otan, sv. 7, float. fl[=i]tan, sv. 6, quarrel, dispute. [.g]e.fl[=i]eman, wv. put to flight [fl[=e]am]. fl[=o]d, sm. flood. flota, sm. fleet [fl[=e]otan]. flot-h[e,]re, sm. naval army, army of pirates. flot-mann, sm. sailor, pirate. fl[=o]wan, sv. 1, flow. flugon, see fl[=e]on. flyht, sm. flight [fl[=e]ogan]. f[=o]da, sm. food. folc, sn. people, nation. folc-lic, aj. popular. folgian, wv. w. dat. follow; obey. f[=o]n, sv. 1, seize, take, capture; f[=e]ng t[=o] r[=i][.c]e, came to the throne; t[=o]gaedre f[=e]ngon, joined together. for, prep. w. dat. before--r[=i][.c]e for worulde, in the eyes of the world; causal, for, because of, for the sake of--ne dorste for Gode, for the fear of God--for th[=ae]m, therefore, for th[=ae]em (the), because; w. acc., instead of, for. f[=o]r, sf. journey [faran]. f[=o]r, see faran. for-.baernan, wv. burn up, burn, trans. for-.b[=e]odan, sv. 7, forbid. for-.br[=e]otan, sv. 7, break. for-.[.c]eorfan, sv. 3, cut off. for-.dilgian, wv. destroy. for-.d[=o]n, sv. destroy. for-.ealdod, aj. aged [past partic. of forealdian, grow old]. fore-s[.c][=e]awian, wv. pre-ordain, decree, appoint. fore-s[e,][.c][.g]an, wv. say before--se foresae[.g]da, the aforesaid. for-.[.g]iefan, sv. 5, w. dat. give, grant; forgive. for-.[.g]ief-nes, sf. forgiveness. for-.[.g][=i]eman, wv. neglect. for-.[.g]ietan, sv. forget. forht, aj. afraid. forhtian, wv. be afraid. for-.hwega, av. somewhere. for-.l[=ae]tan, sv. 1, leave, abandon. for-.l[=e]osan, sv. 7, lose. for-.li[.g]er, sn. wantonness, immorality. forma, aj. first--superl. fyrmest, first. for-.molsnian, wv. crumble, decay. for-.scrincan, sv. 3, shrink up. for-s[=e]on, sv. 5, despise. for-.sl[=e]an, sv. 2, cut through. for-.standan, sv. 2, (stand before), protect. forth, av. forth, forwards, on. forth-.f[=e]ran, wv. depart, die. for-.thrysman, wv. suffocate, choke. {104} for-.weorthan, sv. 3, perish. f[=o]t, sm. foot. fraetwian, wv. adorn. fraetwung, sf. ornament. fram, prep. w. dat. from; agent. w. pass. h[=i]e w[=ae]ron fram Wyrt[.g]eorne [.g]elathode, invited by. fr[e,]mman, wv. perform, do. fr[=e]ond, sm. friend. frith, sm. peace--frith niman, make peace. fugol, sm. bird. fuhton, see feohtan. f[=u]l, aj. foul, impure. full, aj. full. full-.bl[=i]the, aj. very glad. full-.c[=e]ne, aj. very brave. ful-l[=i]ce, av. fully. full-.s[=o]th, aj. very true. fultum, sm. help; forces, troops. fultumian, wv. w. dat. help. funde, see findan. furthor, av. further, more [forth]. f[=u]s, aj. hastening. fyllan, wv. fill, fulfil [full]. f[=y]r, sn. fire. fyrmest, see forma. G. Gadrian, wv. gather. gaers, sn. grass. gafeloc, sm. missile, spear. gafol, sn. interest, profit. gamen, sn. sport. g[=a]n, sv. go. _[.g]e._g[=a]n, sv. gain, conquer. gangende, see g[=a]n. g[=a]st, sm. spirit; se h[=a]lga g[=a]st, the Holy Ghost. g[=a]st-lic, aj. spiritual. [.g]e, cj. and--[.g]e ... [.g]e, both ... and. [.g][=e], see th[=u]. [.g]ealga, sm. gallows. [.g][=e]ar, sn. year. [.g]earcian, wv. prepare [[.g]earo]. [.g]eard, sm. yard, court. [.g]earu, aj. ready. [.g]earwian, wv. prepare. [.g]eat, sn. gate. [.g][=e]oguth, sf. youth. [.g][=e]omrung, sf. lamentation. [.g]eond, prp. w. acc. through, throughout. [.g][=e]ong, aj. young. [.g]eorn, aj. eager. [.g]eorne, av. eagerly, earnestly. [.g]iefan, sv. 5, give. [.g]iefta, sfpl. marriage, wedding [[.g]iefan]. [.g]ieft-h[=u]s, sn. wedding-hall. [.g]ieft-lic, aj. wedding. [.g]iefu, sf. gift; grace (of God) [[.g]iefan]. [.g]ierla, sm. dress [[.g]earu]. [.g]iernan, wv. w. gen. yearn, desire; ask [[.g]eorn]. [.g]iet, av. yet; further, besides. [.g]if, cj. if. [.g]imm, sm. gem, jewel [Latin gemma]. [.g]imm-st[=a]n, sm. gem, jewel. [.g]it, see th[=u]. [.g][=i]tsian, wv. covet. [.g][=i]tsung, sf. covetousness, avarice. glaed, aj. glad. glaed-l[=i]ce, av. gladly. gl[=e]aw, aj. prudent, wise. gl[e,]n[.g]an, wv. adorn; trim (lamp). god, sm. God. god-faeder, sm. godfather. god-spell, sn. gospel. godspel-lic, aj. evangelical. g[=o]d, aj. good--compar. b[e,]tera. superl. b[e,]tst. g[=o]d, sn. good thing, good. gold, sn. gold. gold-hord, sn. treasure. gr[=ae]di[.g]. aj. greedy. gr[=ae][.g], aj. grey. gr[=e]tan, wv. greet, salute. grindan, sv. 3, grind. gr[=i]st-b[=i]tung, sf. gnashing of teeth. grymetian, wv. grunt, roar. gyldan, wv. gild [gold]. gylden, aj. golden [gold]. H. Habban, wv. have; take. {105} h[=a]d, sm. rank, condition. [.g]e.h[=a]dod, aj. ordained, in orders, clerical [past partic. of h[=a]dian, ordain]. haefde, haefth, see habban. haeftan, wv. hold fast, hold [habban]. h[=ae]lan, wv. heal [h[=a]l]. h[=ae]lend, sm. Saviour [pres. partic. of h[=ae]lan]. h[=ae]lo, sf. salvation [h[=a]l]. h[=ae]s, sf. command. haespe, sf. hasp. h[=ae]te, sf. heat [h[=a]t]. h[=ae]th, sf. heath. h[=ae]then, aj. heathen [h[=ae]th]. h[=a]l, aj. whole, sound. [.g]e.h[=a]l, aj. whole, uninjured. h[=a]lga, sm. saint. h[=a]l[.g]ian, wv. hallow, consecrate. h[=a]li[.g], aj. holy. h[=a]li[.g]-d[=o]m, sm. holy object, relic. h[=a]m, av. homewards, home. hand, sf. hand. hand-cweorn, sf. hand-mill. hangian, wv. hang, intr. [h[=o]n]. h[=a]t, aj. hot. h[=a]tan, sv. 1, command, ask--w. inf. in passive sense, h[=e]ton him s[e,][.c][.g]an, bade them be told ; name--passive, h[=a]tte. hatian, wv. hate. h[=a]tte, see h[=a]tan. h[=e], prn. he. h[=e]afod, sn. head. h[=e]afod-mann, sm. head-man, ruler, chief. h[=e]ah, aj. high--superl. h[=i]ehst. healdan, sv. 1, hold, keep; guard; preserve; observe, keep. healf, aj. half. healf, sf. side. h[=e]a-lic, aj. lofty [h[=e]ah]. heall, sf. hall. heard, aj. hard ; strong; severe. h[e,]bban, sv. 2, raise. h[e,]fel-thr[=ae]d, sm. web-thread, thread. h[e,]fe, sm. weight [h[e,]bban]. h[e,]fi[.g], aj. heavy [h[e,]fe]. h[e,]ll, sf. hell. [.g]e.h[e,]nde, aj. w. dat. near [hand]. h[=e]o, see h[=e]. heofon, sm. heaven--often in plur., heofona r[=i][.c]e. heofon-lic, aj. heavenly. h[=e]old, see healdan. heord, sf. herd. heorte, sf. heart. h[=e]r, av. here; hither--h[=e]r.aefter, &c., hereafter. h[=e]r-be-.[=e]astan, av. east of this. h[e,]re, sm. army. h[e,]re-r[=e]af, sn. spoil. h[e,]re-toga, sm. army-leader, general, chief [toga from t[=e]on]. h[e,]rgian, wv. ravage, make war [h[e,]re]. h[e,]rgung, sf. (ravaging), warfare, war. h[e,]rian, wv. praise. h[=e]t, see h[=a]tan. hider, av. hither. h[=i]e, see h[=e]. h[=i]ehst, see h[=e]ah. hiera, see h[=e]. [.g]e.h[=i]eran, wv. hear. hierde, sm. shepherd [heord]. hierd-r[=ae]den, sf. guardianship. hiere, see h[=e]. [.g]e.h[=i]er-sum, aj. w. dat. obedient [h[=i]eran]. [.g]e.h[=i]ersum-nes, sf. obedience. him, hine, see h[=e]. h[=i]red, snm. family, household. his, see h[=e]. hit, see h[=e]. h[=i]w, sn. hue, form. hl[=ae]dder, sf. ladder. hlaest, sm. load. hl[=a]f, sm. bread, loaf of bread. hl[=a]ford, sm. lord. hl[=i]sa, sm. fame. hl[=u]d, aj. loud. hl[=y]dan, wv. make a noise, shout [hl[=u]d]. hnappian, wv. doze. [.g]e.hoferod, aj. (past partic.), hump-backed. holt, sn. wood. {106} h[=o]n, sv. 1, hang [hangian]. horn, sm. horn. hraed-l[=i]ce, av. quickly. hraedung, sf. hurry. hrathe, av. quickly--sw[=a] hrathe sw[=a], as soon as. hr[=e]od, sn. reed. hr[=e]owan, sv. 7, rue, repent. hr[=i]eman, wv. cry, call. hr[=i]ther, sn. ox. hr[=o]f, sn. roof. hry[.c][.g], sm. back. hryre, sm. fall [hr[=e]osan]. h[=u], av. how. h[=u]-meta, av. how. hund, sn. w. gen. hundred. hund, sm. dog. hund-feald, aj. hundredfold. hund-.nigonti[.g], num. ninety. hund-.tw[e,]lfti[.g], num. hundred and twenty. hungor, sm. hunger; famine. hungri[.g], aj. hungry. h[=u]ru, av. especially. h[=u]s, sn. house. hux-l[=i]ce, av. ignominiously. hw[=a], prn. who. [.g]e.hw[=a], prn. every one. hw[=ae]m, see hw[=a]. hw[=ae]r, av. where--sw[=a] hw[=ae]r sw[=a], wherever. [.g]e.hw[=ae]r, av. everywhere. hwaes, hwaet, see hw[=a]. hwaet, interj. what! lo! well. hw[=ae]te, sm. wheat. hwaether, av. cj. whether--hwaether the, _to introduce a direct question_. hwaethre, av. however. hwanon, av. whence. hwel[.c], prn. which; any one, any--sw[=a] hwel[.c] sw[=a], whoever. [.g]e.hwel[.c], prn. any, any one. hw[=i]l, sf. while, time. hwone, see hw[=a]. hwonne, av. when. hw[=y], av. why. h[=y]dan, wv. hide. hyht, sf. hope. [.g]e.hyhtan, wv. hope. h[=y]ran, wv. hire. I. I[.c], prn. I. [=i]del, aj. idle; useless, vain--on [=i]del, in vain. [=i]e[.g]-land, sn. island. ieldan, wv. delay [eald]. ieldra, see eald. ieldran, smpl. ancestors [originally compar. of eald]. iernan, sv. 3, run; flow. ierre, aj. angry. [=i]l, sm. hedgehog. ilca, prn. same (always weak, and with the definite article). in, prp. w. dat. and acc. in, into. inc, see th[=u]. inn, av. in (of motion). innan, prp. w. dat. (av.) within. inne, av. within, inside. inn-[.g]ehy[.g]d, sn. inner thoughts, mind. in-t[=o], prp. w. dat. into. [=I]otan, smpl. Jutes. [=I]r-land, sn. Ireland. I[=u]d[=e]isc, aj. Jewish--th[=a] I[=u]d[=e]iscan, the Jews. L. L[=a], interj. lo!--l[=a] l[=e]of! Sir! l[=a]c, sn. gift; offering, sacrifice. [.g]e.l[=ae][.c]an, wv. seize. l[=ae]dan, wv. lead; carry, bring, take. laeden, sn. Latin; language. lae[.g], see li[.c][.g]an. l[=ae]ran, wv. w. double acc. teach; advise, suggest [l[=a]r]. [.g]e.l[=ae]red, aj. learned [past partic. of l[=ae]ran]. l[=ae]s, av. less--th[=y] l[=ae]s (the), cj. w. subj. lest. l[=ae]tan, sv. 1, let; leave--h[=e]o l[=e]t th[=a] sw[=a], she let the matter rest there. [.g]e.l[=ae]te, sn.--wega [.g]el[=ae]tu, pl. meetings of the roads. l[=a]f, sf. remains--t[=o] l[=a]fe b[=e]on, remain over, be left [(be)l[=i]fan]. {107} _[.g]e._lamp, see _[.g]e_limpan. land, sn. land, country. land-folc, sn. people of the country. land-h[e,]re, sm. land-army. land-l[=e]ode, smpl. people of the country. lang, aj. long. lange, av. for a long time, long. lang-l[=i]ce, av. for a long time, long. l[=a]r, sf. teaching, doctrine. late, av. slowly, late--late on [.g][=e]are, late in the year. _[.g]e._lathian, wv. invite. _[.g]e._lathung, sf. congregation. l[=e]af, sf. leave. __[.g]e.l[=e]afa, sm. belief, faith. _[.g]e._l[=e]af-full, aj. believing, pious. leahtor, sm. crime, vice. l[=e]as, aj. without (expers), in compos.--less; false. l[=e]at, see l[=u]tan. l[e,][.c][.g]an, wv. lay [li[.c][.g]an]. _[.g]e._l[e,]ndan, wv. land [land]. l[=e]o, smf. lion. l[=e]ode, smpl. people. l[=e]of, aj. dear, beloved; pleasant--m[=e] w[=ae]re l[=e]ofre, I would rather--[lufu]. leofode, see libban. leoht, sn. light. leoht-faet, sn. (light-vessel), lamp. leornian, wv. learn. leornung-cniht, sm. disciple. l[=e]t, see l[=ae]tan. libban, wv. live. l[=i]c, sn. body, corpse. _[.g]e._l[=i]c, aj. w. dat. like. _[.g]e._l[=i]ce, av. in like manner, alike, equally. li[.c][.g]an, sv. 5, lie. l[=i]c-hama, sm. body. l[=i]cham-l[=i]ce, av. bodily. _[.g]e_l[=i]cian, wv. w. dat. please. l[=i]efan, wv. w. dat. allow [l[=e]af]. _[.g]e._l[=i]efan, wv. believe [gel[=e]afa]. l[=i]f, sn. l[=i]fe. lifiend, see libban. lim, sn. limb, member. _[.g]e._limp, sn. event, emergency, calamity. [.g]e.limpan, sv. 3, happen. l[=i]th, see li[.c][.g]an. locc, sm. lock of hair. lof, sn. praise; glory. [.g]e.l[=o]gian, place; occupy, furnish. [.g]e.l[=o]m, aj. frequent, repeated. [.g]e.l[=o]me, av. often, repeatedly. losian, wv. w. dat. be lost--him losath, he loses [(for)l[=e]osan]. l[=u]can, sv. 7, close. lufian, wv. love. lufu, sf. love [l[=e]of]. Lunden-burg, sf. London [Lundonia]. l[=u]tan, sv. 7, stoop. l[=y]tel, aj. little. M. M[=a], see micel. macian, wv. make. mae[.g], swv. can, be able. mae[.g]en, sn. strength, capacity; virtue [mae[.g]]. m[=ae][.g]th, sf. family; tribe, nation; generation. [.g]e.m[=ae]ne, aj. common. [.g]e.m[=ae]nelic, aj. common, general. m[=ae]re, aj. famous, glorious, great (metaphorically). [.g]e.m[=ae]re, sn. boundary, territory. m[=ae]rsian, wv. extol, celebrate [m[=ae]re]. m[=ae]rtho, sf. glory [m[=ae]re]. maesse, sf. mass [Latin missa]. maesse-pr[=e]ost, sm. mass-priest. m[=ae]st, see mi[.c]el. magon, see mae[.g]. man, indef. one [mann]. m[=a]n, sn. wickedness. m[=a]n-d[=ae]d, sf. wicked deed. m[=a]n-full, aj. wicked. mangere, sm. merchant. mangung, sf. trade, business. mani[.g], aj. many. man[=i][.g]-feald, aj. manifold. mani[.g]-fieldan, wv. multiply [mani[.g]feald]. mann, sm. man; person. mann-cynn, sn. mankind. {108} mann-r[=ae]den, sf. allegiance. mann-slaga, sm. manslayer, murderer [sl[=e]an, sl[e,][.g]e]. m[=a]re, see mi[.c]el. martyr, sm. martyr. m[=a]thm, sm. treasure. m[=a]thm-faet, sn. precious vessel. m[=e], see ic. mearc, sf. boundary. m[=e]d, sf. reward, pay. m[=e]der, see m[=o]dor. m[e,]nn, see mann. m[e,]nnisc, aj. human [mann]. m[e,]re-grot, sr. pearl [margarita]. mer[.g]en, sm. morning [morgen]. [.g]e.met, sn. measure; manner, way. metan, sv. 5, measure. [.g]e.m[=e]tan, wv. meet; find [[.g]em[=o]t]. m[e,]te, sm. food--pl. m[e,]ttas. mi[.c]el, aj. great, much--comp. m[=a]re, m[=a] (adv., sn., aj.), sup. m[=ae]st. mi[.c]le, av. greatly, much. mid, prp. w. dat. (instr.) with--mid th[=ae]m the, cj. when. middan-[.g]eard, sm. world [literally middle enclosure]. midde, aj. mid, middle (only of time). middel, sn. middle. Middel-[e,]n[.g]le, smpl. Middle-Angles. Mier[.c]e, smpl. Mercians [mearc]. miht, sf. might, strength; virtue [mae[.g]]. mihte, see mae[.g]. mihti[.g], aj. mighty, strong. m[=i]l, sf. mile [Latin milia (passuum)]. mild-heort, aj. mild-hearted, merciful. [.g]e.miltsian, wv. w. dat. have mercy on, pity [milde]. m[=i]n, see ic. mis-l[=ae]dan, wv. mislead, lead astray. mis-lic, aj. various. m[=o]d, sn. heart, mind. m[=o]dig, aj. proud. m[=o]di[.g]-nes, sf. pride. m[=o]dor, sf. mother. molde, sf. mould, earth. m[=o]na, sm. moon. m[=o]nath, sm. month--pl. m[=o]nath [m[=o]na]. morgen, sm. morning. morth, sn. (murder), crime. m[=o]ste, see m[=o]tan. _[.g]e._m[=o]t, sn. meeting. m[=o]tan, swv. may; ne m[=o]t, must not. _[.g]e._munan, swv. remember. munt, sm. mountain, hill [Latin montem]. munuc, sm. monk [Latin monachus]. murcnian, wv. grumble, complain. m[=u]th, sm. mouth. m[=u]tha, sm. mouth of a river [m[=u]th]. _[.g]e._mynd, sf. memory, mind [[.g]emunan]. _[.g]e._myndi[.g], aj. w. gen. mindful. mynet, sf. coin [Latin moneta]. mynetere, sm. money-changer. mynster, sn. monastery [Latin monasterium]. N. N[=a], av. not, no [ = ne [=a]]. nabban = ne habban. n[=ae]ddre, sf. snake. naefde, naefst, = ne haefde, ne haefst. n[=ae]fre, av. never [ = ne [=ae]fre]. nae[.g]el, sm. nail. naes = ne waes. n[=a]ht, prn. w. gen. naught, nothing [ = n[=a]n wiht]. n[=a]ht-nes, sf. worthlessness, cowardice. nam, see niman. nama, sm. name. n[=a]mon, see niman. n[=a]n, prn. none, no [ = ne [=a]n]. n[=a]t = ne w[=a]t. n[=a]wther, prn. neither [ = ne [=a]hwaether (either)]. ne, av. not--ne ... ne, neither ... not. {109} n[=e]ah, av. near; superl. n[=i]ehst--aet n[=i]ehstan, next, immediately, afterwards. nearu, aj. narrow. n[=e]a-wist, sfm. neighbourhood [wesan]. n[e,]mnan, wv. name [nama]. neom = ne eom. nese, av. no. n[e,]tt, sn. net. n[=i]ed, sf. need. n[=i]edunga, av. needs, by necessity. n[=i]ehst, see n[=e]ah. n[=i]eten, sn. animal. nigon, num. nine. nigotha, aj. ninth. niht, sf. night. niman, sv. 4, take, capture; take in marriage, marry. nis = ne is. nither, av. down. n[=i]we, aj. new. [.g]e.n[=o]g, aj. enough. nolde = ne wolde. north, av. north. Northhymbra-land, sn. Northumberland. North-hymbre, smpl. Northumbrians [Humbra]. northan-weard, aj. northward. North-m[e,]nn, pl. Norwegians. n[=u], av. now, just now; cj. causal, now that, since. n[=u].[.g]iet, av. still. [.g]e.nyht-sum-nes, sf. sufficience, abundance. nyle, = ne wile. nyste, nyton = ne wiste, ne witon. O. Of, prp. w. dat. of, from of place, origin, privation, release, &c.; partitive, s[e,]llath [=u]s of [=e]owrum ele, some of your oil. of-.dr[=ae]dd, aj. afraid [past partic. of ofdr[=ae]dan, dread]. ofer, prp. w. dat. and acc. over; on; of time, during, throughout, over. ofer-gyld, aj. (past partic.), gilded over, covered with gold. ofer-.h[e,]rgian, wv. ravage, over-run. ofer-.s[=a]wan, sv. 2, sow over. offrian, wv. offer, sacrifice [Latin offerre]. offrung, sf. offering, sacrifice. of-.sl[=e]an, sv. 2, slay. of-.sn[=i]than, sv. 6, kill [sn[=i]than, cut]. of-spring, sm. offspring [springan]. oft, av. often. of-.t[=e]on, sv. 7, w. dat. of pers. and gen. of thing, deprive. of-.thyrst, aj. thirsty [past partic. of ofthyrstan, from thurst]. of-.wundrian, wv. w. gen. wonder. [=o]-l[=ae][.c]ung, sf. flattery. olfend, sm. camel [Latin elephas]. on, prp. w. dat. and acc. on; in; hostility, against, on h[=i]e fuhton; of time, in. on-.byr[.g]an, wv. taste. on-.cn[=a]wan, sv. 1, know, recognize. on.dr[=ae]dan, sv. 1, wv. dread, fear. on-.f[=o]n, sv. 1, receive. on-.[.g][=e]an, prp. w. dat. and acc. towards; hostility, against. on-.[.g][=e]an, av. back--[.g]ew[e,]nde on-[.g][=e]an, returned. on-[.g]inn, sn. beginning. on-.[.g]innan, sv. 3, begin. on-.liehtan, wv. illuminate, enlighten [leoht]. on.liehtung, sf. illumination, light. on-.l[=u]can, sv. 7, unlock. on-.middan, prp. w. dat. in the midst of. on-s[=i]en, sf. appearance, form. on-sund, aj. sound, whole. on-.uppan, prp. w. dat. upon. on-weald, sm. rule, authority, power; territory. on-.we[.g], av. away. open, aj. open. openian, wv. open, reveal, disclose. orgel-l[=i]ce, av. proudly. {110} or-m[=ae]te, aj. immense, boundless [metan]. or-sorg, aj. unconcerned, careless. oth, prp. w. acc. until--oth thaet, cj. until; up to, as far as. [=o]ther, prn. (always strong), second; other. oththe, cj. or--oththe ... oththe, either ... or. oxa, sm. ox. P. P[=a]pa, sm. pope [Latin papa]. p[e,]ning, sm. penny. Peohtas, smpl. Picts. Philist[=e]isc, aj. Philistine. Pihtisc, aj. Pictish [Peohtas]. plegian, wv. play. post, sm. post [Latin postis]. pr[=e]ost, sm. priest [Latin presbyter]. pund, sn. pound [Latin pondus]. pytt, sm. pit [Latin puteus]. R. Racent[=e]ag, sf. chains. r[=a]d, see r[=i]dan. [.g]e.r[=a]d, sn. reckoning, account; on th[=a] [.g]er[=a]d thaet, on condition that. r[=ae]d, sm. advice; what is advisable, plan of action--him r[=ae]d th[=u]hte, it seemed advisable to him. ramm, sm. ram. r[=a]p, sm. rope. r[=e]af, sn. robe, dress. reahte, see re[.c][.c]an. r[=e][.c]an, wv. w. gen. reck, care. r[e,][.c][.c]an, wv. tell, narrate. [.g]e.r[e,][.c]ednes, sf. narrative. [.g]e.r[=e]fa, sm. officer, reeve, bailiff. re[.g]en, sm. rain. r[=e]the, aj. fierce, cruel. r[=i][.c]e, aj. powerful, of high rank. r[=i][.c]e, sn. kingdom, sovereignty, government. r[=i][.c]etere, sn. (ambition), pomp. r[=i][.c]sian, wv. rule. r[=i]dan, sv. 6, ride. riftere, sm. reaper. riht, aj. right; righteous. riht-l[=i]ce, av. rightly, correctly. riht-w[=i]s, aj. righteous. riht-w[=i]snes, sf. righteousness. r[=i]m, sm. number. r[=i]man, wv. count. r[=i]nan, wv. rain [re[.g]en]. r[=i]pan, sv. 6, reap. r[=i]pere, sm. reaper. r[=i]p-t[=i]ma, sm. reaping-time, harvest. r[=o]hte, see r[=e][.c]an. R[=o]me-burg, sf. city of Rome. r[=o]wan, sv. 1, row. ryne, sm. course. [.g]e.r[=y]ne, sn. mystery. S. S[=ae], sf. sea--dat. s[=ae]. s[=ae]d, sn. seed. sae[.g]de, see s[e,][.c][.g]an. s[=ae]l, sm. time, occasion. [.g]e.s[=ae]li[.g], aj. happy, blessed. [.g]e.s[=ae]li[.g]-l[=i]ce, av. happily, blessedly. saet, s[=ae]ton, see sittan. sagol, sm. rod, staff. [.g]e.samnian, wv. collect, assemble. samod, av. together, with. sanct, sm. saint [Latin sanctus]. sand, sf. dish of food [s[e,]ndan]. sand-[.c]eosol, sm. sand (literally sand-gravel). s[=a]r, sn. grief. s[=a]r, aj. grievous. s[=a]ri[.g], aj. sorry, sad. s[=a]wan, sv. 1, sow. s[=a]were, sm. sower. s[=a]wol, sf. soul. scamu, sf. shame. scand, sf. disgrace. scand-lic, aj. shameful. s[.c][=e]af, sm. sheaf [sc[=u]fan]. s[.c][=e]af-m[=ae]lum, av. sheafwise. [.g]e.s[.c]eaft, sf. creature, created thing. s[.c]eal, swv. ought to, must; shall. s[.c][=e]ap, sn. sheep. s[.c]eatt, sm. (tribute); money. s[.c][=e]awere, sm. spy, witness. s[.c][=e]awian, wv. see; examine; read. s[.c][=e]awung, sf. seeing, examination. s[.c][=e]otan, sv. 7, shoot. {111} s[.c]ieppan, sv. 2, create. s[.c]ieran, sv. 4, shear. s[.c]ip, sn. ship. s[.c]ip-h[e,]re, sm. fleet. s[.c]ip-hlaest, sm. (shipload), crew. s[.c][=i]r, sf. shire. scolde, see sceal. sc[=o]p, see s[.c]ieppan. scort, aj. short. scotian, wv. shoot [s[.c][=e]otan]. Scot-land, sn. Ireland. Scottas, smpl. the Irish. scotung, sf. shot. scraef, sn. cave. scr[=i]n, sn. shrine [Latin scrinium]. scrincan, sv. 3, shrink. scr[=u]d, sn. dress. scr[=y]dan, wv. clothe [scr[=u]d]. sc[=u]fan, sv. 7, push--sc[=u]fan [=u]t, launch (ship). sculon, see s[.c]eal. scuton, see s[.c][=e]otan. scyld, sf. guilt [sculon, sceal]. scyldig, aj. guilty. scylen, see sceal. Scyttisc, aj. Scotch [Scottas]. se, s[=e], prn. that; the; he; who. _[.g]e_seah, see _[.g]e_s[=e]on. sealde, see s[e,]llan. s[=e]ath, sm. pit. Seaxe, smpl. Saxons. s[=e][.c]an, wv. seek; visit, come to; attack. s[e,][.c][.g]an, wv. say. self, prn. self. s[e,]llan, wv. give; sell. s[=e]lest, av. superl. best. s[e,]ndan, wv. send, send message [sand]. s[=e]o, see se. seofon, num. seven. seofotha, aj. seventh. seolc, sf. silk. seolcen, aj. silken. seolfor, sn. silver. _[.g]e._s[=e]on, sv. 5, see. s[=e]ow, see s[=a]wan. _[.g]e._s[e,]tnes, sf. narrative [s[e,]ttan]. s[e,]ttan, wv. set; appoint, institute--d[=o]m s[e,]ttan w. dat. pass sentence on; compose, write; create [sittan]. sibb, sf. peace. [.g]e.sibb-sum, aj. peaceful. s[=i]e, see wesan. s[=i]efer-l[=i]ce, av. purely. s[=i]efre, aj. pure. sierwung, sf. stratagem. siex, num. six. siexta, aj. sixth. siexti[.g], num. sixty. siexti[.g]-feald, aj. sixtyfold. si[.g]e, sm. victory--si[.g]e niman, gain the victory. si[.g]e-faest, aj. victorious. [.g]e.sihth, sf. sight; vision, dream [[.g]es[=e]on]. sifren, aj. silver. simle, av. always. sind, see wesan. sinu, sf, sinew. sittan, sv. 5, sit; settle, stay. [.g]e.sittan, sv. 5, take possession of. s[=i]th, sm. journey. s[=i]thian, wv. journey, go. siththan, av. since, afterwards; cj. when. sl[=ae]p, sm. sleep. sl[=ae]pan, sv. 1, sleep, slaga, sm. slayer. [sl[=e]an, past. partic. [.g]eslae[.g]en]. sl[=a]w, aj. slow, slothful, dull. sl[=e]an, sv. 2, strike; slay, kill. sl[e,][.c][.g], sm. hammer [slaga, sl[=e]an]. sl[e,][.g]e, sm. killing [slaga, sl[=e]an]. sl[=e]p, see sl[=ae]pan. sl[=o]g, see sl[=e]an. smael, aj. narrow. sm[=e]an, wv. consider, think; consult. sm[=e]ocan, sv. 7, smoke. sm[=e]the, aj. smooth. snotor, aj. wise, prudent. s[=o]na, av. soon; then. sorg, sf. sorrow. s[=o]th, aj. true. s[=o]th, sn. truth. s[=o]th-l[=i]ce, av. truly, indeed. spade, wf. spade [_Lati_n spatha]. {112} spr[=ae][.c], sf. speech, language; conversation [sprecan]. sprecan, sv. 5, speak. spr[e,]n[.g]an, wv. (scatter); sow [springan]. springan, sv. 3, spring. sprungen, see springan. st[=ae]nen, aj. of stone [st[=a]n]. st[=ae]niht, sn. stony ground [originally adj. 'stony,' from st[=a]n]. st[=a]n, sm. stone; brick. standan, sv. 2, stand. st[=e]ap, aj. steep. st[e,]de, sm. place. stefn, sf. voice. stelan, sv. 4, steal. st[e,]nt, see standan. st[=e]or, sf. steering, rudder. steorra, sm. star. sticol, aj. rough. st[=i]epel, sm. steeple [st[=e]ap]. st[=i]eran, wv. w. dat. restrain [st[=e]or]. [.g]e.stillan, wv. stop, prevent. stille, aj. still, quiet. st[=o]d, see standan. st[=o]l, sm. seat. st[=o]w, sf. place. str[=ae]t, sf. street, road [Latin strata via]. strand, sm. shore. strang, aj. strong. str[=e]dan, wv. (scatter), sow. str[e,]n[.g]tho, sf. strength [strang]. [.g]e.str[=e]on, sn. possession. [.g]e.str[=i]enan, wv. gain [[.g]estr[=e]on]. str[=u]tian, wv. strut. sty[.c][.c]e, sn. piece. sum, prn. some, a certain (one), one; a. [.g]e.sund, aj. sound, healthy. [.g]e.sund-full. aj. safe and sound. sundor, av. apart. sunne, sf. sun. sunu, sm. son. s[=u]th, av. south, southwards. s[=u]than, av. from the south. s[=u]than-weard, aj. southward. s[=u]th-d[=ae]l, sm. the South. s[=u]therne, aj. southern. S[=u]th-seaxe, smpl. South-Saxons. sw[=a], av. so; sw[=a], sw[=a], as, like--sw[=a] ... sw[=a], so ... as. sw[=a]c, see sw[=i]can. sw[=a]-.th[=e]ah, av. however. swefn, sn. sleep; dream. swel[.c], prn. such. swel[.c]e, av. as if, as it were, as, like. sweltan, sv. 3, die. sw[e,]n[.c]an, wv. afflict, molest [swincan]. sw[e,]n[.g], sm. stroke, blow [swingan]. sw[=e]or, sm. pillar. sw[=e]ora, sm. neck. sweord, sn. sword. sweord-bora, sm. sword-bearer [beran]. sweotol, aj. clear, evident. sweotolian, wv. display, show, indicate. sweotolung, sf. manifestation, sign. sw[e,]rian, sv. 2, swear. sw[=i]c, sm. deceit. [.g]e.sw[=i]can, sv. 6 (fail, fall short); cease (betray). sw[=i]c-d[=o]m, sm. deceit [sw[=i]can]. swicol, aj. deceitful, treacherous. swicon, see sw[=i]can. swift, aj. swift. sw[=i]gian, wv. be silent. swincan, sv. 3, labour, toil. swingan, sv. 3, beat. swingle, sf. stroke [swingan]. swipe, sm. whip. sw[=i]the, av. very, much, greatly, violently--cp. sw[=i]thor, rather, more. sw[=i]th-lic, aj. excessive, great. sw[=i]thre, sf. right hand [cp. of sw[=i]the with hand understood]. swulton, see sweltan. swuncon, see swincan. swungon, see swingan. syndri[.g], aj. separate [sundor]. syn-full, aj. sinful. syngian, wv. sin. synn, sf. sin. {113} T. T[=a]cen, sn. sign, token; miracle. t[=a]cnian, wv. signify. [.g]e.t[=a]cnung, sf. signification, type. t[=ae][.c]an, wv. w. dat. show; teach. talu, sf. number [getel]. tam, aj. tame. t[=a]wian, wv. ill-treat. t[=e]am, sm. progeny [t[=e]on]. [.g]e.tel, sn. number. t[e,]llan, wv. count, account--t[e,]llan t[=o] n[=a]hte, count as naught [talu]. T[e,]mes, sf. Thames [Tamisia]. tempel, sn. temple [Latin templum]. t[=e]on, sv. 7, pull, drag. t[=e]ona, sm. injury, insult. t[=e]on-r[=ae]den, sf. humiliation. t[=e]th, see t[=o]th. ti[.c][.c]en, sn. kid. t[=i]d, sf. time; hour. t[=i]e[.g]an, wv. tie. t[=i]eman, wv. teem, bring forth [t[=e]am]. t[=i]en, num. ten. tierwe, sf. tar. ti[.g]ele, wf. tile [Latin tegula]. t[=i]ma, sm. time. timbrian, wv. build. [.g]e.timbrung, sf. building. tintre[.g], sn. torture. tintregian, wv. torture. t[=o], prp. w. dat. (av.) to--t[=o] abbode [.g]es[e,]tt, made abbot; time, at--t[=o] langum fierste, for a long time; adverbial, t[=o] scande, ignominiously; fitness, purpose, for--th[=ae]m folce (dat.) t[=o] d[=e]athe, to the death of the people, so that the people were killed; t[=o] th[=ae]m thaet, cj. in order that--t[=o] thaem (sw[=i]the) ... thaet, so (greatly) ... that. t[=o], av. too. t[=o]-.berstan, sv. 3, burst, break asunder. t[=o]-.brecan, sv. 4, break in pieces, break through. t[=o]-.bre[.g]dan, sv. 3, tear asunder. t[=o]-.cw[=i]esan, wv. crush, bruise. t[=o]-cyme, sm. coming [cuman]. t[=o]-.dae[.g], av. to-day. t[=o]-.d[=ae]lan, wv. disperse; separate, divide. t[=o]-.gaedre, av. together. t[=o]-.[.g][=e]anes, prp. w. dat. towards--him t[=o][.g][=e]anes, to meet him. t[=o]l, sn. tool. t[=o]-.l[=i]esan, wv. loosen [l[=e]as]. t[=o]-.middes, prp. w. dat. in the midst of. t[=o]-.teran, sv. 4, tear to pieces. t[=o]th, sm. tooth. t[=o]-weard, aj. future. t[=o]-.weorpan, sv. 3, overthrow, destroy. tr[=e]ow, sn. tree. [.g]e.tr[=e]owe, aj. true, faithful. trum, aj. strong. trymman, wv. strengthen [trum]. trymmung, sf. strengthening, encouragement. t[=u]cian, wv. ill-treat. tugon, see t[=e]on. t[=u]n, sm. village, town. tw[=a], tw[=ae]m, see tw[=e][.g]en. tw[=e][.g]en, num. two. tw[e,]lf, num. twelve. tw[e,]nti[.g], num. w. gen. twenty. Th. Th[=a], av. cj. then; when--th[=a] th[=a], when, while--correlative th[=a] ... th[=a], when ... (then). th[=a], th[=ae]m, &c., see se. th[=ae]r, av. there--th[=ae]rt[=o], &c. thereto, to it; where--th[=ae]r th[=ae]r, correl. where. th[=ae]re, see se. th[=ae]r-rihte, av. immediately. thaes, av. therefore; wherefore. thaes, thaet, see se. thaet, cj. that. [.g]e.thafian, wv. allow, permit. th[=a]-.[.g]iet, av. still, yet. thanc, sm. thought; thanks. thancian, wv. w. gen. of thing and dat. of person, thank. {114} thanon, av. thence, away. th[=a]s, see this. the, rel. prn. who--s[=e] the, who; av. when. th[=e], see th[=u]. th[=e]ah, av. cj. though, yet, however--th[=e]ah the, although. thearf, swv. need. thearle, av. very, greatly. th[=e]aw, sm. custom, habit; th[=e]awas, virtues, morality. the[.g]en, sm. thane; servant. the[.g]nian, wv. w. dat. serve. the[.g]nung, sf. service, retinue. th[e,]n[.c]an, wv. think, expect [thanc]. th[=e]od, sf. people, nation. [.g]e.th[=e]ode, sn. language. th[=e]of, sm. thief. th[=e]os, see thes. th[=e]ostru, spl. darkness. th[=e]ow, sm. servant. th[=e]ow-d[=o]m, sm. service. th[=e]owian, wv. w. dat. serve. th[=e]owot, sn. servitude. thes, prn. this. thi[.c][.c]e, aj. thick. thi[.c][.g]an, sv. 5, take, receive; eat, drink. th[=i]n, see th[=u]. thing, sn. thing. this, thissum, &c., see thes. [.g]e.p[=o]ht, sm. thought. th[=o]hte, see th[e,]n[.c]an. thone, see se. thonne, av. cj. then; when; because. thonne, av. than. thorfte, see thearf. thorn, sm. thorn. thr[=ae]d, sm. thread. thr[=e]o, see thr[=i]e. thridda, aj. third. thr[=i]e, num. three. thrim, see thr[=i]e. thriti[.g], num. thirty. thriti[.g]-feald, aj. thirtyfold. thrymm, sm. glory. th[=u], prn. thou. th[=u]hte, see thyn[.c]an. [.g]e.thungen, aj. excellent, distinguished. thurh, prp. w. acc. through; causal, through, by. thurh-.wunian, wv. continue. thurst, sm. thirst. thursti[.g], aj. thirsty. thus, av. thus. th[=u]send, sn. thousand. [.g]e.thw[=ae]r-l[=ae][.c]an, wv. agree. th[=y], instr. of se; av. because. th[=y]fel, sm. bush. th[=y].l[=ae]s, cj. lest. thyn[.c]an, wv. impers. w. dat. m[=e] thyn[.c]th, methinks [th[e,]n[.c]an]. th[=y]rel, sn. hole [thurh]. U. Ufe-weard, aj. upward, at the top of. un-[=a]r[=i]med-lic, aj. innumerable. unc, see ic. un-_[.g]e_cynd, aj. strange, of alien family. un-d[=e]ad-lic-nes, sf. immortality. under, prp. w. dat. and acc. under. under-cyning, sm. under-king. under-.delfan, sv. dig under. under-.f[=o]n, sv. 1, receive, take. under-.[.g]ietan, sv. 5, understand. undern-t[=i]d, sf. morning-time. un-forht, aj. dauntless. un-for-molsnod, aj. (past partic.) undecayed. un-_[.g]e_h[=i]ersum, aj. w. dat. disobedient. un-hold, aj. hostile. un-_[.g]e_metlic, aj. immense. un-mihti[.g], aj. weak. un-nytt, aj. useless. un-rihtl[=i]ce, av. wrongly. un-rihtw[=i]s, aj. unrighteous. un-_[.g]e_r[=i]m, sn. countless number or quantity. un-_[.g]e_r[=i]m, aj. countless. un-_[.g]e_s[=ae]li[.g], aj. unhappy, accursed. un-scyldi[.g], aj. innocent. un-t[=i]emend, aj. barren [from pres. partic. of t[=i]eman]. {115} un-_[.g]e_thw[=ae]r-nes, sf. discord. un-_[.g]e_witti[.g], aj. foolish. [=u]p, av. up. [=u]p-[=a]hafen-nes, sf. conceit, arrogance. [=u]p-fl[=o]r, sf. (dat. sing. -a) upper floor, upper story. uppan, prp. w. dat. on, upon. urnon, see iernan. [=u]s, see ic. [=u]t, av. out. [=u]tan, av. outside. uton, defect. verb, w. infin. let us--uton g[=a]n, let us go! W. Wacian, wv. be awake, watch. w[=ae]dla, sm. poor man. wael, sn. slaughter--wael [.g]e.sl[=e]an, make a slaughter. wael-hr[=e]ow, aj. cruel. waelhr[=e]ow-l[=i]ce, av. cruelly, savagely. waelhr[=e]ownes, sf. cruelty. w[=ae]pen, sn. weapon. waer, aj. wary. w[=ae]ron, waes, see wesan. waestm, sm. (growth); fruit. waeter, sn. water. waeter-s[.c]ipe, sm. piece of water, water. w[=a]fung, sf. (spectacle), display. -ware, pl. (only in composition) dwellers, inhabitants [_originally defenders, cp._ w[e,]rian]. w[=a]t, see witan. _[.g]e_w[=a]t, see _[.g]e_w[=i]tan. w[=e], see ic. [.g]e.weald, sn. power, command. wealdan, sv. 1, w. gen. rule. Wealh, sm. (pl. W[=e]alas), sm. Welshman, Briton (originally foreigner). weall, sm. wall. weall-l[=i]m, sm. (wall-lime), cement, mortar. wearg, sm. felon, criminal [originally wolf, then proscribed man, outlaw]. weaxan, sv. 1, grow, increase. we[.g], sm. way, road. we[.g]-f[=e]rende, aj. (pres. partic.) way-faring. wel, av. well. wel-willend-nes, sf. benevolence. w[=e]nan, wv. expect, think. [.g]e.w[e,]ndan, wv. turn; go [windan]. w[e,]nian, wv. accustom, wean [[.g]ewuna]. weofod, sn. altar. weorc, sn. work. weorpan, sv. 3, throw. weorth, sn. worth. weorth, aj. worth, worthy. weorthan, sv. 3, happen; become--w. aet spr[=ae][.c]e, enter into conversation. [.g]e.weorthan, sv. 3, impers. w. dat.--him [.g]ewearth, they agreed on. weorth-full, aj. worthy. weorthian, wv. honour, worship; make honoured, exalt. weorth-l[=i]ce, aj. honourably. weorth-mynd, sf. honour. w[=e]ox, see weaxan. w[=e]pan, sv. 1, weep. wer, sm. man. w[e,]rian, wv. defend [waer]. werod, sn. troop, army. wesan, sv. be. west, av. west. West-seaxe, smpl. West-saxons. w[=e]ste, aj. waste, desolate. w[=i]d, aj. wide. w[=i]de, av. widely, far and wide. widewe, sf. widow. [.g]e.wieldan, wv. overpower, conquer [wealdan]. wierthe, aj. w. gen. worthy [weorth]. w[=i]f, sn. woman; wife. w[=i]f-healf, sf. female side. w[=i]f-mann, sm. woman. wiht, sf. wight, creature, thing. Wiht, sf. Isle of Wight [Vectis]. Wiht-ware, pl. Wight-dwellers. wilde, aj. wild. wild[=e]or, sn. wild beast. willa, sm. will. {116} willan, swv. will, wish; of repetition, be used to. [.g]e.wilnian, wv. w. gen. desire. w[=i]n, sn. wine. wind, sm. wind. windan, sv. 3, wind. w[=i]n-[.g]eard, sm. vineyard. winnan, sv. 3, fight. [.g]e.winnan, sv. 3, win, gain. winter, (pl. winter), sm. winter; in reckoning = year. winter-setl, sn. winter-quarters. w[=i]s, aj. wise. w[=i]s-d[=o]m, sm. wisdom. w[=i]se, sf. (wise), way. [.g]e.wiss, aj. certain. [.g]e.wissian, wv. guide, direct. [.g]e.wissung, sf. guidance, direction. wiste, see witan. wit, see ic. wita, sm. councillor, sage. witan, swv. know. [.g]e.w[=i]tan, sv. 6, depart. w[=i]te, sn. punishment; torment. w[=i]tega, sm. prophet. witod-l[=i]ce, av. truly, indeed, and [witan]. [.g]e.witt, sn. wits, intelligence, understanding [witan]. with, prp. w. dat. and acc. towards; along--with we[.g], by the road; hostility, against--fuhton with Brettas, fought with the Britons; association, sharing, &c., with; defence, against; _exchange, price, for_--with th[=ae]m the, in consideration of, provided that. with-.meten-nes, sf. comparison. with-.sacan, sv. 2, w. dat. deny. with-.standan, sv. 2, w. dat. withstand, resist. wlite, sm. beauty. w[=o]d, aj. mad. w[=o]d-l[=i]ce, av. madly. wolde, see willan. w[=o]p, sm. weeping [w[=e]pan]. word, sn. word, sentence; subject of talk, question, answer, report. _[.g]e_worden, see weorthan. worhte, see wyr[.c]an. woruld, sf. world. woruld-thing, sn. worldly thing. wrecan, sv. 5, avenge. wr[=e][.g]an, wv. accuse. [.g]e.writ, sn. writing [wr[=i]tan]. wr[=i]tan, sv. 6, write. wudu, sm. wood. wuldor, sn. glory. wuldrian, wv. glorify, extol. wulf, sm. wolf. [.g]e.wuna, sm. habit, custom [wunian]. wund, sf. wound. wundor, sn. wonder; miracle. wundor-lic, aj. wonderful, wondrous. wundor-l[=i]ce, av. wonderfully, wondrously. wundrian, wv. w. gen. wonder. [.g]e.wunelic, aj. customary. wunian, wv. dwell, stay, continue [[.g]ewuna]. wunung, sf. dwelling. _[.g]e_wunnen, see _[.g]e_winnan. wyr[.c]an, wv. work, make; build; do, perform [weorc]. wyrhta, sm. worker. wyrt, sf. herb, spice; crop. wyrt-br[=ae]th, sm. spice-fragrance, fragrant spice. wyrtruma, sm. root. w[=y]s[.c]an, wv. wish. Y. Yfel, aj. evil, bad. yfel, sn. evil. ymbe, prp. w. acc. around; of time, about, at. ymb-.scr[=y]dan, wv. clothe, array. ymb-.[=u]tan, av. round about. [=y]terra, aj. comp. outer; superl. [=y]temest, outermost, last [[=u]t]. * * * * * Notes [1] Where no key-word is given for a long vowel, it must be pronounced exactly like the corresponding short one, only lengthened. [2] Both vowels. [3] Wherever the acc. is not given separately, it is the same as the nom. [4] So also n[=a]h = ne (not) [=a]h.