New Word-Analysis

NEW WORD-ANALYSIS: OR, SCHOOL ETYMOLOGY OF ENGLISH DERIVATIVE WORDS. WITH PRACTICAL EXERCISES IN SPELLING, ANALYZING, DEFINING, SYNONYMS, AND THE USE OF WORDS. BY WILLIAM SWINTON, GOLD MEDALIST FOR TEXT-BOOKS, PARIS EXPOSITION, 1878; AND AUTHOR OF "SWINTON'S GEOGRAPHIES," "OUTLINES OF THE WORLD'S HISTORY," "LANGUAGE SERIES," ETC. NEW YORK ·:· CINCINNATI ·:· CHICAGO AMERICAN BOOK COMPANY Copyright, 1879, BY WILLIAM SWINTON PREFACE. The present text-book is a new-modeling and rewriting of Swinton's Word-Analysis, first published in 1871. It has grown out of a large amount of testimony to the effect that the older book, while valuable as a manual of methods, in the hands of teachers, is deficient in practice-work for pupils. This testimony dictated a double procedure: first, to retain the old methods; secondly, to add an adequate amount of new matter. Accordingly, in the present manual, the few Latin roots and derivatives, with the exercises thereon, have been retained--under "Part II.: The Latin Element"--as simply a method of study.[1] There have then been added, in "Division II.: Abbreviated Latin Derivatives," no fewer than two hundred and twenty Latin root-words with their most important English offshoots. In order to concentrate into the limited available space so large an amount of new matter, it was requisite to devise a novel mode of indicating the English derivatives. What this mode is, teachers will see in the section, pages 50-104. The author trusts that it will prove well suited to class-room work, and in many other ways interesting and valuable: should it not, a good deal of labor, both of the lamp and of the file, will have been misplaced. To one matter of detail in connection with the Latin and Greek derivatives, the author wishes to call special attention: the Latin and the Greek roots are, as key-words, given in this book in the form of the _present infinitive_,--the present indicative and the supine being, of course, added. For this there is one sufficient justification, to wit: that the present infinitive is the form in which a Latin or a Greek root is always given in Webster and other received lexicographic authorities. It is a curious fact, that, in all the school etymologies, the present indicative should have been given as the root, and is explicable only from the accident that it is the key-form in the Latin dictionaries. The change into conformity with our English dictionaries needs no defense, and will probably hereafter be imitated by all authors of school etymologies. In this compilation the author has followed, in the main, the last edition of Webster's Unabridged, the etymologies in which carry the authoritative sanction of Dr. Mahn; but reference has constantly been had to the works of Wedgwood, Latham, and Haldeman, as also to the "English Etymology" of Dr. James Douglass, to whom the author is specially indebted in the Greek and Anglo-Saxon sections. W.S. NEW YORK, 1879. CONTENTS. PART I. INTRODUCTION. PAGE I. ELEMENTS OF THE ENGLISH VOCABULARY 1 II. ETYMOLOGICAL CLASSES OF WORDS 5 III. PREFIXES AND SUFFIXES 5 IV. RULES OF SPELLING USED IN FORMING DERIVATIVE WORDS 6 PART II. THE LATIN ELEMENT. I. LATIN PREFIXES 9 II. LATIN SUFFIXES 12 III. DIRECTIONS IN THE STUDY OF LATIN DERIVATIVES 21 LATIN ROOTS AND ENGLISH DERIVATIVES 23 DIVISION I. METHOD OF STUDY 23 DIVISION II. ABBREVIATED LATIN DERIVATIVES 50 PART III. THE GREEK ELEMENT. I. GREEK PREFIXES 105 II. GREEK ALPHABET 106 GREEK ROOTS AND ENGLISH DERIVATIVES 107 DIVISION I. PRINCIPAL GREEK ROOTS 107 DIVISION II. ADDITIONAL GREEK ROOTS AND THEIR DERIVATIVES 120 PART IV. THE ANGLO-SAXON ELEMENT. I. ANGLO-SAXON PREFIXES 125 II. ANGLO-SAXON SUFFIXES 125 ANGLO-SAXON ROOTS AND ENGLISH DERIVATIVES 127 SPECIMENS OF ANGLO-SAXON 132 SPECIMENS OF SEMI-SAXON AND EARLY ENGLISH 135 ANGLO-SAXON ELEMENT IN MODERN ENGLISH 136 PART V. MISCELLANEOUS DERIVATIVES. I. WORDS DERIVED FROM THE NAMES OF PERSONS 142 1. NOUNS 142 2. ADJECTIVES 144 II. WORDS DERIVED FROM THE NAMES OF PLACES 146 III. ETYMOLOGY OF WORDS USED IN THE PRINCIPAL SCHOOL STUDIES 149 1. TERMS IN GEOGRAPHY 149 2. TERMS IN GRAMMAR 150 3. TERMS IN ARITHMETIC 154 WORD-ANALYSIS. PART I.--INTRODUCTION. I.--ELEMENTS OF THE ENGLISH VOCABULARY. 1. ETYMOLOGY[2] is the study which treats of the derivation of words,--that is, of their structure and history. 2. ENGLISH ETYMOLOGY, or word-analysis, treats of the derivation of English words. 3. The VOCABULARY[3] of a language is the whole body of words in that language. Hence the English vocabulary consists of all the words in the English language. I. The complete study of any language comprises two distinct inquiries,--the study of the grammar of the language, and the study of its vocabulary. Word-analysis has to do exclusively with the vocabulary. II. The term "etymology" as used in grammar must be carefully distinguished from "etymology" in the sense of word-analysis. Grammatical etymology treats solely of the grammatical changes in words, and does not concern itself with their derivation; historical etymology treats of the structure, composition, and history of words. Thus the relation of loves, loving, loved to the verb love is a matter of grammatical etmology; but the relation of lover, lovely, or loveliness to love is a matter of historical etymology. III. The English vocabulary is very extensive, as is shown by the fact that in Webster's Unabridged Dictionary there are nearly 100,000 words. But it should be observed that 3,000 or 4,000 serve all the ordinary purposes of oral and written communication. The Old Testament contains 5,642 words; Milton uses about 8,000; and Shakespeare, whose vocabulary is more extensive than that of any other English writer, employs no more than 15,000 words. 4. The PRINCIPAL ELEMENTS of the English vocabulary are words of Anglo-Saxon and of Latin or French-Latin origin. 5. ANGLO-SAXON is the earliest form of English. The whole of the grammar of our language, and the most largely used part of its vocabulary, are Anglo-Saxon. I. Anglo-Saxon belongs to the Low German[4] division of the Teutonic stock of languages. Its relations to the other languages of Europe--all of which are classed together as the Aryan, or Indo-European family of languages--may be seen from the following table:-- / CELTIC STOCK..........................as Welsh, Gaelic. | SLAVONIC STOCK........................as Russian. INDO- | / Greek / Italian. EUROPEAN < CLASSIC STOCK \ Latin < Spanish. FAMILY. | \ French, etc. | / Scandinavian:.......as Swedish. | TEUTONIC STOCK< / High Ger:.as Modern German. \ \ German < \ Low Ger....as Anglo-Saxon. II. The term "Anglo-Saxon" is derived from the names Angles and Saxons, two North German tribes who, in the fifth century A.D., invaded Britain, conquered the native Britons, and possessed themselves of the land, which they called England, that is, Angle-land. The Britons spoke a Celtic language, best represented by modern Welsh. Some British words were adopted into Anglo-Saxon, and still continue in our language. 6. The LATIN element in the English vocabulary consists of a large number of words of Latin origin, adopted directly into English at various periods. The principal periods, during which Latin words were brought directly into English are:-- 1. At the introduction of Christianity into England by the Latin Catholic missionaries, A.D. 596. 2. At the revival of classical learning in the sixteenth century. 3. By modern writers. 7. The FRENCH-LATIN element in the English language consists of French words, first largely introduced into English by the Norman-French who conquered England in the eleventh century, A.D. I. French, like Italian, Spanish, and Portuguese, is substantially Latin, but Latin considerably altered by loss of grammatical forms and by other changes. This language the Norman-French invaders brought with them into England, and they continued to use it for more than two centuries after the Conquest. Yet, as they were not so numerous as the native population, the old Anglo-Saxon finally prevailed, though with an immense infusion of French words. II. French-Latin words--that is, Latin words introduced through the French--can often be readily distinguished by their being more changed in form than the Latin terms directly introduced into our language. Thus-- LATIN. FRENCH. ENGLISH. inimi'cus ennemi enemy pop'ulus peuple people se'nior sire sir 8. OTHER ELEMENTS.--In addition to its primary constituents--namely, the Anglo-Saxon, Latin, and French-Latin--the English vocabulary contains a large number of Greek derivatives and a considerable number of Italian, Spanish, and Portuguese words, besides various terms derived from miscellaneous sources. The following are examples of words taken from miscellaneous sources; that is, from sources other than Anglo-Saxon, Latin, French-Latin, and Greek:-- Hebrew: amen, cherub, jubilee, leviathan, manna, sabbath, seraph. Arabic: admiral, alcohol, algebra, assassin, camphor, caravan, chemistry, cipher, coffee, elixir, gazelle, lemon, magazine, nabob, sultan. Turkish: bey, chibouk, chouse, janissary, kiosk, tulip. Persian: azure, bazaar, checkmate, chess, cimeter, demijohn, dervise, orange, paradise, pasha, turban. Hindustani: calico, jungle, pariah, punch, rupee, shampoo, toddy. Malay: a-muck, bamboo, bantam, gamboge, gong, gutta-percha, mango. Chinese: nankeen, tea. Polynesian: kangaroo, taboo, tattoo. American Indian: maize, moccasin, pemmican, potato, tobacco, tomahawk, tomato, wigwam. Celtic: bard, bran, brat, cradle, clan, druid, pony, whiskey. Scandinavian: by-law, clown, dregs, fellow, glade, hustings, kidnap, plough. Dutch, or Hollandish: block, boom, bowsprit, reef, skates, sloop, yacht. Italian: canto, cupola, gondola, grotto, lava, opera, piano, regatta, soprano, stucco, vista. Spanish: armada, cargo, cigar, desperado, flotilla, grandee, mosquito, mulatto, punctilio, sherry, sierra. Portuguese: caste, commodore, fetish, mandarin, palaver. 9. PROPORTIONS.--On an examination of passages selected from modern English authors, it is found that of every hundred words sixty are of Anglo-Saxon origin, thirty of Latin, five of Greek, and all the other sources combined furnish the remaining five. By actual count, there are more words of classical than of Anglo-Saxon origin in the English vocabulary,--probably two and a half times as many of the former as of the latter. But Anglo-Saxon words are so much more employed--owing to the constant repetition of conjunctions, prepositions, adverbs, auxiliaries, etc. (all of Anglo-Saxon origin)--that in any page of even the most Latinized writer they greatly preponderate. In the Bible, and in Shakespeare's vocabulary, they are in the proportion of ninety per cent. For specimens showing Anglo-Saxon words, see p. 136. II.--ETYMOLOGICAL CLASSES OF WORDS. 10. CLASSES BY ORIGIN.--With respect to their origin, words are divided into two classes,--primitive words and derivative words. 11. A PRIMITIVE word, or root, is one that cannot be reduced to a more simple form in the language to which it is native: as, man, good, run. 12. A DERIVATIVE word is one made up of a root and one or more _formative elements_: as, man_ly_, good_ness_, run_ner_. The formative elements are called prefixes and suffixes. (See §§ 16, 17.) 13. BY COMPOSITION.--With respect to their composition, words are divided into two classes,--simple and compound words. 14. A SIMPLE word consists of a single significant term: as, _school, master, rain, bow_. 15. A COMPOUND word is one made up of two or more simple words united: as, school-master, rainbow. In some compound words the constituent parts are joined by the hyphen as school-master; in others the parts coalesce and the compound forms a single (though not a simple) word, as rainbow. III.--PREFIXES AND SUFFIXES. 16. A prefix is a significant syllable or word placed before and joined with a word to modify its meaning: as, unsafe = not safe; remove = move back; circumnavigate = sail around. 17. A suffix is a significant syllable or syllables placed after and joined with a word to modify its meaning: as, safeLY = in a safe manner; movABLE = that may be moved; navIGATION = act of sailing. The word affix signifies either a prefix or a suffix; and the verb _to affix_ means to join a prefix or a suffix to a root-word. EXERCISE. Tell whether the following words are primitive or derivative, and also whether simple or compound:-- 1 grace 2 sign 3 design 4 midshipman 5 wash 6 sea 7 workman 8 love 9 lovely 10 white 11 childhood 12 kingdom 13 rub 14 music 15 musician 16 music-teacher 17 footstep 18 glad 19 redness 20 school 21 fire 22 watch-key 23 give 24 forget 25 iron 26 hardihood 27 young 28 right 29 ploughman 30 day-star 31 large 32 truthful 33 manliness 34 milkmaid 35 gentleman 36 sailor 37 steamboat 38 wooden 39 rich 40 hilly 41 coachman 42 warm 43 sign-post 44 greenish 45 friend 46 friendly 47 reform 48 whalebone 49 quiet 50 quietude 51 gardener 52 form 53 formal 54 classmate 55 trust 56 trustworthy 57 penknife 58 brightness 59 grammarian 60 unfetter IV.--RULES OF SPELLING USED IN FORMING DERIVATIVE WORDS. Rule 1.--Final "e" followed by a Vowel. Final e of a primitive word is dropped on taking a suffix beginning with a vowel: as, blame + able = blamable; guide + ance = guidance; come + ing = coming; force + ible = forcible; obscure + ity = obscurity. EXCEPTION 1.--Words ending in ge or ce usually retain the e before a suffix beginning with a or o, for the reason that c and g would have the hard sound if the e were dropped: as, peace + able = peaceable; change + able = changeable; courage + ous = courageous. EXCEPTION 2.--Words ending in oe retain the e to preserve the sound of the root: as, shoe + ing = shoeing; hoe + ing = hoeing. The e is retained in a few words to prevent their being confounded with similar words: as, singe + ing = singeing (to prevent its being confounded with singing). Rule II.--Final "e" followed by a Consonant. Final e of a primitive word is retained on taking a suffix beginning with a consonant: as, pale + ness = paleness; large + ly = largely. EXCEPTION 1.--When the final e is preceded by a vowel, it is sometimes omitted; as, due + ly = duly; true + ly = truly; whole + ly = wholly. EXCEPTION 2.--A few words ending in e drop the e before a suffix beginning with a consonant: as, judge + ment = judgment; lodge + ment = lodgment; abridge + ment = abridgment. Rule III.--Final "y" preceded by a Consonant. Final y of a primitive word, when preceded by a consonant, is generally changed into i on the addition of a suffix. EXCEPTION 1.--Before ing or ish, the final y is retained to prevent the doubling of the i: as, pity + ing = pitying. EXCEPTION 2.--Words ending in ie and dropping the e, by Rule I. change the i into y to prevent the doubling of the i: as, die + ing = dying; lie + ing = lying. EXCEPTION 3.--Final y is sometimes changed into e: as, duty + ous = duteous; beauty + ous = beauteous. Rule IV.--Final "y" preceded by a Vowel. Final y of a primitive word, when preceded by a vowel, should not be changed into an i before a suffix: as, joy + less = joyless. Rule V.--Doubling. Monosyllables and other words accented on the last syllable, when they end with a single consonant, preceded by a single vowel, or by a vowel after qu, double their final letter before a suffix beginning with a vowel: as, rob + ed = robbed; fop + ish = foppish; squat + er = squatter; prefer' + ing = prefer'ring. EXCEPTIONS.--X final, being equivalent to ks, is never doubled; and when the derivative does not retain the accent of the root, the final consonant is not always doubled: as, prefer' + ence = pref'erence. Rule VI.--No Doubling. A final consonant, when it is not preceded by a single vowel, or when the accent is not on the last syllable, should remain single before an additional syllable: as, toil + ing = tolling; cheat + ed = cheated; murmur + ing = murmuring. PART II.--THE LATIN ELEMENT. I.--LATIN PREFIXES. Prefix. Signification. Example. Definition. A- a-vert to turn from. ab- = from ab-solve to release from. abs- abs-tain to hold from. AD- ad-here to stick to. a- a-gree to be pleasing to. ac- ac-cede to yield to. af- af-fix to fix to. ag- ag-grieve to give pain to. al- = to al-ly to bind to. an- an-nex to tie to. ap- ap-pend to hang to. ar- ar-rive to reach to. as- as-sent to yield to. NOTE.--The forms AC-, AF-, etc., are euphonic variations of AD-, and follow generally the rule that the final consonant of the prefix assimilates to the initial letter of the root. AM- = around am-putate to cut around. amb- amb-ient going around. ANTE- = before ante-cedent going before. anti- anti-cipate to take before. BI- = two or bi-ped a two-footed animal. bis- twice bis-cuit twice cooked. CIRCUM- = around circum-navigate to sail around. circu- circu-it journey around. CON- con-vene to come together. co- co-equal equal with. co- = with or co-gnate born together. col- together col-loquy a speaking with another. com- com-pose to put together. cor- cor-relative relative with. NOTE.--The forms CO-, COL-, COM-, and COR-, are euphonic variations of CON-. CONTRA- contra-dict to speak against contro- = against contro-vert to turn against counter- counter-mand to order against DE- = down or de-pose; to put down; off de-fend fend off. DIS- asunder dis-pel to drive asunder. di- = apart di-vert to turn apart. dif- opposite of dif-fer to bear apart; disagree. NOTE.--The forms DI- and DIF- are euphonic forms of DIS-; DIF- is used before a root beginning with a vowel. EX- ex-clude to shut out. e- = out or e-ject to cast out. ec- from ec-centric from the center. ef- ef-flux a flowing out. NOTE.--E-, EC-, and EF- are euphonic variations of EX-. When prefixed to the name of an office, EX- denotes that the person formerly held the office named: as, ex-mayor, the former mayor. EXTRA- = beyond extra-ordinary beyond ordinary. IN- (in nouns and in-clude to shut in. il- verbs) il-luminate to throw light on. im- = in, into, on im-port to carry in. ir- ir-rigate to pour water on. en-, em- en-force to force on. NOTE.--The forms IL-, IM-, and IR- are euphonic variations of IN-. The forms EN- and EM- are of French origin. IN- (in adjectives in-sane not sane. i(n) and nouns.) i-gnoble not noble. il- = not il-legal not legal. im- im-mature not mature. ir- ir-regular not regular. INTER- = between or inter-cede to go between. intel- among intel-ligent choosing between. INTRA- = inside of intra-mural inside of the walls. INTRO- = within, into intro-duce to lead into JUXTA- = near juxta-position a placing near NON- = not non-combatant not fighting. NOTE.--A hyphen is generally, though not always, placed between non- and the root. OB- ob-ject to throw against. o- in the way, o-mit to leave out. oc- = against, oc-cur to run against; or out hence, to happen. of- of-fend to strike against. op- op-pose to put one's self against. PER- = through, per-vade; to pass through; pel- thoroughly per-fect thoroughly made. pel-lucid thoroughly clear. NOTE.--Standing alone, PER- signifies by: as, per annum, by the year. POST- = after, post-script written after. behind PRE- = before pre-cede to go before. PRETER- = beyond preter-natural beyond nature. PRO for, pro-noun for a noun. = forth, or pro-pose to put forth. forward NOTE.--In a few instances PRO- is changed into PUR-, as _pur_pose; into POR-, as _por_tray; and into POL-, as _pol_lute. RE- = back or re-pel to drive back. red- anew red-eem to buy back. RETRO- = backwards retro-grade going backwards. SE- = aside, se-cede to go apart. apart SINE- = without sine-cure without care. SUB- sub-scribe to write under. suc- suc-ceed to follow after. suf- suf-fer to undergo. sug- = under or sug-gest to bring to mind from after under. sum- sum-mon to hint from under. sup- sup-port to bear by being under. sus- sus-tain to under-hold. NOTE.--The euphonic variations SUC-, SUF-, SUG-, SUM-, SUP-, result from assimilating the b of SUB- to the initial letter of the root. In "sustain" SUS- is a contraction of subs- for sub-. SUBTER- = under or subter-fuge a flying under. beneath SUPER- = above or super-natural above nature. over super-vise to over-see. NOTE.--In derivatives through the French, SUPER- takes the form SUR-, as _sur-_vey, to look over. TRANS- through, trans-gress to step beyond. tra- = over, tra-verse to pass over. or beyond ULTRA- = beyond, or ultra-montane beyond the mountain extremely (the Alps). ultra-conservativ extremely conservative. II.--LATIN SUFFIXES. SUFFIX. SIGNIFICATION. EXAMPLE. DEFINITION. -ABLE = that may be; cur-able that may be cured. -ible fit to be possi-ble that may be done. -ble solu-ble that may be dissolved. -AC relating to cardi-ac relating to the heart. = or demoni-ac like a demon. resembling NOTE.--The suffix -AC is found only in Latin derivatives of Greek origin. -ACEOUS of; sapon-aceous having the quality of = having the soap. -acious quality of cap-acious having the quality of holding much. condition of celib-acy condition of being -ACY = being; single. office of cur-acy office of a curate. -AGE act, marri-age act of marrying. = condition, or vassal-age condition of a vassal. collection of foli-age collection of leaves. NOTE.--The suffix -AGE is found only in French-Latin derivatives. adj. ment-al relating to the mind. -AL = relating to remov-al the act of removing. n. the act of; capit-al that which forms the that which head of a column. -AN adj. _relating hum-an relating to mankind. -ane to_ hum-ane befitting a man. = or befitting artis-an one who follows a trade. n. one who -ANCE state or vigil-ance state of being watchful. -ancy = quality eleg-ance quality of being of being elegant. -ANT = adj. being vigil-ant being watchful. n. one who assist-ant one who assists. -AR = _relating to; lun-ar relating to the moon. like_ circul-ar like a circle. adj. _relating epistol-ary relating to a letter. -ARY to_ mission-ary one who is sent out. = n. one who; avi-ary a place where birds place where are kept. n. one who is deleg-ate one who is sent by adj. having others. -ATE = the quality of accur-ate having the quality of v. to perform accuracy. the act of, navig-ate to perform the act of or cause sailing. -CLE = minute vesi-cle a minute vessel. -cule animal-cule a minute animal. -EE = one to whom refer-ee one to whom something is referred. NOTE.--This suffix is found only in words of French-Latin origin. -EER engin-eer one who has charge of = one who an engine. -ier brigad-ier one who has charge of a brigade. NOTE.--These suffixes are found only in words of French-Latin origin. -ENE = _having relation terr-ene having relation to the to_ earth. -ENCE state of being pres-ence state of being present. -ency = or quality of tend-ency quality of tending towards. -ENT n. one who stud-ent one who studies. = or which equival-ent being equal to, adj. being equal_ing_. or -ing -ESCENCE = _state of conval-escence state of becoming well. becoming_ -ESCENT = becoming conval-escent becoming well. -ESS = female lion-ess a female lion. NOTE.--This suffix is used only in words of French-Latin origin. -FEROUS = producing coni-ferous producing cones. -FIC = _making, sopori-fic causing sleep. causing_ -FICE = something done arti-fice something done with or made art. -FY = to make forti-fy to make strong. rust-ic one who has countrified -IC n. one who manners. -ical = adj. like, hero-ic like a hero. made of, metall-ic made of metal. relating to histor-ical relating to history. NOTE.--These suffixes are found only in Latin words of Greek origin, namely, adjectives in -IKOS. In words belonging to chemistry derivatives in -IC denote the acid containing most oxygen, when more than one is formed: as nitric acid. -ICE that which just-ice that which is just. -ICS the science of mathemat-ics the science of quantity. -IC arithmet-ic the science of number. NOTE.--These suffixes are found only in Latin words of Greek origin. -ID = being or acr-id; flu-id being bitter; flow_ing_. -ing -ile = relating to; puer-ile relating to a boy. apt for docile apt for being taught. -INE = _relating to; femin-ine relating to a woman. like_ alkal-ine like an alkali. the act of, expuls-ion the act of expelling. -ION = _state of corrupt-ion state of being corrupt. being_, frict-ion rubb_ing_. or -ing -ISH = to make publ-ish to make public. -ISE = to render, or fertil-ize to render fertile. -ize _perform the act of_ NOTE.--The suffix -ISE, -IZE, is of French origin, and is freely added to Latin roots in forming English derivatives. -ISM = _state or act hero-ism state of a hero. of_; idiom Gallic-ism a French idiom. NOTE.--This suffix, except when signifying an idiom, is found only in words of Greek origin. one who art-ist one who practices -IST = practices or an art. is devoted to botan-ist one who is devoted to botany. -ITE = n. one who is favor-ite one who is favored. -yte adj. being defin-ite being well defined. prosel-yte one who is brought over. NOTE.--The form -YTE is found only in words of Greek origin. -ITY = _state or security state of being secure. -ty quality_ ability quality of being able. of being liber-ty state of being free. n. one who is -IVE = or that which capt-ive one who is taken. adj. having cohes-ive having power to stick. the power or quality -IX = feminine testatr-ix a woman who leaves a will. IZE (See ISE.) -MENT state of being excite-ment state of being excited. = or act of; induce-ment that which induces. that which -MONY state or matri-mony state of marriage. = quality of; testi-mony that which is testified. that which one who; audit-or one who hears. -OR = that which; mot-or that which moves. quality of err-or quality of erring. adj. fitted or preparat-ory fitted to prepare. -ORY = relating to n. _place armor-y place where arms are where_; kept. that which -OSE = abounding in verb-ose abounding in words. -ous popul-ous abounding in people. -TUDE = condition or servi-tude condition of a slave. quality of forti-tude quality of being brave. -TY (See -ITY.) -ULE = minute glob-ule a minute globe. -ULENT = abounding in op-ulent abounding in wealth. -URE = _act or state depart-ure act of departing. of_; creat-ure that which is created. that which CLASSIFIED REVIEW OF LATIN SUFFIXES, WITH GENERIC DEFINITIONS. -an -ent -ant -ier -ary -ist = one who (agent); that which. -ate -ive -eer -or -ate -ite = one who is (recipient); _that -ee -ive which is._ -acy -ism -age -ity -ance -ment NOUN SUFFIXES -ancy -mony = state; condition; quality; act. -ate -tude -ence -ty -ency -ure -ion -ary = place where. -ory -cle -cule = diminutives. -ule II. -ac -ic -al -ical -an -id = relating to; like; being. -ar -ile -ary -ine -ent -ory -ate -ose = abounding in; having the quality. -ous ADJECTIVE -able -ible = that may be. SUFFIXES. -ble -ile -ive = having power. -ferous = causing or producing. -fic -aceous = of; having the quality. -acious -escent = becoming. III. -ate VERB SUFFIXES -fy = to make; render; perform an act. -ise -ize EXERCISE. I. a. Write and define nouns denoting the agent (one who or that which) from the following:-- 1. Nouns. MODEL: art + ist = artist, one who practices an art.[5] 1 art 2 cash 3 humor 4 history 5 vision 6 tribute 7 cure 8 engine 9 auction 10 cannon 11 flute 12 drug 13 tragedy 14 mutiny 15 grammar 16 credit 17 note 18 method 19 music 20 flower (flor-) 2. Verbs. 1 profess 2 descend 3 act 4 imitate 5 preside 6 solicit 7 visit 8 defend 9 survey 10 oppose (oppon-) 3. Adjectives. 1 adverse 2 secret 3 potent 4 private b. Write and define nouns denoting the recipient (one who is or that which) from the following:-- 1 assign 2 bedlam 3 captum (taken) 4 devote 5 favor 6 lease 7 natus (born) 8 patent 9 refer 10 relate c. Write and define nouns denoting state, condition, quality, or act, from the following:-- 1. Nouns. 1 _magistr_ate 2 parent 3 cure 4 _priv_ate 5 pilgrim 6 hero 7 despot 8 judge 9 vassal 10 vandal 2. Verbs. 1 conspire 2 marry 3 forbear 4 repent 5 ply 6 abase 7 excel 8 prosper 9 enjoy 10 accompany 11 depart 12 abound 13 abhor 14 compose 15 deride (deris-) 3. Adjectives. 1 _accur_ate 2 _delic_ate 3 _dist_ant 4 _excell_ent 5 _curr_ent 6 parallel 7 prompt (i-) 8 similar 9 docile 10 moist d. Write and define nouns denoting place WHERE from the following words:-- 1 grain 2 deposit 3 penitent 4 arm 5 observe e. Write and define nouns expressing diminutives of the following nouns:-- 1 part 2 globe 3 animal 4 verse 5 corpus (body) II. a. Write and define adjectives denoting relating to, like, or being, from the following nouns:-- 1 parent 2 nation 3 fate 4 elegy 5 demon 6 republic 7 Rome 8 Europe 9 Persia 10 presbytery 11 globule 12 luna (the moon) 13 oculus (the eye) 14 consul 15 sol (the sun) 16 planet 17 moment 18 element 19 second 20 parliament 21 honor 22 poet 23 despot 24 majesty 25 ocean 26 metal 27 nonsense 28 astronomy 29 botany 30 period 31 tragedy 32 _ferv_or 33 _splend_or 34 infant 35 puer (a boy) 36 canis (a dog) 37 felis (a cat) 38 promise 39 access 40 transit b. Write and define adjectives denoting abounding in, having the quality of, from the following nouns:-- 1 passion 2 temper 3 oper- (work) 4 fortune 5 popul- (people) 6 affection 7 aqua- (water) 8 verb (a word) 9 beauty 10 courage 11 plenty 12 envy 13 victory 14 joy 15 globe c. Write and define adjectives denoting that may be, or having the power, from the following verbs:-- 1 blame 2 allow 3 move 4 admit (miss-) 5 collect 6 abuse 7 aud- (hear) 8 divide (vis-) 9 vary 10 ara- (plough) Write and define the following adjectives denoting-- (causing or producing) 1 terror, 2 sopor- (sleep), 3 flor (a flower), 4 pestis (a plague); (having the quality of) 5 farina (meal), 6 crust, 7 argilla (clay), (becoming), 8 effervesce. III. Write and define verbs denoting to make, render, or perform the act of, from the following words:-- 1 authentic 2 person 3 captive 4 anima (life) 5 melior (better) 6 ample 7 just 8 sanctus (holy) 9 pan 10 false 11 facilis (easy) 12 magnus(great) 13 equal 14 fertile 15 legal III.--DIRECTIONS IN THE STUDY OF LATIN DERIVATIVES. 1. A LATIN PRIMITIVE, or root, is a Latin word from which a certain number of English derivative words is formed. Thus the Latin verb du'cere, to draw or lead, is a Latin primitive or root, and from it are formed educe, education, deduction, ductile, reproductive, and several hundred other English words. 2. LATIN ROOTS consist chiefly of verbs, nouns, and adjectives. 3. ENGLISH DERIVATIVES from Latin words are generally formed not from the root itself but from a part of the root called the radical. Thus, in the word "education," the root-word is ducere, but the radical is DUC- (education = e + DUC + ate + ion). 4. A RADICAL is a word or a part of a word used in forming English derivatives. 5. Sometimes several radicals from the same root-word are used, the different radicals being taken from different grammatical forms of the root-word. 6. VERB-RADICALS are formed principally from two parts of the verb,--the first person singular of the present indicative, and a part called the supine, which is a verbal noun corresponding to the English infinitive in -ing. Thus:-- 1st pers. sing. pres. ind. duco (I draw) Root DUC- Derivative educe Supine ductum (drawing, or to draw) Root DUCT- Derivative ductile I. In giving a Latin verb-primitive in this book three "principal parts" of the verb will be given, namely: (1) The present infinitive, (2) the first person singular of the present indicative, and (3) the supine--the second and the third parts because from them radicals are obtained, and the infinitive because this is the part used in naming a verb in a general way. Thus as we say that loved, loving, etc., are parts of the verb "to love," so we say that a'mo (present ind.) and ama'tum (supine) are parts of the verb ama're. II. It should be noted that it is incorrect to translate amo, amatum, by "to love," since neither of these words is in the infinitive mood, which is amare. The indication of the Latin infinitive will be found of great utility, as it is the part by which a Latin verb is referred to in the Dictionary. 7. NOUN-RADICALS and ADJECTIVE RADICALS are formed from the nominative and from the genitive (or possessive) case of words belonging to these parts of speech. Thus:-- NOM. CASE. ROOT. DERIVATIVE. iter (a journey) ITER-. re_iter_ate GEN. CASE. ROOT DERIVATIVE. itineris (of a journey) ITINER- _itiner_ant felicis (nom. felix, happy) FELIC- _felic_ity NOTE.--These explanations of the mode of forming radicals are given by way of general information; but this book presupposes and requires no knowledge of Latin, since in every group of English derivatives from Latin, not only the root-words in their several parts, but the radicals actually used in word-formation, are given. Pronunciation of Latin Words. 1. Every word in Latin must have as many syllables as it has vowels or diphthongs: as miles (= mi'les). 2. C is pronounced like k before a, o, u; and like s before e, i, y, and the diphthongs æ and œ: as cado, pronounced ka'do; cedo, pronounced se'do. 3. G is pronounced hard before a, o, u, and soft like j before e, i, y, æ, œ: as gusto, in which g is pronounced as in August; gero, pronounced je'ro. 4. A consonant between two vowels must be joined to the latter: as bene, pronounced be'ne. 5. Two consonants in the middle of a word must be divided: as mille, pronounced mil'le. 6. The diphthongs æ and œ are sounded like e: as cædo, pronounced ce'do. 7. Words of two syllables are accented on the first: as ager, pronounced a'jer. 8. When a word of more than one syllable ends in a, the a should be sounded like ah: as musa, pronounced mu'sah. 9. T, s, and c, before ia, ie, ii, io, iu, and eu, preceded immediately by the accent, in Latin words as in English, change into sh and zh: as fa'cio, pronounced fa'sheo; san'cio, pronounced san'sheo; spa'tium, pronounced spa'sheum. NOTE.--According to the Roman method of pronouncing Latin, the vowels a, e, i, o, u are pronounced as in baa, bait, beet, boat, boot; ae, au, ei, oe as in aisle, our, eight, oil; c always like k; g as in get; j as y in yes; t as in until; v as w. See any Latin grammar. LATIN ROOTS AND ENGLISH DERIVATIVES. DIVISION I.--METHOD OF STUDY. 1. AG'ERE: a'go, ac'tum, to do, to drive. Radicals: AG- and ACT-. 1. ACT, v. ANALYSIS: from actum by dropping the termination um. DEFINITION: to do, to perform. The noun "act" is formed in the same way. DEFINITION: a thing done, a deed or performance. 2. AC'TION: act + ion = the act of doing: hence, a thing done. 3. ACT'IVE: act + ive = having the quality of acting: hence, busy, constantly engaged in action. 4. ACT'OR: act + or = one who acts: hence, (1) one who takes part in anything done; (2) a stage player. 5. A'GENT: ag + ent = one who acts: hence, one who acts or transacts business for another. 6. AG'ILE: ag + ile = apt to act: hence, nimble, brisk. 7. CO'GENT: from Latin cogens, cogentis, pres. part, of cog'ere (= co + agere, to impel), having the quality of impelling: hence, urgent, forcible. 8. ENACT': en + act = to put in act: hence, to decree. 9. TRANSACT': trans + act = to drive through: hence, to perform. EXERCISE. (1.) What two parts of speech is "act"?--Write a sentence containing this word as a verb; another as a noun.--Give a synonym of "act." _Ans. Deed._--From what is "deed" derived? Ans. From the word do--hence, literally, something done.--Give the distinction between "act" and "deed." Ans. "Act" is a single action; "deed" is a voluntary action: thus--"The action which was praised as a good deed was but an act of necessity." (2.) Define "action" in oratory; "action" in law.--Combine and define in + action. (3.) Combine and define in + active; active + ity; in + active + ity.--What is the negative of "active"? Ans. Inactive.--What is the contrary of "active"? Ans. Passive. (4.) Write a sentence containing "actor" in each of its two senses. MODEL: "Washington and Greene were prominent actors in the war of the Revolution." "David Garrick, the famous English actor, was born in 1716."--What is the feminine of "actor" in the sense of stage player? (6.) Combine and define agile + ity.--What is the distinction between "active" and "agile"? Ans. "Active" implies readiness to act in general; "agile" denotes a readiness to move the limbs.--Give two synonyms of "agile." Ans. Brisk, nimble.--Give the opposite of "agile." _Ans. Sluggish_, inert. (7.) Explain what is meant by a "cogent argument."--What would be the contrary of a cogent argument? (8.) Combine and define enact + ment.--What is meant by the "enacting clause" of a legislative bill?--Write a sentence containing the word "enact." MODEL: "The British Parliament enacted the stamp-law in 1765." (9.) Combine and define transact + ion.--What derivative from "perform" is a synonym of "transaction"? 2. ALIE'NUS, another, foreign. Radical: ALIEN-. 1. AL'IEN: from alienus by dropping the termination us. DEFINITION: a foreigner, one owing allegiance to another country than that in which he is living. 2. AL'IENATE: alien + ate = to cause something to be transferred to another: hence, (1) to transfer title or property to another; (2) to estrange, to withdraw. 3. INAL'IENABLE: in + alien + able = that may not be given to another. EXERCISE. (1.) Combine and define alien + age.--Can an alien be elected President of the United States? [See the Constitution, Article II. Sec. I. Clause 5.]--What is the word which expresses the process by which a person is changed from an alien to a citizen? (2.) Combine and define alienate + ion.--Give a synonym of "alienate" in its second sense. Ans. To estrange.--What is meant by saying that "the oppressive measures of the British government gradually alienated the American colonies from the mother country"? (3.) Quote a passage from the Declaration of Independence containing the word "inalienable." 3. AMA'RE, to love, AMI'CUS, a friend. Radicals: AM- and AMIC-. 1. A'MIABLE: am(i) + able = fit to be loved. OBS.--The Latin adjective is amabilis, from which the English derivative adjective would be amable; but it has taken the form am_i_able. 2. AM'ITY: am + ity = the state of being a friend: hence, friendship; good-will. 3. AM'ICABLE: amic + able = disposed to be a friend: hence, friendly; peaceable. 4. INIM'ICAL: through Lat. adj. inimi'cus, enemy: hence, inimic(us) + al = inimical, relating to an enemy. 5. AMATEUR': adopted through French amateur, from Latin amator, a lover: hence, one who cultivates an art from taste or attachment, without pursuing it professionally. EXERCISE. (1). What word is a synonym of "amiable"? Ans. Lovable.--Show how they are exact synonyms.--Write a sentence containing the word "amiable." MODEL: "The amiable qualities of Joseph Warren caused his death to be deeply regretted by all Americans."--What noun can you form from "amiable," meaning the quality of being amiable?--What is the negative of "amiable"? Ans. Unamiable.--The contrary? Ans. Hateful. (2.) Give a word that is nearly a synonym of "amity." _Ans. Friendship_.--State the distinction between these words. Ans. "Friendship" applies more particularly to individuals; "amity" to societies or nations.--Write a sentence containing the word "amity." MODEL: "The Plymouth colonists in 1621 made a treaty of amity with the Indians."--What is the opposite of "amity"? (3.) Give a synonym of "amicable." Ans. Friendly.--Which is the stronger? Ans. Friendly.--Why? Ans. "Friendly" implies a positive feeling of regard; "amicable" denotes merely the absence of discord.--Write a sentence containing the word "amicable." MODEL: "In 1871 commissioners appointed by the United States and Great Britain made an amicable settlement of the Alabama difficulties." (4.) What is the noun corresponding to the adjective "inimical"? _Ans. Enemy_.--Give its origin. Ans. It comes from the Latin inimicus, an enemy, through the French ennemi.--What preposition does "inimical" take after it? Ans. The preposition to--thus, "inimical to health," "to welfare," etc. (5.) What is meant by an amateur painter? an amateur musician? 4. AN'IMUS, mind, passion; AN'IMA, life. Radical: ANIM-. 1. AN'IMAL: from Lat. n. anima through the Latin animal: literally, something having life. 2. ANIMAL'CULE: animal + cule = a minute animal: hence, an animal that can be seen only by the microscope. 3. AN'IMATE, v.: anim + ate = to make alive: hence, to stimulate, or infuse courage. 4. ANIMOS'ITY: anim + ose + ity = the quality of being (ity) full of (ose) passion: hence, violent hatred. 5. UNANIM'ITY: un (from unus, one) + anim + ity = the state of being of one mind: hence, agreement. 6. REAN'IMATE: re + anim + ate = to make alive again: hence, to infuse fresh vigor. EXERCISE. (1.) Write a sentence containing the word "animal." MODEL: "Modern science has not yet been able to determine satisfactorily the distinction between an animal and a vegetable." (2.) What is the plural of "animalcule"? Ans. Animalcules or animalculæ.--Write a sentence containing this word. (3.) What other part of speech than a verb is "animate"?--What is the negative of the adjective "animate?" Ans. Inanimate.--Define it.--Combine and define animate + ion.--Explain what is meant by an "animated discussion." (4.) Give two synonyms of "animosity." (5.) What is the literal meaning of "unanimity"? If people are of _one mind_, is not this "unanimity"?--What is the adjective corresponding to the noun "unanimity"?--What is the opposite of "unanimity"?--Write a sentence containing the word "unanimity." (6.) Compare the verbs "animate" and "reanimate," and state the signification of each.--Has "reanimate" any other than its literal meaning?--Write a sentence containing this word in its figurative sense. MODEL: "The inspiring words of Lawrence, 'Don't give up the ship!' reanimated the courage of the American sailors."--What does "animated conversation" mean? 5. AN'NUS, a year. Radical: ANN-. 1. AN'NALS: from annus, through Lat. adj. annalis, pertaining to the year: hence, a record of things done from year to year. 2. AN'NUAL: through annuus (annu + al), relating to a year: hence, yearly or performed in a year. 3. ANNU'ITY: through Fr. n. annuité = a sum of money payable yearly. 4. MILLEN'NIUM: Lat. n. millennium (from annus and mille, a thousand), a thousand years. 5. PEREN'NIAL: through Lat. adj. perennis (compounded of per and annus), throughout the year: hence, lasting; perpetual. EXERCISE. (1.) Give a synonym of "annals." Ans. History.--What is the distinction between "annals" and "history"? Ans. "Annals" denotes a mere chronological account of events from year to year; "history," in addition to a narrative of events, inquires into the causes of events.--Write a sentence containing the word "annals," or explain the following sentence: "The annals of the Egyptians and Hindoos contain many incredible statements." (2.) Write a sentence containing the word "annual." (4.) Write a sentence containing the word "millennium." (5.) What is the meaning of a "perennial plant" in botany? Ans. A plant continuing more than two years.--Give the contrary of "perennial." _Ans. Fleeting, short-lived._ 6. ARS, ar'tis, art, skill. Radical: ART-. 1. ART: from artis by dropping the termination is. DEFINITION: 1. cunning--thus, an animal practices art in escaping from his pursuers; 2. skill or dexterity--thus, a man may be said to have the art of managing his business; 3. a system of rules or a profession--as the art of building; 4. creative genius as seen in painting, sculpture, etc., which are called the "fine arts." 2. ART'IST: art + ist = one who practices an art: hence, a person who occupies himself with one of the fine arts. OBS.--A painter is called an artist; but a blacksmith could not properly be so called. The French word artiste is sometimes used to denote one who has great skill in some profession, even if it is not one of the fine arts: thus a great genius in cookery might be called an artiste. 3. AR'TISAN: through Fr. n. artisan, one who practices an art: hence, one who practices one of the mechanic arts; a workman, or operative. 4. ART'FUL: art + ful = full of art: hence, crafty, cunning. 5. ART'LESS: art + less = without art: hence, free from cunning, simple, ingenuous. 6. AR'TIFICE: through Lat. n. artificium, something made (fa'cere, to make) by art: hence, an artful contrivance or stratagem. EXERCISE. (1.) What is the particular meaning of "art" in the sentence from Shakespeare, "There is no art to read the mind's construction in the face"? (2.) Write a sentence containing the word "artist."--Would it be proper to call a famous hair-dresser an artist?--What might he be called?--Combine and define artist + ic + al + ly.--What is the negative of "artistic"? (3.) What is the distinction between an "artist" and an "artisan"? (5.) Give a synonym of "artless." Ans. Ingenuous, natural.--Give the opposite of "artless." Ans. Wily.--Combine and define artless + ly; artless + ness. (6.) Give a synonym of "artifice."--Combine artifice + er.--Does "artificer" mean one who practices artifice?--Write a sentence containing this word.--Combine and define artifice + ial; artifice + al + ity. Give the opposite of "artificial." 7. AUDI'RE: au'dio, audi'tum, to hear. Radicals: AUDI-, and AUDIT-. 1. AU'DIBLE: audi + ble = that may be heard. 2. AU'DIENCE: audi + ence = literally, the condition of hearing: hence, an assemblage of hearers, an auditory. 3. AU'DIT: from audit(um) = to hear a statement: hence, to examine accounts. 4. AU'DITOR: audit + or = one who hears, a hearer. OBS.--This word has a secondary meaning, namely: an officer who examines accounts. 5. OBE'DIENT: through obediens, obedient(is), the present participle of obedire (compounded of ob, towards, and audire): literally, giving ear to: hence, complying with the wishes of another. EXERCISE. (1.) "Audible" means that can be heard: what prefix would you affix to it to form a word denoting what can not be heard?--What is the adverb from the adjective "audible"?--Write a sentence containing this word. (2.) What is meant when you read in history of a king's giving audience? (3.) Write a sentence containing the word "audit." MODEL--"The committee which had to audit the accounts of Arnold discovered great frauds."--How do you spell the past tense of "audit"?--Why is the t not doubled? (5.) What is the noun corresponding to the adjective "obedient"?--What is the verb corresponding to these words?--Combine and define dis + obedient. 8. CA'PUT, cap'itis, the head. Radical: CAPIT-. 1. CAP'ITAL, a. and n.: capit + al = relating to the head: hence, chief, principal, first in importance. DEFINITION: as an adjective it means, (1) principal; (2) great, important; (3) punishable with death;--as a noun it means, (1) the metropolis or seat of government; (2) stock in trade. 2. CAPITA'TION: capit + ate + ion = the act of causing heads to be counted: hence, (1) a numbering of persons; (2) a tax upon each head or person. 3. DECAP'ITATE: de + capit + ate = to cause the head to be taken off; to behead. 4. PREC'IPICE: through Lat. n. præcipitium: literally, a headlong descent. 5. PRECIP'ITATE: from Lat. adj. præcipit(is), head foremost. DEFINITION: (1) (as a verb) to throw headlong, to press with eagerness, to hasten; (2) (as an adjective) headlong, hasty. EXERCISE. (1). Write a sentence containing "capital" as an adjective.--Write a sentence containing this word as a noun, in the sense of city.--Write a sentence containing "capital" in the sense of stock.--Is the capital of a state or country necessarily the metropolis or chief city of that state or country?--What is the capital of New York state?--What is the metropolis of New York State? (3) Combine and define decapitate + ion.--Can you name an English king who was decapitated?--Can you name a French king who was decapitated? (4) What as the meaning of "precipice" in the line, "Swift down the precipice of time it goes"? (5) Combine and define precipitate + ly.--Write a sentence containing the adjective "precipitate". MODEL: "Fabius, the Roman general, is noted for never having made any precipitate movements."--Explain the meaning of the verb "precipitate" in the following sentences. "At the battle of Waterloo Wellington precipitated the conflict, because he knew Napoleon's army was divided", "The Romans were wont to precipitate criminals from the Tarpeian rock." 9. CI'VIS, a citizen. Radical: CIV-. 1. CIV'IC: civ + ic = relating to a citizen or to the affairs or honors of a city. OBS.--The "civic crown" in Roman times was a garland of oak-leaves and acorns bestowed on a soldier who had saved the life of a citizen in battle. 2. CIV'IL: Lat adj. civilis, meaning (1) belonging to a citizen, (2) of the state, political, (3) polite. 3. CIV'ILIZE: civil + ize = to make a savage people into a community having a government, or political organization; hence, to reclaim from a barbarous state. 4. CIVILIZA'TION: civil + ize + ate + ion = the state of being civilized. 5. CIVIL'IAN: civil + (i)an = one whose pursuits are those of civil life--not a soldier. EXERCISE. (2.) "What is the ordinary signification of "civil"?--Give a synonym of this word.--Is there any difference between "civil" and "polite"? Ans. "Polite" expresses more than "civil," for it is possible to be "civil" without being "polite."--What word would denote the opposite of "civil" in the sense of "polite"?--Combine and define civil + ity.--Do you say _un_civility or _in_civility, to denote the negative of "civility"?--Give a synonym of "uncivil." Ans. Boorish.--Give another synonym. (3.) Write a sentence containing the word "civilize."--Give a participial adjective from this word.--What compound word expresses half civilized?--What word denotes a state of society between savage and civilized? (4.) Give two synonyms of "civilization." Ans. Culture, refinement.--What is the meaning of the word "civilization" in the sentence: "The ancient Hindoos and Egyptians had attained a considerable degree of civilization"?--Compose a sentence of your own, using this word. 10. COR, cor'dis, the heart. Radical: CORD-. 1. CORE: from cor = the heart: hence, the inner part of a thing. 2. COR'DIAL, a.: cord + (i)al = having the quality of the heart: hence, hearty, sincere. The noun "cordial" means literally something having the quality of acting on the heart: hence, a stimulating medicine, and in a figurative sense, something cheering. 3. CON'CORD: con + cord = heart with (con) heart: hence, unity of sentiment, harmony. OBS.--Concord in music is harmony of sound. 4. DIS'CORD: dis + cord = heart apart from (dis) heart: hence, disagreement, want of harmony. 5. RECORD': through Lat. v. recordari, to remember (literally, to get by heart): hence, to register. 6. COUR'AGE: through Fr. n. courage: literally, heartiness: hence, bravery, intrepidity. OBS.--The heart is accounted the seat of bravery: hence, the derivative sense of courage. EXERCISE. (1.) "The quince was rotten at the core"; "The preacher touched the core of the subject": in which of these sentences is "core" used in its literal, in which in its figurative, sense? (2.) What is the Anglo-Saxon synonym of the adjective "cordial"?--Would you say a "cordial laugh" or a "hearty laugh"?--What is the opposite of "cordial"?--Combine and define cordial + ly: cordial + ity.--Write a sentence containing the noun "cordial" in its figurative sense. MODEL: "Washington's victory at Trenton was like a cordial to the flagging spirits of the American army." (3.) Give a synonym of "concord." Ans. Accord.--Supply the proper word: "In your view of this matter, I am in (accord? or concord?) with you." "There should be ---- among friends." "The man who is not moved by ---- of sweet sounds." (4.) What is the connection in meaning between "discord" in music and among brethren?--Give a synonym of this word. Ans. Strife.--State the distinction. Ans. "Strife" is the stronger: where there is "strife" there must be "discord," but there may be "discord" without "strife"; "discord" consists most in the feeling, "strife" in the outward action. (5.) What part of speech is "record'"?--When the accent is placed on the first syllable (rec'ord) what part of speech does it become?--Combine and define record + er; un + record + ed. (6.) "Courage" is the same as having a stout--what?--Give a synonym. _Ans. Fortitude._--State the distinction. Ans. "Courage" enables us to meet danger; "fortitude" gives us strength to endure pain.--Would you say "the Indian shows courage when he endures torment without flinching"?--Would you say "The three hundred under Leonidas displayed fortitude in opposing the entire Persian army"?--What is the contrary of "courage"?--Combine and define courage + ous; courage + ous + ly. 11. COR'PUS, cor'poris, the body. Radical: CORPOR-. 1. COR'PORAL: corpor + al = relating to the body. OBS.--The noun "corporal," meaning a petty officer, is not derived from corpus: it comes from the French caporal, of which it is a corruption. 2. COR'PORATE: corpor + ate = made into a body: hence, united into a body or corporation. 3. INCOR'PORATE: in + corpor + ate = to make into a body: hence, (1) to form into a legal body; (2) to unite one substance with another. 4. CORPORA'TION: corpor + ate + ion = that which is made into a body: hence, a body politic, authorized by law to act as one person. 5. COR'PULENT: through Lat. adj. corpulentus, fleshy: hence, stout in body, fleshy. 6. COR'PUSCLE: corpus + cle = a diminutive body; hence, a minute particle of matter. 7. CORPS: [pronounced core] through Fr. n. corps, a body. DEFINITION: (1) a body of troops; (2) a body of individuals engaged in some one profession. 8. CORPSE: through Fr. n. corps, the body; that is, only the body--the spirit being departed: hence, the dead body of a human being. EXERCISE. (1.) Give two synonyms of "corporal." Ans. Corporeal and bodily.--What is the distinction between "corporal" and "corporeal"? Ans. "Corporal" means pertaining to the body; "corporeal" signifies material, as opposed to spiritual.--Would you say a corporal or a corporeal substance? corporal or corporeal punishment? Would you say corporal strength or bodily strength? (3.) Write a sentence containing the verb "incorporate" in its first sense. MODEL: "The London company which settled Virginia was incorporated in 1606, and received a charter from King James I." (4.) Write a sentence containing the word "corporation." [Find out by what corporation Massachusetts Bay Colony was settled, and write a sentence about that.] (5.) What noun is there corresponding to the adjective "corpulent" and synonymous with "stoutness"?--Give two synonyms of "corpulent." Ans. Stout, lusty.--What is the distinction? Ans. "Corpulent" means fat; "stout" and "lusty" denote a strong frame. (6.) What is meant by an "army corps"? Ans. A body of from twenty to forty thousand soldiers, forming several brigades and divisions. (7.) How is the plural of corps spelled? Ans. Corps. How pronounced? Ans. Cores.--What is meant by the "diplomatic corps"? (8.) What other form of the word "corpse" is used? Ans. The form corse is sometimes used in poetry; as in the poem on the Burial of Sir John Moore: "Not a drum was heard, not a funeral note, As his corse to the ramparts we hurried." 12. CRED'ERE: cre'do, cred'itum, to believe. Radicals: CRED- and CREDIT-. 1. CREED: from the word credo, "I believe," at the beginning of the Apostles' Creed: hence, a summary of Christian belief. 2. CRED'IBLE: cred + ible = that may be believed: hence, worthy of belief. 3. CRED'IT: from credit(um) = belief, trust: hence, (1) faith; (2) reputation; (3) trust given or received. 4. CRED'ULOUS: through the Lat. adj. credulus, easy of belief: credul + ous = abounding in belief: hence, believing easily. 5. DISCRED'IT: dis + credit = to _dis_believe. EXERCISE. (2.) Write a sentence containing the word "credible." MODEL: "When the King of Siam was told that in Europe the water at certain seasons could be walked on, he declared that the statement was not credible."--What single word will express not credible?--Combine and define credible + ity.--Give a synonym of "credible." Ans. Trustworthy.--State the distinction. Ans. "Credible" is generally applied to things, as "credible testimony"; "trustworthy" to persons, as "a trustworthy witness." (3.) What is the meaning of credit in the passage, "John Gilpin was a citizen Of credit and renown"? Give a synonym of this word. Ans. Trust.--What is the distinction? Ans. "Trust" looks forward; "credit" looks back--we credit what has happened; we trust what is to happen.--What other part of speech than a noun is "credit"?--Combine and define credit + ed.--Why is the t not doubled? (4.) What is the meaning of "credulous" in the passage, "So glistened the dire snake, and into fraud Led Eve, our credulous mother"?--MILTON. What noun corresponding to the adjective "credulous" will express the quality of believing too easily?--What is the negative of "credulous"?--What is the distinction between "incredible" and "incredulous"?--Which applies to persons? which to things? (5.) To what two parts of speech does "discredit" belong?--Write a sentence containing this word as a noun; another as a verb. 13. CUR'RERE: cur'ro, cur'sum, to run. Radicals used: CURR- and CURS-. 1. CUR'RENT, a.: curr + ent = running: hence, (1) passing from person to person, as a "current report"; (2) now in progress, as the "current month." 2. CUR'RENCY: curr + ency = the state of passing from person to person, as "the report obtained currency": hence circulation. OBS.--As applied to money, it means that it is in circulation or passing from hand to hand, as a representative of value. 3. CUR'SORY: curs + ory = runn_ing_ or pass_ing_: hence, hasty. 4. EXCUR'SION: ex + curs + ion = the act of running out: hence, an expedition or jaunt. 5. INCUR'SION: in + curs + ion = the act of running in: hence, an invasion. 6. PRECUR'SOR: pre + curs + or = one who runs before: hence a forerunner. EXERCISE. (1.) What other part of speech than an adjective is "current"?--What is now the current year? (2.) Why are there two r's in "currency"? Ans. Because there are two in the root currere.--Give a synonym of this word in the sense of "money." Ans. The "circulating medium."--What was the "currency" of the Indians in early times?--Compose a sentence using this word. (3.) When a speaker says that he will cast a "cursory glance" at a subject, what does he mean?--Combine and define cursory + ly. (4.) Is "excursion" usually employed to denote an expedition in a friendly or a hostile sense? (5.) Is "incursion" usually employed to denote an expedition in a friendly or a hostile sense?--Give a synonym. Ans. Invasion.--Which implies a hasty expedition?--Compose a sentence containing the word incursion. MODEL: "The Parthians were long famed for their rapid incursions into the territory of their enemies." (6.) What is meant by saying that John the Baptist was the precursor of Christ?--What is meant by saying that black clouds are the precursor of a storm? 14. DIG'NUS, worthy. Radical: DIGN-. 1. DIG'NIFY: dign + (i)fy = to make of worth: hence, to advance to honor. 2. DIG'NITY: dign + ity = the state of being of worth: hence, behavior fitted to inspire respect. 3. INDIG'NITY: in + dign + ity = the act of treating a person in an unworthy (indignus) manner: hence, insult, contumely. 4. CONDIGN': con + dign = very worthy: hence, merited, deserved. OBS.--The prefix con is here merely intensive. EXERCISE. (1.) What participial adjective is formed from the verb "dignify"? _Ans. Dignified._--Give a stronger word. Ans. Majestic.--Give a word which denotes the same thing carried to excess and becoming ridiculous. _Ans. Pompous._ (2.) Can you mention a character in American history remarkable for the dignity of his behavior?--Compose a sentence containing this word. (3.) Give the plural of "indignity."--What is meant by saying that "indignities were heaped on" a person? (4.) How is the word "condign" now most frequently employed? Ans. In connection with punishment: thus we speak of "condign punishment," meaning richly deserved punishment. 15. DOCE'RE: do'ceo, doc'tum, to teach. Radicals: DOC- and DOCT-. 1. DOC'ILE: doc + ile = that may be taught: hence, teachable. 2. DOC'TOR: doct + or = one who teaches: hence, one who has taken the highest degree in a university authorizing him to practice and teach. 4. DOC'TRINE: through Lat. n. doctrina, something taught; hence, a principle taught as part of a system of belief. EXERCISE. (1.) Combine and define docile + ity.--Give the opposite of "docile." _Ans. Indocile._--Mention an animal that is very docile.--Mention one remarkable for its want of docility. (2.) What is meant by "Doctor of Medicine"?--Give the abbreviation.--What does LL.D. mean? Ans. It stands for the words legum doctor, doctor of laws: the double L marks the plural of the Latin noun. (3.) Give two synonyms of "doctrine." Ans. Precept, tenet.--What does "tenet" literally mean? Ans. Something held--from Lat. v. tenere, to hold.--Combine and define doctrine + al. 16. DOM'INUS, a master or lord. Radical: DOMIN-. 1. DOMIN'ION: domin + ion = the act of exercising mastery: hence, (1) rule; (2) a territory ruled over. 2. DOM'INANT: domin + ant = relating to lordship or mastery: hence, prevailing. 3. DOMINEER': through Fr. v. dominer; literally, to "lord it" over one: hence, to rule with insolence. 4. PREDOM'INATE: pre + domin + ate = to cause one to be master before another: hence, to be superior, to rule. EXERCISE. (1.) What is meant by saying that "in 1776 the United Colonies threw off the dominion of Great Britain"? (2.) What is meant by the "dominant party"? a "dominant race"? (3.) Compose a sentence containing the word "domineer." MODEL: "The blustering tyrant, Sir Edmund Andros, domineered for several years over the New England colonies; but his misrule came to an end in 1688 with the accession of King William." (4.) "The Republicans at present predominate in Mexico": what does this mean? 17. FI'NIS, an end or limit. Radical: FIN-. 1. FI'NITE: fin + ite = having the quality of coming to an end: hence, limited in quantity or degree. 2. FIN'ISH: through Fr. v. finir; literally, to bring to an end: hence, to complete. 3. INFIN'ITY: in + fin + ity = the state of having no limit: hence, unlimited extent of time, space, or quantity. 4. DEFINE': through Fr. v. definer; literally, to bring a thing down to its limits: hence, to determine with precision. 5. CONFINE': con + fine; literally, to bring within limits or bounds: hence, to restrain. 6. AFFIN'ITY: af (a form of prefix ad) + fin + ity = close agreement. EXERCISE. (1.) What is meant by saying that "the human faculties are finite"? (2.) What is the opposite of "finite"?--Give a synonym. _Ans. Limited._--What participial adjective is formed from the verb to "finish"?--What is meant by a "finished gentleman"? (3.) Give a synonym of "infinity." Ans. Boundlessness.--"The microscope reveals the fact that each drop of water contains an infinity of animalculæ." What is the sense of infinity as used in this sentence? (4.) Combine define + ite; in + define + ite.--Analyze the word "definition."--Compose a sentence containing the word "define." (5.) Combine and define confine + ment.--What other part of speech than a verb is "confine"? Ans. A noun.--Write a sentence containing the word "confines." (6.) Find in the dictionary the meaning of "chemical affinity." 18. FLU'ERE: flu'o, flux'um, to flow. Radicals: FLU- and FLUX-. 1. FLUX: from flux_um_ = a flowing. 2. FLU'ENT: flu + ent = having the quality of flowing. Used in reference to language it means flowing speech: hence, voluble. 3. FLU'ID, n.: flu + id = Flow_ing_: hence, anything that flows. 4. FLU'ENCY: flu + ency = state of flowing (in reference to language). 5. AF'FLUENCE: af (form of ad) + flu + ence = a flowing to: hence, an abundant supply, as of thought, words, money, etc. 6. CON'FLUENCE: con + flu + ence = a flowing together: hence, (1) the flowing together of two or more streams; (2) an assemblage, a union. 7. IN'FLUX: in + flux = a flowing in or into. 8. SUPER'FLUOUS: super + flu + ous = having the quality of _over_flowing: hence, needless, excessive. EXERCISE. (2.) What is meant by a "fluent" speaker?--What word would denote a speaker who is the reverse of "fluent"? (3.) Write a sentence containing the word "fluid." (4.) What is meant by "fluency" of style? (5.) What is the ordinary use of the word "affluence"? An "affluence of ideas," means what? (6.) Compose a sentence containing the word "confluence." MODEL: "New York City stands at the ---- of two streams." (8.) Mention a noun corresponding to the adjective "superfluous."--Compose a sentence containing the word "superfluous."--What is its opposite? _Ans. Scanty, meager._ 19. GREX, gre'gis, a flock or herd. Radical: GREG-. 1. AG'GREGATE, v.: ag (for ad) + greg + ate = to cause to be brought into a flock: hence, to gather, to assemble. 2. EGRE'GIOUS: e + greg + (i)ous, through Lat. adj. egre'gius, chosen from the herd: hence, remarkable. OBS.--Its present use is in association with inferiority. 3. CON'GREGATE: con + greg + ate = to perform the act of flocking together: hence, to assemble. EXERCISE. (1.) What other part of speech than a verb is "aggregate"?--Why is this word spelled with a double g? (2.) Combine and define egregious + ly.--What does an "egregious blunder" mean?--Compose a sentence containing the word "egregious." (3.) Why is it incorrect to speak of congregating together?--Combine and define congregate + ion. 20. I'RE: e'o, i'tum, to go. Radical: IT-. 1. AMBI'TION: amb (around) + it + ion = the act of going around. DEFINITION: an eager desire for superiority or power. OBS.--This meaning arose from the habit of candidates for office in Rome going around to solicit votes: hence, aspiration for office, and finally, aspiration in general. 2. INI'TIAL, a.: in + it + (i)al = pertaining to the _in_going: hence, marking the commencement. 3. INI'TIATE: in + it + (i)ate = to cause one to go in: hence, to introduce, to commence. 4. SEDI'TION: sed (aside) + it + ion = the act of going aside; that is, going to a separate and insurrectionary party. 5. TRANS'IT: trans + it = a passing across: hence, (1) the act of passing; (2) the line of passage; (3) a term in astronomy. 6. TRAN'SITORY: trans + it + ory = pass_ing_ over: hence, brief, fleeting. EXERCISE. (1.) Compose a sentence containing the word "ambition." MODEL: "Napoleon's ambition was his own greatness; Washington's, the greatness of his country."--What is meant by "military ambition"? "political ambition"? "literary ambition"?--What adjective means possessing ambition?--Combine and define un + ambitious. (2.) What is the opposite of "initial"? Ans. Final, closing.--What part of speech is "initial" besides an adjective?--What is meant by "initials"? (3.) What is meant by saying that "the campaign of 1775 was initiated by an attack on the British in Boston"?--Give the opposite of "initiate" in the sense of "commence." (4.) Give a synonym of "sedition." Ans. Insurrection.--Give another.--Compose a sentence containing this word. (5.) Explain what is meant by goods "in transit."--Explain what is meant by the "Nicaragua transit."--When you speak of the transit of Venus," you are using a term in what science? (6.) Give a synonym of "transitory."--Give its opposite. _Ans. Permanent, abiding._ 21. LA'PIS, lap'idis, a stone. Radical: LAPID-. 1. LAP'IDARY: lapid + ary = one who works in stone: hence, one who cuts, polishes, and engraves precious stones. 2. DILAP'IDATED: di + lapid + ate + ed = put into the condition of a building in which the stones are falling apart: hence, fallen into ruin, decayed. 3. DILAPIDA'TION: di + lapid + ate + ion = the state (of a building) in which the stones are falling apart: hence, demolition, decay. EXERCISE. Use the word "lapidary" in a sentence. MODEL: "When Queen Victoria wanted the Koh-i-noor to be recut, she sent it to a famous lapidary in Holland." (2.) Write a sentence containing the word "dilapidated." MODEL: "At Newport, Rhode Island, there stands a dilapidated mill, which some writers have foolishly believed to be a tower built by Norsemen in the twelfth century."--If we should speak of a "dilapidated fortune," would the word be used in its literal meaning or in a figurative sense? (3.) Give two synonyms of "dilapidation." Ans. Ruin, decay. 22. LEX, le'gis, a law or rule. Radical: LEG-. 1. LE'GAL: leg + al = relating to the law; lawful. 2. ILLE'GAL: il (for in, not) + leg + al = not legal: hence, unlawful. 3. LEG'ISLATE: from legis + latum (from Lat. v. fer're, latum, to bring), to bring forward: hence, to make or pass laws. 4. LEGIT'IMATE: through Lat. adj. legitimus, lawful; legitim (us) + ate = made lawful: hence, in accordance with established law. 5. PRIV'ILEGE: Lat. adj. privus, private; literally, a law passed for the benefit of a private individual: hence, a franchise, prerogative, or right. EXERCISE. (1.) Point out the different senses of "legal" in the two expressions, "the legal profession" and "a legal right."--Combine and define legal + ize. (2.) Give an Anglo-Saxon synonym of "illegal." Ans. Unlawful.--Show that they are synonyms. Ans. il (in) = un; leg = law; and al = ful.--Compose a sentence containing the word "illegal."--Combine and define illegal + ity. (3.) What noun derived from "legislate" means the law-making power?--Combine and define legislate + ion; legislate + ive. (4.) Give the negative of "legitimate." (5.) What is the plural of "privilege"?--Define the meaning of this word in the passage,-- "He claims his privilege, and says 't is fit Nothing should be the judge of wit, but wit." 23. LIT'ERA, a letter. Radical: LITER-. 1. LIT'ERAL: liter + al = relating to the letter of a thing; that is, exact to the letter. 2. LIT'ERARY: liter + ary = pertaining to letters or learning. 3. OBLITERATE: ob + liter + ate = to cause letters to be rubbed out: hence, to rub out, in general. 4. LIT'ERATURE: through Lat. n. literatura = the collective body of literary works. 5. ILLIT'ERATE: il (for in, not) + liter + ate = of the nature of one who does not know his letters. EXERCISE. (1.) Define what is meant by a "literal translation." (2.) Give a synonymous expression for a "literary man."--Compose a sentence containing the terms "literary society." (3.) Give a synonym of "obliterate" in its literal meaning. Ans. To erase.--If we should speak of obliterating the memory of a wrong, would the word be used in its primary or its derivative sense? (4.) "When we speak of English "literature" what is meant?--Can you mention a great poem in Greek "literature"?--Compose a sentence containing the word "literature." (5.) Give a synonym of "illiterate." Ans. Unlearned.--What is the opposite of "illiterate"? Ans. Learned. 24. MORS, mortis, death. Radical: MORT-. 1. MOR'TAL: mort + a = relating to death. 2. MOR'TIFY: mort + ify = literally, to cause to die: hence, (1) to destroy vital functions; (2) to humble. 3. IMMOR'TALIZE: im (for in, not) + mort + al + ize = to make not subject to death: hence, to perpetuate. EXERCISE. (1.) What does Shakespeare mean by the expression to "shuffle off this mortal coil"?--Combine and define mortal + ity.--What is the opposite of "mortal"?--Give a synonym. Ans. Deathless. (2.) State the two meanings of "mortify."--What noun is derived from this verb? Ans. Mortification.--When a surgeon speaks of "mortification" setting in, what does he mean?--What is meant by "mortification" when we say that the British felt great mortification at the recapture of Stony Point by General Anthony Wayne? (3.) Compose a sentence containing the word "immortalize." MODEL: "Milton immortalized his name by the production of Paradise Lost." 25. NOR'MA, a rule. Radical: NORM-. 1. NOR'MAL: norm + al = according to rule. 2. ENOR'MOUS: e + norm + ous = having the quality of being out of all rule: hence, excessive, huge. 3. ENOR'MITY: e + norm + ity = the state of being out of all rule: hence, an excessive degree--generally used in regard to bad qualities. 4. ABNOR'MAL: ab + norm + al = having the quality of being away from the usual rule: hence, unnatural. EXERCISE. (1.) What is meant by the expression, "the normal condition of things"?--"What is the meaning of the term a "normal school"? Ans. It means a school whose methods of instruction are to serve as a model for imitation; a school for the education of teachers. (2.) Give a synonym of "enormous." Ans. Immense.--Give another.--"What is meant by "enormous strength"? an "enormous crime?"--Combine and define enormous + ly. (3.) Illustrate the meaning of the word "enormity" by a sentence. 26. OR'DO, or'dinis, order. Radical: ORDIN-. 1. OR'DINARY: ordin + ary = relating to the usual order of things. 2. EXTRAOR'DINARY: extra + ordin + ary = beyond ordinary. 3. INOR'DINATE: in + ordin + ate = having the quality of not being within the usual order of things: hence, excessive. 4. SUBOR'DINATE: sub + ordin + ate = having the quality of being under the usual order: hence, inferior, secondary. 5. OR'DINANCE: ordin + ance = that which is according to order: hence, a law. 6. INSUBORDINA'TION: in + sub + ordin + ate + ion = the state of not being under the usual order of things: hence, disobedience to lawful authority. EXERCISE. (1.) What is meant by "ordinary language"? an "ordinary man"? (2.) Combine and define extraordinary + ly.--Compose a sentence using the word "extraordinary."--Give a synonym of "extraordinary." Ans. Unusual. (3.) Explain what is meant by saying that General Charles Lee had "inordinate vanity."--Is "inordinate" used with reference to praiseworthy things? (4.) What part of speech other than an adjective is "subordinate"?--What is meant by "a subordinate"?--What does "subordinate" mean in the sentence, "We must subordinate our wishes to the rules of morality"?--Combine and define subordinate + ion. (5.) What does the expression "the ordinances of the Common Council of the City of New York" mean? (6.) Compose a sentence containing the word "insubordination."--Give the opposite of "insubordination"? Ans. Subordination, obedience. 27. PARS, par'tis, a part or share. Radical: PART-. 1. PART: from part_is_ = a share. 2. PAR'TICLE: part + (i)cle = a small part. 3. PAR'TIAL: part + (i)al = relating to a part rather than the whole: hence, inclined to favor one party or person or thing. 4. PAR'TY: through Fr. n. partie: a set of persons (that is, a part of the people) engaged in some design. 5. PAR'TISAN: through Fr. n. partisan = a party man. 6. DEPART': de + part = to take one's self away from one part to another. EXERCISE. (1.) What part of speech is "part" besides a noun?--Write a sentence containing this word as a noun; another as a verb. (2.) Point out the connection of meaning between "particle" and "particular." Ans. "Particular"' means taking note of the minute parts or particles of a given subject. (3.) What is the negative of "partial"? Ans. Impartial.--Define it. (4.) Explain what is meant by a "political party." (6.) Combine and define depart + ure. 28. PES, pe'dis, a foot. Radical: PED-. 1. PED'AL: ped + al = an instrument made to be moved by the foot. 2. BI'PED: bi + ped = a two-footed animal. 3. QUAD'RUPED: quadru + ped = a four-footed animal. (Quadru, from quatuor, four.) 4. PED'DLER: literally, a trader who travels on foot. 5. EXPEDITE': ex + ped + ite (ite, equivalent to ate) = literally, to free the feet from entanglement: hence, to hasten. 6. EXPEDI'TION: ex + ped + ite + ion = the act of expediting: hence, (1) the quality of being expeditious, promptness; (2) a sending forth for the execution of some object of importance. 7. IMPED'IMENT: through Lat. n. impedimentum; literally, something which impedes or entangles the feet: hence, an obstacle, an obstruction. EXERCISE. (2.) Make up a sentence containing the word "biped." (3.) Make up a sentence containing the word "quadruped." (4.) What is the English verb from which "peddler" comes?--In what other way is "peddler" sometimes spelled? Ans. It is sometimes spelled with but one d--thus, pedler. (5.) "To expedite the growth of plants": what does that mean?--Give the opposite of "expedite." Ans. To retard. (6.) Point out the double sense of the word "expedition" in the following sentences: "With winged expedition, swift as lightning."--Milton. "The expedition of Cortez miserably failed."--Prescott. (7.) Compose a sentence containing the word "impediment."--What is meant by "impediment of speech"?--Is the word here used in its literal or its figurative sense? 29. RUM'PERE: rum'po, rup'tum, to break. Radical: RUPT-. 1. RUP'TURE: rupt + ure = the act of breaking with another; that is, a breach of friendly relations. 2. ERUP'TION: e + rupt + ion = the act of breaking or bursting out. 3. ABRUPT': ab + rupt = broken off short: hence, having a sudden termination. 4. CORRUPT': cor (for con) + rupt = thoroughly broken up: hence, decomposed, depraved. 5. INTERRUPT': inter + rupt = to break in between: hence, to hinder. 6. BANK'RUPT: literally, one who is bank-broken, who cannot pay his debts, an insolvent debtor. EXERCISE. (1.) What other part of speech than a noun is "rupture"? Ans. A verb.--Compose one sentence using the word as a verb, the other as a noun.--What does the "rupture of a blood vessel" mean? Is this the literal sense of the word?--The "rupture of friendly relations" between Maine and Massachusetts: is this its literal or its figurative sense? (2.) Compose a sentence containing the word "eruption." (3.) Combine and define abrupt + ness; abrupt + ly.--When we speak of an "abrupt manner," what is meant?--When we speak of an "abrupt descent," what is meant? (4.) Explain what is meant by "corrupt principles"; a "corrupt judge."--Combine and define corrupt + ion; corrupt + ible; in + corrupt + ible.--What other part of speech than an adjective is "corrupt"?--What part of speech is it in the sentence "evil communications corrupt good manners"? 30. TEM'PUS, tem'poris, time. Radical: TEMPOR-. 1. TEM'PORAL: tempor + al = relating to time: hence, not everlasting. 2. TEM'PORARY: tempor + ary = lasting only for a brief time. 3. CONTEM'PORARY: con + tempor + ary = one who lives in the same time with another. 4. TEM'PERANCE: through Fr. n. tempérance; literal meaning, the state of being well timed as to one's habits: hence, moderation. 5. EXTEMPORA'NEOUS: ex + temporane(us) + ous = produced at the time. 6. TEM'PORIZE: tempor + ize = to do as the times do: hence, to yield to the current of opinion. EXERCISE. (1.) Give the opposite of "temporal." Ans. Eternal. Illustrate these two words by a sentence from the Bible. Ans. "The things which are seen are temporal; but the things which are not seen are eternal." (2.) Give the opposite of "temporary." Ans. Permanent.--What is meant by the "temporary government of a city"?--Give a synonym of "temporary." Ans. Transitory.--Would you say that man is a "temporary being" or a "transitory being"? (3.) Compose a sentence illustrating the use of the word "contemporary."--What adjective corresponds to this adjective? (4.) State the distinction between "temperance" and "abstinence."--Write a sentence showing the use of the two words. (5.) What is meant by an "extemporaneous speech?" (6.) What is one who temporizes sometimes called? Ans. A time-server. DIVISION II.--ABBREVIATED LATIN DERIVATIVES. NOTE--In Division II, the English derivatives from Latin roots are given in abbreviated form, and are arranged in paragraphs under the particular radicals, from which the several groups of derivatives are formed. The radicals are printed at the left in bold-face type--thus., ACR-, ACERB-, etc. Derivatives not obviously connected with the Latin roots are given in the last paragraph of each section. Pupils are required to unite the prefixes and suffixes with the radicals, thus forming the English derivatives, which may be given either orally or in writing. Only difficult definitions are appended: in the case of words not defined, pupils may be required to form the definition by reference to the signification of the radicals and the formative elements, thus, acr + id = acrid, being bitter, acr + id + ity = state of being bitter, bitterness. 1. A'CER, a'cris, sharp; Acer'bus, bitter; Ac'idus, sour; Ace'tum, vinegar. ACR: -id, -idity; ac'rimony (Lat. n. acrimo'nia, sharpness of temper); acrimo'nious. ACERB: -ity; exac'erbate, to render bitter; exacerba'tion. ACID: ac'id; -ify, -ity; acid'ulate (Lat. adj. acid'ulus, slightly sour); acid'ulous; subac'id, slightly acid. ACET: -ate, a certain salt; -ic, pertaining to a certain acid; -ify, -ification, -ose, -ous. 2. AE'DES, a house. ED: ed'ify; edifica'tion; ed'ifice (Lat. n. edifi'cium, a large building); e'dile (Lat. n. aedi'lis, a Roman magistrate who had charge of buildings). 3. Æ'QUUS, equal: Æqua'lis, equal, just. EQU: -able, -ation, -ator, -atorial, -ity, -itable; ad'equate (Lat. v. adequa're, adequa'tum, to make equal); inadequacy; inad'equate; iniq'uity (Lat. n. iniq'uitas, want of equal or just dealing); iniq'uitous. EQUAL: e'qual (n., v., adj.), -ity, -ize; co-e'qual; une'qual. 4. Æ'VUM, an age; Æter'nitas, eternal. EV: co-e'val; longevity (Lat. adj. lon'gus, long); prime'val (Lat. adj. pri'mus, first). ETERN: -al, -ity, -ize; co-eter'nal. 5. A'GER, a'gri, a field, land. AGRI: agra'rian (Lat. adj. agrarius, relating to land); agra'rianism; ag'riculture (Lat. n. cultu'ra, cultivation), agricult'ural, agricult'urist. Per'egrinate (Lat. v. peregrina'ri, to travel in foreign lands); peregrina'tion; pil'grim (Fr. n. pélérin, a wanderer); pil'grimage. AGERE, to do. (See p. 23.) 6. AL'ERE: a'lo, al'itum or al'tum, to nourish; ALES'CERE: ales'co to grow up. AL: al'iment (Lat. n. alimen'tum, nourishment); alimen'tary; al'imony (Lat. n. alimo'ma, allowance made to a divorced wife for her support). ALIT: coali'tion (-ist). ALESC: coalesce' (-ence, -ent). ALIENUS. (See p. 25.) 7. AL'TER, another; Alter'nus, one after another. ALTER: al'ter, -ation, -ative (a medicine producing a change); unal'tered; alterca'tion (Lat. n. alterca'tio, a contention). ALTERN: -ate, -ation, -ative; subal'tern, a subordinate officer. AMARE; AMICUS. (See p. 25.) ANIMUS; ANIMA. (See p. 26.) ANNUS. (See p. 27.) 8. ANTI'QUUS, old, ancient. ANTIQU: -ary, -arian, -ated, -ity; antique' (Fr. adj. antique), _old, ancient_. 9. AP'TUS, fit, suitable. APT: apt, -itude, -ly, -ness; adapt' (-able, -ation, -or). 10. A'QUA, water. AQUE: -duct (du'cere, to lead); a'queous; suba'queous; terra'queous (Lat. n. terra, land); aquat'ic (Lat. adj. aquat'icus, relating to water); aqua'rium (Lat. n. aqua'rium, a reservoir of water), _a tank for water-plants and animals_. 11. AR'BITER, ar'bitri, a judge or umpire. ARBITER: ar'biter, a judge or umpire. ARBITR: -ary, -ate, -ation, -ator; arbit'rament (Lat. n. arbitramen'tum, decision). 12. AR'BOR, ar'boris, a tree. ARBOR: ar'bor, a lattice-work covered with vines, etc., a bower; -et, _a little tree_; -ist, -escent, -(e)ous; arbore'tum, _a place where specimens of trees are cultivated_; arboricult'ure (-ist). 13. AR'MA, arms, weapons. ARM: arm (n. and v.); arms, weapons; -or, defensive weapons; ar'morer; ar'mory; armo'rial, _belonging to the escutcheon or coat of arms of a family_; ar'mistice (sis'tere, to cause to stand still); disarm'; unarmed'. Arma'da (Span, n.), a naval warlike force; ar'my (Fr. n armée); ar'mament (Lat. n. armamen'ta, utensils); armadil'lo (Span, n.), _an animal armed with a bony shell_. ARS. (See page 28.) 14. ARTIC'ULUS, a little joint. ARTICUL: -ate (v., to utter in distinctly jointed syllables), -ate (adj. formed with joints), -ation; inartic'ulate; ar'ticle (Fr. n. article). 15. AS'PER, rough. ASPER: -ate, -ity; exas'perate; exas'peration. AUDIRE. (See page 29.) 16. AUGE'RE: au'geo, auc'tum, to increase. AUG: augment' (v.); augmentation. AUCT: -ion, a sale in which the price is increased by bidders; -ioneer. Author (Lat. n. auc'tor, one who increases knowledge); author'ity; au'thorize; auxil'iary (Lat. n. auxil'ium, help). 17. A'VIS, a bird; Au'gur, Aus'pex, aus'picis, a soothsayer. AUGUR: au'gur (n.), one who foretells future events by observing the flight of birds, (v.) to foretell; au'gury, an omen; inau'gurate, _to invest with an office by solemn rites_; inaugura'tion; inau'gural. AUSPICI: -ous, favorable; inauspi'cious; aus'pices. 18. BAR'BARUS, savage, uncivilized. BARBAR: -ian (n. and adj.), -ic, -ism, -ity, -ize, -ous. 19. BIS, twice or two. BI: bi'ennial (Lat. n. an'nus, a year); big'amy (Greek n. gamos, marriage); bil'lion (Lat. n. mil'lio, a million; literally, twice a million); bipar'tite (Lat. n. pars, par'tis, a part); bi'ped (Lat. n. pes, pe'dis, foot); bis'cuit (Fr. v. cuit, cooked); bisect' (Lat. v. sec'tum, cut); bi'valve (Lat. n. val'væ, folding-doors); bi'nary (Lat. adj. bi'ni, two by two); binoc'ular (Lat. n. oc'ulus, the eye); combine'; combina'tion. 20. BO'NIS, good; Be'ne, well. BONUS: bonus (something to the good of a person in addition to compensation), bounty (Fr. n. bonté, kindness); boun'teous; boun'tiful. BENE: ben'efice (Lat. v. fac'ere, fac'tum, to do), literally, _a benefit, an ecclesiastical living_; benef'icence; benef'icent; benefi'cial; ben'efit; benefac'tion; benefac'tor; benedic'tion (Lat. v. _dic'ere, dic'tum_, to say); benev'olence (Lat. v. vel'le, to will). EXERCISE. _In this and the following exercises, tell the roots of the words printed in italic_: The equator divides the globe into two equal parts. Good agriculturists read agricultural papers. In the primeval ages the longevity of man was very great. The pilgrims have gone on a pilgrimage to the Holy Land. The subaltern had no alternative but to obey. To remove the stain a powerful acid must be used. The alimony which had hitherto been allowed was no longer considered adequate. The discourse, though learned, was not edifying. God is an eternal and unchangeable being. The handsome edifice was burned to the ground. The plants and animals in the aquarium were brought from abroad. Though the style is antiquated, it is not inelegant. The arbitrary proceedings of the British Parliament exasperated the Americans. God is the bountiful Giver of all good. The President made a short inaugural address. By combined effort success is sure. One of Scott's novels is called The Antiquary. It is barbarous needlessly to destroy life. George Peabody was noted for his benevolence. The Romans were famous for their great aqueducts. 21. CAD'ERE: ca'do, ca'sum, to fall. CAD: -ence, a falling of the voice; cascade' (Fr. n.); deca'dence. CIDE: ac'cident; coincide' (con + in); coin'cidence; decid'uous; in'cident; oc'cident, the place of the falling or setting sun, the west. CASE: case, the state in which a thing happens or falls to be; casual (Lat. n. ca'sus, a fall); cas'ualty; cas'uist, _one who studies cases of conscience_; cas'uistry; occa'sion. Chance (Fr. v. choir, to fall), _something that befalls without apparent cause_; decay (Fr. v. déchoir, to fall away). 22. CÆD'ERE: cæ'do, cæ'sum, to cut, to kill. CIDE: decide', to cut off discussion, to determine; frat'ricide, _the killing of a brother_ (Lat. n. fra'ter, a brother); hom'icide (ho'mo, a man); infan'ticide (in'fans, an infant); mat'ricide (ma'ter, a mother); par'ricide (pa'ter, a father); reg'icide (rex, re'gis, a king); su'icide (Lat. pro. sui, one's self). CISE: con-, ex-, pre-; concise'ness; decis'ion; deci'sive; excis'ion, incis'ion; inci'sor; precis'ion. 23. CAL'CULUS, a pebble. CALCUL: -able (literally, that may be counted by the help of pebbles anciently used in reckoning), -ate, -ation, -ator; incal'culable; miscal'culate. 24. CANDE'RE: can'deo, can'ditum, _to be white, to shine (literally, to burn, to glow)_; Can'didus, white. CAND: -id, fair, sincere; -or, openness, sincerity; incandes'cent. CAN'DID: -ate (in Rome aspirants for office wore white robes). Cen'ser, a vessel in which incense is burned; in'cense (n.), _perfume given off by fire_; incense' (v.), to inflame with anger; incen'diary (Lat. n. incen'dium, a fire); can'dle (Lat. cande'la, a white light made of wax); chand'ler (literally a maker or seller of candles); chandelier'; candel'abra. 25. CAN'ERE: ca'no, can'tum, to sing; Fr chanter, to sing. CANT: cant, hypocritical sing-song speech; canta'ta, _a poem set to music_; can'ticle; can'ticles, the Song of Solomon; can'to, _division of a poem_; discant'; incanta'tion, enchantment; recant', literally, _to sing back, to retract_. CHANT: chant; chant'er; chan'ticleer; chant'ry; enchant'. Ac'cent (Lat. ad. and cantus, a song), literally, _a modulation of the voice_; accentua'tion; precen'tor (Lat. v. præcan'ere, to sing before). 26. CAP'ERE: ca'pio, cap'tum, to take. CAP: -able, -ability; inca'pable. CIP: antic'ipate; eman'cipate (Lat. n. ma'nus, hand), literally, _to take away from the hand of an owner, to free_; incip'ient; munic'ipal (Lat. n. municip'ium, a free town; mu'nia, official duties, and cap'ere, to take); partic'ipate (Lat. n. pars, par'tis, a part); par'ticiple; prince (Lat. n. prin'ceps,--Lat. adj. pri'mus, first: hence, taking the first place or lead); prin'cipal; prin'ciple; recip'ient; rec'ipe (imperative of recip'ere; literally, "take thou," being the first word of a medical prescription). CEIVE (Fr. root = cap- or cip-): conceive'; deceive'; perceive'; receive'. CAPT: -ive, -ivate, -ivity, -or, -ure. CEPT: accept' (-able, -ance, -ation); concep'tion; decep'tion; decep'tive; except' (-ion, -ionable); incep'tion; incep'tive; intercept'; pre'cept; precep'tor; recep'tacle; recep'tion; suscep'tible. CEIT (Fr. root = capt- or cept-): conceit'; deceit'; receipt'. Capa'cious (Lat. adj. ca'pax, capa'cis, able to hold: hence large); capac'itate; capac'ity; incapac'itate. CAPUT. (See page 30.) 27. CA'RO, carnis, flesh. CARN: -age, slaughter; -al, -ation, the flesh-colored flower; incar'nate; incarna'tion. Carne'lian (Lat. adj. car'neus, fleshy), a flesh-colored stone; car'nival (Lat. v. vale, farewell), a festival preceding Lent; carniv'orous (Lat. v. vora're, to eat); char'nel (Fr. adj. charnel, containing flesh). 28. CAU'SA, a cause. CAUS: -al, -ation, -ative; cause (Fr. n. cause), n. and v. Accuse' (Fr. v. accuser, to bring a charge against), -ative, -ation, -er; excuse' (Fr. v. excuser, to absolve); excus'able; rec'usant (Lat. v. recusa're, to refuse). 29. CAVE'RE: ca'veo, cautum, to beware. CAUT: -ion, -ious; incau'tious; precaution. Ca'veat (3d per. sing. present subjunctive = let him beware), _an intimation to stop proceedings_. 30. CA'VUS, hollow. CAV: -ity; concav'ity; ex'cavate. Cave (Fr. n. cave), literally, a hollow, empty space; con'cave (Lat. adj. conca'vus, arched); cav'il (Lat. n. cavil'la, a jest). 31. CED'ERE: ce'do, ces'sum, to go, to yield. CEDE: cede; accede'; antece'dent; concede'; precede'; recede'; secede'; unprecedented. CEED: ex-, pro-, sub- (suc-). CESS: -ation, -ion; ab'scess, _a collection of matter gone away, or collected in a cavity_; ac'cess; acces'sible; acces'sion; acces'sory; conces'sion; excess'; exces'sive; interces'sion; interces'sor; preces'sion; proc'ess; proces'sion; recess'; seces'sion; success' (-ful, -ion, -ive). 32. CENSE'RE: cen'seo, cen'sum, to weigh, to estimate, to tax. CENS: -or, -ure; censo'rious; cen'surable; recen'sion. Cen'sus (Lat. n. census, an estimate). 33. CEN'TRUM, the middle point. CENTR: -al, -ical; centrif'ugal (Lat. v. fu'gere, to flee); centrip'etal (Lat. v. pet'ere, to seek); concen'trate; concentra'tion; concen'tric; eccen'tric; eccentric'ity. Cen'ter or cen'tre (Fr. n. centre), n. and v.; cen'tered. 34. CEN'TUM, a hundred. CENT: cent; cent'age; cen'tenary (Lat. adj. centena'rius); centena'rian; centen'nial (Lat. n. an'nus, a year); cen'tigrade (Lat. n. gra'dus, a degree); cen'tipede (Lat. n. pes, pe'dis, the foot); cen'tuple (Lat. adj. centu'plex, hundredfold); centu'rion (Lat. n. centu'rio, a captain of a hundred); cent'ury (Lat. n. centu'ria, a hundred years); percent'age. 35. CER'NERE: cer'no, cre'tum, to sift, to see, to judge; Discrimen, discrim'inis, distinction. CERN: con-, de-, dis-; unconcern'; discern'er, discern'ible, discern'ment. CRET: decre'tal, a book of decrees; discre'tion; discre'tionary; excre'tion; se'cret; sec'retary. DISCRIMIN: -ate, -ation; indiscrim'inate. Decree' (Fr. n. decret); discreet' (Fr. adj. discret); discrete' (literally, sifted apart), separate. 36. CERTA'RE: cer'to, certa'tum, to contend, to vie. CERT: con'cert (n.); concert' (v.); disconcert'; preconcert'. 37. CIN'GERE: cin'go, cinc'tum, to gird. CINCT: cinct'ure; pre'cinct; succinct', literally, _girded or tucked up, compressed, concise_; succinct'ness. 38. CIR'CUS, a circle; cir'culus, a little circle. CIRC: cir'cus, an open space for sports; cir'clet. CIRCUL: -ar, -ate, -ation, -atory. Cir'cle (Fr. n. cercle); encir'cle; sem'icircle. 39. CITA'RE: ci'to, cita'tum, to stir up, to rouse. CITE: cite, to summon or quote; excite' (-able, -ability, -ment); incite' (-ment); recite' (-al); resus'citate (Lat. v. suscita're, to raise). CITAT: cita'tion; recita'tion; recitative', _a species of musical recitation_. CIVIS. (See p. 31.) 40. CLAMA'RE: cla'mo, clama'tum, to cry out, to shout; Clam'or, a loud cry. CLAIM: claim (v. and n., to demand; a demand), ac-, de-, dis-, ex-, pro-, re-; claim'ant; reclaim'a'ble. CLAMAT: acclama'tion; declama'tion; declam'atory; exclama'tion; exclam'atory; proclama'tion; reclama'tion. CLAMOR: clam'or (v. and n.), -er, -ous. EXERCISE. The decay of the tree was caused by the incisions which had accidentally been made in the bark. The captives will be set at liberty, but the precise time of their emancipation has not been fixed. The harbor is capacious, and can receive vessels of the largest size. The merits of the candidates were discriminated with great candor. We were enchanted with the carnival at Rome. This recitation is satisfactory. Have you ever seen a centigrade thermometer? Nothing is so successful as success. The number of concentric circles in the trunk marked the age of the tree. No censer round our altar beams. The heat being excessive, we took shelter in the recesses of a cave. Precision is the principal quality of good writing. Franklin's father was a tallow chandler. Last century there was great carnage in America. Infanticide is much practiced in China. The proclamation was widely circulated. The president was inaugurated on the 4th of March. The census is taken every ten years. Conceit is worse than eccentricity. Have you filed your caveat? 41. CLAU'DERE: clau'do, clau'sum, to shut, to close. CLUD: conclude'; exclude'; include'; preclude'; seclude'. CLUS: conclu'sion; conclu'sive; exclu'sion; exclu'sive; recluse'; seclu'sion. CLOSE: close (v., n., adj.); clos'et; close'ness; inclose' (-ure); enclose' (-ure). Clause (Fr. n. clause); clois'ter (old Fr. n. cloistre). 42. CLINA'RE: cli'no, clina'tum, to bend; Cli'vus, a slope or hill. CLINAT: inclina'tion. CLINE: de-, in-, re-. CLIV: accliv'ity; decliv'ity; procliv'ity. 43. COL'ERE: co'lo, cul'tum, to till, to cultivate (Low Lat. Cultiva're, to cultivate). CULT: cult'ure (Lat. n. cultu'ra, a cultivation); ag'riculture (Lat. n. a'ger, a field); arboricult'ure (Lat. n. ar'bor, a tree); flor'iculture (Lat. n. flos, flo'ris, a flower); hor'ticulture (Lat. n. hor'tus, a garden); ausculta'tion (Lat. n. ausculta'tio, a listening; hence, a test of the lungs). CULTIV: -ate, -ation, -ator. Col'ony (Lat. n. colo'nia, a settlement); colo'nial; col'onist; col'onize. COR. (See page 32.) CORPUS. (See page 33.) CREDERE. (See page 35.) 44. CREA'RE: cre'o, crea'tum, to create. CREAT: -ion, -ive, -or, -ure; create' (pro-, re-). 45. CRES'CERE: cres'co, cre'tum, to grow. CRESC: cres'cent; excres'cence; decrease'; increase'. CRET: accre'tion; con'crete; concre'tion. Accrue' (Fr. n. accrue, increase); in'crement (Lat. n. incremen'tum, increase); recruit' (Fr. v. recroitre, recru, to grow again). 46. CRUX, cru'cis, a cross. CRUC: cru'cial (Fr. adj. cruciale, as if bringing to the cross: hence, severe); cru'cible (a chemist's melting-pot--Lat. n. crucib'ulum--marked in old times with a cross); cru'ciform (Lat. n. for'ma, a shape); cru'cify (Lat. v. fig'ere, fix'um, to fix); crucifix'ion; excru'ciating. Cross (Fr. n. croix); cro'sier (Fr. n. crosier); cruise (Dan. v. kruisen, to move crosswise or in a zigzag); crusade' (Fr. n. croisade, in the Middle Ages, an expedition to the Holy Land made under the banner of the cross); crusad'er. 47. CUBA'RE: cu'bo (_in compos, _cumbo__), cub'itum, to lie down. CUB: in'cubate; incuba'tion; in'cubator. CUMB: incum'bency; incum'bent; procum'bent; recum'bency; recum'bent; succumb' (sub-); superincum'bent. Cu'bit (Lat. n. cub'itus, the elbow, because it serves for leaning upon); in'cubus (Lat. n. in'cubus), the nightmare. 48. CU'RA, care. CUR: -able, -ate, -ative, -ator; ac'curate; ac'curacy; inac'curate; proc'urator. Cu'rious; prox'y (contracted from proc'uracy). _authority to act for another_; secure' (Lat. adj. secu'rus, from se for si'ne, without, and cu'ra, care); secu'rity; insecure'; si'necure (Lat. prep. si'ne, without--an office without duties). CURRERE. (See page 36.) 49. DA'RE: do, da'tum, to give. DAT: date (originally the time at which a public document was given--da'tum); da'ta (Lat. plural of da'tum), _facts or truths given or admitted_; da'tive. DIT: addi'tion; condi'tion; ed'it (-ion, -or); perdi'tion; tradi'tion; extradi'tion. Add (Lat. v. ad'dere, to give or put to); adden'dum (pl. adden'da), something to be added. 50. DEBE'RE: de'beo, deb'itum, to owe. DEBT: debt; debt'or; indebt'ed; deb'it (n. and v.). 51. DE'CEM, ten; Dec'imus, the tenth. DECEM: Decem'ber (formerly the tenth month); decem'virate (Lat. n. vir, a man), a body of ten magistrates; decen'nial (Lat. n. an'nus, a year). DECIM: dec'imal; dec'imate; duodec'imo (Lat. adj. duodec'imus, twelfth), a book having twelve leaves to a sheet. 52. DENS, den'tis, a tooth. DENT: dent, to notch; den'tal; den'tifrice (Lat. v. frica're, to rub); den'tist; denti'tion (Lat. n. denti'tio, a cutting of the teeth); eden'tate (Lat. adj. edenta'tus, toothless); indent'; indent'ure; tri'dent (Lat. adj. tres, three), Neptune's three-pronged scepter; dan'delion (Fr. dent-de-lion, the lion's tooth), a plant. 53. DE'US, a God; Divi'nus, relating to God, divine. DE: de'ify; de'ism; de'ist; deist'ical; de'ity. DIVIN: divine'; divina'tion (Lat. n. divina'tio, a foretelling the aid of the gods); divin'ity. 54. DIC'ERE: di'co, dio'tum, to say. DICT: dic'tate; dicta'tor; dictatorial; dic'tion; dic'tionary (Lat. n. dictiona'rium, a word-book); dic'tum (pl. dic'ta), positive opinion; addict' (Lat. v. addic'ere, to devote); benedic'tion (Lat. adv. be'ne, well); contradict'; e'dict; indict' (Lat. v. indic'ere, to proclaim), _to charge with a crime_; indict'ment; in'terdict; jurid'ic (Lat. n. jus, ju'ris, justice), relating to the distribution of justice; maledic'tion (Lat. adv. ma'le, ill); predict'; predic'tion; valedic'tory (Lat. v. va'le, farewell); ver'dict (Lat. adj. ve'rus, true). Dit'to, n. (Ital. n. det'to, a word), the aforesaid thing; indite' (Lat. v. indic'ere, to dictate), to compose. 55. DI'ES, a day; French jour, a day. DIES: di'al; di'ary; di'et; diur'nal (Lat. adj. diur'nus, daily); merid'ian (Lat. n. merid'ies = me'dius di'es, midday); merid'ional; quotid'ian (Lat. adj. quotidia'nus, daily). JOUR: jour'nal; jour'nalist; jour'ney; adjourn'; adjourn'ment; so'journ; so'journer. DIGNUS (See page 37.) 56. DIVID'ERE: div'ido, divi'sum, to divide, to separate. DIVID: divide'; div'idend; subdivide'; individ'ual, literally, _one not to be divided, a single person_. DIVIS: -ible, -ibility, -ion, -or. Device' (Fr. n. devis, something imagined or devised); devise' (Fr. v. deviser, to form a plan). DOCERE. (See page 38.) 57. DOLE'RE: do'leo, doli'tum, to grieve. Dole'ful; do'lor; dol'orous; condole'; condo'lence; in'dolent (literally, not grieving or caring), lazy. DOMINUS. (See page 38.) 58. DU'CERE: du'co, duc'tum, to lead, to bring forward. DUC: adduce'; conduce'; condu'cive; deduce'; educe'; ed'ucate; educa'tion; induce'; induce'ment; introduce'; produce'; reduce'; redu'cible; seduce'; superinduce'; traduce'; tradu'cer. DUCT: abduc'tion; duc'tile (-ity); conduct' (-or); deduct' (-ion, -ive); induct' (-ion, -ive); introduc'tion; introduc'tory; prod'uct (-ion, -ive); reduc'tion; seduc'tion; seduc'tive; aq'ueduct (Lat. n. a'qua, water); vi'aduct (Lat. n. vi'a, a road); con'duit (Fr. n. conduit), a channel for conveying water. 59. DU'O, two. DU: du'al; du'el (-ist); duet'; du'plicate (Lat. v. plica're, to fold); dupli'city (Lat. n. duplic'itas, double dealing). Dubi'ety (Lat. n. dubi'etas, uncertainty); du'bious (Lat. adj. du'bius, uncertain); indu'bitable (Lat. v. dubita're, to doubt); doub'le (Fr. adj. double, twofold); doubt (Fr. n. doubt), -ful, -less; undoubt'ed. 60. DU'RUS, hard, lasting; DURA'RE: du'ro, dura'tum, to last. DUR: -able, -ableness, -ability, -ance, _state of being held hard and fast_; duresse, hardship, constraint; endure' (-ance); ob'duracy. DURAT: dura'tion; in'durate, to grow hard; indura'tion; ob'duracy. EXERCISE. When the speech, was concluded loud acclamation arose. In many parts of the colony much of the waste land has been reclaimed, and agricultural operations now receive the due attention of the colonists. The patient declined to undergo auscultation. Fishing is a healthful recreation. Many of the crusaders were inspired with great courage. Security was offered, but it was not accepted. The incumbent could not stand the crucial test, and hence succumbed. A _curious excrescence_ was cut from the tree. To Neptune with his trident the Greeks ascribed divine power. A French journalist has been indicted. The valedictory was pronounced in December. What is the difference between addition and division? We may easily predict the ruin of an indolent debtor. How many maledictions are heaped on dentists! The reduction of the public debt is desirable. The prisoner was doleful because he was in duresse vile. An educated man is known by his accurate use of language. The dandelion is a productive plant. The pilgrims received the priest's benediction before setting out on their journey. The decimal system conduces to the saving of time. 61. EM'ERE: E'MO, EMP'TUM, to buy or take. EMPT: exempt' (-ion); per'emptory (Lat. adj. perempto'rius, wholly taken away), decisive, final; pre-empt'; pre-emp'tion, _the right of buying before others_; redemp'tion. Redeem' (Lat. v. redim'ere, to buy back); redeem'er; prompt (Lat. adj. promp'tus = pro-emp'tus, taken out; hence, ready); prompt'er; prompt'itude; prompt'ness; impromp'tu (Lat. in promp'tu, in readiness). 62. ERRA'RE: er'ro, erra'tum, to wander. ERR: err, -ant, -antry; er'ror (Lat. n. er'ror); erro'neous (Lat. adj. erro'neus, erring). ERRAT: errat'ic; erra'tum (pl. er'rata), a mistake in printing; aberra'tion. 63. ES'SE, to be; en, en'tis, being. ENT: ab'sent (-ee); ab'sence; en'tity; nonen'tity; omnipres'ent (Lat. adj. om'nis, all); pres'ent (-ation, -ly); represent' (-ation, -ative); misrepresent'. Es'sence (Lat. n. essen'tia, being); essen'tial; quintes'sence (Lat. adj. quin'tus, fifth), the highest essence; in'terest (3d pers. sing. pres. indic. of interes'se = it interests or is of interest); disin'terested. 64. FA'CERE: fa'cio, fac'tum, to do or make; French Faire. FAC: face'tious (Lat. adj. face'tus, merry); fac'ile (Lat. adj. fa'cilis, easily done); facil'ity; facil'itate; fac'ulty (Lat. n. facul'tas, power, ability); fac-sim'ile (Lat. adj. sim'ilis, like), literally, make like, an exact copy; facto'tum (Lat. adj. to'tum, the whole; literally, do the whole), a servant of all work. FIC: ben'efice (see bene); def'icit (literally, it is wanting), a lack; defi'ciency; defi'cient; dif'ficult (Lat. adj. diffic'ilis, arduous); ef'ficacy (Lat. adj. ef'ficax, effica'cis, powerful); effi'cient, causing effects; of'fice (Lat. n. offic'ium, a duty); of'ficer; offi'cial; offi'cious; profi'cient; suffice', literally, _to make up what is wanting_; suffi'cient. FACT: fact; fac'tor; fac'tion, a party acting in opposition; fac'tious; facti'tious (Lat. adj. facti'tius, artificial); benefac'tor; manufacture (Lat. n. ma'nus, the hand). FECT: affect' (-ation, -ion); disaffec'tion; confec'tion, literally, made with sugar (-er); defect' (-ion, -ive); effect' (-ive); effect'ual; infect' (-ion); infec'tious; per'fect, literally, thoroughly made (-ion); imper'fect (-ion); refec'tion; refec'tory. FAIRE (past participle fait): fash'ion (Fr. n. façon, the make or form of a thing); fea'sible (Old Fr. faisible, that may be done); feat; affair'; coun'terfeit, literally, to make again, to imitate; for'feit, (Fr. v. forfaire, to misdo), to lose by some fault; sur'feit, v., _to overdo in the way of eating_. 65. FAL'LERE: fal'lo, fal'sum, to deceive; French Faillir, _to fall short or do amiss_. FALL: fal'lacy; falla'cious; fal'lible; fallibil'ity; infal'lible. FALS: false (-hood, -ify); falset'to (Ital. n. = a false or artificial voice). FAIL: fail'ure; fault (Old Fr. n. faulte); fault'y; fal'ter; default' (-er). 66. FA'NUM, a temple. FAN: fane; fanat'ic (Lat. adj. fanat'icus, literally, one inspired by divinity--the god of the fane), a wild enthusiast; fanat'ical; fanat'icism; profane', v. (literally, to be before or outside of the temple), to desecrate; profane', adj., unholy; profana'tion; profan'ity. 67. FA'RI, fa'tus, to speak. FAT: fate, -al, -ality, -alism, -alist; pref'atory. Affable (Lat. adj. affab'ilis, easy to be spoken to); affabil'ity; inef'fable; in'fant (Lat. participle, in'fans, infan'tis, literally, not speaking) (-ile, -ine); in'fancy; nefa'rious (Lat. adj. nefa'rius, impious); pref'ace (Fr. n. préface), _something spoken or written by way of introduction_. 68. FATE'RI: fa'teor, fas'sus (in comp. fes'sus), _to acknowledge, to show_. FESS: confess' (-ion, -ional, -or); profess' (-ion, -ional, -or). 69. FELIX, feli'cis, happy. FELIC: -ity, -itous; infeli'city; feli'citate, _to make happy by congratulation._ 70. FEN'DERE: fen'do, fen'sum, to keep off, to strike.[6] FEND: fend (-er); defend' (-er, -ant); offend' (-er). FENS: defense' (-ible, -ive); offense' (-ive); fence (n. and v., abbreviated from defence);[7] fencer; fencing. 71. FER'RE: fe'ro, la'tum, to bear, to carry. FER: fer'tile (Lat. adj. fer'tilis, bearing, fruitful); fertil'ity; fer'tilize; circum'ference, literally, a measure carried around anything; confer', to consult; con'ference; defer'; def'erence; deferen'tial; dif'fer (-ence, -ent); infer' (-ence); of'fer; prefer' (-able, -ence, -ment); prof'fer; refer' (-ee, -ence); suf'fer (-ance, -able, -er); transfer' (-able, -ence); conif'erous (Lat. n. co'nus, a cone); florif'erous (Lat. n. flos, flo'ris, a flower); fructif'erous (Lat. n. fruc'tus, fruit); Lu'cifer (Lat. n. lux, lucis, light), _the morning or evening star, Satan_; pestif'erous (Lat. n. pes'tis, pest, plague). LAT: ab'lative (literally, carrying away; the sixth case of Latin nouns); collate' (-ion); dilate' (-ory); elate'; ob'late, flattened at the poles; obla'tion, an offering; prel'ate; prel'acy; pro'late, _elongated at the poles_; relate' (-ion, -ive); correla'tion; correl'ative; super'lative; translate' (-ion); delay' (= dis + lat, through old Fr. verb delayer, to put off). 72. FERVE'RE: fer'veo, to boil; Fermen'tum, leaven. FERV: -ent, -ency, -id, -or; effervesce', to bubble or froth up; efferves'cence. FERMENT: fer'ment, -ation. 73. FES'TUS, joyful, merry. FEST: -al, -ival, -ive, -ivity; feast (Old Fr. feste, a joyous meal); fête (modern Fr. equivalent of feast), a festival; festoon (Fr. n. feston, originally an ornament for a festival). 74. FID'ERE: fi'do, to trust; Fi'des, faith; Fide'lis, trusty. FID: confide' (-ant, -ence, -ent, -ential); dif'fidence; dif'fident; per'fidy (per = through and hence away from good faith); perfid'ious. FIDEL: fidel'ity; in'fidel; infidel'ity. Fe'alty (Old Fr. n. féalté = Lat. fidel'itas), loy'alty; fidu'cial (Lat. n. fidu'cia, trust); fidu'ciary; affi'ance, to pledge faith, _to betroth_; affida'vit (Low Lat., signifying, literally, he made oath), _a declaration on oath_; defy' (Fr. v. défier, originally, to dissolve the bond of allegiance; hence, to disown, to challenge, to brave). 75. FI'GERE: fi'go, fix'um, to join, fix, pierce. FIX: affix'; cru'cifix (Lat. n. crux, cru'cis, a cross); cru'cify; fix'ture; post'fix; pre'fix; suf'fix (n., literally, something fixed below or on; hence, appended); transfix', to pierce through. 76. FIN'GERE: fin'go, fic'tum, to form, to feign; Figu'ra, a shape. FICT: fic'tion; ficti'tious. FIGUR: fig'ure; figura'tion; configura'tion; disfig'ure; prefig'ure; transfig'ure. Feign (Fr. v. feindre, feignant, to pretend); feint (feint, past part. of feindre); ef'figy (Lat. n. effig'ies, an image or likeness); fig'ment (Lat. n. figmen'tum, an invention). FINIS. (See page 40). 77. FIR'MUS, strong, stable. FIRM: firm; firm'ness; infirm' (-ary, -ity); fir'mament, originally, _firm foundation_; affirm' (-ation, -ative); confirm' (-ation, -ative). 78. FLAM'MA, a stream of fire. FLAM: flame; inflame' (-able, -ation, -atory). Flambeau' (Fr. n. flambeau from v. flamber, to blaze); flamin'go (Span. n. flamenco), a bird of a flaming red color. EXERCISE. Age does not always exempt one from faults. _Peremptory _orders were given that all the princes should be present at the diet. Many beneficial results must come from the introduction of drawing into the public schools. The lady is affable and perfectly free from affectation. The field is fertile and produces abundant crops. The professor's lecture related to edentate animals. Men sometimes feign a fealty they do not feel. The lady professed that her felicity was ineffable. The King seized a flambeau with zeal to destroy. It is a nefarious act to make a false affidavit. Fanaticism is often infectious. The confirmed offender had issued many counterfeits. Dickens gives us the quintessence of the facetious. In figure the earth is an oblate spheroid. 79. FLEC'TERE: flec'to, flex'um, to bend. FLECT: deflect' (-ion); inflect' (-ion); reflect' (-ion, -ive, -or). FLEX: -ible, -ile, -ion, -or (a muscle that bends a joint), -ure; flex'-uous; flex'uose; cir'cumflex; re'flex. 80. FLOS, flo'ris, a flower. FLOR: -al, -et, -id, -ist; Flo'ra, the goddess of flowers; flor'iculture (Lat. n. cultu'ra, cultivation); florif'erous (Lat. v. fer're, to bear); flor'in (originally, a Florentine coin with a lily on it); flour (literally, the flower or choicest part of wheat); flow'er (-et, -y); flour'ish (Lat. v. flores'cere, to begin to blossom, to prosper); efflores'cence; efflores'cent. FLUERE. (See page 41.) 81. FŒ'DUS, fœd'eris, a league or treaty. FEDER: fed'eral; fed'eralist (in the United States a member of the party that favored a strong league of the States); fed'erate; confed'erate; confed'eracy; confedera'tion. 82. FO'LIUM, a leaf. FOLI: -aceous, -age, -ate; fo'lio (ablative case of fo'lium, a leaf), _a book made of sheets folded once_; exfo'liate, to come off in scales; foil, a thin leaf of metal; tre'foil, a plant with three (tres) leaves; cinque'foil (Fr. cinque, five). 83. FOR'MA, shape, form. FORM: form (-al, -ality); conform' (-able, -ation, -ity); deform' (-ity); inform' (-ant, -er, -ation); perform' (-ance, -er); reform' (-ation, -atory, -er); transform' (-ation); for'mula (Lat. n. for'mula, pl. for'mulæ, a little form, a model); for'mulate; mul'tiform (Lat. adj. mul'tus, many); u'niform (Lat. adj. u'nus, one). 84. FOR'TIS, strong. FORT: fort; for'tress, a fortified place; for'tify; fortifica'tion; for'titude; com'fort, n., something that strengthens or cheers (-able, -er, -less); discom'fort; effort, a putting forth of one's strength; force (Fr. n. force, strength); for'cible; enforce' (-ment); reinforce' (-ment). 85. FRAN'GERE: fran'go, frac'tum, to break; Fra'gilis, _easily broken_. FRANG, FRING: fran'gible (-ibility); infran'gible; infringe' (-ment); refran'gible. FRACT: frac'tion; frac'tious; fract'ure; infract' (-ion); refract' (-ion, -ory). Fra'gile; frag'ment; frail (old Fr. ad; fraile = Lat. fra'gilis); frail'ty. 86. FRA'TER, fra'tris, a brother; Frater'nus, brotherly. FRATR: frat'ricide (Lat. v. cæd'ere, to kill). FRATERN: -al, -ity, -ize; confrater'nity. Fri'ar (Fr. n. frère, a brother); fri'ary. 87. FRONS, fron'tis, the forehead. FRONT: front (-age, -al, -less, -let); affront'; confront'; effront'ery; fron'tier (Fr. n. frontière); front'ispiece (Lat. n. frontispi'cium, from frons and spic'ere, to view; literally, that which is seen in front). 88 FRU'OR: fruc'tus, to enjoy; Fru'ges, corn; French Fruit, fruit. FRUCT: -ify, -ification; fructif'erous (Lat. v. fer're, to bear). FRUG: -al, -ality; frugif'erous (Lat. v. fer're, to bear). FRUIT: fruit; fruit'erer; fruit'ful; frui'tion. 89. FU'GERE: fu'gio, fu'gitum, to flee. FUG: fuga'cious; centrif'ugal (Lat. n. cen'trum, the center); feb'rifuge (Lat. n. fe'bris, fever); fugue (Lat. n. fu'ga, a flight), _a musical composition_; ref'uge (-ee); sub'terfuge; ver'mifuge (Lat. n. ver'mis, a worm). FUGIT: fu'gitive (adj. and n.). 90. FU'MUS, smoke. FUM: fume; fu'mid; fumif'erous (Lat. v. fer're, to bear), _producing smoke_; fu'matory, a plant with bitter leaves; per'fume (-er, -ery). Fu'migate (Lat. v. fumiga're, fumiga'tum, to smoke), to disinfect; fumiga'tion; fu'migatory. 91. FUN'DERE: fun'do, fu'sum, to pour. FUND: refund'; found (Fr. v. fondre = Lat. fun'dere), _to form by pouring into a mould_ (-er, -ery); confound' (Fr. v. confondre, literally, to pour together; hence, to confuse). FUS: fuse (-ible, -ion); confuse' (-ion); diffuse' (-ion, -ive); effuse' (-ion, -ive); infuse' (-ion); profuse' (-ion); refuse' (-al); suffuse' (-ion); transfuse' (-ion). 92. GER'ERE: ge'ro, ges'tum, to bear or carry. GER: ger'und, a Latin verbal noun; bellig'erent (Lat. n. bel'lum, war); con'geries (Lat. n. conge'ries, a collection); vicege'rent (Lat. vi'ce, in place of), one bearing rule in place of another. GEST: gest'ure; gestic'ulate (Lat. n. gestic'ulus, a mimic gesture); gesticula'tion; congest' (-ion, -ive); digest', literally, _to carry apart_: hence, to dissolve food in the stomach (-ible, -ion, -ive); suggest', literally, to bear into the mind from below, that is, indirectly (-ion, -ive); reg'ister (Lat. v. reger'ere, to carry back, to record); reg'istrar; registra'tion; reg'istry. 93. GIG'NERE: gig'no, gen'itum, to beget; Gens, gen'tis, _a clan or nation_, Ge'nus, gen'eris, a kind. GENIT: gen'itive, a case of Latin nouns; congen'ital, born with one; primogen'itor (Lat. adj. pri'mus, first), an ancestor; primogen'iture, state of being first born; progen'itor, an ancestor. GENT: genteel' (Lat. adj. genti'lis, pertaining to the same clan; hence, of good family or birth); gentil'ity; gen'tle (genti'lis, of good birth), mild, refined; gen'try (contracted from gentlery), _a class in English society_; gen'tile, belonging to a nation other than the Jewish. GENER: gen'eral (-ity, -ize); gen'erate (Lat. genera're, genera'tum, to produce); genera'tion; regenera'tion; gener'ic; gen'erous; generos'ity; con'gener, of the same kind; degen'erate, _to fall off from the original kind_; degen'eracy. Gen'der (Fr. n. genre = Lat. ge'nus, gen'eris), _the kind of a noun as regards the sex of the object_; gen'ial (Lat. adj. genia'lis, cheerful); gen'ius (Lat. n. ge'nius, originally, the divine nature innate in everything); gen'uine (Lat. adj. genui'nus, literally, proceeding from the original stock; hence, natural, true); ge'nus, a kind including many species; engen'der (Fr. v. engendrer, to beget); ingen'ious (Lat. adj. ingenio'sus, acute, clever); ingen'uous (Lat. adj. ingen'uus, frank, sincere). 94. GRA'DI: gra'dior, gres'sus, to walk. GRAD: grada'tion; gra'dient (gra'diens, gradien'tis, pres. part. of v. gradi), rate of ascent, grade; grad'ual (Lat. n. gradus, a step); grad'uate; degrade' (-ation); ingre'dient (Lat. part. ingre'diens, entering); ret'rograde. GRESS: aggres'sion; aggres'sive; con'gress (-ional); digress' (-ion); e'gress; in'gress; prog'ress (-ion, -ive); retrogres'sion; transgress' (-ion, -or). Grade (Fr. n. grade = Lat. gra'dus, degree or rank); degree' (Fr. n. degré = de + gradus). 95. GRA'TUS, thankful, pleasing. GRAT: grate'ful; gra'tis (Lat. gra'tiis, by favor, for nothing) grat'itude; gratu'ity; gratu'itous; grat'ify (-ication); congrat'ulate (-ion, -ory); ingra'tiate. Grace (Fr. grâce = Lat. gra'tia, favor, grace); grace'ful; gra'cious; grace'less; disgrace'; agree' (Fr. v. agréer, to receive kindly), -able, -ment; disagree'. 96. GRA'VIS, heavy. GRAV: grave, literally, heavy: hence, serious; grav'ity; gravita'tion; ag'gravate (-ion). Grief (Fr. grief = Lat. gra'vis), literally, _heaviness of spirit, sorrow_; grieve; griev'ance; griev'ous. GREX. (See page 41.) 97. HABE'RE: ha'beo, hab'itum, to have or hold; HABITA'RE, hab'ito, habita'tum, to use frequently, to dwell. HABIT: habit'ual; habit'uate; hab'itude; hab'itable; hab'itat, _the natural abode of an animal or a plant_; habita'tion; cohab'it; inhab'it (-able, -ant). HIBIT: exhib'it, literally, to hold out, to show (-ion, -or); inhib'it (-ion); prohib'it (-ion, -ory). Hab'it (Lat. hab'itus, state or dress); habil'iment (Fr. n. habillement, from v. habiller, to dress); a'ble (Lat. adj. hab'ilis, literally, that may be easily held or managed; hence, apt, skillful.) 98. HÆRE'RE: hæ'reo, hæ'sum, to stick. HER: adhere' (-ency, -ent); cohere' (-ence, -ency, -ent); inhere (-ent). HES: adhe'sion; adhe'sive; cohe'sion; cohe'sive. Hes'itate (Lat. v. _hæsita're, hæsita'ium, _to be at a stand, to doubt); hes'itancy; hesita'tion. 99. HÆRES, hære'dis, an heir or heiress; French Hériter, _to be heir to_. HERED: hered'itary, descending to heirs. HERIT: her'itable; her'itage; inher'it (-ance); disinher'it. Heir (Old Fr. heir = Lat. hæ'res); heir'ess; heir'loom (Anglo-Saxon geloma, goods). 100. HO'MO, hom'inis, a man; Huma'nus, human. HOM: hom'age (Fr. hommage, literally, acknowledgment by a man or vassal to his feudal lord); homicide (Lat. v. cæd'ere, to kill) HUMAN: hu'man, belonging to a man; humane', _having the feelings proper to a man, kind_; human'ity; hu'manize; inhu'man. EXERCISE. Floral devices were tastefully introduced. The friar gives himself to reflection, and does not care a florin for worldly pleasures. The tree is covered with foliage, but bears no fruit. The rights of the fraternity have been infringed. The metal was fused in iron pans. By the law of primogeniture the eldest son will succeed to the estate. Congress met, and a general of the army was chosen president. The gradient is gentle, and the access easy. The reform of the refractory was in the highest degree genuine. We received our frugal meal with gratitude. Many of the inhabitants perished in the flames. Hamilton and Jay were leading federalists. To err is human; to forgive, divine. The boy gesticulated violently, but it was a mere subterfuge. Your words infuse comfort into my heart. May one not be human without being humane? Do you know the difference between the genitive and the ablative case? 101. HU'MUS, the earth; Hu'milis, on the ground, lowly. HUM: exhume' (-ation); inhume. HUMIL: humil'ity; humil'iate (-ion); hum'ble (Fr. adj. humble = Lat. hu'milis). IRE. (See page 41.) 102. JA'CERE: ja'cio, jac'tum, to throw or cast. JECT: ab'ject; ad'jective; conject'ure (-al); deject'ed; dejec'tion; eject' (-ion, -ment); inject' (-ion); interject' (-ion); object' (-ion, -ionable, -ive, -or); project' (-ile, -ion, -or); reject' (-ion); subject' (-ion, -ive); traject'ory. Ejac'ulate (Lat. v. ejacula're, ejacula'tum, to hurl or throw); ejacula'tion; ejac'ulatory; jet (Fr. v. jéter = ja'cere); jet'ty; jut. 103. JUN'GERE: jun'go, junc'tum, to join; Ju'gum, a yoke. JUNCT: junc'tion; junct'ure, _a point of time made critical by a joining of circumstances_; ad'junct; conjunc'tion; conjunc'tive; disjunc'tion; disjunc'tive; injunc'tion; subjunc'tive (literally, joined subordinately to something else). JUG: con'jugal, _relating to marriage; _conjugate (-ion); sub'jugate (-ion). Join (Fr. v. joindre = Lat. jun'gere); adjoin'; conjoin'; disjoin'; enjoin'; rejoin'; subjoin'; joint (Fr. part, joint = Lat. junc'tum); joint'ure, property settled on a wife, _to be enjoyed after her husband's death_; jun'ta (Spanish junta = Lat. junc'tus, joined), _a grand council of state in Spain; _jun'to (Span, junt), _a body of men united for some secret intrigue_. 104. JURA'RE: ju'ro, jura'tum, to swear. JUR: ju'ry; ju'ror; abjure'; adjure'; conjure'; con'jure, _to effect something as if by an oath of magic_; con'jurer; per'jure, to forswear; per'jurer; per'jury. 105. JUS, ju'ris, right law; Jus'tus, lawful; Ju'dex, ju'dicis, a judge. JUR: jurid'ical (Lat. v. dica're, to pronounce), _relating to the administration of justice_; jurisdic'tion, legal authority; jurispru'dence, science of law; ju'rist; in'jure; in'jury. JUST: just; jus'tice; justi'ciary; jus'tify; justifica'tion. JUDIC: ju'dicature, profession of a judge; judi'cious, _according to sound judgment_; prej'udice, n., judgment formed beforehand; prejudi'cial; judge (Fr. n. juge = Lat. ju'dex); judg'ment; prejudge'. 106. LE'GERE: le'go, lec'tum, to gather, to read. LEG: le'gend (originally, stories of saints to be read--legen'da--in church); leg'endary; leg'ible; le'gion (originally, a body of troops gathered or levied--le'gio); el'egance; el'egant; sac'rilege (originally, the gathering or stealing of something sacred--sa'crum). LIG: dil'igent (originally, esteeming highly; hence, assiduous): el'igible; intel'ligible; intel'ligence; intel'ligent; neg'ligent (literally, not--neg = nec = not--picking up). LECT: lect'ure (-er); collect' (-ion, -ive, -or); recollect' (-ion); eclec'tic (Greek ec = ex); elect' (-ion, -or, -oral); in'tellect; neglect'; predilec'tion, a liking for; select' (-ion); les'son (Fr. n. leçon = Lat. lec'tio, a reading). 107. LEVA'RE: le'vo, leva'tum, to raise; Le'vis, easily raised, light; French Lever, to rise or raise. LEV: lev'ity; levita'tion; alle'viate (-ion); el'evate (-ion); rel'evant, literally, raising up: hence, pertinent, applicable; rel'evancy; irrel'evant. LEVER: leav'en (Fr. levain, yeast); Levant', literally, _the place of the rising sun--the countries near the eastern part of the Mediterranean Sea_; lev'ee; le'ver (-age); lev'y. LEX. (See page 43.) 108. LI'BER, free. LIBER: -al, -ality, -alize, -ate, -ator, -ty. Deliv'er (Fr. v. délivrer = Lat. delibera're, to set free); deliv'erance; deliv'ery. LITERA. (See page 43.) 109. LO'CUS: a place. LOC: -al, -ality, -alize, -ate; locomo'tive (Lat. v. move're, to move); al'locate; col'locate (-ion); dis'locate (-ion). 110. LO'QUI: lo'quor, locu'tus, to speak. LOQU: loqua'cious; loqua'city; col'loquy; collo'quial; el'oquent; magnil'oquent (Lat. adj. mag'nus, big, pompous); ob'loquy; solil'oquy (Lat. adj. so'lus, alone); ventril'oquist (Lat. n. ven'ter, the stomach). LOCUT: circumlocu'tion; elocu'tion; interloc'utor. 111. LU'DERE: lu'do, lu'sum, to play or deceive. LUD: lu'dicrous (Lat. adj. lu'dicrus, sportive, laughable); allude', literally, to play at, to refer to indirectly; delude'; elude'; prelude'. LUS: allu'sion; collu'sion; delu'sion; delu'sive; illu'sion; prelu'sive; prelu'sory. 112. LUX, lu'cis, light; Lu'men, lu'minis, light. LUC: Lu'cifer (Lat. v. fer're, to bear); lu'cid; elu'cidate; translu'cent. LUMIN: lu'minary; lu'minous; illu'minate; illu'mine. 113. MAG'NUS, great; Ma'jor, greater; Magis'ter, master. MAGN: magnanim'ity (Lat. n. an'imus, soul); mag'nate, a man of rank; mag'nify (-er); magnif'icent (Lat. v. fac'ere, to make), _showing grandeur_; mag'nitude. MAJ: maj'esty (-ic); ma'jor (-ity); may'or; may'oralty. MAGISTER: mag'istrate; mag'istracy; magiste'rial; mas'ter (Old Fr. maistre = Lat. _magis'ter); _mis'tress (Old Fr. maistresse = Lat magis'tra, fem. of magis'ter). 114. MA'NUS, the hand; French Main, the hand. MAN: man'acle (Lat. n. man'ica, a fetter); manip'ulate, _to work with the hand_ (-ion, -or); man'ual; manufact'ure (Lat. v. fac'ere, to make); manufac'tory; manumit' (Lat. v. mit'tere, to send); man'uscript (Lat. v. scrib'ere, scrip'tum, to write); amanuen'sis (= ab + _ma'nus), one who does handwriting for another_; eman'cipate (Lat. v. cap'ere, to take); quadru'manous (Lat. quatuor, four). MAIN: man'ner (Fr. n. manière, originally, the mode in which a thing is handled); maneu'ver (Fr. n. manœuvre, literally, hand work; Fr. n. œuvre = o'pus, work); manure', v. (contracted from Fr. manœuvrer, to cultivate by manual labor). 115. MA'RE, the sea. Marine' (Lat. adj. mari'nus, pertaining to the sea); mar'iner; mar'itime (Lat. adj. mariti'mus = mari'nus); submarine'; transmarine'; ultramarine'; mermaid (Fr. n. mer = Lat. ma're). 116. ME'DIUS, the middle. Mediæ'val (Lat. n. æ'vum, age), relating to the Middle Ages; me'diate (-ion, -or); me'diocre (Lat. adj. medio'cris, middling; hence inferior); medioc'rity; Mediterra'nean (Lat. n. ter'ra, land); me'dium (Lat. n. me'dium, the middle); imme'diate (prefix in = not), _with nothing intervening_; interme'diate. 117. MENINIS'SE: mem'ini, to remember; Me'mor, mindful; MEMORA'RE mem'oro, memora'tum, to remember, to mention. MEMINISSE: memen'to (imper. mood; literally, _remember thou), a reminder, a memorial_. MEMOR: mem'orable; memoran'dum (Lat. memoran'dus, p. part. of memora're; literally, something to be remembered); commem'orate (-ion, -ive); mem'ory (Lat. n. memo'ria); memo'rial (-ize); immemo'rial. Mem'oir (Fr. n. mémoire = Lat. memoran'dum); men'tion (Fr. n. mention = Lat. men'tio, a speaking of); remem'ber (Old Fr. v. _remembrer = Lat. remem'orare_); remem'brance; remem'brancer; reminis'cence (Fr. n. réminiscence, from Lat. v. reminis'ci, to recall to mind). 118. MENS, men'tis, the mind. MENT: men'tal; dement'ed; demen'tia, insanity; ve'hement (Lat. adj. ve'hemens = ve, not, and mens; literally, not reasonable), _furious, ardent_. EXERCISE. We reject insincere homage. When the body was exhumed the _jury decided_ that poison had been administered. Legendary stories were related by the friar. The lessons were selected with _intelligence. Levity_ and gravity are different qualities. The mayor's speech was more ludicrous than facetious. The magistrate claimed jurisdiction in the locality. We heard Hamlet's soliloquy finely delivered. Do you recollect the magnificent lines at the beginning of "Paradise Lost"? The lecturer was lucid in his allusions. In mediæval times homage was exacted of all vassals. The mariners maneuvered beautifully. Your magnificent donation will be gratefully remembered. The mermaid is a mere delusion. Illegible manuscript is a decided nuisance. The eastern part of the Mediterranean is called the Levant. Franklin's memoirs are very interesting. 119. MER'CES, hire; Merx, mer'cis, merchandise. MERC: mer'cantile (Lat. part. mer'cans, mercan'tis); mer'cenary (Lat. adj. mercena'rius); mer'cer (Fr. n. mercier), _one who deals in silks and woolens_; mer'chant (Lat. part, mer'cans); mer'chandise; com'merce (Fr. n. commerce); commer'cial; mar'ket (Lat. n. merca'tus, a place of public traffic). 120. MER'GERE: mer'go, mer'sum, to dip, to sink. MERG: merge; emerge'; emer'gency, that which arises suddenly; submerge'. MERS: emer'sion; immerse'. 121. MIGRA'RE: migro, migra'tum, to remove. MIGR: em'igrant (Lat. part. mi'grans, migran'tis). MIGRAT: mi'grate (-ion, -ory); em'igrate (-ion); im'migrate (-ion); transmigra'tion, the passage of the soul into another body after death. 122. MI'LES, mil'itis, a soldier. MILIT: -ary, -ant; mil'itate, to act against; mili'tia, _enrolled soldiers not in a standing army_. 123. MINE'RE: min'eo, min'itum, to hang over. MIN. em'inent (Lat. part, _em'inens, _standing out); em'inence; im'minent, literally, threatening to fall; pre-em'inent; pre-em'inence; prom'inent; prom'inence; superem'inent. 124. MINU'ERE: min'uo, minu'tum, to lessen; Mi'nor, less; Mi'nus, less. MINUT: minute'; minu'tiæ (pl. of Lat. n. minu'tia, a very small object); min'uend (Lat. part, minuen'dus, to be lessened); min'uet (Fr. n. minuet = Lat. adj. _minu'tus, _small), a dance of small steps; dimin'ish (Lat. v. diminu'ere, to lessen); diminu'tion; dimin'utive. MINOR: mi'nor, n. and a.; minor'ity. MINUS: mi'nus (Lat. adj. comp. deg., less); min'imum (Lat. adj. super, deg., least); min'im. 125. MINIS'TER, a servant or attendant. MINISTER: min'ister; ministe'rial; min'istry; admin'ister; administra'tion; admin'istrative; administra'tor. 126. MIRA'RI: mi'ror, mira'tus, to wonder. MIR: admire' (-able, -ation); mir'acle (Lat. n. mirac'ulum, a wonderful thing); mirac'ulous. Mirage' (Fr. n. mirage, a reflection); mir'ror (Fr. n. miroir, from v. mirer, to view). 127. MISCE'RE: mis'ceo, mix'tum, to mingle. MISC: mis'cellany; miscella'neous; promis'cuous. MIXT: mix; mixt'ure; admixt'ure; intermix'. 128. MI'SER, wretched. MISER: mi'ser (-able); mis'ery; commis'erate (-ion). 129. MIT'TERE: mit'to, mis'sum, to send or cast. MIT: admit' (-ance); commit' (-ee, -ment); demit'; emit'; intermit' (-ent); manumit' (Lat. n. manus, the hand), to release from slavery; omit'; permit'; pretermit'; remit' (-ance); submit'; transmit'; mit'timus (Lat. we send), a warrant of commitment to prison. MISS: mis'sile; mis'sion (-ary); admis'sible; admis'sion; com'missary, _an officer who furnishes provisions for an army_; commissa'riat; commis'sion (-er); com'promise; demise', death; em'issary; intermis'sion; omis'sion; permis'sion; premise'; prem'ises; prom'ise (-ory); remiss' (-ion); submis'sion; submis'sive; transmis'sion; transmis'sible. 130. MODERA'RI: mod'eror, modera'tus, to keep within bounds; Mo'dus, a measure or manner. MODERAT: mod'erate (-ion, -or); immod'erate. MOD: mode; mood; mod'ify (-able, -er); modifica'tion; accom'modate (-ion); commode' (Lat. adj. com'modus, convenient). a small sideboard; commo'dious, literally, measured with; commod'ity, literally, _a convenience_; incommode'; mod'ern (Lat. adv. mo'do, lately, just now); mod'ernize; mod'ulate (Lat. n. mod'ulus, a measuring of tones); modula'tion. 131. MONE'RE: mo'neo, mon'itum, to remind, to warn. MON: admon'ish; mon'ument (Lat. n. monumen'tum); premon'ish; sum'mon (Lat. v. summone're = sub + mone're, to remind privily), _to call by authority_. MONIT: mon'itor (-ial); admoni'tion; admon'itory; premoni'tion; premon'itory. 132. MONS, mon'tis, a mountain. MOUNT: mount, n. a high hill; v. to rise or ascend; moun'tain (-eer, -ous); mount'ebank (It. n. banco, a bench); amount'; dismount'; par'amount (Fr. par = Lat. per, exceedingly), _of the highest importance_; prom'ontory (literally, the fore-part or projecting part of a mountain); remount'; surmount' (-able); tan'tamount (Lat. adj. tan'tus, so much); ultramon'tane (literally, beyond the Alps; i. e. on the Italian side). 133. MONSTRA'RE: mon'stro, monstra'tum, to point out, to show. MONSTR: mon'ster; mon'strous; monstros'ity; mus'ter, literally, _to show up_, to display. MONSTRAT: dem'onstrate (-able, -ion, -ive); remon'strate; remon'strance. 134. MORDE'RE: mor'deo, mor'sum, to bite. MORD: mor'dant, biting, serving to fix colors; morda'cious (Lat. adj. mor'dax, morda'cis, biting), severe, sarcastic. MORS: mor'sel, literally, a little bite; remorse', _the biting of conscience_ (-ful, -less). MORS. (See page 44.) 135. MOS, mo'ris, manner, custom; pl. Mo'res, manners or morals. MOR: mor'al (ist, -ity, -ize); immor'al (-ity); demor'alize (-ation). 136. MOVE'RE: mo'veo, mo'tum, to move. MOV: move (-able, -er, -ment); remove' (-able, -al). MOT: (-ive, -or); commo'tion; emo'tion (-al); locomo'tion (Lat. n. lo'cus; a place); promote' (-er, -ion); remote' (-ness). Mob (Lat. adj. mob'ilis, easily moved); mo'bile (-ity); momen'tum, _the force of a moving body_, impetus. 137. MUL'TUS, multi, many, much. MULTI: mul'titude; multitu'dinous; multifa'rious; mul'tiform; mul'tiple (Lat. adj. mul'tiplus for mul'tiplex, manifold); mul'tiply (Lat. adj. mul'tiplex); mul'tiplicate (-ion); multiplic'ity. 138. MU'NUS, mu'neris, a gift, a service. MUN. munic'ipal (Lat. n. municip'ium, a free town), _pertaining to a corporation_; municipal'ity; munif'icent; munif'icence; com'mon (Lat. adj. commu'nis = con + munus; literally, ready to be of service); commune', v. literally, to share (discourse) in common; commun'ion, commu'nity; com'munism; com'munist; commun'icate (-ion, -ive); commu'nicant; excommu'nicate; immu'nity (in + munus; literally, absence of service). MUNER: remunerate (-ion, -ive). 139. MUTA'RE: mu'to, muta'tum, to change. MUT: mu'table (-ity); immu'table; commute'; transmute' (-able). MUTAT: muta'tion; commutation; transmuta'tion. 140. NAS'CI: nas'cor, na'tus, to be born, to grow; Natu'ra, nature. NASC: nas'cent, growing; renaissance' (a style of decorative art revived by Raphael). NAT: na'tal; na'tion, originally, a distinct race or stock (-al, -ality, -ize); interna'tional; na'tive (-ity); cog'nate; in'nate. NATUR: nat'ural (-ist, -ize, -ization); preternat'ural; supernat'ural. 141. NA'VIS, a ship. NAV: nave, the middle or body of a church; na'val; na'vy; nau'tical (Lat. adj. nau'ticus, from nauta or nav'ita, a sailor); nav'igate (Lat. v. naviga're = na'vis + ag'ere); nav'igable; naviga'tion; nav'igator; circumnavigate. 142. NEC'TERE: nec'to, nex'um, to tie or bind. NECT: connect' (-ion, -ive); disconnect' (-ion). NEX: annex'; annexation. EXERCISE. The administration of affairs is in the hands of her _majesty's ministers_. A miscellaneous collection of goods was sold on commission. The merchant remitted the money called for in the emergency. The suggestion to modify the plan was tantamount to its rejection. Do you admire Bunker Hill Monument? A miser is an object of commiseration to all who know him. Remuneration will be allowed according to the amount of labor. The major has been promoted to the rank of colonel. All who were connected with the movement were excommunicated. As the annexed territory is chiefly maritime it will greatly increase the commerce of the nation. The monitor admonished the pupils with great gentleness. The committee said the master had done his work in an admirable manner. The Pilgrim Fathers emigrated to this country in 1620. A minute missile moved towards us. What is the subjunctive mood or mode? A multitude of communists appeared in Paris. 143. NEGA'RE: ne'go, nega'tum, to deny. NEGAT: nega'tion; neg'ative; ab'negate (-ion); ren'egade, an apostate. Deny' (Fr. v. dénier = Lat. de + nega're, to contradict); deni'al; undeni'able. 144. NEU'TER, neu'trum, neither of the two. NEUTR: neu'ter; neu'tral (-ity, -ize). 145. NOCE'RE: no'ceo, no'citum, to hurt. NOC: no'cent, hurtful; in'nocent; in'nocence; innoc'uous. Nox'ious (Lat. adj. nox'ius, hurtful); obnox'ious; nui'sance (Fr. v. nuire = Lat. noce're). 146. NO'MEN, nom'inis, a name. NOMEN: nomenclat'ure, a list of technical names; cogno'men, a surname. NOMIN: nom'inal; nom'inate (-ion, -ive); nominee'; denom'inate (-ion, -or); ig'nominy (Lat. i(n) + gnomen, old form of nomen, a deprivation of one's good name); ignomin'ious. Noun (Fr. n. nom = Lat. no'men); pro'noun; misno'mer (Old Fr. mes = wrong, and nommer, to name), a wrong name. NORMA. (See page 45.) 147. NOS'CERE: nos'co, no'tum, to know; No'ta, a mark. NOT: note (-able, -ary, -ice, -ify, -ion); no'ticeable; notifica'tion; noto'rious (Lat. adj. noto'rius, making known), known in a bad sense; notori'ety; an'notate (-ion); denote'. No'ble (Lat. adj. no'bilis, deserving to be known); noblesse' (Fr. n. noblesse = Lat. nobil'itas); nobil'ity; enno'ble; igno'ble (Lat. prefix i(n) + gnobilis, old form of nobilis); cog'nizance (Old Fr. cognizance = Lat. cognoscen'tia, notice or knowledge), _judicial observation_; connoisseur' (Fr. n. connoisseur, a critical judge); incog'nito (Italian incognito, from Lat. part. incog'nitus, unknown), unknown, in disguise; rec'ognize (Lat. re, again, and cognos'cere, to know); recog'nizance, a term in law; recogni'tion; reconnoi'ter (Fr. v. reconnoitre), to survey, to examine. 148. NO'VUS, new. NOV: in'novate (-ion, -or); ren'ovate (-ion, -or). Nov'el (Lat. adj. novel'lus, diminutive of no'vus); adj. _something new, out of the usual course_; n., literally, _a story new and out of the usual course_; nov'elist; nov'elty; nov'ice, a beginner; novi'tiate, time of being a novice. 149. NU'MERUS, a number. NUMER: (-al, -ate, -ation, -ator, -ic, -ical, -ous); enu'merate (Lat. v. enumera're, enumera'tum, to count or tell of), to reckon up singly; enumera'tion; innu'merable (= in + nu'mer + able, that may not be counted); supernu'merary, one above the necessary number; num'ber (Old Fr. n. numbre = Lat. nu'merus). 150. NUNCIA'RE: nuncio, nuncia'tum, to announce; Nun'cius, _a messenger_. NUNCIAT: enun'ciate, to utter (-ion); denuncia'tion; pronuncia'tion; renuncia'tion, disavowal, relinquishment. Nun'cio (Sp. n. nuncio = Lat. nun'cius), a messenger from the Pope; announce' (Fr. v. annoncer = Lat. ad + nuncia're), to proclaim; announce'ment; denounce' (Fr. v. dénoncer = Lat. de + nuncia're), _to accuse publicly_; pronounce' (Fr. v. prononcer = Lat. pro + nuncia're); pronounce'able; renounce' (Fr. v. renoncer = Lat. re + nuncia're), to disclaim; renounce'ment. 151. NUTRI'RE: nu'trio, nutri'tum, to nourish. NUTRI: nu'triment, that which nourishes; nutri'tion; nutri'tious; nu'tritive. Nour'ish (Fr. v. nourrir = Lat. nutri'ere); nurse (Fr. v. nourrice; a nurse); nur'sery; nurs'ling, a little one who is nursed; nurt'ure. 152. O'PUS, op'eris, a work or deed; OPERA'RI, opera'tus, to work. OPER: operose, requiring labor, tedious. OPERAT: operate (-ion, -ive, -or); co-operate (-ion, -ive, -or). Op'era (It. op'era = opera, pains, pl. of o'pus), a musical drama; operat'ic. ORDO. (See page 45.) 153. PAN'DERE: pan'do, pan'sum, and pas'sum, to spread; Pas'sus, a step. PAND: expand', to spread out. PANS: expanse' (-ion, -ive). PASS: pass; pass'able, that may be passed, tolerable; pas'sage; com'pass, v. to stretch round; encom'pass; surpass'; tres'pass (tres = trans), to pass beyond due bounds. Pace (Fr. n. pas = Lat. pas'sus); pas'senger (Old Eng. passager); pass'over, a Jewish festival;[8] pass'port (= pass + port, literally, a permission to leave a port or to sail into it.) 154. PAR, equal. PAR: par'ity; dispar'ity; dispar'age, _to injure by comparison of unequals_; dispar'agement. Pair (Fr. adj. paire = Lat. par), two of a kind; peer (Old Fr. peer or pair = Lat. par), an equal, a nobleman; peer'age; peer'less; compeer'; non'pareil (Fr. non, not, and pareil, equal), _a peerless thing or person_. 155. PARA'RE. pa'ro, para'tum, to make ready, to prepare; SEPARA'RE: sep'aro, separa'tum, to separate. PARAT: compar'ative; prepara'tion; prepar'atory; repara'tion. SEPAR: sep'arate, literally, to prepare aside: hence, to disjoin; separa'tion; sep'arable; insep'arable. Parade' (Fr. n. parade, literally, a parrying), military display; pare (Fr. v. parer, to pare or ward off); par'ry (Fr. v. parer, to ward off); appara'tus (Lat. appara'tus = ad + paratus, literally, something prepared for a purpose); appar'el (Fr. n. appareil, preparation); compare' (Fr. v. comparer = Lat. compara're), _to set things together to see how far they resemble each other_; prepare' (Fr. v. preparer = Lat. prepara're); repair' (Fr. v. réparer = Lat. repara're), literally, to prepare again, hence, _to restore after injury_; irrep'arable; sev'er (Old Fr. v. sevrer = Lat. separa're), _to render asunder_; sev'eral (Old Fr. adj. several = Lat. separa'lis, separate); sev'erance; dissev'er. PARS. (See page 46.) 156. PAT'ER, pa'tris, a father; Pa'tria, one's native country. Pater'nal (Lat. adj. pater'nus, pertaining to a father); pater'nity (Lat. n. pater'nitas, Fr. paternité), fathership; patri'cian (Lat. adj. patri'cius, from pa'tres, fathers or senators), a Roman nobleman; pat'rimony (Lat. n. patrimo'nium), _an estate inherited from one's ancestors_; pa'tron (Lat. n. patro'nus, a protector), _one who countenances or supports_; pat'ronage; pat'ronize; pat'tern (Fr. n. pattern, something to be copied), a model; expatriate, to banish; expatria'tion. 157. PA'TI: pa'tior, pas'sus, to bear, to suffer. PATI: pa'tient; pa'tience; impa'tient; compat'ible, consistent with; compat'ibility; incompat'ible. PASS: pas'sion, strong agitation of the mind; pas'sive; impas'sive, insensible; compas'sion, sympathy; compas'sionate. 158. PEL'LERE; pel'lo, pul'sum, to drive. PEL (com-, dis-, ex-, im-, pro-, re-). PULS: pulse, the beating of an artery as blood is driven through it; pul'sate; pulsa'tion; compul'sion; compul'sory; expul'sion; propul'sion; repulse'; repul'sive. 159. PENDE'RE; pen'deo, pen'sum, to hang. PEND: pen'dant, a long, narrow flag; pend'ing, not decided, during; append'; append'age; depend' (-ant, -ent, -ence); independ'ent; independ'ence; suspend'. PENS: pen'sile, hanging; suspense'(-ion). Pen'dulous (Lat. adj. pen'dulus, hanging); pen'dulum (Lat. adj. pen'dulus); appen'dix (Lat. n. appen'dix, an addition). 160. PEN'DERE: pen'do, pen'sum, to weigh, to pay. PEND: com'pend (contraction of compendium); compen'dium (Lat. n. compen'dium, that which is weighed, saved, shortened); compen'dious (Lat. adj. compendio'sus, brief, succinct); expend'; expen'diture; sti'pend (Lat. n. stipen'dium, literally, the pay of soldiers); stipendiary. PENS: pen'sive, thoughtful; pen'sion, an allowance for past services (-eer); com'pensate (-ion); dispense', to deal out (-ary); dispensa'tion; indispen'sable; expense' (-ive); rec'ompense. PES. (See page 47.) 161. PET'ERE: pe'to, peti'tum, to attack, to seek. PET: centrip'etal (Lat. n. cen'trum, center); compete'; com'petent, _fit, suitable_; com'petence, sufficiency; incom'petent. PETIT: peti'tion, a request (-er); compet'itor; compet'itive; repeti'tion. Pet'ulant (Fr. adj. petulant, fretful); ap'petite (Fr. n. appétit), _a seeking for hunger_; impet'uous (Lat. adj. impetuo'sus, vehement); impetuos'ity; im'petus (Lat. n. im'petus, a shock); repeat' (Fr. v. répéter = Lat. repet'ere). EXERCISE Numerous objections were submitted against the innovations about to be introduced. The obnoxious articles have been removed. The nominee by his ludicrous speech neutralized all that his friends did for him. Part of the apparatus prepared for the occasion was damaged in transmission. The patronage of the nobility and gentry connected with the neighborhood was asked. Many parts of the edifice are highly ornate. Christ had compassion on the multitude, for they had been a long time without food. The petitioner's application for a pension was not repeated. How can an acid be neutralized? The renegade was brought to ignominy. The prince was travelling incognito. The young lady seems pensive rather than petulant. Here is a new edition of the novel, with annotations by the author. The opera seems to be well patronized this winter. Webster had a compendious mode of stating great truths. What is meant by centripetal motion? What is the difference between the numerator and the denominator? 162. PLEC'TERE: plec'to, plex'um, to twist; PLICA'RE: pli'co, plica'tum, and plic'itum, to fold. PLEX: com'plex (literally, twisted together); complex'ion; complex'ity; perplex' (literally, to twist thoroughly--per: hence, to puzzle or embarrass); perplex'ity. PLIC: ap'plicable (-ity); ap'plicant; ex'plicable. PLICAT: applica'tion; com'plicate (-ion); du'plicate; im'plicate (-ion); replica'tion, an answer in law; sup'plicate, to entreat earnestly; supplica'tion. PLICIT: explic'it (literally, out-folded; hence, distinctly stated); implic'it, implied. Ply (Fr. v. plier = Lat. plica're), to work diligently; pli'able, easily bent; pli'ant; pli'ancy; accom'plice, an associate in crime; apply' (Old Fr. applier = Lat. applica're); appli'ance, _the thing applied_; comply' (Fr. v. plier), to fold with: hence, _to conform or assent_; compli'ance; display' (Old Fr. v. desployer, to unfold); doub'le (Fr. adj. double = Lat. du'plex, twofold); du'plex; duplic'ity (Lat. n. duplic'itas, from du'plex, double); employ' (Fr. v. employer = Lat. implica're), to keep at work; employé; employ'er; employ'ment; exploit' (Fr. n. exploit = Lat. explic'itum, literally, something unfolded, set forth: hence, a deed, an achievement); imply', literally, to infold: hence to involve, to signify; mul'tiply (Fr. v. multiplier = Lat. mul'tus much, many); quad'ruple (Lat. qua'tuor, four); reply' (Old Fr. v. replier = Lat. replica're, to answer); sim'ple (Lat. simplex, gen. simplicis), not compounded, artless; sim'pleton (compare It. simplicione, a silly person); simplic'ity (Lat. n. simplic'itas); sim'plify; sup'ple (Fr. adj. souple = Lat. sup'plex, bending the knee, from sub and plica're); sup'pliant (literally, bending the knees under, kneeling down); treb'le (Old Fr. adj. treble = Lat. tri'plex, threefold); trip'le (Lat. tri'plex); trip'let, _three lines rhyming alternately_. 163. PON'ERE: po'no, pos'itum, to place. PON: compo'nent, forming a compound; depone', to bear testimony; depo'nent; oppo'nent; postpone' (-ment). POSIT: posi'tion; pos'itive; pos'itivism, a system of philosophy; pos'itivist, a believer in the positive philosophy; ap'posite, _adapted to_; compos'ite, compound; composi'tion; compos'itor; decomposi'tion; depos'it (-ary, -ion, -ory); deposi'tion, _the giving testimony under oath_; exposi'tion; expos'itor; imposi'tion; interposi'tion; juxtaposi'tion; op'posite (-ion); preposi'tion; proposi'tion; supposi'tion; suppositi'tious; transposi'tion. Pose (Fr. v. poser = Lat. pon'ere), to bring to a stand by questions; post; post'age; post'ure (Fr. n. posture = Lat. positu'ra, position); compose' (Fr. v. composer = Lat. compon'ere); compos'ure; com'pound (Lat. v. compon'ere); com'post, a mixture, a manure; depot' (Fr. n. dépôt = Lat. depos'itum); dispose' (Fr. v. disposer); dispo'sal; expose' (Fr. v. exposer); expos'ure; impose' (Fr. v. imposer); im'post, a tax placed on imported goods; impos'tor, one guilty of fraud; impost'ure; interpose'; oppose'; propose'; prov'ost (Old Fr. provost, from Lat præpos'itus, placed before, a chief), _the principal of a college_; pur'pose (Old Fr. n. purpos, propos = Lat. propos'itum), an end set before one; repose' (Fr. v. reposer); suppose' (Fr. v. supposer); transpose' (Fr. v. transposer). 164. PORTA'RE: por'to, porta'tum, to carry. PORT: port'able; por'ter (-age); deport'ment; export' (-ation, -er); im'port (-ance, -ant, -er); pur'port, design; report' (-er); support'; insupport'able; transport' (-ation). Portfo'lio (Lat. n. fo'lium, a leaf); portman'teau (Fr. n. manteau, a cloak); importune' (Lat. adj. importu'nus, unseasonable); import'unate; importu'nity; op'portune (Lat. adj. opportu'nus, literally, at or before the port or harbor: hence, seasonable); opportu'nity; inop'portune. 165. POS'SE, to be able; Po'tens, poten'tis, powerful, mighty. POSSE: pos'sible (Lat. adj. possib'ilis); possibil'ity; impos'sible. POTENT: po'tent; po'tency; po'tentate; poten'tial; im'potent; omnip'otent (Lat. adj. om'nis, all); plenipoten'tiary (Lat. adj. ple'nus, full). 166. PREHEN'DERE: prohen'do, prehen'sum, _to lay hold of, to seize_. PREHEND: apprehend'; comprehend'; reprehend'. PREHENS: prehen'sile; apprehen'sion; apprehen'sive; comprehen'sible; comprehen'sion; comprehen'sive; reprehen'sible. Appren'tice (Old Fr. n. apprentis, from v. apprendre, to learn); apprise' (Fr. v. apprendre, part. appris, to inform); comprise' (Fr. v. comprendre, compris), to include; en'terprise (Fr. n. entrepise, something undertaken); impreg'nable (Fr. adj. imprenable, not to be taken); pris'on (Fr. n. prison); prize (Fr. n. prise, something taken, from prendre, pris, to take); reprieve' (Old Fr. v. repreuver, to condemn), to grant a respite; repri'sal; surprise'. 167. PREM'ERE: pre'mo, pres'sum, to press. PRESS: press (-ure); compress' (-ible); depress' (-ion); express' (-ion, -ive); impress' (-ion, -ive, -ment); irrepres'sible; oppress' ('-ion, -ive, -or); repress' (-ion, -ive); suppress' (-ion). Print (abbreviated from imprint, from Old Fr. v. preindre = Lat. prem'ere); im'print, _the name of the publisher and the title page of a book_; imprima'tur (Lat. let it be printed), originally, _a license to print a book, the imprint of a publisher_. 168. PRI'MUS, first; Prin'ceps, prin'cipis, chief, original. PRIM: prime; pri'mate, the highest dignitary of a church; pri'macy; prim'ary; primer; prime'val (Lat. n. æ'vum, an age); prim'itive; primogen'itor (Lat. n. gen'itor, a begetter); primogeniture (Lat. n. genitu'ra, a begetting), _the exclusive right of inheritance which in English law belongs to the eldest son or daughter_; primor'dial (Lat. v. ordi'ri, to begin), existing from the beginning; prim'rose (Lat. n. ro'sa); prin'cess; prince (Fr. n. prince = Lat. prin'ceps); prin'cipal; prin'ciple. Pre'mier (Fr. adj. premier, first), the prime minister; pri'or (Lat. adj. prior, former); pri'oress, the female superior of a convent; pri'ory, a convent; prior'ity, state of being first; pris'tine (Lat. adj. pristi'nus, primitive), original, ancient. 169. PROBA'RE: pro'bo, proba'tum, to try, to prove. PROB: prob'able, likely, credible; probabil'ity; improb'able; pro'bate, the proof of a will; proba'tion, the act of trying; proba'tioner; proba'tionary; probe, to try by an instrument; prob'ity, _tried integrity_; approba'tion, commendation; rep'robate (adj. literally, proved against), base, condemned. Prove (Old Fr. prover, New Fr. prouver = Lat. proba're); proof (Old Fr. n. prove = Lat. pro'ba, proof); approve' (Fr. v. approuver = Lat. approba're); approv'al; disapprove'; improve', (-ment); reprove'; reproof'. 170. PUN'GERE: pun'go, punc'tum, to prick; Punc'tum, a point. PUNG: pun'gent; pun'gency; expunge', to mark out. PUNCT: punctil'io (Sp. punctillo, from Lat. punc'tum, a point), _a nice point of exactness in conduct_, etc.; punctil'ious; punct'ual (-ity); punct'uate (-ion); punct'ure; compunc'tion, remorse. Punch (abbreviated from puncheon, from Lat. n. punc'tio, a pricking), an instrument for cutting holes; point (Fr. n. pointe = Lat. punc'tum); poign'ant (Fr. part. poignant, stinging); pon'iard (Fr. n. poignard), a small dagger. 171. PUTA'RE: pu'to, puta'tum, to think, to prune, to count or reckon. PUT: compute' (-able, -ation); depute' (Lat. v. deputa're, to allot), _to empower to act_; dep'uty; dispute' (-ant); indis'putable; impute' (literally, to reckon in), to charge; repute'; disrepute' (-able). PUTAT: pu'tative, supposed; am'putate, _to cut off the limb from an animal_; deputa'tion; imputa'tion; reputa'tion. Count (Fr. v. compter = Lat. computa're); account'; discount'; recount'. 172. RAP'ERE: ra'pio, rap'tum, _to seize suddenly, to snatch or hurry away_. RAP: rapa'cious (Lat. adj. ra'pax, rapa'cis, greedy); rapac'ity; rap'id (Lat. adj. rap'idus, swift); rapid'ity; rap'ids; rap'ine (Lat. n. rapi'na, robbery). RAPT: rapt, transported; rapt'ure (-ous); enrapt'ure; surrepti'tious (Lat. v. surrip'ere, surrep'tum, to take away secretly), _done by stealth_. Rav'age (Fr. v. ravager = to lay waste); rav'ish (Fr. v. ravir = Lat. rap'ere). 173. REG'ERE: re'go, rec'tum, to rule; Rec'tus, straight. REG: re'gent; re'gency; reg'imen (Lat. n. reg'imen, that by which one guides or governs anything); reg'iment (Lat. n. regimen'tum); re'gion (Lat. re'gio, regio'nis, a region); cor'rigible (Lat. v. corrig'ere = con + reg'ere); incor'rigible. RECT: rec'tify; rec'titude; rec'tor (-ory); correct' (Lat. v. corrig'ere = con + reg'ere), to remove faults; direct' (-ion, -or, -ory); erect'; insurrec'tion; resurrec'tion. Re'gal (Lat. n. rex, re'gis, a king); rega'lia; reg'icide (Lat. v. cæd'ere, to kill); reg'ular (Lat. n. reg'ula, a rule); reg'ulate; realm (Old Fr. realme, from Lat. adj. rega'lis, royal); reign (Fr. n. règne = Lat. _reg'num); _corrigen'da (sing. corrigen'dum), _things to be corrected_; dress (Fr. v. dresser = Lat dirig'ere); address' (Fr. v. adresser, to direct); redress' (Fr. v. redresser = Lat. re + dirig'ere), to rectify, to repair; source (Fr. n. source, from Lat. sur'gere, to spring up); surge; insur'gent (Lat. v. insur'gere). 174. RI'VUS, a river. RIV: ri'val (Lat. n. riva'lis, one who used a brook in common with another); ri'valry; outri'val; riv'ulet (Lat. n. riv'ulus, diminutive of ri'vus); derive' (literally, to receive as from a source); deriva'tion; deriv'ative. 175. ROGA'RE: ro'go, roga'tum, to ask. ROG: ar'rogant, proud, overbearing; ar'rogance; prorogue' (Fr. v. proroger = Lat. proroga're). ROGAT: ab'rogate; to repeal; ar'rogate, to assume; arroga'tion; derog'atory, detracting; inter'rogate (-ion, -ive, -ory); prerog'ative (literally, that is asked before others for an opinion: hence, preference), exclusive or peculiar right or privilege; proroga'tion, prolonga'tion; superer'ogate (Lat. super + eroga're, to spend or pay out over and above), to do more than is necessary; supereroga'tion. 176. RUM'PERE: rum'po, rup'tum, to break. RUPT: rupt'ure, to part violently; abrupt' (-ly, -ness); bank'rupt (It. n. banco, a merchant's place of business); bank'ruptcy; corrupt' (-ible, -ion); disrup'tion; erup'tion; interrupt' (-ion); irrup'tion; irrup'tive. 177. SA'CER, sa'cri, holy. SACR: sac'rament (Lat. n. sacramen'tum, an oath, a sacred thing); sa'cred (orignally, past p. of Old Eng. v. sacre, to consecrate); sac'rifice (Lat. v. fac'ere, to make); sac'rilege (literally, that steals--properly gathers, picks up, leg'ere--sacred things); sac'ristan (Low Lat. sacrista'nus), a church officer. SECR: (in comp.) con'secrate (-ion); des'ecrate (-ion); ex'ecrate (-ion); ex'ecrable; sacerdo'tal (Lat. n. sacer'dos, sacerdo'tis, priest), pertaining to the priesthood. 178. SA'LUS, salu'tis, health; Sal'vus, safe. SALUT: sal'utary, promoting health; salu'tatory, giving salutation; salute' (-ion). SALV: sal'vage, reward for saving goods; sal'vo, a volley; salva'tion. Safe (through Old Fr. salf or sauf); safe'ty; save; sav'ior salu'brious (Lat. adj. salu'bris, health-giving); salu'brity. 179. SCAN'DERE: scan'do (in comp. scen'do), scan'dum (in comp. scen'sum), to climb. SCEND: ascend' (-ant, -ency); descend' (-ant); condescend' (-ing); transcend' (-ent); transcendental. SCENS: ascen'sion; ascent'; condescen'sion. 180. SCRIB'ERE: scri'bo, scrip'tum, to write. SCRIB: ascribe', to impute to; circumscribe', _to draw a line around, to limit_; describe'; inscribe'; prescribe', to order or appoint; pro-scribe' (literally, to write forth), to interdict; subscribe'; superscribe'; transcribe'. SCRIPT: script, type in imitation of handwriting; script'ure; ascrip'tion; con'script, _one taken by lot and enrolled for military service_; conscrip'tion; descrip'tion; inscrip'tion; man'uscript (see manus); post'script; prescrip'tion; proscription; subscription; superscrip'tion; tran'script. Scribe (Fr. n. scribe); scrib'ble; escritoire'. 181. SECA'RE: se'co, sec'tum, to cut. SEC: se'cant (Lat. pres. p. se'cans, secan'tis), _a line that cuts another_. SECT: sect (literally, a body of persons separated from others by peculiar doctrines); secta'rian (-ism); sec'tion (-al); bisect' (Lat. bis, two); dissect' (-ion); in'sect (literally, an animal whose body is apparently cut in the middle); insectiv'orous (Lat. v. vora're, to feed); intersect' (-ion); venesec'tion (Lat. n. vena, a vein). Seg'ment (Lat. n. segmen'tum), a part cut off. 182. SEDE'RE: se'deo (in comp. se'do), ses'sum, to sit. SED: sed'entary (Lat. adj. sedenta'rius, accustomed to sit); sed'iment (Lat. n. sedimen'tum, a settling or sinking down); sedimen'tary; sed'ulous (Lat. adj. sed'ulus, sitting close to an employment); supersede'. SID: assid'uous; assidu'ity; insid'ious (literally, sitting in wait against); preside' (literally, to sit before or over); pres'ident; presidence; reside' (-ence); res'idue; resid'uary; subside'; subsidiary. SESS: ses'sion (-al); assess' (literally, to sit by or near a person or thing); assess'ment; assess'or; possess' (Lat. v. possid'ere, posses'sum, to sit upon: hence, to occupy in person, to have or hold); posses'sion; possess'or; posses'sive; prepossess', _to take possession of beforehand, to prejudice_. 183. SENTI'RE: sen'tio, sen'sum, to feel, to think. SENT: scent (Old English sent), odor; sen'tence (Lat. n. senten'tia); senten'tious (Lat. adj. sententio'sus, full of thought); sentiment (Fr. n. sentiment); sentimen'tal; assent', to agree to; consent' (literally, to think or feel together), to acquiesce, to permit; dissent' (-er); dissen'tient; presen'timent; resent' (literally, to feel back), _to take ill_; resent'ment. SENS: sense (-less, -ation, -ible, -itive); insen'sate; non'sense; sen'sual (Lat. adj. sensua'lis); sen'sualist; sen'suous. 184. SE'QUI: se'quor, secu'tus, to follow. SEQU: se'quence, order of succession; consequent; con'sequence; consequential; ob'sequies, formal rites; obse'quious (literally, following in the way of another), meanly condescending; sub'sequent (-ly). SECUT: consec'utive; persecute (-ion, -or); pros'ecute (-ion). Se'quel (Lat. n. seque'la, that which follows); sue (Old Fr. v. suire, New Fr. suivre = se'qui), to follow at law; suit; suit'able; suit'or; suite (Fr. n. suite), a train or set; ensue' (Fr. v. ensuivre, to follow, to result from); pursue' (Fr. v. poursuivre, to follow hard, to chase); pursu'ance; pursu'ant; pursuit'; pur'suivant, a state messenger; ex'ecute (Fr. v. executer = Lat. ex'sequi); execu'tion; exec'utor; exec'utrix. 185. SERVA'RE: ser'vo, serva'tum, to save, to keep, to bind. SERV: conserve'; observe' (-able, -ance); preserve' (-er); reserve'; unreserved'. SERVAT: conserv'ative; conserv'atory; observ'ation; observ'atory; preserva'tion; preserv'ative; reserva'tion. Res'ervoir (Fr. n. réservoir = Lat. reservato'rium, a place where anything is kept in store). EXERCISE. The puzzle is complicated and displays much ingenuity on the part of the inventor. A reply may be explicit without showing duplicity. It was urged that the election of delegates be postponed. The portmanteau containing important papers was left at the _merchant's office_. An impostor is sure to show opposition to the course of justice. Coleridge holds that it is possible to apprehend a truth without comprehending it. The bankrupt was so arrogant that his creditors were not disposed to be lenient with him. Most of the questions proposed by the rector were answered in the negative. What is the origin of the word derivation? The region is described as healthful. The manuscript was transcribed and subscribed by the author. It is salutary to be rivals in all worthy ambitions. 186. SIG'NUM, a sign. SIGN: sign; sig'nal (-ize); sig'net; sig'nify; signif'icant; signif'icance; significa'tion; assign' (Lat. v. assigna're, to designate); assignee'; consign' (Lat. v. consigna're, to seal) to intrust to another; consign'ment; coun'tersign, _to sign what has already been signed by another_; design', to plan; design'er; des'ignate, to name, _to point out_; designa'tion; en'sign, _the officer who carries the flag of a regiment_; insig'nia, badges of office; resign' (-ation); sig'nature (Lat. n. signatu'ra, a sign or stamp). 187. SIM'ILIS, like. SIMIL: sim'ilar (-ity); sim'i-le, a formal likening or comparison; simil'itude; verisimil'itude (Lat. adj. ve'rus, true); dissim'ilar; assim'ilate; fac-sim'ile (Lat. v. fac'ere, to make), an exact copy; sim'ulate (Lat. v. simula're, simula'tum, to make like). Dissimula'tion (Lat. v. dissimula're, dissimula'tum, to feign); dissem'ble (Fr. v. dissembler = Lat. dissimula're); resem'ble (Fr. v. ressembler). 188. SIS'TERE: sisto, sta'tum, to cause to stand, to stand. SIST: assist' (-ance, -ant); consist' (-ent, -ency); desist'; exist' (for ex-sist), to stand out: hence, to be, to live; exist'ence; co-exist'; pre-exist'; insist', to stand upon, to urge firmly; persist' (-ent, -ence); resist' (-ance, -ible); subsist (-ence). 189. SOL'VERE: sol'vo, solu'tum, to loosen. SOLV: solve (-able, -ent, -ency); absolve'; dissolve'; resolve'. SOLUT: solu'tion; ab'solute (-ion); dis'solute (-ion); res'olute (-ion). Sol'uble (Lat. adj. solu'bilis); solubil'ity. 190. SPEC'ERE or SPIC'ERE: Spe'cio or spi'cio, spec'tum, to behold; Spe'cies, a kind. SPIC: aus'pices (literally, omens drawn from the inspection of birds); auspi'cious; conspic'uous (Lat. adj. conspic'uus, wholly visible); conspicu'ity; des'picable (Lat. despicab'ilis, deserving to be despised); perspic'uous (Lat. adj. perspic'uus, that may be seen through); perspicu'ity; suspi'cion; suspi'cious. SPECT: as'pect; cir'cumspect (-ion); expect' (-ant, -ation); inspect' (-ion, -or); perspec'tive; pros'pect (-ive); prospec'tus (Lat. n. prospec'tus, a view forward); respect' (literally, to look again: hence, to esteem or regard); respect'able; respect'ful; re'tro-spect (-ive); suspect'. SPECIES: spe'cies; spe'cial (-ist, -ity, -ize); spe'cie; spec'ify (-ic, -ication); spe'cious, showy. Spec'imen (Lat. n. spec'imen, a sample); spec'tacle (Lat. n. spectac'ulum, anything presented to view); specta'tor (Lat. n. specta'tor, a beholder); spec'ter (Lat. n. spec'trum, an image); spec'tral; spec'trum (pl. spec'tra), an image; spec'troscope (Gr. v. skopein, to view), an instrument for analysing light; spec'ulate (Lat. n. spec'ula, a lookout), to contemplate, to traffic for great profit; specula'tion; spec'ulative. 191. SPIRA'RE: spi'ro, spira'tum, to breathe; Spir'itus, _breath, spirit_. SPIR: spir'acle, a breathing pore; aspire' (-ant); conspire' (-acy); expire'; expir'ing; inspire'; perspire'; respire'; transpire'. SPIRAT: aspira'tion; as'pirate; conspir'ator; inspira'tion; perspira'tion; respira'tion; respir'atory. SPIRITUS: spir'it; spir'itual (-ity); spir'ituous. Sprightly (spright, a contraction of spirit); sprite (a contraction of spirit). 192. SPONDE'RE: spon'deo, spon'sum, to promise. SPOND: correspond', to answer one to another; correspond'ence; correspond'ent; despond' (literally, to promise away: hence, to give up, to despond); despond'ency; respond'. SPONS: spon'sor, a surety; response' (-ible, -ibility, -ive); irrespon'sible. Spouse (Old Fr. n. espous, espouse = Lat. spon'sus, spon'sa); espouse' (Old Fr. v. espouser = Lat. sponsa're, to betroth, from spondere). 193. STA'RE: sto, sta'tum (in comp. sti'tum, to stand; pres. part. stans, stan'tis, standing); SIS'TERE: sis'to, sta'tum, _to cause to stand_; STATU'ERE: stat'uo, statu'tum, _to station, to fix, to place_. STANT: cir'cumstance (from part. circumstans', circumstan'tis, through Lat. n. circumstan'tia, Fr. circonstance), _the condition of things surrounding or attending an event_; circumstan'tial; circumstan'tiate; con'stant; con'stancy; dis'tant (literally, standing asunder: hence, remote, reserved); dis'tance; ex'tant; in'stant; instanta'neous; transubstan'tiate, to change to another substance. STAT: state; sta'tion (-ary, -er, -ery); state'ly; state'ment; states'man; stat'ue (-ary); stat'ure. STIT: supersti'tion (literally, a standing over, as if awe-struck); supersti'tious. STATUT: stat'ute (-ory). STITU: con'stitute (literally, to set or station together: hence, to establish, to make); constitu'tion (-al); constituent; constit'uency; des'titute (literally, put from or away: hence, forsaken, in want of); in'stitute (literally, to place into: hence, to found, to commence); restitu'tion; sub'stitute (-ion). Sta'ble; (Lat. adj. stab'ilis, standing firmly); stab'lish; estab'lish (-ment); stay, literally, to keep standing; ar'mistice (Lat. n. ar'ma, arms), a temporary stand-still of war; arrest' (Old Fr. arrester = Lat. ad + restare, to stay back, to remain); contrast' (Lat. contra + sta're, to stand against); inter'stice; ob'stacle; ob'stinate; sol'stice (Lat. n. sol, the sun). 194. STRIN'GERE: strin'go, stric'tum, to bind; to draw tight. STRING: strin'gent; astrin'gent; astrin'gency. STRICT: strict (-ness, -ure); dis'trict, a defined portion of a country; restrict' (-ion). Strain (Old Fr. straindre = Lat. strin'gere); constrain'; dis-train'; restrain'; restraint'. 195. STRU'ERE: stru'o, struc'tum, to build, to place in order. STRUCT: struct'ure; construct' (-ion, -ive); destruct'ible; destruc'tion; instruct' (-ion,-ive,-or); obstruct'(-ion); superstruct'ure. Con'strue; destroy'; in'strument (Lat. n. instrumen'tum); instrumental'ity. 196. SU'MERE: su'mo, sump'tum, to take; Sump'tus, cost, expense. SUM: assume'; consume' (-er); presume'; resume'. SUMPT: sumpt'uous (Lat. adj. sumptuo'sus, expensive); sumpt'uary, relating to expense; assumption; consumption; consump'tive; presump'tion; presump'tive; presump'tuous. 197. TAN'GERE: tan'go, tac'tum, to touch. TANG: tan'gent, a straight line which touches a circle or curve; tan'gible. TACT: tact, peculiar faculty or skill; con'tact; intact'. Attain' (Fr. v. attaindre, to reach); attain'able; conta'gion, communication of disease by contact or touch; contam'inate, _to defile, to infect_; contig'uous; contin'gent. TEMPUS. (See page 48.) 198. TEN'DERE: ten'do, ten'sum or ten'tum, to stretch. TEND: tend, to aim at, take care of; tend'ency; attend' (-ance, -ant); contend'; distend'; extend'; intend' (literally, to stretch to), _to purpose, to design_; portend' (literally, to stretch forward), _to presage, to betoken_; pretend' (literally, to stretch forth), to affect, feel; subtend', to extend under; superintend' (-ence, -ent). TENS: tense (adj.), stretched; ten'sion; intense' (-ify); osten'sible (Lat. v. osten'dere, to stretch out or spread before one), apparent; pretense'. TENT: tent, literally, a shelter of stretched canvas; tentac'ula, _the feelers of certain animals_; atten'tion; atten'tive; conten'tion; conten'tious; extent'; intent' (-ion); ostenta'tion; ostenta'tious; por'tent, an ill omen. 199. TENE'RE: ten'eo, ten'tum, to hold; French Tenir (radical tain), to hold. TEN: ten'able; ten'ant, one who holds property under another; ten'antry; ten'ement; ten'et (Lat. tenet, literally, "he holds"), _a doctrine held as true_; ten'ure. TIN (in compos.): ab'stinent; ab'stinence; continent; incon'tinent; per'tinent; imper'tinent. TENT: content' (-ment); contents'; discontent'; deten'tion; reten'tion; reten'tive; sus'tenance. TAIN: abstain'; appertain'; contain'; detain'; entertain' (-ment); pertain'; retain' (-er); sustain'. Tena'cious (Lat. adj. te'nax, tena'cis, holding firmly); tenac'ity; appur'tenance, that which belongs to something else; contin'ue (Fr. v. continuer = Lat. contine're); contin'ual; contin'uance; continua'tion; continu'ity; discontin'ue; coun'tenance (literally, the contents of a body: hence, of a face); lieuten'ant (Fr. n. lieu, a place); maintain' (Fr. n. main, the hand), literally, to hold by the hand: hence, _to support, to uphold_; main'tenance; pertina'cious; pertinac'ity; ret'inue, _a train of attendants_. 200. TER'RA, the earth. TERR: ter'race (Fr. n. terrasse); terra'queous (Lat. n. a'qua, water); terres'trial; ter'ritory (-al); ter'rier, _a small dog that goes into the ground after burrowing animals_; Mediterra'nean (Lat. n. me'dius, middle); subterra'nean. Inter, to put in the earth, to bury; inter'ment; disinter'. 201. TES'TIS, a witness. TEST: tes'tify; attest' (-ation); contest'; detest' (-able); protest' (-ation, -ant); prot'estantism. Tes'tament (Lat. n. testamen'tum, a will); testamen'tary; testa'tor; tes'timony (-al); intes'tate, not having left a will. 202. TOR'QUERE: tor'queo, tor'tum, to twist. TORT: tort'ure; contort' (-ion); distort' (-ion); extort' (-ion, -ionate); retort'. Tor'tuous (Lat. adj. tortuo'sus, very twisted); tortuos'ity; torment' (Lat. n. tormen'tum, extreme pain). 203. TRA'HERE: tra'ho, trac'tum, to draw; Fr. Trair, past part. Trait. TRACT: tract (-able, -ile, -ion); ab'stract (-ion); attract' (-ion, -ive); contract' (-ile, -or); detract'; distract'; extract' (-ion, -or); protract'; retract' (-ion); subtract' (-ion). Trace (Fr. n. trace); track (Old Fr. n. trac); train; trait; treat (-ise, -ment, -y). 204. TRIBU'ERE: trib'uo, tribu'tum, to allot, to give. TRIBUT: trib'ute (-ary); attrib'ute; contribute (-ion); distrib'ute (-ion, -ive); retribu'tion; retrib'utive. 205. TRU'DERE: tru'do, tru'sum, to thrust. TRUD: detrude', to thrust down; extrude'; intrude' (-er); obtrude'; protrude'. TRUS: abstruse' (literally, thrust away: hence, difficult to be understood); intru'sion; intru'sive; obtru'sive; protru'sion. 206. TU'ERE: tu'eor, tu'itus or tu'tus, to watch. TUIT: tui'tion, instruction; intui'tion, _the act or power of the mind by which it at once perceives the truth of a thing without argument_; intu'itive. TUT: tu'tor; tuto'rial; tu'torage. 207. UN'DA, a wave. UND: abun'dance, literally, condition of overflowing--(abunda're, to overflow); abun'dant; superabundant; inun'date (-ion); redun'dant (literally, running back or over: hence, exceeding what is necessary); redundance; redun'dancy. Un'dulate (Lat. n. un'dula, a little wave); undula'tion; un'dulatory; abound'; superabound'; redound' (Old Fr. v. redonder = Lat. redunda're, to roll back as a wave or flood). 208. U'TI: u'tor, u'sus, to use. UT: uten'sil (Lat. n. uten'sile, something that may be used); util'ity (Lat. n. util'itas, usefulness); u'tilize. US: use (-able, -age, -ful, -less); us'ual (Lat. adj. usua'lis, of frequent use); u'sury, illegal interest paid for the use of money; u'surer; abuse' (-ive); disabuse'. 209. VAD'ERE: va'do, va'sum, to go. VAD: evade'; invade'; pervade'. VAS: eva'sion; inva'sion; perva'sive. 210. VALE'RE: valeo, vali'tum, to be strong, to be of value; Val'idus, strong; Va'le, farewell. VAL: valedic'tory, bidding farewell; valetudina'rian (Lat. n. valetu'do, state of health), a person in ill-health; val'iant, brave, heroic; val'or (-ous); val'ue (-able, -ation, -ator); convales'cent, regaining health; equiv'alent (Lat. adj. e'quus, equal); prev'alent, very common or general; prevalence. VAIL: (Fr. radical): avail' (-able); prevail'. VALID: val'id; valid'ity; in'valid. 211. VENI'RE: ve'nio, ven'tum, to come, to go. VENT: vent'ure, literally, something gone upon; vent'uresome; ad'vent; adventi'tious, accidental, casual; advent'ure (-ous); circumvent'; contraven'tion; con'vent, a monastery, a nunnery; conven'ticle, _a place of assembly_; conven'tion (-al); event'(-ful); event'ual; invent' (literally, to come upon), to find out, to contrive; inven'tion; invent'ive; invent'or; interven'tion; peradvent'ure; prevent' (-ion, -ive). Av'enue (Fr. n. avenue, an approach to); contravene'; convene'; conven'ient (Lat. pres. part, conve'niens, convenien'tis, literally, coming together), suitable; conven'ience; cov'enant _an agreement between two parties_; intervene'; rev'enue; supervene', to come upon, to happen. 212. VER'BUM, a word. VERB: verb (-al, -ally, -ose, -osity); ad'verb; prov'erb. Verba'tim (Lat. adv. verba'tim, word for word); ver'biage (Fr. n. verbiage, wordiness). 213. VER'TERE: ver'to, ver'sum, to turn. VERT: advert'; inadver'tent (literally, not turning the mind to), heedless; ad'vertise, to turn public attention to; adver'tisement; animadvert' (Lat. n. an'imus, the mind), _to turn the mind to, to censure_; avert'; controvert', to oppose; convert', _to change into another form or state_; divert'; invert', literally, _to turn the outside in_; pervert', to turn from the true purpose; retrovert'; revert'; subvert'. VERS: adverse' (-ary, -ity); animadver'sion; anniver'sary, the yearly (Lat. n. an'nus, a year) celebration of an event; averse', _having a dislike to_; aver'sion; con'troversy; converse' (-ant, -ation); conver'sion; diverse' (-ify, -ion, -ity); ob'verse; perverse' (-ity); retrover'sion; reverse' (-al, -ion); subver'sion; subversive; tergiversa'tion (Lat. n. ter'gum, the back), a subterfuge; transverse', lying or being across; u'niverse (Lat. adj. u'nus, one), _the system of created things_; univer'sal (-ist); univer'sity, _a universal school in which are taught all branches of learning_. Verse (Lat. n. ver'sus, a furrow), a line in poetry; ver'sify; versifica'tion; ver'sion, _that which is turned from one language into another, a statement_; ver'satile (Lat. adj. versat'ilis, turning with ease); vertex (pl. ver'tices), the summit; vertical; vertebra (pl. ver'tebræ); ver'tebrate; ver'tigo; vor'tex (Lat. n. vor'tex, a whirlpool); divorce' (Fr. n. divorce), a separation. 214. VE'RUS, true; Ve'rax, vera'cis, veracious. VER: ver'dict (Lat. n. dic'tum, a saying), the decision of a jury; ver'ify, _to prove to be true; _verifica'tion; ver'ity (Lat. n. ver'itas, truth); ver'itable; verisim'ilar, truth-like; verisimil'itude; aver', _to declare truer_; aver'ment; ver'ily; ver'y. VERAC: v'era'cious; verac'ity. 215. VI'A, a way. VIA: vi'aduct (Lat. v. du'cere, duc'tum, to lead); viat'icum (Lat. n. viat'icum, literally, traveling money), _the sacrament administered to a dying person_; de'viate (-ion); de'vious; ob'viate, _to meet in the way, to remove_; ob'vious; per'vious, affording a passage through; imper'vious. Voy'age (Fr. n. voyage); convoy', to escort; en'voy (Fr. v. envoyer, to send), one sent on a special mission; triv'ial (Lat. n. triv'ium, a cross road), trifling; trivial'ity. 216. VIDE'RE: vi'deo, vi'sum, to see. VID: ev'ident, _clearly seen; _ev'idence; invid'ious, literally, _looking against_: hence, likely to provoke envy; provide', _to look out for, to supply_; prov'idence; prov'ident. VIS: vis'ible; vis'ion (-ary); advise'; advis'able, expedient; im'provise, to compose and recite without premeditation; provis'ion; revise' (-al, -ion); supervis'ion; supervis'or. View (Fr. v. voir, to see, vu, seen); review'; in'terview; vis'age (Fr. n. visage, the countenance); vis'it (-ant, -or, -ation); vis'or, _part of a helmet perforated to see through; _vis'ta (It. n. vista, sight), _a prospect as seen through an avenue of trees _; advice'; en'vy (Fr. n. envie = Lat. invid'ia, from invide're, to see against); in'voice (It. n. avviso, notice), a priced list of goods; peruse' (Lat. v. pervide're, pervi'sum, to look through); provi'so, a stipulation; pru'dent (Lat. adj. _pru'dens _from prov'idens); pru'dence; purvey', _to look out for in the way of buying provisions_; purvey'or; survey' (-or). 217. VIN'CERE: vin'co, vic'tum, to conquer. VINC: vin'cible; invin'cible; convince'; evince', to show clearly VICT: vic'tor; vic'tory (-ous); convict', to prove guilty of crime; evict', to dispossess; evic'tion. Vanquish (Fr. v. vaincre, vaincu = Lat. vin'cere); prov'ince (Fr. n. province = Lat. provin'cia, literally, a conquered country). 218. VOCA'RE: vo'co, voca'tum, to call; Vox, vo'cis, the voice. VOCAT: voca'tion, literally, calling, occupation; voc'ative, _the case of a noun in which the subject is called, or addressed_; ad'vocate _to plead for_; convoca'tion, an assembly, a meeting; equivocate (Lat. adj. e'quus, equal), to use words of doubtful meaning; equivoca'tion; evoca'tion, act of calling forth; invoca'tion; provoca'tion; provo'cative; revoca'tion. VOC: vo'cable (Lat. n. vocab'ulum, that which is sounded with the voice), a word; vocab'ulary; vo'cal (-ist, -ize); vociferate, _to cry with a loud voice_; ad'vocacy, a pleading for, a defense; irrev'ocable. Voice (Fr. n. voix = Lat. vox), sound uttered by the mouth; vouch, _to call out, or affirm strongly_; vow'el (Fr. n. vouelle, a voice-sound); advow'son, right of perpetual calling to a benefice; convoke', _to call together_; evoke'; invoke'; revoke'. 219. VOL'VERE: vol'vo, volu'tum, to roll. VOLV: circumvolve'; convolve', to roll together; devolve'; evolve'; involve'; revolve' (-ion, -ionist). VOLUT: circumvolu'tion; evolu'tion; revolution (-ary, -ist, -ize). Vol'ume (Lat. n. volu'men, a roll, or inscribed parchment sheet rolled up), a single book; volute', a kind of rolled or spiral scroll; vol'uble, literally, rolling easily: hence, _having great fluency of speech_; convol'vulus, a genus of twining plants; revolt'. 220. VUL'GUS, the common people. VULG: vul'gar; vul'garism; vulgar'ity; vul'gate, _a Latin version of the Scriptures_. Divulge', to make known something before kept secret; divulge'ment; promulgate (-ion). PART III.--THE GREEK ELEMENT. I.--GREEK PREFIXES. PREFIX SIGNIFICATION. EXAMPLE. DEFINITION a- = without; a-pathy state of being without an- not an-omalous feeling. not similar. amphi- = around; amphi-theater place for seeing all both amphi-bious around. living in both land and water. ana- = back, ana-logy reasoning back. throughout ana-lysis loosening throughout. anti- = against; anti-pathy a feeling against. ant- opposite ant-arctic opposite the Arctic. apo- = away; apo-stle one sent out. ap- out ap-helion away from the sun. cata- = down or cata-ract a rushing down. cat- against cat-arrh a flowing down. dia- = through or dia-meter measure through the across dia-logue center. speaking across (from one another). dis- = two, dis-syllable word of two syllables. di- double di-lemma a double assumption. dys- = ill dys-pepsia ill digestion. ec- = out of ec-centric out of the center. ex- ex-odies an outgoing. Note--EX- is used before a root beginning with a vowel. en- = in or en-ergy power in one. em- on em-phasis stress on. epi- = upon; epi-dermis skin upon skin. ep- for ep-hemeral lasting for a day. Note--EP- is used before a root beginning with a vowel or a h aspirate eu- = well or eu-phonic sounding well. ev- good ev-angel good news. hemi- = half hemi-sphere half a sphere hyper- = over or hyper-critical over-critical. beyond hyper-borean beyond the North. hypo- = under hypo-thesis a placing under (= Lat. supposition.) meta- = beyond; meta-physics science beyond physics. met- transference met-onymy transference of name. para- = by the par-helion mock sun by the side of par- side of the real. peri- = around peri-meter the measure around anything. pro- = before pro-gramme something written before. pros- = to pros-elyte one coming to a new religion. syn- with syn-thesis placing together. sy- = or sy-stem part with part. syl- together syl-lable letters taken together. sym- sym-pathy feeling together. NOTE.--The form SY- is used before s; SYL- before l, SYM- before b, p or m. II.--GREEK ALPHABET. Α α a Alpha. Β β * b Beta. Γ γ g Gamma. Δ δ d Delta. Ε ε e as in met Epsilon. Ζ ζ z Zeta. Η η e as in me Eta. Θ θ * th Theta. Ι ι i Iota Κ κ k Kappa. Λ λ l Lambda. Μ μ m Mu. Ν ν n Nu. Ξ ξ x Xi. Ο ο o as in not Omicron. Π π * p Pi Ρ ρ r Rho. Σ ς, ς final s Sigma. Τ τ t Tau. Υ υ u, or y Upsilon. Φ φ ph Phi. Χ χ ch Chi. Ψ ψ ps Psi. Ω ω o as in no Omega. Pronunciation of Greek Words. Gamma has always the hard sound of g, as in give. Kappa is represented by c in English words, although in Greek it has but one sound, that of our k. Upsilon is represented by y in English words; in Greek it has always the sound of u in mute. Chi is represented in English by ch having the sound of k; as in chronic. In Greek words, as in Latin, there are always as many syllables as there are vowels and diphthongs. An inverted comma placed over a letter denotes that the sound of our h precedes that letter. GREEK ROOTS AND ENGLISH DERIVATIVES. DIVISION I.--PRINCIPAL GREEK ROOTS. 1. A'ER (αηρ), the air. A'ERATE, to combine with air; to mix with carbonic acid. A-E'RIAL, belonging to the air. A'ERIFORM, having the form of air. A'EROLITE (Gr. n. lith'os, a stone), a meteoric stone. A'ERONAUT (Gr. n. nau'tēs, a sailor), a balloonist. AEROSTA'TION, aerial navigation. AIR, the atmosphere; a melody; the bearing of a person. AIR'Y, open to the air; gay, sprightly. 2. AG'EIN (αγειν), to lead. APAGO'GE, a leading away; an indirect argument DEM'AGOGUE (Gr. n. de'mos, the people), a misleader of the people. PARAGO'GE (literally, a leading or extension beyond), _the addition of a letter or syllable to the end of a word_. PED'AGOGUE (Gr. n. pais, a child), a schoolmaster; a pedantic person.. SYN'AGOGUE, a Jewish place of worship. 3. A'GON (αγων), a contest. AG'ONY, extreme pain. AG'ONIZE, to be in agony. ANTAG'ONISM, direct opposition. ANTAG'ONIST, or ANTAGONIS'TIC, contending against. 4. ANG'ELLEIN (αγγελλειν), to bring tidings; ANG'ELLOS (αγγελλος), a messenger. AN'GEL, a spiritual messenger. ANGEL'IC, relating to an angel. ARCHAN'GEL (Gr. prefix archi-, chief), an angel of the highest order. EVAN'GEL (Gr. prefix eu, well), good tidings; the gospel. EVAN'GELIST, one of the writers of the four gospels. 5. AR'CHE (αρχη), beginning, government, chief. AN'ARCHY, want of government. AR'CHITECT (Gr. n. tek'tōn, workman), literally, _a chief builder, one who devises plans for buildings_. AR'CHIVES, records. HEP'TARCHY (Gr. hepta, seven), a sevenfold government. HI'ERARCHY (Gr. adj. hi'eros, sacred), _dominion in sacred things; a sacred body of rulers_. MON'ARCH (Gr. adj. mon'os, alone), one who rules alone, a sovereign. MON'ARCHY, government by one person, a kingdom. OLIGARCHY (Gr. adj. ol'igos, few), government by a few, an aristocracy. PA'TRIARCH (Gr. n. pat'ēr, a father), the father and ruler of a family. PATRIAR'CHAL, relating to patriarchs. 6. AS'TRON (αστρον), a star. AS'TERISK, _a mark like a star (*) used to refer to a note, and sometimes to mark an omission of words_. AS'TEROID (Gr. adj. ei'dos, like), _one of the numerous small planets between Mars and Jupiter_. AS'TRAL, belonging to the stars. ASTROL'OGY, the pretended science of foretelling events by the stars. ASTRON'OMY (Gr. n. nom'os, a law), _the science that treats of the stars_. ASTRON'OMER, one skilled in astronomy. DISAS'TER, calamity, misfortune. DISAS'TROUS, unlucky; calamitous. 7. AU'TOS (αυτος), one's self. AUTOBIOG'RAPHY (Gr. n. bi'os, life, graph'ein, to write), _the life of a person written by himself_. AU'TOCRAT (Gr. n. krat'os, power), an absolute ruler. AUTOCRAT'IC, like an autocrat. AU'TOGRAPH, one's own handwriting. AUTOM'ATON (Gr. mema'otes, striving after), a self-acting machine. AUTHEN'TIC, genuine, true. AUTHENTIC'ITY, genuineness. 8. BAL'LEIN (βαλλειν), to throw or cast. EM'BLEM, a representation; a type. EMBLEMAT'ICAL, containing an emblem. HYPER'BOLE, _a figure of speech which represents things greater or less than they are_. PAR'ABLE, a story which illustrates some fact or doctrine. PARAB'OLA, one of the conic sections. PROB'LEM, a question proposed for solution. SYM'BOL, a sign; a representation. SYMBOLICAL, representing by signs. 9. BAP'TEIN (βαπτειν), to wash, to dip. BAP'TISM, _a Christian sacrament, in the observance of which the individual is sprinkled with or immersed in water_. BAPTIZE', to sprinkle with or immerse in water. BAPTISMAL, pertaining to baptism: as baptismal vows. BAP'TIST, one who approves only of baptism by immersion. ANABAP'TIST, one who believes that only adults should be baptized. CATABAP'TIST, one opposed to baptism. PEDOBAP'TISM (Gr. pais, paidos, a child), infant baptism. 10. CHRON'OS (χρονος), time. CHRON'IC, lasting a long time; periodical. CHRON'ICLE, a record of events in the order of time; _a history recording facts in order of time_. CHRONOL'OGY, the science of computing the dates of past events. CHRONOM'ETER (Gr. n. me'tron, a measure), _an instrument for measuring time_. ANACH'RONISM, an error in computing time. SYN'CHRONAL, SYN'CHRONOUS, existing at the same time. 11. GRAM'MA (γραμμα), a letter GRAM'MAR, the science of language. GRAMMA'RIAN, one skilled in or who teaches grammar. GRAMMAT'ICAL, according to the rules of grammar. AN'AGRAM, the change of one word into another by transposing the letters. DI'AGRAM, a writing or drawing made for illustration. EP'IGRAM, a short poem ending with a witty thought. MON'OGRAM (Gr. adj. mon'os, alone), _a character composed of several letters interwoven_. PRO'GRAMME, order of any entertainment. TEL'EGRAM (Gr. te'le, at a distance), a message sent by telegraph. 12. GRAPH'EIN (γραφειν), to write. GRAPH'IC, well delineated; giving vivid description. AU'TOGRAPH. See au'tos. BIOG'RAPHY (Gr. n. bi'os, life), the history of a life. CALIG'RAPHY (Gr. adj. kal'os, beautiful), beautiful writing. GEOG'RAPHY (Gr. n. gē, the earth), a description of the earth. HISTORIOG'RAPHER (Gr. n. histo'ria, history), _one appointed to write history_. HOL'OGRAPH (Gr. adj. hol'os, whole), _a deed or will wholly written by the grantor or testator_. LEXICOG'RAPHER (Gr. n. lex'icon, a dictionary), _the compiler of a dictionary_. LITH'OGRAPH (Gr. n. lith'os, a stone), _an impression of a drawing made on stone_. LITHOG'RAPHY, the art of writing on and taking impressions from stone. ORTHOG'RAPHY (Gr. adj. or'thos, correct), _the correct spelling of words_. PHO'NOGRAPH (Gr. n. pho'ne, sound), _an instrument for the mechanical registration and reproduction of audible sounds_. PHONOG'RAPHY, _a system of short hand; the art of constructing or of using the phonograph_. PHOTOG'RAPHY (Gr. n. phos, phot'os, light), _the art of producing pictures by light_. STENOG'RAPHY (Gr. adj. sten'os, narrow), _the art of writing in short-hand_. TEL'EGRAPH (Gr. te'le, at a distance), _an apparatus for conveying intelligence to a distance by means of electricity_. TOPOG'RAPHY (Gr. n. top'os, a place), _the description of a particular place_. TYPOGRAPHY (Gr. n. tu'pos, a type), the art or operation of printing. 13. HOD'OS ('οδος), a way. EP'ISODE, an incidental story introduced into a poem or narrative. EX'ODUS, departure from a place; the second book of the Old Testament. METH'OD, order, system, way, manner. METH'ODIST, the followers of John Wesley. (The name has reference to the strictness of the rules of this sect of Christians). PE'RIOD (Gr. n. period'os, a passage round), _the time in which anything is performed; a kind of sentence; a punctuation mark_. SYN'OD, a meeting of ecclesiastics. 14. HU'DOR ('υδορ), water. HY'DRA, a water-snake; a fabulous monster serpent slain by Hercules. HYDRAN'GEA, a genus of plants remarkable for their absorption of water. HY'DRANT, a water-plug. HYDRAU'LIC (Gr. n. au'los, a pipe), _relating to the motion of water through pipes; worked by water_. HYDRAU'LICS, the science which treats of fluids in motion. HYDROCEPH'ALUS (Gr. n. keph'ale, the head), dropsy of the head. HY'DROGEN (Gr. v. gen'ein, to beget), _a gas which with oxygen produces water_. HYDROG'RAPHY, the art of maritime surveying and mapping. HYDROP'ATHY (Gr. n. path'os, feeling), the water-cure. HYDROPHO'BIA (Gr. n. phob'os, fear), literally, _dread of water; canine madness_. HY'DROPSY, a collection of water in the body. ("Dropsy" is a contraction of hydropsy). HYDROSTAT'ICS, the science which treats of fluids at rest. 15. KRAT'OS (χρατος), rule, government, strength. ARISTOC'RACY (Gr. adj. aris'tos, best), government by nobles. ARIS'TOCRAT, one who favors aristocracy. AU'TOCRAT. See au'tos. DEMOC'RACY (Gr. n. de'mos, the people), government by the people. DEM'OCRAT, _one who upholds democracy; in the United States, a member of the democratic party_. THEOC'RACY, _government of a state by divine direction, as the ancient Jewish state_. 16. LOG'OS (λογος), speech, ratio, description, science. LOG'IC, the science and art of reasoning. LOGI'CIAN, one skilled in logic. LOG'ARITHMS (Gr. n. arith'mos, number), _a class of numbers that abridge arithmetical calculations_. ANAL'OGY, a resemblance of ratios. AP'OLOGUE, a moral fable. APOL'OGY, a defense, an excuse. CAT'ALOGUE, a list of names in order. CHRONOL'OGY. (See chronos.) CONCHOL'OGY (Gr. n. kon'chos, a shell), the science of shells. DEC'ALOGUE (Gr. dek'a, ten), the ten commandments. DOXOL'OGY (Gr. n. doxa, glory), a hymn expressing glory to God. EC'LOGUE, a pastoral poem. ENTOMOL'OGY (Gr. n. ento'ma, insects, and v. tem'nein, to cut), _the natural history of insects_. EP'ILOGUE, a short poem or speech at the end of a play. ETYMOL'OGY (Gr. et'umon, true source), _a part of grammar; the science of the derivation of words_. EU'LOGY, praise, commendation. GENEAL'OGY (Gr. n. gen'os, birth), history of the descent of families. GEOL'OGY (Gr. n. gē, the earth), _the science which treats of the internal structure of the earth_. MINERAL'OGY, the science of minerals. MYTHOL'OGY (Gr. n. mu'thos, a fable), a system or science of fables. ORNITHOL'OGY (Gr. n. or'nis, or'nithos, a bird), _the natural history of birds_. PATHOL'OGY (Gr. n. path'os, suffering), _that part of medicine which treats of the causes and nature of diseases_. PHILOL'OGY (Gr. phil'os, loving, fond of), _the science which treats of languages_. PHRENOL'OGY (Gr. n. phrén, the mind), _the art of reading the mind from the form of the skull_. PHYSIOL'OGY (Gr. n. phu'sis, nature), _the science which treats of the organism of plants and animals_. PRO'LOGUE, verses recited as introductory to a play. PSYCHOL'OGY (Gr. n. psu'che, the soul), _mental philosophy; doctrine of man's spiritual nature_. SYL'LOGISM, a form of reasoning consisting of three propositions. TAUTOL'OGY (Gr. tau'to, the same), _a repetition of the same idea in different words_. TECHNOL'OGY (Gr. n. tech'ne, art), a description of the arts. THEOL'OGY. See theos. TOXICOL'OGY (Gr. n. tox'icon, poison) _the science which treats of poisons and their effects_. ZOOL'OGY (Gr. n. zo'on, an animal), _that part of natural history which treats of animals_. 17. MET'RON (μετρον) a measure. ME'TER, arrangement of poetical feet; a measure of length. MET'RIC, denoting measurement. MET'RICAL, pertaining to meter. ANEMOM'ETER (Gr. n. an'emos, the wind), _an instrument measuring the force and velocity of the wind_. BAROM'ETER (Gr. n. ba'ros, weight), _an instrument that indicates changes in the weather_. DIAM'ETER, measure through anything. GEOM'ETRY (Gr. n. ge, the earth), a branch of mathematics. HEXAM'ETER (Gr. hex, six), a line of six poetic feet. HYDROM'ETER (Gr. n. hu'dor, water), _an instrument for determining the specific gravities of liquids_. HYGROM'ETER (Gr. adj. hu'gros, wet), _an instrument for measuring the degree of moisture of the atmosphere_. PENTAM'ETER (Gr. pen'te, five), a line of five poetic feet. PERIM'ETER, the external boundary of a body or figure. SYM'METRY, the proportion or harmony of parts. THERMOM'ETER (Gr. adj. ther'mos, warm), _an instrument for measuring the heat of bodies_. TRIGONOM'ETRY (Gr. n. trigo'non, a triangle), a branch of mathematics. 18. MON'OS (μονος), sole, alone. MON'ACHISM, the condition of monks; a monastic life. MON'AD, something ultimate and indivisible. MON'ASTERY, a house of religious retirement. MONK (Gr. n. mon'achos), a religious recluse. MONOG'AMY (Gr. n. gam'os, MARRIAGE), the marriage of one wife only. MON'OLOGUE (Gr. n. log'os), a speech uttered by a person alone. MONOMA'NIA (Gr. n. ma'nia, madness), madness confined to one subject. MONOP'OLY (Gr. v. pol'ein, to sell), the sole power of selling anything. MONOSYL'LABLE, a word of one syllable. MON'OTHEISM (Gr. n. the'os, God), _the belief in the existence of only one God_. MON'OTONE, uniformity of tone. MONOT'ONY, sameness of sound; want of variety. 19. O'DE (ωδε), a song. ODE, a lyric poem. MEL'ODY (Gr. n. mel'os, a song), _an agreeable succession of musical sounds_. PAR'ODY, the alteration of the works of an author to another subject. PROS'ODY, the study of versification. PSAL'MODY, the practice of singing psalms. TRAG'EDY (Gr. n. trag'os, a goat[9]), _a dramatic representation of a sad or calamitous event_. EXERCISE. The periods of astronomy go far beyond any chronology. The phonograph and the telegraph are both American inventions. By the aid of a diagram the problem was readily solved. Dr. Holmes, the Autocrat of the Breakfast Table, has written many parodies. In the struggle between monarchy and democracy Mexico has often been in a state of anarchy. His antagonist suffered great agony from the disaster that occurred. The eulogy pronounced on the great zoölogist Agassiz was well deserved. What is the etymological distinction between geography and geology? The aeronaut took with him a barometer, a thermometer, and a chronometer. I owe you an apology for not better knowing your genealogy. Typography has been well called "the art preservative of all the arts." Who is called the great American lexicographer? Tautology is to be avoided by all who make any pretence to grammar. One may be a democrat without being a demagogue. You cannot be an architect without knowing geometry. Zoology shows that there is great symmetry in the structure of animals. The pretensions of astrology are now dissipated into thin air. Many persons skilled in physiology do not believe in hydropathy. Longfellow's "Evangeline" is written in hexameter, and Milton's "Paradise Lost" in pentameter. 20. ON'OMA (ονομα), a name. ANON'YMOUS, without a name. METON'YMY, a rhetorical figure in which one word is put for another. ON'OMATOPOE'IA, the forming of words whose sound suggests the sense. PARON'YMOUS, of like derivation. PATRONYM'IC (Gr. n. pat'er, a father), _a name derived from a parent or ancestor_. PSEU'DONYM (Gr. adj. pseu'des, false), a fictitious name. SYN'ONYM, a word having the same meaning as another in the same language. 21. PAN (παν, παντος), all; whole. PANACE'A (Gr. v. ak'eomai, I cure), a universal cure. PAN'CREAS (Gr. n. kre'as, flesh), _a fleshy gland situated at the bottom of the stomach_. PAN'DECT, a treatise which combines the whole of any science. PANEGYR'IC (Gr. n. ag'ora, an assembly), _an oration in praise of some person or event_. PAN'OPLY (Gr. n. hop'la, armor), a complete suit of armor. PANORA'MA (Gr. n. hor'ama, a sight or view), _a large picture gradually unrolled before an assembly_. PAN'THEISM (Gr. n. the'os, God), the doctrine that nature is God. PAN'THEON, a temple dedicated to all the gods. PAN'TOMIME, a scene or representation in dumb show. 22. PA'THOS (παθος), suffering, feeling. PATHET'IC, affecting the emotions. PATHOL'OGY, the science of diseases. ALLOP'ATHY, a mode of medical practice. ANTIP'ATHY, dislike, aversion. AP'ATHY, want of feeling. HOMEOP'ATHY, a mode of medical practice. HYDROP'ATHY. See hudor. SYM'PATHY, fellow-feeling. 23. PHIL'OS (φιλος), a friend, a lover. PHILADEL'PHIA (Gr. n. adel'phos, a brother), literally, _the city of brotherly love_. PHILANTHROPY (Gr. n. anthro'pos, a man), love of mankind. PHILHARMON'IC (Gr. n. harmo'nia, harmony), loving harmony or music. PHILOS'OPHY (Gr. n. sophi'a, wisdom), _the general laws or principles belonging to any department of knowledge_. PHILOS'OPHER, one versed in philosophy or science. PHILOSOPH'IC, PHILOSOPH'ICAL, relating to philosophy. 24. PHA'NEIN (φαινειν), to cause to appear; PHANTA'SIA (φαντασια), an image, an idea. DIAPH'ANOUS, translucent. EPIPH'ANY, _the festival commemorative of the manifestation of Christ by the star of Bethlehem_. FAN'CY, a pleasing image; a conceit or whim. FAN'CIFUL, full of fancy; abounding in wild images. FANTA'SIA, _a musical composition avowedly not governed by the ordinary musical rules_. PHAN'TOM, a specter, an apparation. PHASE, an appearance. PHENOM'ENON, _anything presented to the senses by experiment or observation; an unusual appearance_. SYC'OPHANT (Gr. n. sukon, a fig, and, literally, an informer against stealers of figs), a mean flatterer. 25. PHO'NE (φωνη), a sound. PHONET'IC, PHON'IC according to sound. EU'PHONY, an agreeable sound of words. SYM'PHONY, _harmony of mingled sounds; a musical composition for a full band of instruments_. 26. PHOS (φως, φωτος), light. PHOS'PHORUS (Gr. v. pherein, to bear), _a substance resembling wax, highly inflammable, and luminous in the dark_. PHOS'PHATE, a salt of phosphoric acid. PHOSPHORES'CENT, luminous in the dark. PHOSPHOR'IC, relating to or obtained from phosphorus. PHOTOG'RAPHY. See graphein. 27. PHU'SIS (φυσις), nature. PHYS'IC, medicines. PHYS'ICAL, natural; material; relating to the body. PHYSI'CIAN, one skilled in the art of healing. PHYS'ICIST, a student of nature. PHYS'ICS, natural philosophy. PHYSIOG'NOMY (Gr. n. gno'mon, a judge), _the art of discerning the character of the mind from the features of the face; the particular cast of features or countenance_. PHYSIOL'OGY. See logos. METAPHYS'ICS, literally, after or beyond physics; hence, _the science of mind_. METAPHYSI'CIAN, one versed in metaphysics. 28. POL'IS (πολις), a city. POLICE', _the body of officers employed to secure the good order of a city_. POL'ICY, _the art or manner of governing a nation or conducting public affairs; prudence_. POL'ITIC, wise, expedient. POLIT'ICAL, relating to politics. POLITI'CIAN, one devoted to politics. POL'ITICS, the art or science of government; struggle of parties. POL'ITY, the constitution of civil government. ACROP'OLIS (Gr. adj. ak'ros, high), a citadel. COSMOP'OLITE (Gr. n. kos'mos, the world), a citizen of the world. METROP'OLIS (Gr. n. me'ter, a mother), the chief city of a country. NECROP'OLIS (Gr. adj. nek'ros, dead), _a burial-place; a city of the dead_. 29. RHE'O ('ρεω), I flow, I speak. RHET'ORIC, the art of composition; the science of oratory. RHETORI'CIAN, one skilled in rhetoric. RHEU'MATISM, a disease of the limbs (so called because the ancients supposed it to arise from a deflection of the humors). RES'IN, a gum which flows from certain trees. CATARRH', a discharge of fluid from the nose caused by cold in the head. DIARRHOE'A, purging. HEM'ORRHAGE (Gr. n. haima, blood), a flowing of blood. 30. SKOP'EIN (σκοπειν), to see, to watch. SCOPE, space, aim, intention. BISH'OP (Gr. n. epis'kopos, overseer), _a clergyman who has charge of a diocese_. EPIS'COPACY, church government by bishops. EPIS'COPAL, relating to episcopacy. KALEI'DOSCOPE (Gr. adj. kal'os, beautiful), _an optical instrument in which we see an endless variety of beautiful patterns by simple change of position_. MI'CROSCOPE (Gr. adj. mik'ros, small), _an instrument for examining small objects_. MICROS'COPIST, one skilled in the use of the microscope. STETH'OSCOPE (Gr. n. steth'os, the breast), _an instrument for examining the state of the chest by sound_. TEL'ESCOPE (Gr. te'le, afar off), _an instrument for viewing objects far off_. 31. TAK'TOS (τακτος), arranged; TAX'IS (ταξις), arrangement. TAC'TICS, the evolution, maneuvers, etc., of military and naval forces; the science or art which relates to these. TACTI'CIAN, one skilled in tactics. SYN'TAX, the arrangement of words into sentences. SYNTAC'TICAL, relating to syntax. TAX'IDERMY (Gr. n. der'ma, skin), _the art of preparing and arranging the skins of animals in their natural appearance_. TAX'IDERMIST, one skilled in taxidermy. 32. TECH'NE (τεχνη), art. TECH'NICAL, relating to an art or profession. TECHNICAL'ITY, a technical expression; that which is technical. TECHNOL'OGY, a treatise on or description of the arts. TECHNOL'OGIST, one skilled in technology. POLYTECH'NIC (Gr. adj. pol'us, many), comprising many arts. PYR'OTECHNY (Gr. n. pur, fire), the art of making fireworks. 33. THE'OS (θεος), God. THE'ISM, belief in the existence of a God. THEO'CRACY. (See kratos.) THEO'LOGY. (See logos.) APOTHEO'SIS, glorification, deification. A'THEISM, disbelief in the existence of God. A'THEIST, one who does not believe in the existence of God. ENTHU'SIASM, heat of imagination; ardent zeal. PAN'THEISM. (See pan.) POL'YTHEISM (Gr. adj. polus, many), _the doctrine of a plurality of Gods_. 34. TITH'ENI (τιθεναι), to place, to set. THEME, a subject set forth for discussion. THE'SIS, a proposition set forth for discussion. ANATH'EMA, an ecclesiastical curse. ANTITHESIS, opposition or contrast in words or deeds. HYPOTH'ESIS, a supposition. PAREN'THESIS, _something inserted in a sentence which is complete without it_. SYN'THESIS, a putting together, as opposed to analysis. 35. TON'OS (τονος), tension, tone. TONE, tension, vigor, sound. TON'IC, adj. increasing tension or vigor; n. _a medicine which increases strength_. TUNE, a series of musical notes on a particular key. ATTUNE', to make musical; to make one sound agree with another. BAR'YTONE (Gr. adj. ba'rus, heavy), a male voice. DIATON'IC, proceeding by tones and semitones. IN'TONATE, to sound; to modulate the voice. INTONE', to give forth a slow, protracted sound. SEM'ITONE, half a tone. REVIEW EXERCISE ON GREEK DERIVATIVES. 1. Derivation of "antithesis"?--Compose an example of an antithesis.--Point out the antithesis in the following:-- "The prodigal robs his heir; the miser robs himself." "A wit with dunces and a dunce with wits." "Though deep, yet clear, though gentle, yet not dull, Strong without rage, without o'erflowing, full." 2. Derivation of "hypothesis."--Give an adjective formed from this noun.--What Latin derivative corresponds literally to "hypothesis"? _Ans. Supposition_.--Show this. Ans. Supposition is composed of sub = hypo (under), and position (from ponere, to place) = thesis, a placing--What adjective from "supposition" would correspond to "hypothetical"? _Ans. Supposititious._ 3. Derivation of "parenthesis"?--Compose a parenthetical sentence. 4. What is the opposite of "synthesis"?--Give the distinction _Ans. Analysis_ is taking apart, synthesis is putting together--What adjective is derived from the noun "synthesis"? 5. What adjective is formed from "demagogue"? Ans. Demagogic or demagogical--Define it--Compose a sentence containing the word "demagogue". MODEL: "Aaron Burr, to gain popularity, practiced the arts of a demagogue." 6. What adjective is formed from "pedagogue"? Ans. Pedagogic--What would the "pedagogic art" mean?--Is "pedagogue" usually employed in a complimentary sense?--Give a synonym of "pedagogue" in its literal sense. 7. Derivation of "anarchy"?--Compose a sentence containing this word. MODEL: "Many of the South American States have long been cursed by anarchy." 8. What adjective is formed from "monarchy"? Ans. Monarchical--Define it.--Can you mention a country at present ruled by a monarchical government?--What is the ruler of a monarchy called? 9. Compose a sentence containing the word "oligarchy". MODEL: "During the Middle Ages some of the Italian republics, as Genoa and Venice, were under the rule of an oligarchy." 10. From what root is "democracy" derived?--What adjective is formed from "democracy"?--Is Russia at present a democracy?--Can you mention any ancient governments that for a time were democracies? 11. What adjective is formed fiom "aristocracy"?--What noun will denote one who believes in aristocracy? Ans. Aristocrat--What does "aristocrat" ordinarily mean? Ans. A proud or haughty person who holds himself above the common people. 12. What is the etymology of "thermometer"? 13. Illustrate the meaning of "chronometer" by using it in a sentence. 14. What adjective is formed from "diameter"? Ans. Diametrical--What adverb is formed from "diametrical"?--What is meant by the expression "diametrically opposed"? 15. What science was the forerunner of astronomy? Ans. Astrology--Give the derivative of this word.--What word denotes one who is skilled in astronomy?--Form an adjective from "astronomy."--Compose a sentence containing the word "astronomy." MODEL: "The three great founders of astronomy are Copernicus, Kepler, and Newton." 16. From what root is "telescope" derived?--Combine and define telescop + ic.--Compose a sentence using the word "telescope." 17. From what root is "microscope" derived?--Combine and define microscop + ic.--What single word denotes microscopic animals? _Ans. Animalculæ_.--Compose a sentence containing the word "microscope." MODEL: "As the telescope reveals the infinitely distant, so the microscope reveals the infinitely little." 18. Compose a sentence containing the word "antipathy." MODEL: "That we sometimes have antipathies which we cannot explain is well illustrated in the lines: 'The reason why I cannot tell, I do not like you, Dr. Fell.'" 19. What adjective is formed from "apathy"? 20. Derivation of "sympathy"?--Give a synonym of this Greek derivative. Ans. Compassion.--Show why they are literal synonyms. Ans. Sym = con or com, and pathy = passion; hence, compassion = sympathy.--Give an English derivative expressing the same thing. Ans. Fellow-feeling. 21. From what two roots is "autocrat" derived?--Form an adjective from "autocrat."--Who is the present "autocrat of all the Russias"?--Could the Queen of England be called an autocrat?--Why not? 22. Compose a sentence containing the word "autograph." MODEL: "There are only two or three autographs of Shakespeare in existence." 23. Derivation of "automaton"?--Illustrate the signification of the word by a sentence. 24. What word would denote a remedy for "all the ills that flesh is heir to"?--Compose a sentence containing the word "panacea." 25. Derivation of "panoply"?--In the following sentence is "panoply" used in a literal or a figurative sense? "We had need to take the Christian panoply, to put on the whole armor of God." 26. From what two roots is "pantheism" derived?--What word is used to denote one who believes in pantheism? 27. Can you mention an ancient religion in which there were many gods?--Each divinity might have its own temple; but what name would designate a temple dedicated to all the gods? 28. Give an adjective formed from the word "panorama."--Compose a sentence using the word "panorama." 29. What is the derivative of "eulogy"?--Illustrate its meaning by a sentence.--Form an adjective from "eulogy." 30. What is the etymology of "pseudonym"?--Give an example of a pseudonym. DIVISION II.--ADDITIONAL GREEK ROOTS AND THEIR DERIVATIVES. ACH'OS, pain--ache, headache. AINIG'MA, a riddle--enigma. AK'ME, a point--acme. AKOU'EIN, to hear--acoustics. AK'ROS, high--acropolis (polis). ALLEL'ON, each other--parallel, parallelogram. AN'ER, a man--Andrew, Alexander. AN'THOS, a flower--anther, anthology, polyanthus. ANTHRO'POS, a man--anthropology, anthropophagi, misanthrope, philanthropist, philanthropy. ARK'TOS, a bear--arctic, antarctic. AR'GOS, idle--lethargy, lethargic. ARIS'TOS, best--aristocrat (kratos), aristocracy, aristocratic. ARITH'MOS, number--arithmetic, arithmetician, logarithm, logarithmic. ARO'MA, spice, odor--aromatic. ARTE'RIA, a bloodvessel--artery, arterial. ASK'EIN, to discipline--ascetic, asceticism. ASPHAL'TOS, pitch--asphalt. ATH'LOS, a contest--athlete, athletic. AT'MOS, vapor, smoke--atmosphere, atmospheric. AU'LOS, a pipe--hydraulic. BAL'SAMON, balsam--balm, embalm. BA'ROS, weight--barometer, barytes. BA'SIS, the bottom--base, baseless, basement, basis. BIB'LION, a book--bible, biblical. BI'OS, life--biography, biology. BO'TANE, a plant--botanic, botanical, botanist, botany. BRON'CHOS, the throat--bronchial, bronchitis. BUS'SOS, bottom--abyss. CHA'LUPS, steel--chalybeate. CHARAS'SEIN, to stamp--character, characterize, characteristic. CHA'RIS, grace--eucharist. CHEIR, the hand--surgeon (short for chirurgeon), surgical. CHLO'ROS, green--chloride, chlorine CHOL'E, bile--choler, cholera, choleraic, melancholy. CHOR'DE, a string--chord, cord, cordage. CHRIS'TOS, anointed--chrism, Christ, Christian, Christmas, Christendom, antichrist. CHRO'MA, color--chromatic, chrome, chromic, chromotype, achromatic. CHRU'SOS, gold--chrysalis, chrysolite. CHU'LOS, the milky juice formed by digestion--chyle, chylifaction. CHU'MOS, juice--chyme, chemist, chemistry, alchemy, alchemist. DAI'MON, a spirit--demon, demoniac, demonology. DE'MOS, the people--demagogue, democracy, democrat, endemic, epidemic. DEN'DRON, a tree--dendrology, rhododendron. DER'MA, the skin--epidermis. DES'POTES, a ruler--despot, despotic, despotism. DIAI'TA, manner of life--diet, dietary, dietetic. DIDO'NI, to give--dose, antidote, anecdote. DOG'MA, an opinion--dogma, dogmatic, dogmatize, dogmatism. DOX'A, an opinion, glory--doxology, heterodox, orthodox, paradox. DRAM'A, a stage-play--drama, dramatic, dramatist. DROM'OS, a course--dromedary, hippodrome. DRUS, an oak--dryad. DUNA'THAI, to be able--dynamics, dynamical, dynasty. DUS, ill, wrong--dysentery (entera, the bowels), dyspepsia (peptein, to digest). EKKLE'SIA, the church--ecclesiastes, ecclesiastic, ecclesiastical. E'CHEIN, to sound--echo, catechise, catechism, catechumen. EKLEI'PEIN, to fail--eclipse, ecliptic. ELEK'TRON, amber--electric, electricity, electrify, electrotype. EM'EIN, to vomit--emetic. EP'OS, a word--epic, orthoepy. ER'EMOS, desert, solitary--hermit, hermitage. ER'GON, a work--energy, energetic, surgeon (cheir, the hand). ETH'NOS, a nation--ethnic, ethnical, ethnography, ethnology. ETH'OS, custom, manner--ethics, ethical. EU, good, well--eulogy, eulogize, euphony, evangelical. GAM'OS, marriage--bigamy, polygamy, misogamist. GAS'TER, the stomach--gastric, gastronomy. GE, the earth--geography, geology, geological, geometry, George, apogee, perigee. GEN'NAEIN, to produce--genealogy, genesis, heterogeneous, homogeneous, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen. GIGNOS'KEIN, to know--diagnosis, diagnostic, prognosticate. GLOS'SA, GLOT'TA, the tongue--glossary, glottis, polyglot. GLU'PHEIN, to carve--hieroglyphics. GNO'MON, an indicator--gnomon, physiognomy (phusis). GO'NIA, a corner--diagonal, heptagon, hexagon, octagon, trigonometry. GUM'NOS, naked--gymnasium, gymnast, gymnastics. HAI'REIN, to take or choose--heresy, heretic, heretical. HARMO'NIA, a fitting together--harmony, harmonious, harmonize, harmonium. HEK'ATON, a hundred--hecatomb. HE'LIOS, the sun--heliotrope, aphelion, perihelion. HE'MERA, a day--ephemeral. HEP'TA, seven--heptagon, heptarchy. HE'ROS, a hero--hero, heroic, heroine, heroism. HET'EROS, another, unlike--heterodox, heterodoxy, heterogeneous. HEX, six--hexagon, hexangular. HI'EROS, sacred--hierarchy, hieroglyphics (glyphein, to carve). HIP'POS, a horse--hippodrome, hippopotamus, Philip, philippic. HOL'OS, all--holocaust, holograph, catholic, catholicity. HOM'OS, like, the same--homogeneous (gennaein, to produce). HOR'OS, a boundary--horizon, aphorism. HU'MEN, the god of marriage--hymeneal. HUM'NOS, a song of praise--hymn, hymnal, hynmology. ICH'THUS, a fish--ichthyology. ID'EA, a form or pattern--idea, ideal. ID'IOS, peculiar--idiom, idiosyncrasy, idiot, idiotic. IS'OS, equal--isothermal. KAI'EIN, to burn--caustic, cauterize, holocaust (holos, whole). KA'KOS, bad--cacophony. KA'LOS, beautiful--caligraphy, calotype, kaleidoscope (skopein). KAL'UPTEIN, to conceal--apocalypse. KAN'ON, a rule--canon, canonical, canonize. KAR'DIA, the heart--cardiac, pericardium. KEN'OS, empty--cenotaph. KEPH'ALE, the head--acephalous, hydrocephalus (hydor). KER'AS, a horn--rhinoceros. KLE'ROS, a portion--clergy, clerical, clerk, clerkship. KLI'MAX, a ladder--climax. KLI'NEIN, to bend--clinical, recline. KO'MOS, a merry feast--comedy, (odè), comedian, comic, encomium. KO'NEIN, to serve--deacon, deaconship, diaconal, diaconate. KO'NOS, Lat. CONUS, a cone--cone, conic, conical, coniferous, coniform. KOP'TEIN, to cut--coppice, copse, syncope. KOS'MOS, the world--cosmography, cosmopolitan. KRI'TES, a judge--crisis, criterion, critic, critical, criticism, hypocrite. KRUP'TEIN, to conceal--crypt, apocrypha. KRUSTAL'LOS, ice--crystal, crystallize. KUK'LOS, a circle--cycle, encyclical, cyclops, cyclades, encyclopedia. KULIN'DROS, a roller--cylinder. LAM'BANEIN, to take--syllable, dissyllable, polysyllable. LAM'PEIN, to shine--lamp. LA'OS, the people--layman, laity. LATREI'A, worship--idolatry, heliolatry. LITH'OS, a stone--litharge, lithograph, aërolite. LU'EIN, to loosen--analysis, paralysis, paralytic, palsy. MAN'IA, madness--mania, maniac. MAR'TUR, a witness--martyr, martyrdom, martyrology. MEL'AS, black--melancholy, Melanesia. ME'TER, a mother--metropolis. MIK'ROS, small--microcosm, microscope, microscopic. MI'MOS, an imitator--mimic, mimicry, pantomime. MOR'PHE, shape--amorphous, metamorphosis. MU'RIAS, ten thousand--myriad. MU'THOS, a fable--myth, mythology. NAR'KE, torpor--narcissus, narcotic. NAUS, a ship--nausea, nauseate, nautical, nautilus, aëronaut. NEK'ROS, dead--necropolis. NE'SOS, an island--Polynesia. NOM'OS, a law--astronomy, Deuteronomy, economy (oikos, a house), economic. OL'IGOS, few--oligarchy (arche). OR'PHANOS, deserted--orphan, orphanage. OR'THOS, right, straight--orthodox, orthoepy, orthography. PAIDEI'A, instruction--cyclopædia. PAIS, a child--pedagogue, pedant, pedantic, pedobaptist. PAP'AS, Lat. PAPA, a father--papacy, pope, popedom, popery. PARADEI'SOS, a pleasant garden--paradise. PAT'EIN, to walk--peripatetic. PEN'TE, five--pentagon, pentecost. PET'RA, a rock--Peter, petrescent, petrify, petroleum, saltpeter. PHOB'OS, fear--hydrophobia (hudor, water). PHRA'SIS, speech--phrase, phraseology, paraphrase. PHREN, the mind--phrenology, frantic, frenzy. PHU'TON, a plant--zoophyte. PLA'NAEIN, to wander--planet, planetary. PLAS'SEIN, to mould--plaster, plastic. PLEU'RA, the side--pleurisy. PNEU'MA, breath, spirit--pneumatic. PO'LEIN, to sell--bibliopolist, monopoly, monopolize. POL'US, many--polygamy, polyglot, polysyllable, polytechnic. POR'OS, a passage--pore, porosity, porous, emporium. POT'AMOS, a river--hippopotamus. POUS, the foot--antipodes, polypus, tripod. PRAS'SEIN, to do--practice, practical, practitioner, impracticable. PRESBU'TEROS, elder--presbytery, presbyterian, presbyterianism. PRO'TOS, first--protomartyr. PSAL'LEIN, to touch, to sing--psalm, psalmist, psalmody, psalter. PUR, fire--pyramid, pyrotechny. RHIN, the nose--rhinoceros. RHOD'ON, a rose --rhododendron. SARX, flesh--sarcasm, sarcastic, sarcophagus. SCHED'E, a sheet--schedule. SCHE'MA, a plan--scheme. SCHIS'MA, a division--schism, schismatic. SIT'OS, corn--parasite, parasitical. SKAN'DALON, disgrace--scandal, scandalous, scandalize, slander, slanderous. SKEPTES'THAI, to consider--sceptic, sceptical, scepticism. SKEP'TRON, an emblem of office--scepter. SOPH'IA, wisdom--sophist, sophistry, philosopher (philos), philosophy. SPHAI'RA, a globe--sphere, spherical, spheroid, hemisphere. STAL'AEIN, to drop--stalactite, stalagmite. STEL'LEIN, to send--apostle, apostolic, epistle, epistolary. STEN'OS, narrow--stenography. STHEN'OS, strength--calisthenics. STIG'MA, a mark--stigma, stigmatize. STRAT'OS, an army--stratagem, strategy, strategist. STROPH'E, a turning--apostrophe, catastrophe. TA'PHOS, a tomb--epitaph, cenotaph. TAU'TO, the same--tautology. TEK'TON, a builder--architect. TE'LE, far off--telegraph, telescope. TEM'NEIN, to cut--atom, anatomy, anatomist. TET'RA, four--tetragon, tetrarch. THER'ME, heat--thermal. THRON'OS, a throne--throne, enthrone. TOP'OS, a place--topography. TREP'EIN, to turn--trope, tropic, tropical, heliotrope. TU'POS, a stamp--type, typography, prototype. TURAN'NOS, a ruler--tyrant, tyrannical, tyrannize, tyranny. ZEIN, to boil--zeal, zealous. ZEPHU'ROS, the west wind--zephyr. ZO'ON, an animal--zodiac, zoology, zoological, zoöphyte. PART IV.--THE ANGLO-SAXON ELEMENT. I.--ANGLO-SAXON PREFIXES. A--(corrupted from A.-S. on) signifies in, on, at: as abed, aboard, aside, aback; and gives the adverbial form to adjectives, as in aloud, aboard. BE--gives a transitive signification, as in bespeak. It is sometimes intensive, as in bestir, and converts an adjective into a verb, as in bedim. Be, as a form of by, also denotes proximity, as in beside: as bystander. FOR[10]--means privation, or opposition: as forbear, forbid, forget. FORE--before: as foretell, forebode. MIS--error, wrongness: as mistake, misstate, misinform. N--has a negative signification, as in many languages: thus, never, neither, none. OFF--from offspring. OUT--beyond: as outdo, outlaw. OVER--above: as overhang, overflow, overturn. TO--in to-day, to-morrow. UN--not, the reverse: as, unskilled, unlearned. UNDER--beneath: as undermine. WITH--against (German wider): as withstand. II.--ANGLO-SAXON SUFFIXES. AR, ARD, ER, YER, STER[11]--signifying agent or doer; as in beggar, drunkard, beginner, lawyer, spinster. Er forms verbs of adjectives, as lower, from low, and also forms the comparatives of adjectives. ESS, as in songstress, is borrowed from the French. DOM, SHIP, RIC, WIC--from dom, judgment; ship, shape or condition; ric, rice, power; wic, a dwelling--signify state, condition, quality, etc., as in kingdom, friendship, bishopric, Berwick. EL, KIN (= chen, German), LET (from French), LING, OCK--have a diminutive effect, as in manikin, streamlet, youngling, hillock, cockerel. EN--adjective termination, as wooden, from wood; it also converts adjectives into verbs, as deepen from deep. FOLD--from fealdan, to fold; a numeral termination, like ple, from the Latin plico, I fold. FUL--full; truthful. HOOD, NESS--of uncertain derivation, signify state, etc., as in priesthood, righteousness. ISH--isc (Saxon), isch (German), denotes a quality; like rakish, knavish, churlish, Danish. Ish is also employed as a diminutive--blackish. LESS--loss: as penniless, hopeless. LIKE and LY--like; lic (A.-S.): as warlike, manly. SOME--sum (A.-S.), sam (German), lonesome, handsome. TEEN--ten, as in fourteen. TY--from tig (A.-S ), ten; zig (German), as in six-ty. Teen adds ten--ty multiplies by ten. WARD--weard, wärts (German), versus (Latin), against, direction, towards; downward, eastward. WISE--wisa, manner; likewise. Y--ig, an adjective termination; dreorig (A.-S.), dreary. ANGLO-SAXON ROOTS AND ENGLISH DERIVATIVES. The pronunciation of Anglo-Saxon is much nearer to that of modern German or the Continental pronunciation of Latin than of modern English. The letters of the alphabet wanting in Anglo-Saxon are: j, k, q, v, and z. K is commonly represented by c; thus, cyning (king) is pronounced kining; cyrtel, kirtle; qu is represented by cw, as cwic, quick; cwen, queen; cwellan, to quell; th is represented by two peculiar characters, one of which in its reduced form resembles y, as in ye olden times, where ye should be pronounced the, and not ye, as is often ignorantly done. Long vowels should be carefully distinguished from short vowels. Long vowels are a as far, ae as in fare, e as in they, i as in pique, o as in bone, u as in rule, y as in i (nearly). Short vowels are a as in fast, ae as in man, e as in men, i as in pin, o as in God, u as in full, y as in i (nearly). In the diphthongs ea, eo, and ie, the first element receives the stress; the second is pronounced very lightly. There are no silent letters in Anglo-Saxon as in modern English. The vowel of every syllable is pronounced, and in difficult combinations of consonants, as in hlud, loud, cniht, knight, cnif, knife, each consonant has its distinct sound. E before a and o has the sound of y as a consonant; i before e and u has the same sound: thus, Earl = yarl; eow = you; iett = yett; and iúgoth = yúgoth, youth. AC, an oak--oak, oaken. ACSIAN, to inquire--ask. ÆCER, a field--acre, acreage. ÆR, before--early, ere, erelong, erst. AFT, hind-part--after, abaft. ÁGAN, to have--owe, own, owner, ought, disown. ARISAN, to arise--raise, rise, rouse. BÁCAN, to bake--baker, bakery, bakehouse, batch. BÆC, back--backbite, backslide, backward, aback. BÆLG, a bag. BALD, bold, brave--bold, boldness. BÁNA, death--bane, baneful, henbane. BANC, a bank or raised place--bank, banker, bankrupt, bankruptcy, bench, embankment. BEACNIAN, to beckon--beck, beckon, beacon. BELLAN, to roar--bawl, bellow. BEORGAN, to protect--borough, borrow, burgh, burglar, burrow, harbinger, harbor, berth. BEORHT, bright--bright. BERAN, to bear, to bring forth--barrow, bear, bier, birth. BIDAN, to wait--abide. BIDDAN, to pray, to bid--bid, bidding, bead, beadsman, beadle, forbid, unbidden. BINDAN, to bind--band, bond, bondage, bundle. BLÆC, pale--bleach, bleacher, bleak, bleakness. BLAWAN, to blow--blade, bladder, blast, blaze, blazon, blister, blossom, blow, blush, bluster. BLETSIAN, to bless--bless, blessing. BRÁD, broad--broad, breadth, board, aboard. BRÉCAN, to break--bray (to pound), breach, breaker, breakfast, brink, broken. BREOST, the breast--breast, breastplate, breastwork, abreast. BREÓWAN, to brew--brew, brewer, brewery. BRUCAN, to use--broker, brokerage, brook (to endure). BUAN, to cultivate--boor, boorish, neighbor, neighborhood. BUGAN, to bow or bend--bay, bight, bough, bow, buxom, elbow. BYLDAN, to design, to make--build, builder, building. BYRNAN, to burn--brand, brandish, brandy, brimstone, brown, brunt, auburn, firebrand. CÆLAN, to cool--chill, chilblain. CEAPIAN, to buy--cheap, cheapen, cheapness, chaffer, chapman. CÉNNAN, to produce--kin, kind, kindness, kindred, akin, mankind. CEORL, a churl--carle, churlish. CLÆNE, clean--clean, cleanly, cleanliness, cleanse, unclean. CLÁTH, cloth--clothe, clothier, clothing, clad, unclad. CLEÓFAN, to cleave; CLIFIAN, to adhere--cleaver, cliff, clover, club. CNAFA, a boy--knave, knavery. CNÁWAN, to know--knowledge, acknowledge, foreknow, unknown. CNYLL, a loud noise--knell. CNYTTAN, to knit--knitting, knot, knotty, net, network. CRACIAN, to crack; CEARCIAN, to creak--crack, crackle, creak, cricket, croak, screech, shriek. CUMAN, to come--comely, comeliness, become, overcome, welcome. CUNNAN, to know, to be powerful--can, con, cunning, keen. CWELLAN, to slay--kill, quell. DÆG, a day--dawn, daylight, day-star, daisy = day's eye. DǼL, a part--deal, dole, ordeal. DÉMAN, to think--deem. DEOR, a wild animal--deer. DEORE, dusky or black--dark, darken, darkly, darkness. DIC, a dyke--dig, ditch, ditcher. DISC, a plate--desk, disc, dish. DÓM, judgment--doom, doomsday. DÓN, to do--doer, deed, undo. DRAGAN, to draw--drag, draggle, drain, draught, draughtsman, draw, dray. DRIFAN, to drive--drift, driver, drove. DRIGAN, to dry--drysalter, drought, drug (originally dried plants), druggist. DRINCAN, to suck in--drench, drink, drunk, drunkard, drunken. DRYPAN, to drip or drop--drip, drop, droop, dribble, drivel. DWINAN, to pine--dwindle, dwine. DYN, a noise--din, dun. EAGE, the eye--eye, eyeball, eye-bright, eyelid. EALD, old--alderman, earl. EFEN, just--even, evenness. ERIAN, to plough, to ear--earth, earthy, earthquake. FAEGER, bright--fair, fairness. FÁER, fear--fearful, fearless. FARAN, to go--fare, farewell, ferry, ford, seafaring, wayfarer. FEDAN, to feed--feed, feeder, fodder, food, father, fatherly. FEOND, an enemy--fiend, fiendish. FLEÓGAN, to fly--flag, flake, fledge, flee, flicker, flight. FLEÓTAN, to float--float, fleet. FLÓWAN, to flow--flood, flow. FOLGIAN, to go after--follow. FÓN, to seize --fang, finger. FÓT, the foot--foot, fetter, fetlock. FREÓN, to love--free, freedom, friend, friendship. FRETAN, to gnaw--fret, fretful. FUGEL, a bird--fowl, fowler, fowling-piece. FÚL, unclean--filth, filthy, foul, fulsome. FULLIAN, to whiten--full (to scour and thicken cloth in a mill), fuller, fuller's-earth. FÝR, fire--fiery, fireworks, bonfire. GABBAN, to mock--gabble, gibe, gibberish, jabber. GALAN, to sing--nightingale. GANGAN, to go--gang, gangway. GÁST, a ghost--gas, ghastly, ghost, ghostly, aghast. GEARD, an enclosure --garden, orchard, yard. GEOTAN, to pour--gush, gut. GEREFA, a governor--grieve (an overseer), sheriff, sheriffdom. GETAN, to get--get, beget, begotten, forget, forgetful. GIFAN, to give--give, gift, forgive, forgiveness, misgive, unforgiven. GLOWAN, to glow--glow, glowing. GÓD, good--gospel, gossip. GRÆS, grass--grass, graze, grazier. GRAFAN, to dig--grave, graver, graft, groove, grove, grub, engrave. GRAPIAN, to grapple; GRÍPAN, to gripe; GROPIAN, to grope--grapple, grapnel, gripe, grope, group, grovel. GREOT, dust--gritty, groats. GRÓWAN, to grow--grow, growth. GRÚND, the ground--ground, groundless, groundsel, groundwork. HABBAN, to have--have, haft, behave, behavior, misbehave. HÆGE, a hedge--haw, hawthorn. HÆL, sound, whole--hail, hale, heal, health, healthful, healthy, holy, holiness, whole, wholesome. HÁM, a dwelling--hamlet, home, homely, homeliness. HANGIAN, to hang--hang, hanger, hinge, unhinge, overhang. HÁT, heat--heat, heater, hot. HEALDAN, to hold--halt, halter, hilt, hold, behold, uphold, upholsterer, withhold. HEARD, hard--harden, hardihood, hardship, hardware, hardy. HEBBAN, to lift--heap, heave, heaven, heavy, upheaval. HÉDAN, to heed--heed, heedful, heedfulness, heedless, heedlessness. HEORTE, the heart--hearten, heartless, hearty, heartburn, heart's-ease, dishearten. HLÁF, bread--loaf. HLEAPAN, to leap--leap, overleap, elope, elopement. HOL, a hole--hole, hold (of a ship), hollow, hollowness. HRISTLAN, to make quick sounds--rustle, rustling. HUNTIAN, to rush--hunt, hunter, huntsman. HÚS, house--housewife, husband, hustings. HWEORFAN, to turn--swerve, wharf. HÝRAN, to hear--hear, hearer, hearsay. LǼDAN, to lead--lead, leader, loadstar, loadstone, mislead. LÆFAN, to leave--left, eleven, twelve. LǼRAN, to teach--learn, learner, learning, lore, unlearned. LANG, long--long, length, lengthen, lengthy, linger. LECGAN, to lay--lay, layer, lair, law, lawful, lawless, lea, ledge, ledger, lie, low, lowly, outlaw. LEOFIAN, LYBBAN, to live--live, lively, livelihood, livelong, alive, outlive. LEOHT, light--lighten, lightsome, lighthouse, enlighten. LÍC, like--like, likely, likelihood, likeness, likewise, unlike. LOCIAN, to stretch forward--look. LOMA, utensils, furniture--loom, hand-loom, power-loom. LOSIAN, to lose--lose, loser, loss. LÚF, love; LUFIAN, to love--lover, lovely, loveliness, lief, beloved, unlovely. LYFAN, to permit--leave (permission), belief, believe, believer, misbelieve. LYFT, the air--loft, lofty, aloft. MACIAN, to make--make, maker, match, matchless, mate, inmate. MÆNGAN, to mix--among, mingle, commingle, intermingle, mongrel. MAGAN, to be able--may, might, mighty, main, mainland, dismay. MEARC, a boundary--mark, marksman, marches, remark. METAN, to measure--meet, meeting, meet (fit), meetness. MUND, a defence--mound. MURNAN, to murmur--mourn, mourner, mournful. MYND, the mind--mind, mindful, mindfulness, remind. NÆS, a nose--naze, ness. NAMA, a name--name, nameless, namesake, misname. NEAD, need--need, needful, needless, needs, needy. NEAH, nigh--near, next, neighbor. NIHT, night--night, nightfall, nightless, nightmare, nightshade. OGA, dread--ugly, ugliness. PÆTH, a path--pathless, pathway, footpath. PLEGAN, to exercise, to sport--play, player, playful, playmate. RÆCAN, to reach--reach, overreach, rack, rack-rent. RǼDAN, to read--read, readable, reader, reading, riddle. READ, red--red, redden, ruddy. REAFIAN, to seize--bereave, bereavement, raven, ravenous, rive, rob, robber, robbery, rove, rover. RECAN, to heed--reck, reckless, recklessness, reckon, reckoning. RÍDAN, to ride--ride, rider, road, roadster, roadstead. RINNAN, to run--run, runner, runaway, outrun. RIPAN, to reap--reap, reaper, ripe, ripen, ripeness, unripe. RUH, rough--rough, roughness. SÆGAN, to say--say, saying, hearsay, unsay. SAR, painful--sore, soreness, sorrow, sorrowful, sorry. SCACAN, to shake--shake, shaky, shock, shocking. SCEADAN, to shade--shade, shady, shadow, shed (a covered enclosure). SCEDAN, to scatter, to shed--shed (to spill), watershed. SCEOFAN, to push--shove, shovel, scuffle, shuffle, sheaf. SCEÓTAN, to shoot--shoot, shot, sheet, shut, shutter, shuttle, overshoot, undershot, upshot. SCÉRAN, to cut--scar, scarf, score, share, sharp, shear, sheriff, shire. SCÍNAN, to shine--sheen, outshine, moonshine, sunshine. SCREOPAN, to creak--scrape, scraper, swap, scrap-book. SCROB, a bush--shrub, shrubbery. SCYPPAN, to form--shape, shapeless, landscape. SELLAN, to give--sale, sell, sold. SEON, to see--see, seer, sight, foresee, oversee, unsightly, gaze. SETTAN, to set; SITTAN, to sit--set, setter, settle, settler, settlement, set, beset, onset, outset, upset. SÍDE, side--side, sideboard, aside, beside, inside, outside, upside. SINGAN, to sing--sing, singer, song. SLÆC, slack--slack, slackness, slow, sloth, slothful, sluggard, sluggish. SLEÁN, to slay--slay, slaughter, sledge (a heavy hammer). SLIDAN, to slide--slide, sled, sledge. SLIPAN, to glide--slip, slipper, slippery, slipshod. SMITAN, to smite--smite, smiter, smith, smithy. SNICAN, to creep--snake, sneak. SOCC, a shoe--sock, socket. SOFT, soft--soften, softly, softness. SOTH, true--sooth, soothsayer. SPECAN, to speak--speak, speaker, speech, bespeak. SPELL, a message--spell (discourse), gospel. SPINNAN, to spin--spinner, spider. STÁN, a stone--stony, stoneware. STANDAN, to stand--standard, understand, understanding, withstand. STEALL, a place--stall, forestall, install, pedestal. STEORFAN, to die--starve, starvation, starveling. STICIAN, to stick--stake, stick, stickle, stickleback, sting, stitch, stock, stockade, stocking. STIGAN, to ascend--stair, staircase, stile, stirrup, sty. STRECCAN, to stretch--stretch, stretcher, straight, straighten, straightness, outstretch, overstretch. STÝRAN, to steer--steer, steerage, steersman, stern (_the hind part of a ship_), astern. STÝRIAN, to stir--stir, bestir. SÚR, sour--sour, sourish, sourness, sorrel, surly, surliness. SWERIAN, to swear--swear, swearer, forswear, answer, unanswered. SWÉT, sweet--sweet, sweetbread, sweeten, sweetmeat, sweetness. TÁECAN, to show, to teach--teach, teachable, teacher. TELLAN, to count--tell, teller, tale, talk, talkative, foretell. THINCAN, to seem; pret. thuh-te, methinks, methought. THRINGAN, to press--throng. THYR, dry--thirst, thirsty. TREOWE, true--true, truth, truthful, truism, trust, trustee, trustworthy, trusty. TWA, two--twice, twine, twist, between, entwine. TYRNAN, to turn--turn, turner, turncoat, turnkey, turnpike, overturn, return, upturn. WACAN, to awake--wake, wakeful, waken, wait, watch, watchful, watchfulness, watchman. WARNIAN, to defend, to beware--warn, warning, warrant, wary, weir, aware, beware. WEARM, glowing--warm, warmth. WEGAN, to move--wag, waggle, wain, wave, way, wayfarer, weigh, weight, weighty. WEORDH, worth--worth, worthy, worship, worshipper, unworthy. WERIAN, to cover--wear, wearable, weary, wearisome. WINNAN, to labor--win, won. WITAN, to know--wise, wisdom, wizard, wit, witness, witty. WRINGAN, to twist--wrangle, wrench, wriggle, wring, wrinkle. WRITHAN, to twist--wrath, wrathful, wroth, wreath, wreathe, wry, wryneck, wrong. WUNIAN, to dwell--wont, wonted. WYRM, a worm, a serpent--worm. Specimens of Anglo-Saxon, and the same literally translated into Modern English. EXTRACT FROM CÆDMON'S PARAPHRASE. Cædmon: died about 680. Nu we sceolan herian | Now we shall praise heofon-rices weard, | the guardian of heaven, metodes mihte, | the might of the creator, and his mod-ge-thonc, | and his mind's thought, wera wuldor-fæder! | the glory-father of men! swa he wundra ge-hwæs, | how he of all wonders, ece dryhten, | the eternal lord, oord onstealde. | formed the beginning. He ærest ge-scéop | He first created ylda bearnum | for the children of men heofon to hrófe, | heaven as a roof, halig scyppend! | the holy creator! tha middan-geard | them the world mon-cynnes weard, | the guardian of mankind ece dryhten, | the eternal lord, æfter teode, | produced afterwards, firum foldan, | the earth for men, frea ælmihtig! | the almighty master! PASSAGE REPEATED BY BEDE ON HIS DEATH-BED. Bede: died 735. For tham ned-fere | Before the necessary journey neni wirtheth | no one becomes thances suotera | more prudent in thought thonne him thearf sy, | than is needful to him, to ge-hicgeune | to search out er his heonon-gange | before his going hence hwet his gaste | what to his spirit godes othe yveles | of good or of evil efter deathe heonon | after his death hence demed weorthe. | will be judged. EXTRACT FROM THE SAXON CHRONICLE--Tenth Century. Tha feng Ælfred Æthelwulfing to | Then took Alfred, son of Ethelwulf West-Seaxna rice; and thæs ymb ænne | to the West Saxon's kingdom; and monath gefeaht Ælfred cyning with | that after one month fought Alfred ealne thone here lytle werode æt | king against all the army with a Wiltoune, and hine lange on dæg | little band at Wilton, and them long geflymde, and tha Deniscan ahton | during the day routed and then the wæl-stowe geweald. And thæs geares | Danes obtained of the battle-field wurdon nigon folcgefeoht gefohten | possession. And this year were nine with thone here on tham cyne-rice be | great battles fought with the army suthan Temese, butan tham the him | in the kingdom to the south of the Ælfred, and ealdormen, and cyninges | Thames, besides those in which thegnas oft rada onridon the man na | Alfred, and the alder-men, and the ne rimde. And thæs geares wæron | king's thanes oft inrode--against of-slegene nigon eorlas, and an | which one nothing accounted. And cyning; and thy geare namon | this year were slain nine earls and West-Seaxan frith with thone here. | one king; and this year made the | West-Saxons peace with the army. EXTRACT FROM THE SAXON GOSPELS--Eleventh Century. LUCÆ, Cap. I. v. 5-10. | LUKE, Chap. I. v. 5-10. | 5. On Herodes dagum Iudea cyninges, | 5. In the days of Herod the king of wæs sum sacerd on naman Zacharias, of| Judea, there was a certain priest by Abian tune: and his wif wæs of | name Zacharias, of the course of Aarones dohtrum, and hyre nama wæs | Abia: and his wife was of the Elizabeth. | daughters of Aaron, and her name was | Elizabeth. 6. Sothlice hig wæron butu rihtwise | 6. And they were both righteous beforan Gode, gangende on eallum his | before God, walking in all the bebodum and rihtwisnessum, butan | commandments and ordinances of the wrohte. | Lord without blame. 7. And hig næfdon nan bearn, fortham | 7. And they had no child, because the Elizabeth wæs unberende; and hig | that Elizabeth was barren; and they on heora dagum butu forth-eodon. | in her days were both of great age. 8. Sothlice wæs geworden tha | 8. And it befell that when Zacharias Zacharias hys sacerdhades breac on | should do the office of the his gewrixles endebyrdnesse beforan | priesthood in the order of his Gode, | course before God, 9. Æfter gewunan thæs sacerdhades | 9. After the custom of the hlotes, he eode that he his offrunge | priesthood he went forth by lot, to sette, tha he on Godes tempel eode. | burn incense when he into God's | temple went. 10. Eall werod thæs folces wæs ute | 10. And all the multitude of the gebiddende on thære offrunge timan. | people were without praying at the | time of incense. THE LORD'S PRAYER. Fæder ure, thu the eart on heofenum; | Father our, thou who art in heaven; si thin nama gehalgod; to-becume thin| be thine name hallowed; let come rice; geweordhe thin willa on | thine kingdom; let be done thine eorthan, swa swa on heofenum. Urne ge| will on earth, so as in the heavens. dæghwamlican hlaf syle us to-dæg; and| Our also daily bread give thou us forgyf us ure gyltas, swa swa we | to-day; and forgive thou to us our forgidfadh urum gyltendum; and ne | debts, so as we forgive our debtors; gelæde thu us on costnunge, ac alys | and not lead thou us into us of yfle, etc. | temptations, but deliver thou us | from evil, etc. SPECIMENS OF SEMI-SAXON AND EARLY ENGLISH. EXTRACT FROM THE BRUT OF LAYAMON--About 1180. He nom tha Englisca boc | He took the English book Tha makede Seint Beda; | That Saint Bede made; An other he nom on Latin, | Another he took in Latin, Tha makede Seinte Albin, | That Saint Albin made, And the feire Austin, | And the fair Austin, The fulluht broute hider in. | That baptism brought hither in. Boc he nom the thridde, | The third book he took, Leide ther amidden, | And laid there in midst, Tha makede a Frenchis clerc, | That made a French clerk, Wace was ihoten, | Wace was he called, The wel couthe writen, | That well could write, And he hoc yef thare aethelen | And he it gave to the noble Allienor, the wes Henries quene, | Eleanor, that was Henry's Queen, Thes heyes kinges. | The high king's. EXTRACT FROM A CHARTER OF HENRY III.--1258. Henry, thurg Gode's fultome, King on | Henry, through God's support, King Engleneloande, Lhoaverd on Yrloand, | of England, Lord of Ireland, Duke of Duk on Norman, on Acquitain, Earl on | Normandy, of Acquitain, Earl of Anjou, send I greting, to alle hise | Anjou, sends greeting to all his holde, ilærde and ilewede on | subjects, learned and unlearned, of Huntindonnschiere. Thæt witen ge wel | Huntingdonshire. This know ye well alle, hæt we willen and unnen thæt | all, that we will and grant what our ure rædesmen alle, other the moare | counsellors all, or the more part of del of heom, thæt beoth ichosen thurg| them, that be chosen through us and us and thurg thæt loandes-folk on ure| through the landfolk of our kingdom, kineriche, habbith idon, and schullen| have done, and shall do, to the don in the worthnes of God, and ure | honor of God, and our allegiance, treowthe, for the freme of the | for the good of the land, etc. loande, etc. | Anglo-Saxon Element in Modern English. That the young student may be made aware of the extent of the employment of Anglo-Saxon in our present language, and that he may have some clue to direct him to a knowledge of the Saxon words, the following extracts, embracing a great proportion of these words, are submitted to his attention. The words not Teutonic are marked in Italics. MILTON. Of man's first disobedience, and the fruit Of that forbidden tree, whose mortal taste Brought death into the world, and all our woe, With loss of Eden, till one greater man Restore us and regain the blissful seat-- Sing, heavenly Muse. With thee conversing, I forget all time, All seasons, and their change; all please alike. Sweet is the breath of morn, her rising sweet, With charm of earliest birds; pleasant the sun When first on this delightful land he spreads His orient beams on herb, tree, fruit, and flower, Glistering with dew; fragrant the fertile earth, After soft showers; and sweet the coming on Of grateful evening mild; then silent night With this her solemn bird, and this fair moon, And these the gems of heaven, her starry train. SHAKESPEARE. To be, or not to be, that is the question; Whether 't is nobler in the mind to suffer The stings and arrows of outrageous fortune, Or to take arms against a sea of troubles, And, by opposing, end them? To die, to sleep; No more;--and by a sleep to say we end The heart_ache_ and the thousand natural shocks That flesh is heir to! 't were a consummation Devoutly to be wished. To die; to sleep; To sleep?--perchance to dream! All the world's a stage, And all the men and women merely players. They have their exits and their entrances, And one man in his time plays many parts; His acts being seven ages. At first the infant, Mewling and puking in his nurse's arms. And then the whining school-boy, with his satchel And shining morning face, creeping like snail Unwillingly to school. And then the lover, Sighing like furnace, with a woeful ballad Made to his mistress' eyebrow. Then a soldier, Full of strange oaths, and bearded like the pard, Jealous in honour, sudden and quick in quarrel; Seeking the bubble reputation Even in the cannon's mouth. TRANSLATION OF THE BIBLE. In the beginning God created the heaven and the earth. And the earth was without form, and void; and darkness was upon the face of the deep: and the Spirit of God moved upon the face of the waters. And God said, Let there be light; and there was light. And God saw the light, that it was good; and God divided the light from the darkness. And God called the light Day, and the darkness he called Night. And the evening and the morning were the first day.--Genesis i. 1-6. And it came to pass, that when Isaac was old, and his eyes were dim, so that he could not see, he called Esau, his eldest son, and said unto him, My son. And he said unto him, Behold, here am I. And he said, Behold now, I am old, I know not the day of my death. Now therefore take, I pray thee, thy weapons, thy quiver and thy bow, and go out to the field, and take me some venison; and make me savoury meat, such as I love, and bring it to me, that I may eat; that my soul may bless thee before I die. And Rebekah heard when Isaac spake to Esau his son. And Esau went to the field to hunt for venison, and to bring it. And Rebekah spake unto Jacob her son, saying, Behold, I heard thy father speak unto Esau thy brother, saying, Bring me venison, and make me savoury meat, that I may eat, and bless thee before the Lord before my death.--Genesis xxvii. 1-7. THOMSON. These as they change, Almighty Father! these Are but the varied God. The rolling year Is full of thee. Forth in the pleasing spring Thy beauty walks, thy tenderness and love. Wide flush the fields; the softening air is balm; Echo the mountains round; the forest smiles; And every sense and every heart is joy. Then comes thy glory in the summer months, With light and heat refulgent. Then thy sun Shoots full perfection through the swelling year. ADDISON. I was yesterday, about sunset, walking in the open fields, till the night insensibly fell upon me. I at first amused myself with all the richness and variety of colours which appeared in the western parts of heaven. In proportion as they faded away and went out, several stars and planets appeared, one after another, till the whole firmament was in a glow. The blueness of the ether was exceedingly heightened and enlivened by the season of the year. YOUNG. Let Indians, and the gay, like Indians, fond Of feathered fopperies, the sun adore: Darkness has more divinity for me; It strikes thought inward; it drives back the soul To settle on herself, our point supreme. There lies our theater: there sits our judge. Darkness the curtain drops o'er life's dull scene: 'T is the kind hand of Providence stretched out 'Twixt man and vanity; 't is reason's reign, And virtue's too; these tutelary shades Are man's asylum from the tainted throng. Night is the good man's friend, and guardian too. It no less rescues virtue, than inspires. SWIFT. Wisdom is a fox, who, after long hunting, will at last cost you the pains to dig out. 'T is a cheese, which by how much the richer has the thicker, homelier, and the coarser coat; and whereof, to a _judicious palate_, the maggots are the best. 'Tis a sack posset, wherein the deeper you go on you will find it sweeter. But then, lastly, 'tis a nut, which, unless you choose with judgment, may cost you a tooth, and pay you with nothing but a worm. HUME. The beauties of her person and graces of her air combined to make her the most amiable of women; and the charms of her address and conversation aided the impression which her lovely figure made on the heart of all beholders. Ambitious and active in her temper, yet inclined to cheerfulness and society; of a lofty spirit, constant and even vehement in her purpose, yet politic, gentle, and affable, in her demeanor, she seemed to _par_take only so much of the _male virtues_ as to render her estimable, without relinquishing those soft graces which compose the proper ornament of her sex. GIBBON. In the second century of the Christian era, the empire of _Rome comprehended_ the fairest part of the earth, and the most _civilized portion_ of mankind. The frontiers of that extensive monarchy were guarded by ancient renown, and disciplined valour. The gentle but powerful influence of laws and manners had gradually cemented the union of the provinces. Their peaceful inhabitants enjoyed and abused the advantages of wealth and luxury. The image of a free constitution was preserved with decent reverence. JOHNSON. Of genius, that power which constitutes a poet; that quality without which judgment is cold, and knowledge is inert; that energy which collects, combines, amplifies, and animates; the superiority must, with some hesitation, be allowed to Dryden. It is not to be inferred that of this poetical vigor Pope had only a little, because Dryden had more; for every other writer since Milton must give place to Pope; and even of Dryden it must be said, that if he has brighter paragraphs, he has not better poems. BYRON. Ancient of days! august Athena! where, Where are thy men of might--thy grand in soul? Gone--glimmering through the dream of things that were. First in the race that led to Glory's goal, They won, and passed away. Is this the whole? A school-boy's tale--the wonder of an hour! The warrior's-weapon and the sophist's stole Are sought in vain, and o'er each mouldering tower, Dim with the mist of years, gray flits the shade of power. SIR WALTER SCOTT. The way was long, the wind was cold, The Minstrel was infirm and old; His withered cheek and tresses gray Seemed to have known a better day; The harp, his sole remaining joy, Was carried by an orphan boy. The last of all the bards was he Who sung of border chivalry; For, well-a-day! their dale was fled; His _tune_ful brethren all were dead; And he, neglected and oppressed, Wished to be with them and at rest. WORDSWORTH. Ah! little doth the young one dream, When full of play and childish cares, What power is in his wildest scream, Heard by his mother unawares! He knows it not, he cannot guess; Years to a mother bring distress; But do not make her love the less. My son, if thou be humbled, poor, Hopeless of honor and of gain, Oh! do not dread thy mother's door; Think not of me with grief and pain. I now can see with better eyes; And worldly grandeur I despise, And Fortune with her gifts and lies. TENNYSON. Not wholly in the busy world, nor quite Beyond it, blooms the garden that I love. News from the humming city comes to it In sound of funeral or of marriage bells; And sitting muffled in dark leaves you hear The windy clanging of the winter clock; Although between it and the garden lies A league of grass, washed by a slow broad stream, That, stirred with languid pulses of the oar, Waves all its lazy lilies, and creeps on, Barge laden, to three arches of a bridge, Crowned with the minster-towers. PART V.--MISCELLANEOUS DERIVATIVES. I.--WORDS DERIVED FROM THE NAMES OF PERSONS. 1.--NOUNS. AT'LAS, a collection of maps bound together: "Atlas," a fabled giant who, according to the Greek notion bore the earth upon his shoulders. ACAD'EMY, a superior grade school, a society of learned men: "Academus," a Greek in whose garden near Athens Plato taught. AMMO'NIA, the pungent matter of smelling salts: "Jupiter Ammon," near whose temple in Libya it was originally obtained. BAC'CHANAL, one who indulges in drunken revels: "Bacchus," the god of wine. BOW'IE KNIFE, an American weapon: Colonel "Bowie," the inventor. BRAGGADO'CIO, a vain boaster: "Braggadochio," a boastful character in Spenser's Faery Queen. BUD'DHISM, a wide-spread Asiatic religion: "Buddha," a Hindoo sage who lived about 1000 B.C. CAL'VINISM, the doctrines of Calvin: "Calvin," a Swiss theologian of the 16th century. CAMEL'LIA, a genus of evergreen shrubs: "Camelli," a Spaniard who brought them from Asia. CICERO'NE (sis e-ro'ne or chĭ chĕ-ro'-ne), a guide: "Cicero," the Roman orator. CINCHO'NA, Peruvian bark: Countess "Cinchona," wife of a Spanish governor of Peru (17th century). By means of this medicine she was cured of an intermittent fever, and after her return to Spain she aided in the diffusion of the remedy. DAGUERRE'OTYPE, a picture produced on a metal plate: "Daguerre," the inventor (1789-1851). DAHL'IA, a garden plant: "Dahl," a Swedish botanist. DUNCE, a dull, slow-witted person: "Duns Scotus," a subtle philosopher of the 13th century. His method of reasoning was very popular in the schools during the Middle Ages, and a very skillful hair-splitter was called a Dunse, but at last, through the influence of the antagonists of the philosopher, the word passed into a term of reproach. EP'ICURE, one fond of good living: "Epicurus," a Greek philosopher who was said to teach that pleasure is the chief good. FAH'RENHEIT, a thermometer that marks the freezing-point of water at 32° (which is different from both the centigrade and the Reaumur thermometer): "Fahrenheit," the inventor. FUCHSIA (fu'sĭ-a), a genus of flowering plants: "Leonard Fuchs," a German botanist of the 16th century. GAL'VANISM, a branch of the science of electricity: "Galvani," an Italian physician, its discoverer. GEN'TIAN, a medicinal root: "Gentian," king of Illyria, who is said to have first experienced the virtues of the plant. GOB'ELIN, a rich tapestry: "Jehan Gobeelen," a Flemish dyer. GUILLOTINE', an instrument for beheading: "Guillotin," who invented and brought it into use at the time of the French Revolution, last century. HY'GIENE, the principles and rules of health: "Hygeia," the goddess of health in classical mythology. JES'UIT, a member of the Society of Jesus, formed by Ignatius Loyola in 1534: "Jesus." LYNCH, to punish without the usual forms of law: said to be from "Lynch," a Virginia farmer, who took the law into his own hands. MACAD'AMIZE, to cover a road with small broken stones: "Macadam," the inventor. MAGNO'LIA, _a species of trees found in the southern parts of the United States_: "Magnol," a French botanist. MEN'TOR, a faithful monitor: "Mentor," the counselor of Telemachus. MOR'PHIA, the narcotic principle of opium: "Morpheus," the god of sleep. NE'GUS, a mixture of wine, water, and sugar: Colonel "Negus," who introduced its use in the time of Queen Anne. OR'RERY, _an apparatus for showing the motions, etc., of the heavenly bodies_: the Earl of "Orrery," for whom one of the first was made. PALLA'DIUM, _something that affords effectual defense, protection, and safety_: Greek "palla'dion," an image of "Pallas Athene," which was kept hidden and secret, and was revered as a pledge of the safety of the town where it was lodged. PAN'IC, a sudden fright: "Pan," the god of shepherds, who is said to have caused alarm by his wild screams and appearance. PE'ONY, a plant of the genus PÆONIA, having beautiful showy flowers: "Pæon," its discoverer. PET'REL, an ocean bird: diminutive of Peter, probably so called in allusion to "St. Peter's" walking on the sea. PHA'ETON, an open carriage: "Phaethon," the fabled son of Phœbus or the Sun, whose chariot he attempted to drive. PINCH'BECK, an alloy of copper and zinc resembling gold: said to be from one "Pinchbeck," the inventor. QUAS'SIA, a bitter wood used as a tonic: "Quassy," a negro who discovered its qualities. RODOMONTADE', vainbluster: "Rodomonte," a boasting hero who figures in Ariosto's poem of the Orlando Furioso. SILHOUETTE (sil oo et'), _the outline of an object filled in with black color_: "Silhouette" (see Webster). TAN'TALIZE, to torment or tease: "Tantalus," according to the poets, an ancient king of Phrygia, who was made to stand up to the chin in water with fruit hanging over his head, but from whom both receded when he wished to partake. TYPHOON', a violent hurricane which occurs in the Chinese seas: "Typhon," a fabled giant who was taught to produce them. VOLCA'NO, a burning mountain: "Vulcan," the god of fire. 2.--ADJECTIVES. AMER'ICAN, relating to America: from "Amerigo (Latin, Americus) Vespucci"--contemporary of Columbus. A'RIAN, relating to Arius: a theologian of the 4th century who denied the divinity of Christ. ARISTOTE'LIAN, _relating to the deductive method of reasoning set forth by Aristotle_: a Greek philosopher of the 4th century B.C. ARMIN'IAN, relating to Arminius: a Dutch theologian of the 16th century, who opposed the doctrines of Calvin. BACO'NIAN, _relating to the inductive method of reasoning set forth by Bacon_: an English philosopher of the 17th century. CARTE'SIAN, relating to the philosophy of Descartes: a French philosopher of the 17th century. CE'REAL, relating to grain: from "Ceres"--the Roman goddess of corn and tillage. COPER'NICAN, relating to Copernicus: a German philosopher of the 16th century, who taught the theory of the solar system now received, and called the Copernican system. ELIZ'ABETHAN, relating to the times of Queen Elizabeth of England: (1558-1603). EO'LIAN, relating to the wind: from "Æolus"--the god of the winds in classic mythology. ERAS'TIAN, relating to Erastus:--a German theologian of the 16th century, who maintained that the Church is wholly dependent on the State for support or authority. ESCULA'PIAN, relating to the healing art: from "Esculapius"--the god of the healing art among the Greeks. GOR'DIAN, intricate, complicated, difficult: from "Gordius"--king of Phrygia who tied a knot which could not be untied. HERCULE'AN, very large and strong: from "Hercules"--a hero of antiquity celebrated for his strength. HERMET'IC, relating to Hermes--the fabled inventor of alchemy; adv., HERMETICALLY, in a perfectly close manner. HUDIBRAS'TIC, in the manner of the satirical poem called Hudibras, by Samuel Butler (1612-1680). JO'VIAL, gay, merry: from "Jupiter" (Jovis),--the planet of that name having in the Middle Ages been supposed to make those who were born under it of a joyous temper. LINNÆ'AN, relating to Linnæus--the celebrated Swedish botanist. LU'THERAN, relating to the doctrines of Luther--a German religious teacher of the 16th century. MACHIAVEL'IAN, cunning and sinister in politics: from "Machiaveli"--an Italian writer of the 15th century. MERCU'RIAL, active, sprightly--having the qualities fabled to belong to the god "Mercury." MOSA'IC, relating to Moses, his writings or his time. NEWTO'NIAN, relating to Sir Isaac Newton and his philosophy. PINDAR'IC, after the style and manner of Pindar--a lyric poet of Greece. PLATON'IC, relating to the opinions or the school of Plato,--a philosopher of Greece, in the 4th century B.C. PLUTON'IC, _relating to the interior of the earth, or to the Plutonic theory in geology of the formation of certain rocks by fire_: from "Pluto"--in classic mythology, the god of the infernal regions. PROCRUS'TEAN, _relating to or resembling the mode of torture employed by Procrustes_--a celebrated highwayman of ancient Attica, who tied his victims upon an iron bed, and, as the case required, either stretched out or cut off their legs to adapt them to its length. PROME'THEAN, relating to Prometheus--a god fabled by the ancient poets to have formed men from clay and to have given them life by means of fire stolen from heaven, at which Jupiter, being angry, sent Mercury to bind him to Mount Caucasus, and place a vulture to prey upon his liver. QUIXOT'IC, absolutely romantic, like Don Quixote--described by Cervantes, a Spanish writer of the 16th century. SATUR'NIAN, distinguished for purity, integrity, and simplicity; _golden, happy_: from "Saturn"--one of the gods of antiquity whose age or reign, from the mildness and wisdom of his government, was called the _golden age_. SOCRAT'IC, _relating to the philosophy or the method of teaching of Socrates_--the celebrated philosopher of Greece (468-399 B.C.). STENTO'RIAN, very loud or powerful, resembling the voice of Stentor--a Greek herald, spoken of by Homer, having a very loud voice. THES'PIAN, relating to tragic action: from "Thespis"--the founder of the Greek drama. TITAN'IC, enormous in size and strength: from the "Titans"--fabled giants in classic mythology. UTO'PIAN, ideal, fanciful, chimerical: from "Utopia"--an imaginary island, represented by Sir Thomas More, in a work called "Utopia," as enjoying the greatest perfection in politics laws, and society. VOLTA'IC, relating to voltaism or voltaic electricity: from "Volta"--who first devised apparatus for developing electric currents by chemical action. II.--WORDS DERIVED FROM THE NAMES OF PLACES. AG'ATE, a precious stone: "Achates," a river in Sicily where it is found. AL'ABASTER, a variety of soft marble: "Alabastrum," in Egypt, where it is found. AR'RAS, tapestry: "Arras," in France, where it is manufactured. ARTE'SIAN, _applied to wells made by boring into the earth till the instrument reaches water which flows from internal pressure_: "Artois" (anciently called Artesium), in France, where many of such wells have been made. AT'TIC, _marked by such qualities as characterized the Athenians, as delicate wit, purity of style, elegance, etc._: "Attica," the country of the Athenians. BAN'TAM, a small domestic fowl: "Bantam," in Java, whence it was brought. BARB, a Barbary horse: "Barbary," in Africa. BAY'ONET, a dagger fixed on the end of a musket: "Bayonne," in France, where it was invented, in 1679. BEDLAM, a lunatic asylum: "Bethlehem," a monastery in London, afterwards used as an asylum for lunatics. BUR'GUNDY, a French wine: "Burgundy," where it is made. CAL'ICO, a kind of cotton cloth: "Calicut," in India, where it was first manufactured. CANA'RY, a wine and a bird: the "Canary" Islands. CAN'TER, an easy gallop: "Canterbury," in allusion to the easy pace at which the pilgrims used to ride thither. CAR'RONADE, a short cannon: "Carron," in Scotland, where it was first made. CASH'MERE, a rich shawl, from the wool of the Thibet goat: "Cashmere," the country where first made. CHALCED'ONY, a variety of uncrystalized quartz: "Chalcedon," in Asia Minor, where obtained. CHAMPAGNE', a wine: "Champagne," in France, where produced. CHER'RY, a red stoned fruit: "Cerasus" (now Kheresoun), in Pontus, Asia Minor, whence the tree was imported into Italy. CHEST'NUT, a fruit: "Castanea," in Macedonia, whence it was introduced into Europe. COG'NAC, a kind of French brandy: "Cognac," in France, where extensively made. COP'PER, a metal: "Cyprus," once celebrated for its rich mines of the metal. CORD'WAINER, a worker in cordwain, or cordovan, a Spanish leather: "Cordova," in Spain. CURAÇOA', a liquor or cordial flavored with orange peel: the island of "Curaçoa," where it was first made. CUR'RANT, a small dried grape: "Corinth," in Greece, of which "currant" is a corruption. DAM'ASK, figured linen or silk: "Damascus," in Syria, where first made. DAM'SON, a small black plum: (shortened from "Damascene") Damascus. DELF, a kind of earthenware: "Delft," in Holland, where it was orignally made. DI'APER, a figured linen cloth, used for towels, napkins, etc.: "Ypres," in Flanders, where originally manufactured. DIM'ITY, a figured cotton cloth: "Damietta," in Egypt. GAMBOGE', a yellow resin used as a paint: "Cambodia, where it is obtained. GING'HAM, cotton cloth, made of yarn dyed before woven: "Guincamp," in France, where it was first made. GUIN'EA, an English gold coin of the value of twenty-one shillings: "Guinea," whence the gold was obtained out of which it was first struck. GYP'SY, one of a wandering race: old English "Gyptian," from "Egypt," whence the race was supposed to have originated. HOL'LAND, a kind of linen cloth: "Holland," where first made. HOL'LANDS, a spirit flavored with juniper berries: "Holland," where it is extensively produced.. IN'DIGO, a blue dye: "India". JAL'AP, a cathartic medicine: "Jalapa," in Mexico, whence it was first imported in 1610. JET, a mineral used for ornament: "Gagates," a river in Asia Minor, whence it was obtained. LAN'DAU, LAN'DAULET, a kind of carriage opening at the top: "Landau," a town in Germany. MADEI'RA, a wine: "Madeira," where produced. MAGNE'SIA, a primitive earth: "Magnesia," in Thessaly. MAG'NET, the loadstone, or Magnesian stone. MALM'SEY, a wine: "Malvasia," in the Morea. MAR'SALA, a wine: "Marsala," in Sicily. MEAN'DER, to flow in a winding course: "Meander," a winding river in Asia Minor. MIL'LINER, one who makes ladies' bonnets, etc.: "Milan," in Italy. MOROC'CO, a fine kind of leather: "Morocco," in Africa, where it was originally made. NANKEEN', a buff-colored cloth: "Nankin," in China, where first made. PHEAS'ANT, a bird whose flesh is highly valued as food: "Phasis," a river in Asia Minor, whence it was brought to Europe. PIS'TOL, a small hand gun: "Pistoja," in Italy, where first made. PORT, a wine: "Oporto," in Portugal, whence extensively shipped. SARDINE', a small Mediterranean fish, of the herring family: "Sardinia" around whose coasts the fish abounds. SAUTERNE', a wine: "Sauterne," in France, where produced. SHER'RY, a wine: "Xeres," in Spain, where it is largely manufactured. SPAN'IEL, a dog of remarkable sagacity: "Hispaniola," now Hayti, where originally found. TAR'IFF, _a list of duties or customs to be paid on goods imported or exported_: from an Arabic word, tarif, information. TO'PAZ, a precious stone: "Topazos," an island in the Red Sea, where it is found. TRIP'OLI, a fine grained earth used in polishing stones: "Tripoli," in Africa, where originally obtained. TURQUOIS', a bluish-green stone: "Turkey," whence it was originally brought. WORST'ED, well-twisted yarn, spun of long-staple wool: "Worsted," a village in Norfolk, England, where first made. III.--ETYMOLOGY OF WORDS USED IN THE PRINCIPAL SCHOOL STUDIES. 1.--TERMS IN GEOGRAPHY. ANTARC'TIC: Gr. anti, opposite, and arktos, a bear. See arctic. ARCHIPEL'AGO: Gr. archi, chief, and pelagos, sea, originally applied to the Ægean Sea, which is studded with numerous islands. ARC'TIC: Gr. arktikos, from arktos, a bear and a northern constellation so called. ATLAN'TIC: Lat. Atlanticus, from "Atlas," a fabled Titan who was condemned to bear heaven on his head and hands. AX'IS: Lat. axis, an axletree. BAR'BAROUS: Gr. barbaros, foreign. BAY: Fr. baie, from Lat. baia, an inlet. CAN'CER: Lat. cancer, a crab (the name of one of the signs of the zodiac). CAPE: Fr. cap, from Lat. caput, head. CAP'ITAL: Lat. capitalis, from caput, head. CAP'RICORN: Lat. caper, goat, and cornu, horn (the name of one of the signs of the zodiac). CAR'DINAL: adj Lat. cardinalis, from cardo, cardinis, a hinge. CHAN'NEL: Lat. canalis, from canna, a reed or pipe. CIR'CLE: Lat. circus, from Gr. kirkos, a ring. CIRCUM'FERENCE: Lat. circum, around, and ferre, to bear. CIT'Y: Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas, a state or community. CIV'ILIZED: Lat. civilis, pertaining to an organized community. CLI'MATE: Gr. klima, klimatos, slope, the supposed slope of the earth from the Equator to the poles. COAST: Old Fr. coste (New Fr. côte), from Lat. costa, rib, side. CON'FLUENCE: Lat. con, together, and fluere, to flow. CON'TINENT: Lat. con, together, and tenere, to hold. CON'TOUR: Lat. con, together, and tornus, a lathe. COUN'TY: Fr. comte, from Lat. comitatus, governed by a count. DEGREE': Lat. de, and gradus, a step DIAM'ETER: Gr. dia, through, and metron, measure. EQUA'TOR: Lat. equus, equal. ES'TUARY: Lat. æstuare, to boil up, or be furious, the reference being to the commotion made by the meeting of a river-current and the tide. FRIG'ID: Lat. frigidus, from frigere, to be cold. GEOG'RAPHY: Gr. ge, the earth, and graphe, a description. GLOBE: Lat. globus, a round body. GULF: Fr. golfe, from Gr. kolpos, bosom, bay. HAR'BOR: Anglo-Saxon, hereberga, from beorgan, to shelter. HEM'ISPHERE: Gr. hemi, half, and sphaira, sphere. HORI'ZON: Gr. horizein, to bound. IN'DIAN (ocean): India. ISTH'MUS: Gr. isthmos, a neck. LAKE: Lat. lacus, a lake. LAT'ITUDE: Lat. latitudo, from latus, broad. LON'GITUDE: Lat. longitudo, from longus, long. MERID'IAN: Lat. meridies (= medius, middle, and dies, day), noon. METROP'OLIS: Gr. meter, mother, and polis, city. MON'ARCHY: Gr. monarchés, from monos, alone, and archein, to rule. MOUN'TAIN: Fr. montagne, from Lat. mons, montis, a mountain. OB'LATE: Lat. oblatus (ob and past part. of ferre, to bring), brought forward. O'CEAN: Gr. okeanus, from okus, rapid, and nacin, to flow. PACIF'IC: Lat. pacificus, from pax, pacis, peace, and facere, to make. PAR'ALLEL: Gr. para, beside, and allelon, of one another. PENIN'SULA: Lat. penes, almost, and insula, island. PHYS'ICAL: Gr. physis (phusis), nature. PLAIN: Lat. planus, flat. PLANE: Lat. planus, flat. POLE: Gr. polos, a pivot. POLIT'ICAL: Gr. polis, a city or state. PROM'ONTORY: Lat. pro, before, and mons, montis, a mountain. RELIEF': Fr. relever, from Lat. relevare, to raise. REPUB'LIC: Lat. res, an affair, and publica, public: that is, a commonwealth. RIV'ER: Fr. rivière, from Lat. ripa, a shore or bank. SAV'AGE: Fr. sauvage, from Lat. silva, a wood. SEA: Anglo-Saxon, sæ, the sea. SOCI'ETY: Lat. societas, from socius, a companion. 2.--TERMS IN GRAMMAR. AD'JECTIVE, Lat. adjectivus, from ad and jacere, to add to: _a word joined to a noun or pronoun to limit or describe its meaning_. AD'JUNCT, Lat. adjunctus, from ad and jungere, to join to: _a modifier or subordinate element of a sentence_. AD'VERB, Lat. adverbium, from ad, to, and verbum, word, verb: _a word used to modify the meaning of a verb, an adjective, or another adverb_. ANAL'YSIS, Gr. analusis, from ana and luein, to unloose, to resolve into its elements: _the separation of a sentence into its constituent elements_. ANTECE'DENT, Lat. antecedens, pres. part. of antecedere, to go before: the noun or pronoun represented by a relative pronoun. APPOSI'TION, Lat. appositio, from ad, to, and ponere, to place beside: _the state of two nouns put in the same case without a connecting word between them_. AR'TICLE, Lat. articulus, a little joint: one of the three words, a, an, or the. AUXIL'IARY, Lat. auxiliaris, from auxilium, help, aid: _a verb used to assist in conjugating other verbs_. CASE, Lat. casus, from cadere, to fall, to happen: _a grammatical form denoting the relation of a noun or pronoun to some other word in the sentence_. CLAUSE, Lat. claudere, clausum, to shut: _a dependent proposition introduced by a connective_. COMPAR'ISON, Lat. comparatio, from comparare, to liken to: _a variation in the form of an adjective or adverb to express degrees of quantity or quality_. COM'PLEMENT, Lat. complementum, from con and plere, to fill fully: _the word or words required to complete the predication of a transitive verb_. COM'PLEX (sentence), Lat. complexus, from con and plectere, to twist around: _a sentence consisting of one independent proposition and one or more clauses_. COM'POUND (sentence), Lat. componere (= con and ponere), to put together: a sentence consisting of two or more independent propositions. CONJUGA'TION, Lat. conjugatio, from con and jugare, to join together: _the systematic arrangement of a verb according to its various grammatical forms_. CONJUNCTION, Lat. conjunctio, from con and jungere, to join together: a word used to connect sentences or the elements of sentences. DECLEN'SION, Lat. declinatio, from declinare, to lean or incline: _the process of giving in regular order the cases and numbers of a noun or pronoun_. ELLIP'SIS, Gr. elleipsis, a leaving or defect: _the omission of a word or words necessary to complete the grammatical structure of the sentence_. ETYMOL'OGY, Gr. etumologia, from etumon, the true literal sense of a word, and logos, a discourse: _that division of grammar which treats of the classification and grammatical forms of words_. FEM'ININE (gender), Lat. femininus, from femina, woman: _the gender of a noun denoting a person of the female sex_. GEN'DER, Lat. genus, generis, kind: _a grammatical form expressing the sex or non-sex of an object named by a noun_. GRAM'MAR, Gr. gramma, a letter, through Fr. grammaire: the science of language. IMPER'ATIVE (mood), Lat. imperativus, from imperare, to command: _the mood of a verb used in the statement of a command or request_. INDIC'ATIVE (mood), Lat. indicativus, from indicare, to proclaim: _the mood of a verb used in the statement of a fact, or of a matter taken as a fact_. INFLEC'TION, Lat. inflexio, from inflectere, to bend in: _a change in the ending of a word_. INTERJEC'TION, Lat. interjectio, from inter and jacere, to throw between: _a word which expresses an emotion, but which does not enter into the construction of the sentence_. INTRAN'SITIVE (verb), Lat. intransitivus = in, not, and transitivus, from trans and ire, itum, to go beyond: _a verb that denotes a state or condition, or an action not terminating on an object_. MAS'CULINE (gender), Lat. masculus, male: _the gender of a noun describing a person of the male sex_. MODE. See mood. MOOD, Lat. modus, through Fr. mode, manner: _a grammatical form denoting the style of predication_. NEU'TER (gender), Lat. neuter, neither: _the gender of a noun denoting an object without life_. NOM'INATIVE (case), Lat. nominativus, from nomen, a name: _that form which a noun has when it is the subject of a verb_. NOUN, Lat. nomen, a name, through Fr. nom: _a name-word, the name of anything_. NUM'BER, Lat. numerus, through Fr. nombre, number: _a grammatical form expressing one or more than one of the objects named by a noun or pronoun_. OB'JECT, Lat. ob and jacere, to set before: _that toward which an activity is directed or is considered to be directed_. OBJEC'TIVE (case), Lat. objectivus, from ob and jacere: _the case which follows a transitive verb or a preposition_. PARSE, Lat. pars, a part: _to point out the several parts of speech in a sentence and their relation to one another_. PAR'TICIPLE, Lat. participium, from pars, part, and capere, to take, to share: _a verbal adjective, a word which shares or participates in the nature both of the verb and of the adjective_. PER'SON, Lat. persona, the part taken by a performer: _a grammatical form which shows whether the speaker is meant, the person spoken to, or the person spoken of_. PHRASE, Gr. phrasis, a brief expression, from phrazein, to speak: _a combination of related words forming an element of a sentence_. PLE'ONASM, Gr. pleonasmos, from pleion, more: _the use of more words to express an idea than are necessary_. PLU'RAL (number), Lat. pluralis, from plus, pluris, more: _the number which designates more than one_. POSSESS'IVE (case), Lat. possessivus, from possidere, to own: _that form which a noun or pronoun has in order to denote ownership or possession_. POTEN'TIAL (mood), Lat. potens, potentis, being able: _the mood of a verb used in the statement of something possible or contingent_. PREDICATE, Lat. prædicatum, from præ and dicare, to proclaim: _the word or words in a proposition which express what is affirmed of the subject_. PREPOSI'TION, Lat. præpositio, from præ and ponere, to put before: _a connective word expressing a relation of meaning between a noun or pronoun and some other word_. PRO'NOUN, Lat. pronomen, from pro, for, and nomen, a noun: _a word used instead of a noun_. PROP'OSITION, Lat. propositio, from proponere (pro and ponere), to put forth: the combination of a subject with a predicate. REL'ATIVE (pronoun), Lat. relativus, from re and ferre, latus, to bear back: a pronoun that refers to an antecedent noun or pronoun. SEN'TENCE, Lat. sententia, from sentire, to think: _a combination of words expressing a complete thought_. SIM'PLE (sentence), Lat. simplex, from sine, without, and plica, fold: a sentence having but one subject and one predicate. SUB'JECT, Lat. subjectus, from sub and jacere, to place under: _that of which something is predicated_. SUBJUNC'TIVE (mood), Lat. subjunctivus, from sub and jungere, to subjoin: the mood used in the statement of something merely thought of. SYN'TAX, Gr. suntaxis, from sun, together, and taxis, arrangement: _that division of grammar which treats of the relations of words in sentences_. TENSE, Lat. tempus, time, through Fr. temps: _a grammatical form of the verb denoting the time of the action or event_. TRAN'SITIVE, Lat. transitivus, from trans and ire, itum, to pass over: a verb that denotes an action terminating on some object. VERB, Lat. verbum, a word: a word that predicates action or being. VOICE, Lat. vox, vocis, voice, through Fr. voix: _a grammatical form of the transitive verb, expressing whether the subject names the actor or the recipient of the action_. 3.--TERMS IN ARITHMETIC. ADDI'TION, Lat. additio, from addere, to add. AL'IQUOT, Lat. aliquot, some. ARITH'METIC, Gr. adj. arithmetike, numerical, from n. arithmos, number. AVOIRDUPOIS', Fr. avoir du pois, to have [a fixed or standard] weight. CANCELLA'TION, Lat. cancellatio, from cancellare, to make like a lattice (cancelli), to strike or cross out. CENT, Lat. centum, a hundred. CI'PHER, Arabic sifrun, empty, zero. CUBE, Gr. kubos, a cubical die. DEC'IMAL, Lat. decimus, tenth, from decem, ten. DENOM'INATOR, Lat. denominare, from de and nominare (nomen, a name), to call by name. DIG'IT, Lat. digitus, a finger. DIV'IDEND, Lat. dividendus, to be divided, from dividere, to divide. DIVIS'ION, Lat. divisio, from dividere, to divide. DIVI'SOR, Sp. divisor, that which divides, from Lat. dividere, to divide. DOL'LAR, Ger. thaler, an abbreviation of Joachimsthaler, i.e. a piece of money first coined, about 1518, in the valley (thal) of St. Joachim, in Bohemia. EQUA'TION, Lat. æquatio, from æquus, equal. EXPO'NENT, Lat. exponens, pres. part. of exponere, to set forth (= ex and ponere). FAC'TOR, Lat. factor, that which does something, from facere, factum, to do or make. FIG'URE, Lat. figura, shape, from fingere, to form or shape. FRAC'TION, Lat. fractio, from frangere, to break. IN'TEGER, Lat. integer, untouched, whole. IN'TEREST, Lat. interest = it interests, is of interest (3d per. sing. pres. indic. of interesse, to be between, to be of importance). MIN'UEND, Lat. minuendus, to be diminished, from minuere, to lessen. MUL'TIPLE, Lat. multiplex, from multus, much, and plicare, to fold. MUL'TIPLY, MULTIPLICATION, etc. See multiple. NAUGHT, Anglo-Sax. nawhit, from ne, not, and awiht or auht, aught, anything. NOTA'TION, Lat. notatio, from notare, to mark (nota, a mark). NUMERA'TION, Lat. numeratio, from numerus, a number. QUO'TIENT, Lat. quoties, how often, how many times, from quot, how many. SUBTRACTION, Lat. subtractio, from sub and trahere, to draw from under. U'NIT, Lat. unus, one. ZE'RO, Arabic çifrun, empty, cipher. * * * * * NOTES. [1] To teachers who are unacquainted with the original Word-Analysis, the following extract from the Preface to that work may not be out of place:-- "The treatment of the Latin derivatives in Part II. presents a new and important feature, to wit: the systematic analysis of the structure and organism of derivative words, together with the statement of their primary meaning in such form that the pupil inevitably perceives its relation with the root, and in fact makes its primary meaning by the very process of analyzing the word into its primitive and its modifying prefix or suffix. It presents, also, a marked improvement in the method of approaching the definition,--a method by which the definition is seen to grow out of the primary meaning, and by which the analytic faculty of the pupil is exercised in tracing the transition from the primary meaning to the secondary and figurative meanings,--thus converting what is ordinarily a matter of rote into an agreeable exercise of the thinking faculty. Another point of novelty in the method of treatment is presented in the copious practical exercises on the use of words. The experienced instructor very well knows that pupils may memorize endless lists of terms and definitions without having any realization of the actual living power of words. Such a realization can only be gained by using the word,--by turning it over in a variety of ways, and by throwing upon it the side-lights of its synonym and contrasted word. The method of thus utilizing English derivatives gives a study which possesses at once simplicity and fruitfulness,--the two desiderata of an instrument of elementary discipline." [2] "Etymology," Greek et'umon, the true literal sense of a word according to its derivation, and log'os, a discourse. [3] "Vocabulary," Latin vocabula'rium, a stock of words; from vox, vocis, a voice, a word. [4] By the Low German languages are meant those spoken in the low, flat countries of North Germany, along the coast of the North Sea (as Dutch, the language of Holland); and they are so called in contradistinction to High German, or German proper. [5] For the full definition, reference should be had to a dictionary; but in the present exercise the literal or etymological signification may suffice. [6] Fen'do, fen'dere, is used in Latin only in composition. [7] Another mode of spelling defense. [8] From pass and over, a feast of the Jews instituted to commemorate the providential escape of the Jews to Egypt, when God, smiting the first-born of the Egyptians passed over the houses of the Israelites, which were marked with the blood of the paschal lamb. [9] For the explanation of the etymology see Webster's Unabridged. [10] For is different from fore, and corresponds to the German ver, different from vor. A, be, for, ge, are often indifferently prefixed to verbs, especially to perfect tenses and perfect participles, as well as to verbal nouns.--BOSWORTH. [11] Ster was the Anglo-Saxon feminine termination. Females once conducted the work of brewing, baking, etc., hence brewster, baxter; these words were afterwards applied to men when they undertook the same work. Ster is now used in depreciating, as in trickster, youngster.