Skip to contentSkip to Braille Studio

Library / Mathematics / An essay on the foundations of geometry / Braille

An essay on the foundations of geometry ⠃⠗⠋ braille edition

Grade 1 — uncontracted, letter-for-letter. Translated on this server by our own braille engine (BRF — Braille Ready Format, Library of Congress fdd000551). View Grade 2 instead.

Download .brf — Grade 2 Download .brf — Grade 1 Plain-text reader .txt

504,362 braille cells · 533 embossed pages at 40×25 · 2,394 unrepresentable characters omitted

⠉⠥⠗⠧⠁⠞⠥⠗⠑⠲⠀⠠⠊⠞⠀⠊⠎⠀⠁⠀⠎⠁⠍⠏⠇⠑⠀⠕⠋⠀⠞⠓⠑⠀
⠎⠇⠊⠛⠓⠞⠇⠽⠀⠥⠝⠏⠗⠕⠋⠑⠎⠎⠊⠕⠝⠁⠇⠀⠀⠝⠁⠞⠥⠗⠑⠀⠕⠋⠀
⠠⠓⠑⠇⠍⠓⠕⠇⠞⠵⠄⠎⠀⠍⠁⠞⠓⠑⠍⠁⠞⠊⠉⠁⠇⠀⠺⠕⠗⠅⠀⠕⠝⠀⠞⠓⠊⠎⠀
⠎⠥⠃⠚⠑⠉⠞⠂⠀⠺⠓⠊⠉⠓⠀⠀⠑⠇⠊⠉⠊⠞⠎⠀⠋⠗⠕⠍⠀⠠⠅⠇⠑⠊⠝⠀⠞⠓⠑⠀
⠋⠕⠇⠇⠕⠺⠊⠝⠛⠀⠗⠑⠍⠁⠗⠅⠎⠼⠉⠁⠒⠀⠠⠓⠑⠇⠍⠓⠕⠇⠞⠵⠀⠊⠎⠀⠝⠕⠞⠀
⠁⠀⠀⠍⠁⠞⠓⠑⠍⠁⠞⠊⠉⠊⠁⠝⠀⠃⠽⠀⠏⠗⠕⠋⠑⠎⠎⠊⠕⠝⠂⠀⠃⠥⠞⠀⠁⠀
⠏⠓⠽⠎⠊⠉⠊⠎⠞⠀⠁⠝⠙⠀⠏⠓⠽⠎⠊⠕⠇⠕⠛⠊⠎⠞⠲⠲⠲⠲⠀⠀⠠⠋⠗⠕⠍⠀
⠞⠓⠊⠎⠀⠝⠕⠝⠤⠍⠁⠞⠓⠑⠍⠁⠞⠊⠉⠁⠇⠀⠟⠥⠁⠇⠊⠞⠽⠀⠕⠋⠀
⠠⠓⠑⠇⠍⠓⠕⠇⠞⠵⠂⠀⠊⠞⠀⠋⠕⠇⠇⠕⠺⠎⠀⠝⠁⠞⠥⠗⠁⠇⠇⠽⠀⠀⠞⠓⠁⠞⠀
⠓⠑⠀⠙⠕⠑⠎⠀⠝⠕⠞⠀⠞⠗⠑⠁⠞⠀⠞⠓⠑⠀⠍⠁⠞⠓⠑⠍⠁⠞⠊⠉⠁⠇⠀
⠏⠕⠗⠞⠊⠕⠝⠀⠕⠋⠀⠓⠊⠎⠀⠺⠕⠗⠅⠀⠺⠊⠞⠓⠀⠞⠓⠑⠀⠀
⠞⠓⠕⠗⠕⠥⠛⠓⠝⠑⠎⠎⠀⠺⠓⠊⠉⠓⠀⠕⠝⠑⠀⠺⠕⠥⠇⠙⠀⠙⠑⠍⠁⠝⠙⠀⠕⠋⠀⠁
⠀⠍⠁⠞⠓⠑⠍⠁⠞⠊⠉⠊⠁⠝⠀⠃⠽⠀⠞⠗⠁⠙⠑⠀⠶⠧⠕⠝⠀⠀⠠⠋⠁⠉⠓⠶⠲⠀
⠠⠓⠑⠀⠞⠑⠇⠇⠎⠀⠥⠎⠀⠓⠊⠍⠎⠑⠇⠋⠀⠞⠓⠁⠞⠀⠊⠞⠀⠺⠁⠎⠀⠞⠓⠑⠀
⠏⠓⠽⠎⠊⠕⠇⠕⠛⠊⠉⠁⠇⠀⠎⠞⠥⠙⠽⠀⠕⠋⠀⠀⠧⠊⠎⠊⠕⠝⠀⠺⠓⠊⠉⠓⠀⠇⠑⠙
⠀⠓⠊⠍⠀⠞⠕⠀⠞⠓⠑⠀⠟⠥⠑⠎⠞⠊⠕⠝⠀⠕⠋⠀⠞⠓⠑⠀⠁⠭⠊⠕⠍⠎⠂⠀⠁⠝⠙⠀
⠊⠞⠀⠊⠎⠀⠁⠎⠀⠁⠀⠀⠏⠓⠽⠎⠊⠉⠊⠎⠞⠀⠞⠓⠁⠞⠀⠓⠑⠀⠍⠁⠅⠑⠎⠀⠓⠊⠎⠀
⠁⠭⠊⠕⠍⠎⠀⠗⠑⠋⠑⠗⠀⠞⠕⠀⠁⠉⠞⠥⠁⠇⠀⠗⠊⠛⠊⠙⠀⠃⠕⠙⠊⠑⠎⠲⠀⠀
⠠⠁⠉⠉⠕⠗⠙⠊⠝⠛⠇⠽⠂⠀⠺⠑⠀⠋⠊⠝⠙⠀⠑⠗⠗⠕⠗⠎⠀⠊⠝⠀⠓⠊⠎⠀
⠍⠁⠞⠓⠑⠍⠁⠞⠊⠉⠎⠂⠀⠎⠥⠉⠓⠀⠁⠎⠀⠞⠓⠑⠀⠁⠭⠊⠕⠍⠀⠀⠕⠋⠀
⠠⠍⠕⠝⠕⠙⠗⠕⠍⠽⠂⠀⠁⠝⠙⠀⠞⠓⠑⠀⠁⠎⠎⠥⠍⠏⠞⠊⠕⠝⠀⠞⠓⠁⠞⠀⠞⠓⠑⠀
⠍⠑⠁⠎⠥⠗⠑⠀⠕⠋⠀⠉⠥⠗⠧⠁⠞⠥⠗⠑⠀⠍⠥⠎⠞⠀⠀⠃⠑⠀⠏⠕⠎⠊⠞⠊⠧⠑⠲⠀
⠠⠝⠑⠧⠑⠗⠞⠓⠑⠇⠑⠎⠎⠂⠀⠞⠓⠑⠀⠏⠗⠕⠕⠋⠀⠕⠋⠀⠠⠗⠊⠑⠍⠁⠝⠝⠄⠎⠀
⠁⠗⠉⠤⠋⠕⠗⠍⠥⠇⠁⠀⠊⠎⠀⠀⠑⠭⠞⠗⠑⠍⠑⠇⠽⠀⠁⠃⠇⠑⠂⠀⠁⠝⠙⠀⠓⠁⠎⠂
⠀⠕⠝⠀⠞⠓⠑⠀⠺⠓⠕⠇⠑⠂⠀⠃⠑⠑⠝⠀⠎⠥⠃⠎⠞⠁⠝⠞⠊⠁⠞⠑⠙⠀⠃⠽⠀

These are the same pages the .brf download embosses — form-feed breaks and all. BRF opens in braille software (Duxbury, BrailleBlaster), on embossers, and on refreshable displays.