Library / Biology / How to Use the Popular Science Library; History of Science; General Index / Braille
How to Use the Popular Science Library; History of Science; General Index ⠃⠗⠋ braille edition
Grade 1 — uncontracted, letter-for-letter. Translated on this server by our own braille engine (BRF — Braille Ready Format, Library of Congress fdd000551). View Grade 2 instead.
Download .brf — Grade 2 Download .brf — Grade 1 Plain-text reader .txt
1,228,378 braille cells · 1,293 embossed pages at 40×25 · 3,762 unrepresentable characters omitted
⠼⠁⠙⠛⠆⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠕⠋⠀⠊⠝⠎⠑⠉⠞⠎⠂⠀⠭⠊⠊⠂⠀⠼⠁⠚⠉⠆⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠕⠋⠀⠍⠑⠝⠀⠁⠝⠙⠀⠇⠕⠺⠑⠗⠀⠁⠝⠊⠍⠁⠇⠎⠂⠀⠉⠕⠍⠏⠁⠗⠑⠙⠂⠀⠭⠧⠂⠀ ⠼⠋⠃⠤⠉⠂⠀⠼⠊⠋⠆⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠕⠋⠀⠏⠗⠊⠍⠊⠞⠊⠧⠑⠀⠍⠑⠝⠂⠀⠊⠊⠊⠂⠀ ⠼⠉⠚⠃⠤⠉⠂⠀⠼⠉⠚⠙⠂⠀⠭⠧⠂⠀⠼⠓⠊⠤⠊⠁⠂⠀⠼⠊⠋⠆⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠧⠁⠗⠊⠕⠥⠎⠀⠁⠝⠊⠍⠁⠇⠎⠀⠕⠋⠀⠏⠁⠎⠞⠂⠀⠊⠊⠊⠂⠀⠼⠃⠓⠊⠂⠀ ⠼⠃⠊⠚⠂⠀⠼⠃⠊⠃⠂⠀⠼⠃⠊⠓⠂⠀⠼⠃⠊⠊⠆⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠕⠧⠑⠗⠥⠎⠑⠀ ⠑⠋⠋⠑⠉⠞⠎⠂⠀⠭⠊⠂⠀⠼⠃⠓⠓⠤⠊⠆⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠏⠗⠕⠞⠑⠉⠞⠊⠕⠝⠀⠕⠋⠂ ⠀⠊⠝⠀⠊⠝⠋⠁⠝⠞⠎⠀⠊⠭⠂⠀⠼⠉⠙⠑⠆⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠠⠎⠓⠑⠗⠗⠊⠝⠛⠞⠕⠝⠀ ⠕⠝⠂⠀⠭⠊⠂⠀⠼⠁⠃⠆⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠎⠅⠥⠇⠇⠀⠉⠁⠏⠁⠉⠊⠞⠽⠀⠊⠝⠀ ⠗⠑⠇⠁⠞⠊⠕⠝⠀⠞⠕⠂⠀⠭⠧⠂⠀⠼⠙⠁⠆⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠎⠞⠕⠍⠁⠉⠓⠀⠁⠝⠙⠂⠀ ⠗⠑⠇⠁⠞⠊⠕⠝⠎⠂⠀⠭⠊⠂⠀⠼⠉⠛⠚⠆⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠎⠞⠕⠗⠑⠓⠕⠥⠎⠑⠀⠕⠋⠀ ⠏⠁⠎⠞⠀⠑⠝⠧⠊⠗⠕⠝⠍⠑⠝⠞⠂⠀⠼⠑⠓⠆⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠞⠊⠎⠎⠥⠑⠎⠀ ⠥⠝⠁⠋⠋⠑⠉⠞⠑⠙⠀⠊⠝⠀⠎⠞⠁⠗⠧⠁⠞⠊⠕⠝⠂⠀⠊⠭⠂⠀⠼⠃⠊⠓⠆⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠧⠊⠎⠥⠁⠇⠀⠁⠗⠑⠁⠂⠀⠭⠊⠂⠀⠼⠊⠋⠤⠛⠆⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠺⠁⠎⠞⠑⠀⠕⠋⠀ ⠑⠝⠑⠗⠛⠽⠀⠕⠋⠂⠀⠼⠉⠛⠛⠆⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠺⠑⠊⠛⠓⠞⠀⠊⠝⠀⠍⠁⠝⠀⠁⠝⠙⠀ ⠁⠏⠑⠎⠂⠀⠭⠧⠂⠀⠼⠋⠃⠆⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠺⠑⠊⠛⠓⠞⠀⠊⠝⠀⠧⠁⠗⠊⠕⠥⠎⠀ ⠍⠑⠝⠀⠁⠝⠙⠀⠗⠁⠉⠑⠎⠂⠀⠼⠉⠊⠤⠙⠁⠆⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠺⠕⠥⠝⠙⠎⠀⠕⠋⠂⠀ ⠑⠁⠗⠇⠽⠀⠞⠗⠑⠁⠞⠍⠑⠝⠞⠂⠀⠭⠂⠀⠼⠑⠑⠂⠀⠼⠑⠋⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠶⠎⠑⠑⠀ ⠁⠇⠎⠕⠀⠠⠃⠗⠁⠊⠝⠀⠠⠎⠞⠑⠍⠂⠀⠠⠉⠑⠗⠑⠃⠑⠇⠇⠥⠍⠂⠀ ⠠⠉⠑⠗⠑⠃⠗⠥⠍⠶⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠠⠃⠗⠁⠊⠝⠀⠠⠉⠁⠎⠑⠂⠀⠊⠭⠂⠀⠼⠋⠁⠆⠀⠀ ⠋⠁⠉⠑⠀⠁⠝⠙⠂⠀⠭⠧⠂⠀⠼⠙⠉⠂⠀⠼⠋⠃⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠠⠃⠗⠁⠊⠝⠀ ⠠⠏⠕⠺⠑⠗⠂⠀⠙⠑⠧⠑⠇⠕⠏⠍⠑⠝⠞⠀⠕⠋⠂⠀⠊⠝⠀⠍⠁⠝⠂⠀⠭⠧⠂⠀ ⠼⠁⠊⠚⠤⠁⠆⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠗⠁⠉⠊⠁⠇⠀⠑⠭⠏⠗⠑⠎⠎⠊⠕⠝⠎⠀⠁⠝⠙⠂⠀ ⠼⠉⠊⠂⠀⠼⠋⠉⠤⠙⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠠⠃⠗⠁⠊⠝⠀⠠⠎⠞⠑⠍⠂⠀⠊⠭⠂⠀ ⠼⠁⠙⠙⠤⠑⠂⠀⠼⠁⠙⠋⠀⠶⠋⠊⠛⠲⠶⠆⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠧⠊⠞⠁⠇⠀⠏⠗⠕⠉⠑⠎⠎⠀
These are the same pages the .brf download embosses — form-feed breaks and all. BRF opens in braille software (Duxbury, BrailleBlaster), on embossers, and on refreshable displays.