Simple proofs of a Gagliardo--Nirenberg inequality and their extensions

arXiv:2610.40849v1 Announce Type: new Abstract: We revisit the one-dimensional Gagliardo-Nirenberg interpolation inequality $$\|u'\|_{L^p(\mathbb{R})}\leq C\|u\|_{L^q(\mathbb{R})}^{1-a}\|u''\|_{L^r(\mathbb{R})}^{a},\qquad u\in C^\infty_c(\mathbb{R}),\quad \tfrac12\leq a\leq 1,$$ and recall how its general form follows from the case $a=\frac12$ by interpolation with an endpoint estimate. For $a=\frac12$ and $p=q=r$, we give four alternative proofs, based on integration by parts (two proofs), on an ODE, and on the $L^p$ theory of singular integrals. The two proofs by integration by parts also cover most of the other admissible exponents. In $\mathbb{R}^N$, the integration by parts arguments give the inequality with explicit constants and, for $p\leq 2$, with the Laplacian in place of the Hessian and a constant independent of the dimension. For weighted measures $w(x)\,dx$, a pointwise version of the ODE argument gives the pointwise inequality $|\nabla u|^2\leq C_N\,Mu\,M(\Delta u)$, where $M$ is the Hardy-Littlewood maximal function, and hence the inequality for Muckenhoupt weights, with the Laplacian and an explicit constant. The integration by parts arguments give it for homogeneous weights of large degree and for superharmonic weights. These results apply, in particular, to power weights and to monomial weights.

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