arXiv:2611.09780v1 Announce Type: cross Abstract: Leaderboards are a popular way to compare large language model (LLM) capabilities and can influence how model developers invest resources. We ask when competition on leaderboards leads developers to produce models with similar capability profiles, which we call monoculture, or similar performance levels. We study this by formulating leaderboard competition as a game in which model developers invest resources across capabilities to maximize their win rate. We show that similar production functions can induce similar capability profiles, while comparative advantage can sustain distinct capability profiles. We then study convergence in performance levels and show that diminishing returns can lead to an increasingly crowded competitive frontier. Using data from LM Arena and OpenRouter, we find that developers improve more in categories where they lag competitors, while still retaining category-specific advantages. At the same time, we find that the frontier of models becomes increasingly crowded, alongside increasingly diversified model usage patterns. Our results suggest that increasing competition does not need to produce interchangeable models, but can instead sustain competitive models with distinct strengths.
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