arXiv:2610.37945v1 Announce Type: new Abstract: For a smooth cubic surface $S/\mathbb{Q}$, the absolute Galois group acts on the $27$ lines of $S_{\overline{\mathbb{Q}}}$, giving a subgroup \[ G_S\subseteq W(E_6). \] We study the distribution of $G_S$ when the twenty coefficients of a defining cubic form are chosen independently from a large interval $[-H,H]$. We prove that, for every $\varepsilon>0$, the number of smooth integral cubic forms of height at most $H$ for which \[ G_S\neq W(E_6) \] is \[ O_\varepsilon\!\left(H^{19+1/21+\varepsilon}\right). \] The principal obstruction is the unique subgroup $W(E_6)^+$ of index $2$. By a theorem of Saito, membership in this subgroup is equivalent to the signed discriminant of the cubic surface being a square. A recent square-value estimate of Bonolis, Pierce, and Woo then gives the exponent $19+1/21$. For each of the other five conjugacy classes of maximal subgroups of $W(E_6)$, recent results on rational points in projective thin sets give the sharper bound $O(H^{19})$. We also prove the lower bound \[ N_{\mathrm{exc}}(H)\gg H^{16} \] by counting cubic surfaces containing a fixed rational line, and exhibit an $H^{14}$-sized exceptional family with no rational line, arising from rational Eckardt points. These examples lead us to conjecture that \[ N_{\mathrm{exc}}(H)=H^{16+o(1)}. \] Finally, we investigate whether Bhargava's proof of van der Waerden's conjecture for $S_n$ can be adapted to the index-$2$ $E_6$-problem. A double-discriminant argument gives the desired $H^{19+\varepsilon}$ bound whenever the product of the strongly square-dividing primes is sufficiently large. The remaining difficulty comes from weak square divisibility.
Continue to arXiv Mathematics →You are being forwarded in 6s — stay on this page