,,ii  #aaith ,,congress  #ast ,session  
,s4 #egi  ,,in ,,the ,,senate ,,of ,,the
 ,,united ,,states  ,february #ac1      
#bjbe,mr4 ,durbin 7for himself1 ,mr4    
,daines1 ,mr4 ,schumer1 ,ms4 ,murkowski1
 ,mr4 ,young1 and ,mr4 ,padilla7        
introduced the following bill2 which was
 read twice and referred to the         
,committee on ,energy and ,natural      
,resources  ,a ,,bill  ,to amend the    
,national ,quantum ,initiative ,act to  
provide for a research1 development1 and
 demonstration program1 and for other   
purposes4  #a4 ,short title ,this ,act  
may be cited as the ,department of      
,energy ,quantum ,leadership ,act of    
#bjbe4  #b4 ,department of ,energy      
quantum information science research    
program ,section #dja of the ,national  
,quantum ,initiative ,act 7#ae ,u4,s4,c4
 #hhea7 is amended-- 7#a7 by striking   
subsection 7a7 and inserting the        
following3  7a7 ,in general ,the        
,secretary of ,energy shall carry out a 
research1 development1 and demonstration

 program on quantum information science1
 engineering1 and technology4  2  7#b7  
in subsection 7b7-- 7,a7 in paragraph   
7#a71 by inserting 1 engineering1 and   
technology after science2  7,b7 in      
paragraph 7#b71 by inserting 1          
engineering1 and technology after       
science2  7,c7 by striking paragraph    
7#c7 and inserting the following3  7#c7 
provide research experiences and        
training for additional undergraduate   
and graduate students in quantum        
information science1 engineering1 and   
technology1 including in the fields     
specified in paragraph 7#d72  2  7,d7 by
 redesignating paragraphs 7#c7 through  
7#e7 as paragraphs 7#e7 through 7#g71   
respectively2  7,e7 by inserting after  
paragraph 7#b7 the following3  7#c7     
operate ,national ,quantum ,information 
,science ,research ,centers under       
section #djb to accelerate and scale    
scientific and technical breakthroughs  
in quantum information science1         
engineering1 and technology1 and        

maintain state-of-the-art infrastructure
 for quantum researchers and industry   
partners2  7#d7 conduct cooperative     
basic and applied research with         
industry1 ,national ,laboratories1      
institutions of higher education1 and   
other research institutions to          
facilitate the development1             
demonstration1 and commercial           
application of quantum information      
science1 engineering1 and technology    
priorities1 as determined by the        
,secretary of ,energy1 including in the 
fields of-- 7,a7 quantum information    
theory2  7,b7 quantum physics2  7,c7    
quantum computational science1 including
 hardware and software1 machine         
learning1 and data science2  7,d7       
applied mathematics and algorithm       
development2  7,e7 quantum              
communications and networking1 including
 hardware and software for quantum      
communications and networking2  7,f7    
quantum sensing1 imaging1 and detection2
  7,g7 materials science and            

engineering2  7,h7 quantum modeling and 
simulation1 including molecular         
modeling2  7,i7 near- and long-term     
application development1 as determined  
by the ,secretary of ,energy2  7,j7     
quantum chemistry2  7,k7 quantum        
biology2  7,l7 superconductive and      
high-performance microelectronics2 and  
7,m7 quantum security technologies2  2  
7,f7 in paragraph 7#f7 7as so           
redesignated71 in subparagraph 7,f71 by 
striking and at the end2  7,g7 in       
paragraph 7#g7 7as so redesignated7--   
7i7 by striking and before potential2   
and  7ii7 by striking the period at the 
end and inserting 1 and other relevant  
stakeholders1 as determined by the      
,secretary of ,energy2 and2 and  7,h7 by
 adding at the end the following3  7#h7 
leverage the collective body of         
knowledge and data1 including experience
 and resources from existing ,federal   
research activities and commercially    
available quantum computing hardware and
 software1 to the extent practicable4  2

 and  7#c7 by adding at the end the     
following3  7c7 ,industry outreach ,in  
carrying out the program under          
subsection 7a71 the ,secretary of       
,energy shall engage with the quantum   
technology industry and promote         
commercialization of applications of    
quantum technology relevant to the      
activities of the ,department of ,energy
 by-- 7#a7 educating-- 7,a7 the energy  
industry on near-term and commercially  
available quantum technologies2 and     
7,b7 the quantum industry on potential  
energy applications2  7#b7 accelerating 
the advancements of ,united ,states     
quantum computing1 communications1      
networking1 sensing1 and security       
capabilities to protect and optimize the
 energy sector2  7#c7 advancing relevant
 domestic supply chains1 manufacturing  
capabilities1 and associated simulations
 or modeling capabilities2  7#d7        
facilitating commercialization of       
quantum technologies from ,national     
,laboratories and engaging with the     

,quantum ,economic ,development         
,consortium and other organizations1 as 
applicable1 to transition component     
technologies that advance the           
development of a quantum supply chain2  
and  7#e7 to the extent practicable1    
ensuring industry partner access1       
especially for small- and medium-sized  
businesses1 to specialized quantum      
instrumentation1 equipment1 testbeds1   
and other infrastructure to design1     
prototype1 and test novel quantum       
hardware and streamline user access to  
reduce costs and other administrative   
burdens4  7d7 ,high-,performance        
computing strategic plan  7#a7 ,in      
general ,not later than #a year after   
the date of enactment of this           
subsection1 the ,secretary of ,energy   
shall submit to ,congress a #aj-year    
strategic plan to guide ,federal        
programs in designing1 expanding1 and   
procuring hybrid1 energy-efficient      
high-performance computing systems      
capable of integrating with a diverse   

set of accelerators1 including quantum1 
artificial intelligence1 and machine    
learning accelerators1 to enable the    
computing facilities of the ,department 
of ,energy to advance national computing
 resources4  7#b7 ,contents ,the        
strategic plan under paragraph 7#a7     
shall include the following3 7,a7 ,a    
conceptual plan to leverage capabilities
 and infrastructure from the exascale   
computing program1 as the ,secretary of 
,energy determines necessary4  7,b7 ,a  
plan to minimize disruptions to the     
advanced scientific computing workforce4
  7,c7 ,a consideration of a diversity  
of quantum computing modalities4  7,d7  
,a plan to integrate cloud access of    
commercially available quantum hardware 
and software to complement on-premises  
high-performance computing systems and  
resources consistent with the ,,quest   
program established under section #djd4 
7e7 ,early-,stage quantum               
high-,performance computing research and
 development program  7#a7 ,definition  

of quantum high-performance computing   
,in this subsection1 the term quantum   
high-performance computing means the use
 of classical high-performance computing
 systems with quantum processing units  
and hybrid quantum-classical algorithms 
to leverage the strength of             
computational architectures and solve   
complex problems4  7#b7 ,program ,the   
,secretary of ,energy shall establish an
 early-stage research and development   
program in quantum high-performance     
computing-- 7,a7 to inform the #aj-year 
strategic plan described in subsection  
7d77#a72 and  7,b7 to build the         
necessary scientific computing workforce
 to fulfill the objectives of that plan4
  7#c7 ,activities ,the program         
established under paragraph 7#b7 shall--
 7,a7 support early-stage quantum       
supercomputing testbeds and prototypes2 
and  7,b7 connect early-stage quantum   
high-performance computing projects to  
the ,centers funded under this ,act4    
7#d7 ,funding ,of funds made available  

under subsection 7i77#a71 the ,secretary
 of ,energy shall use not more than     
#bj1jjj1jjj for each of fiscal years    
#bjbf through #bjcj to carry out the    
activities under this subsection4  7f7  
,supply chain study ,not later than #a  
year after the date of enactment of this
 subsection1 the ,secretary of ,energy1 
in consultation with the ,secretary of  
,commerce1 shall conduct a study on     
quantum science1 engineering1 and       
technology supply chain needs1          
including-- 7#a7 identifying hurdles to 
growth in the quantum industry by       
leveraging the expertise of relevant    
stakeholders in academia and industry1  
including the ,quantum ,economic        
,development ,consortium2 and  7#b7     
making recommendations on how to        
strengthen the domestic supply of       
materials and technologies necessary for
 the development of a robust            
manufacturing base and workforce4  7g7  
,traineeship program  7#a7 ,in general  
,the ,secretary of ,energy shall        

establish a university-led traineeship  
program-- 7,a7 to address workforce     
development needs in quantum information
 science1 engineering1 and technology2  
and  7,b7 that will focus on supporting 
increased participation1 workforce      
development1 and research experiences   
for underrepresented undergraduate and  
graduate students4  7#b7 ,funding ,of   
funds made available under subsection   
7i77#a71 the ,secretary of ,energy shall
 use not more than #e1jjj1jjj for each  
of fiscal years #bjbf through #bjcj to  
carry out the activities under this     
subsection4  7h7 ,coordination of       
activities ,in carrying out this        
section1 the ,secretary of ,energy      
shall1 to the maximum extent            
practicable1 coordinate with the        
,director of the ,national ,science     
,foundation1 the ,director of the       
,national ,institute of ,standards and  
,technology1 the ,administrator of the  
,national ,aeronautics and ,space       
,administration1 the ,director of the   

,defense ,advanced ,research ,projects  
,agency1 and the heads of other relevant
 ,federal departments and agencies to   
ensure that programs and activities     
carried out under this section          
complement and do not duplicate existing
 efforts across the ,federal government4
  7i7 ,funding  7#a7 ,in general ,of    
amounts authorized to be appropriated   
for the ,department of ,energy1 the     
,secretary of ,energy shall use not more
 than #age1jjj1jjj for each of fiscal   
years #bjbf through #bjcj to carry out  
activities under this section4  7#b7    
,restrictions  7,a7 ,confucius          
,institute ,none of the funds made      
available under this subsection may be  
obligated to or expended by an          
institution of higher education that    
maintains a contract or other agreement 
with a ,confucius ,institute or any     
successor of a ,confucius ,institute4   
7,b7 ,foreign countries and entities of 
concern  7i7 ,definitions ,in this      
subparagraph3 7,i7 ,foreign country of  

concern ,the term foreign country of    
concern means-- 7aa7 a covered nation   
7as defined in section #dhgb7;d7 of     
title #aj1 ,united ,states ,code72 and  
7bb7 any other country that the         
,secretary of ,energy1 in consultation  
with the ,secretary of ,defense1 the    
,secretary of ,state1 and the ,director 
of ,national ,intelligence1 determines  
to be engaged in conduct that is        
detrimental to the national security or 
foreign policy of the ,united ,states4  
7,,ii7 ,foreign entity of concern ,the  
term foreign entity of concern means a  
foreign entity that-- 7aa7 is designated
 as a foreign terrorist organization by 
the ,secretary of ,state under section  
#bai7;a7 of the ,immigration and        
,nationality ,act 7#h ,u4,s4,c4         
#aahi7;a772  7bb7 is included on the    
list of specially designated nationals  
and blocked persons maintained by the   
,office of ,foreign ,assets ,control of 
the ,department of the ,treasury2  7cc7 
is owned by1 controlled by1 or subject  

to the jurisdiction or direction of a   
government of a foreign country that is 
a covered nation 7as defined in section 
#dhgb7;d7 of title #aj1 ,united ,states 
,code72  7dd7 is alleged by the         
,attorney ,general to have been involved
 in activities for which a conviction   
was obtained under-- 7,,aa7 chapter #cg 
of title #ah1 ,united ,states ,code     
7commonly known as the ,espionage ,act72
 7,,bb7 section #iea or #ajcj of title  
#ah1 ,united ,states ,code2 7,,cc7      
chapter #ij of title #ah1 ,united       
,states ,code 7commonly known as the    
,economic ,espionage ,act of #aiif72    
7,,dd7 the ,arms ,export ,control ,act  
7#bb ,u4,s4,c4 #bgea et seq472 7,,ee7   
section #bbd1 #bbe1 #bbf1 #bbg1 or #bcf 
of the ,atomic ,energy ,act of #aied    
7#db ,u4,s4,c4 #bbgd1 #bbge1 #bbgf1     
#bbgg1 #bbhd72 7,,ff7 the ,export       
,control ,reform ,act of #bjah 7#ej     
,u4,s4,c4 #dhja et seq472 or 7,,gg7 the 
,international ,emergency ,economic     
,powers ,act 7#ej ,u4,s4,c4 #agja et    

seq472 or  7ee7 is determined by the    
,secretary of ,energy1 in consultation  
with the ,secretary of ,defense and the 
,director of ,national ,intelligence1 to
 be engaged in unauthorized conduct that
 is detrimental to the national security
 or foreign policy of the ,united       
,states4  7ii7 ,restriction ,none of the
 funds made available under this        
subsection may be obligated or expended 
to promote1 establish1 or finance       
quantum research activities between a   
,united ,states entity and a foreign    
country of concern or a foreign entity  
of concern4  4  #c4 ,,doe ,quantum      
,instrumentation and ,foundry ,program  
,the ,national ,quantum ,initiative ,act
 is amended by inserting after section  
#dja 7#ae ,u4,s4,c4 #hhea7 the          
following3  #dja;,a4 ,department of     
,energy ,quantum ,instrumentation and   
,foundry ,program  7a7 ,in general ,the 
,secretary of ,energy shall establish an
 instrumentation and infrastructure     
program to carry out the following3 7#a7

 ,maintain ,united ,states leadership in
 quantum information science1           
engineering1 and technology4  7#b7      
,develop domestic quantum supply chains4
  7#c7 ,provide resources for the       
broader scientific community4  7#d7     
,support activities carried out under   
sections #dja1 #djb1 #djc1 and #djd4    
7b7 ,program ,components ,in carrying   
out the program under subsection 7a71   
the ,secretary of ,energy shall-- 7#a7  
develop1 design1 build1 purchase1 and   
commercialize specialized equipment1    
laboratory infrastructure1 and          
state-of-the-art instrumentation to     
advance quantum engineering research and
 the development of quantum component   
technologies at a scale sufficient to   
meet the needs of the scientific        
community and enable commercialization  
of quantum technology2  7#b7 leverage   
the capabilities of ,national           
,laboratories and ,nanoscale ,science   
,research ,centers1 including facilities
 and experts that research and develop  

novel quantum materials and devices2 and
  7#c7 consider the technologies and    
end-use applications that have          
significant economic potential1 as      
determined by the ,secretary1 based on  
consultation with relevant stakeholders 
in academia and industry1 including the 
,quantum ,economic ,development         
,consortium4  7c7 ,quantum foundries ,in
 carrying out the program under         
subsection 7a71 and in coordination with
 institutions of higher education and   
industry1 the ,secretary of ,energy     
shall support the development of quantum
 foundries focused on meeting the       
device1 hardware1 software1 and         
materials needs of the scientific       
community and the quantum supply chain4 
7d7 ,consultation ,in carrying out the  
program under subsection 7a71 the       
,secretary of ,energy shall consult with
 the following entities to identify the 
instrumentation1 equipment1             
infrastructure1 and materials needed to 
support the objectives of that program3 

7#a7 ,the ,national ,institute of       
,standards and ,technology4  7#b7 ,the  
,national ,science ,foundation4  7#c7   
,the ,national ,aeronautics and ,space  
,administration4  7#d7 ,any other       
relevant ,federal agency4  7#e7 ,the    
,national ,laboratories4  7#f7 ,national
 ,quantum ,information ,science         
,research ,centers4  7#g7 ,industry     
stakeholders4  7#h7 ,institutions of    
higher education4  7#i7 ,any other      
research institution4  7e7 ,funding ,of 
amounts authorized to be appropriated   
for the ,department of ,energy1 the     
,secretary of ,energy shall use not more
 than #ej1jjj1jjj for each of fiscal    
years #bjbf through #bjcj to carry out  
this section4  4  #d4 ,national ,quantum
 ,information ,science ,research        
,centers ,section #djb of the ,national 
,quantum ,initiative ,act 7#ae ,u4,s4,c4
 #hheb7 is amended-- 7#a7 in subsection 
7a7-- 7,a7 in paragraph 7#a7-- 7i7 by   
striking basic2 and  7ii7 by striking   
science and technology and to support   

research conducted under section #dja   
and inserting science1 engineering1 and 
technology1 expand capacity for the     
domestic quantum workforce1 and support 
research conducted under sections #dja1 
#djc1 and #djd2 and  7,b7 in paragraph  
7#b77;,c71 by inserting that may include
 #a or more commercial entities after   
collaborations2  7#b7 in subsection 7b71
 by inserting and should be inclusive of
 the variety of viable quantum          
technologies1 as appropriate before the 
period at the end2  7#c7 in subsection  
7c7-- 7,a7 by striking basic2 and  7,b7 
by inserting 1 engineering1 and         
technology1 accelerating quantum        
workforce development1 after science2   
7#d7 in subsection 7e71 by striking     
paragraph 7#b7 and inserting the        
following3  7#b7 ,renewal ,each ,center 
established under this section may be   
renewed for an additional period of #e  
years following a successful1           
merit-based review and approval by the  
,director4  2 and  7#e7 in subsection   

7f71 in the first sentence-- 7,a7 by    
striking #be1jjj1jjj and inserting      
#ce1jjj1jjj2 and  7,b7 by striking #bjai
 through #bjbc and inserting #bjbf      
through #bjcj4  #e4 ,department of      
,energy quantum network infrastructure  
research and development program        
,section #djc of the ,national ,quantum 
,initiative ,act 7#ae ,u4,s4,c4 #hhec7  
is amended-- 7#a7 in subsection 7a7--   
7,a7 in paragraph 7#d7-- 7i7 by         
inserting 1 including after networking2 
and  7ii7 by striking and at the end2   
7,b7 in paragraph 7#e71 by striking the 
period at the end and inserting a       
semicolon2 and  7,c7 by adding at the   
end the following3  7#f7 as applicable1 
leverage a diversity of modalities and  
commercially available quantum hardware 
and software2 and  7#g7 develop         
education and training pathways related 
to quantum network infrastructure       
investments1 aligned with existing      
programmatic investments by the         
,department of ,energy4  2  7#b7 in     

subsection 7b7-- 7,a7 in paragraph      
7#a7-- 7i7 by redesignating             
subparagraphs 7,c7 and 7,d7 as          
subparagraphs 7,d7 and 7,e71            
respectively2 and  7ii7 by inserting    
after subparagraph 7,b7 the following3  
7,c7 the ,administrator of the ,national
 ,aeronautics and ,space ,administration
 and the head of any other relevant     
,federal agency1 as determined by the   
,secretary2  2  7,b7 in paragraph 7#b7--
 7i7 in subparagraph 7,a71 by inserting 
ground-to-space and before              
space-to-ground2  7ii7 in subparagraph  
7,e71 by striking photon-based and      
inserting all applicable modalities of2 
7iii7 in subparagraph 7,f71 by inserting
 1 quantum sensors1 after quantum       
repeaters2  7iv7 in subparagraph 7,g7-- 
7,i7 by inserting data centers1 after   
repeaters12 and  7,,ii7 by striking and 
at the end2  7v7 in subparagraph 7,h7-- 
7,i7 by striking the quantum technology 
stack and inserting quantum technology  
modality stacks2 and  7,,ii7 by striking

 ,national ,laboratories in and         
inserting ,national ,laboratories such  
as2 and  7vi7 by adding at the end the  
following3  7,i7 development of quantum 
network and entanglement distribution   
protocols or applications1 including    
development of network stack protocols  
and protocols enabling integration with 
existing technologies or infrastructure2
 and  7,j7 development of               
high-efficiency room-temperature photon 
detectors for quantum photonic          
applications1 including quantum         
networking and communications2  2  7,c7 
in paragraph 7#d7-- 7i7 by striking     
basic2 and  7ii7 by striking material   
and inserting materials2 and  7,d7 in   
paragraph 7#e71 by striking fundamental2
 and  7#c7 in subsection 7d71 by        
striking basic research and inserting   
research1 development1 and              
demonstration4  #f4 ,department of      
,energy ,quantum ,user ,expansion for   
,science and ,technology program        
,section #djd of the ,national ,quantum 

,initiative ,act 7#ae ,u4,s4,c4 #hhed7  
is amended-- 7#a7 in subsection 7a7--   
7,a7 in the matter preceding paragraph  
7#a71 by striking and quantum computing 
clouds and inserting 1 software1 and    
cloud-based quantum computing2  7,b7 in 
paragraph 7#c71 by striking and at the  
end2  7,c7 in paragraph 7#d71 by        
striking the period at the end and      
inserting a semicolon2 and  7,d7 by     
adding at the end the following3  7#e7  
to enable development of software and   
applications1 including estimation of   
resources needed to scale applications2 
and  7#f7 to develop near-term quantum  
applications to solve public and private
 sector problems4  2  7#b7 in subsection
 7b7-- 7,a7 in paragraph 7#d71 by       
striking and at the end2  7,b7 in       
paragraph 7#e71 by striking the period  
at the end and inserting a semicolon2   
and  7,c7 by adding at the end the      
following3  7#f7 enable users to develop
 algorithms1 software tools1 simulators1
 and applications for quantum systems   

using cloud-based quantum computers2 and
  7#g7 partner with appropriate public- 
and private-sector entities to develop  
training and education opportunities on 
prototype and early-stage devices to    
support commercial applications4  2     
7#c7 in subsection 7c7-- 7,a7 by        
redesignating paragraphs 7#d7 through   
7#h7 as paragraphs 7#e7 through 7#i71   
respectively2 and  7,b7 by inserting    
after paragraph 7#c7 the following3     
7#d7 the ,national ,oceanic and         
,atmospheric ,administration2  2 and    
7#d7 in subsection 7e7-- 7,a7 in        
paragraph 7#d71 by striking and at the  
end2  7,b7 in paragraph 7#e71 by        
striking the period at the end and      
inserting a semicolon2 and  7,c7 by     
adding at the end the following3  7#f7  
#ch1jjj1jjj for fiscal year #bjbh2  7#g7
 #ci1ijj1jjj for fiscal year #bjbi2 and 
7#h7 #da1hie1jjj for fiscal year #bjcj4 
4