,,ii  #aaith ,,congress  #b;d ,session  
,s4 #dgbg  ,,in ,,the ,,senate ,,of     
,,the ,,united ,,states  ,june #i1      
#bjbf,mr4 ,markey 7for himself1 ,mr4    
,van ,hollen1 ,mr4 ,wyden1 ,mr4 ,booker1
 and ,mr4 ,welch7 introduced the        
following bill2 which was read twice and
 referred to the ,committee on          
,environment and ,public ,works  ,a     
,,bill  ,to require the ,administrator  
of the ,environmental ,protection       
,agency to carry out a study on the     
environmental impacts of artificial     
intelligence data centers and associated
 energy infrastructure1 to require the  
,director of the ,national ,institute of
 ,standards and ,technology to convene a
 consortium on such environmental       
impacts1 and to require the             
,administrator to develop a reporting   
system for the reporting of the         
environmental impacts of artificial     
intelligence1 and for other purposes4   
#a4 ,short title ,this ,act may be cited
 as the ,artificial ,intelligence       

,environmental ,impacts ,act of #bjbf4  
#b4 ,findings ,congress finds the       
following3 7#a7 ,multiple estimates     
indicate that the amount of             
computational power being used for      
artificial intelligence applications has
 increased rapidly over the last decade4
  7#b7 ,according to the ,department of 
,energy1 data center energy demand has  
tripled in the last decade and is       
expected to double or triple again by   
#bjbh4  7#c7 ,accelerating use of       
artificial intelligence greatly         
increases energy consumption due to the 
power utilization of computer hardware  
required for training and operating     
artificial intelligence models1 despite 
ongoing efficiency gains in both        
artificial intelligence models and      
hardware4  7#d7 ,rapid growth in data   
center infrastructure supporting        
artificial intelligence and other       
computing-intensive technologies1       
including cooling systems and backup    
power equipment1 can contribute to air  

and water pollution1 increased energy   
demand1 increasing water scarcity1 and  
land-use changes4  7#e7 ,according to   
the ,department of ,energy1 hyperscale  
facilities are projected to consume     
between #af1jjj1jjj1jjj and             
#cc1jjj1jjj1jjj gallons annually by     
#bjbh4  7#f7 ,resource and              
energy-intensive manufacturing processes
 are required for the hardware that runs
 artificial intelligence and other      
computing-intensive technologies1       
leading to significant environmental    
impacts4  7#g7 ,electricity prices have 
already risen significantly as demand   
from data centers grows1 and are        
projected to continue rising rapidly4   
7#h7 ,according to the ,energy          
,information ,agency1 between ,january1 
#bjbe1 and ,december1 #bjbe1 household  
electricity prices increased by as much 
as #ac percent nationwide4  7#i7 ,prices
 are projected to rise by another #be   
percent in certain places over the next 
five years due to increased demand from 

data centers4  7#aj7 ,yearly increases  
in electronic waste 7known as e-waste7  
pose environmental and health risks and 
will likely be exacerbated by outdated  
and discarded hardware used for         
artificial intelligence and other       
computing-intensive technologies4  7#aa7
 ,certain applications of artificial    
intelligence may have direct and        
indirect positive environmental impacts1
 including optimizing systems for energy
 efficiency1 developing renewable       
energy1 advancing planetary systems     
research1 enabling discovery of new     
materials1 and automatically monitoring 
environmental changes4 ,applications of 
artificial intelligence also have direct
 and indirect negative environmental    
impacts1 including rebound effects1     
behavioral impacts1 and accelerating    
high-pollution activities4  7#ab7       
,different communities and regions will 
experience disparate effects from data  
center infrastructure1 with risks       
ranging from higher energy costs to more

 adverse environmental effects1 and with
 certain communities at greater risk    
from cumulative negative impacts1 such  
as low-income communities1 ,black and   
,brown communities1 ,indigenous         
communities1 and rural communities4     
7#ac7 ,various options exist to reduce  
the negative environmental impacts of   
artificial intelligence1 including using
 more energy-efficient and              
water-efficient models1 hardware1 and   
data centers1 using renewable and       
co-located energy1 and examining the    
impacts of artificial intelligence      
applications4  7#ad7 ,promoting         
transparency on energy use and          
environmental impacts and developing and
 maintaining accurate environmental     
impact metrics may help mitigate        
negative environmental impacts of the   
rapid growth in artificial intelligence 
use1 while promoting artificial         
intelligence uses with net positive     
environmental impacts4  #c4 ,definitions
 ,in this ,act3 7#a7 ,administrator ,the

 term ,administrator means the          
,administrator of the ,environmental    
,protection ,agency4  7#b7 ,artificial  
intelligence ,the term artificial       
intelligence has the meaning given the  
term in section #ejjb of the ,national  
,artificial ,intelligence ,initiative   
,act of #bjbj 7#ae ,u4,s4,c4 #idja74    
7#c7 ,artificial intelligence data      
center ,the term artificial intelligence
 data center means any facility1 or     
group of facilities that-- 7,a7 is      
located on a single site or on          
contiguous1 adjacent1 or otherwise      
connected sites2  7,b7 has a maximum    
rated power capacity or total peak power
 load in excess of #ej megawatts2 and   
7,c7 houses and operates infrastructure 
for the purpose of artificial           
intelligence inference1 training1       
pre-training1 fine-tuning1 or deployment
 at scale4  7#d7 ,artificial            
intelligence model ,the term artificial 
intelligence model means a component of 
an information system that implements   

artificial intelligence technology and  
uses computational1 statistical1 or     
machine-learning techniques to produce  
outputs from a given set of inputs4     
7#e7 ,artificial intelligence system    
,the term artificial intelligence system
 means any data system1 software1       
hardware1 application1 tool1 or utility 
that operates in whole or in part using 
artificial intelligence4  #d4 ,study on 
environmental and energy-related impacts
 of artificial intelligence  7a7 ,in    
general ,not later than #a year after   
the date of enactment of this ,act1 the 
,administrator1 in collaboration with   
the ,secretary of ,energy1 the ,director
 of the ,national ,institute of         
,standards and ,technology1 the         
,director of the ,office of ,science and
 ,technology ,policy1 the ,secretary of 
the ,interior1 and the ,federal ,energy 
,regulatory ,commission1 shall carry    
out1 submit to ,congress1 and make      
publicly available a report describing  
the results of1 a comprehensive study on

 the environmental and energy-related   
impacts of artificial intelligence and  
related infrastructure4  7b7            
,requirements ,the study required under 
subsection 7a7 shall include an         
examination of the following issues and 
a forecast for how those issues are     
expected to change during the #b-year1  
#e-year1 and #aj-year periods beginning 
on the date on which the study is       
completed3 7#a7 ,full lifecycle impacts 
of artificial intelligence ,the energy  
and water use1 effects on air and water 
quality1 effects on local ecosystems1   
local noise and light impacts1 energy   
cost impacts1 and the direct1 indirect1 
and value chain greenhouse gas emissions
 associated with the full lifecycle of  
artificial intelligence1 including      
effects and impacts associated with--   
7,a7 hardware needed for artificial     
intelligence1 including the extraction  
of raw materials1 manufacturing1        
electronic waste1 and transportation    
between all stages associated with that 

hardware2  7,b7 the design1 development1
 deployment1 and use of artificial      
intelligence models2 and  7,c7 the      
operation of artificial intelligence    
data centers to power artificial        
intelligence1 including effects relating
 to-- 7i7 energy infrastructure1        
including new or existing grid          
infrastructure1 behind-the-meter primary
 onsite power sources1 and backup onsite
 power sources2  7ii7 water use1        
high-temperature water discharge1 and   
the use of chemical biocides2  7iii7    
land use for artificial intelligence    
data centers and related energy         
infrastructure1 particularly with       
respect to scenic1 historical1 and      
cultural landscapes and units of the    
,national ,park ,system or locations    
included on the ,national ,register of  
,historic ,places2 and  7iv7 cooling    
systems and other infrastructure4  7#b7 
,design and location ,the effect that   
design and deployment decisions for     
artificial intelligence models and      

associated artificial intelligence data 
centers have on the impacts described in
 paragraph 7#a71 including design and   
deployment decisions with respect to--  
7,a7 the artificial intelligence model  
to be used2  7,b7 hardware2  7,c7       
location2  7,d7 energy mix2  7,e7       
behind-the-meter generation2  7,f7 the  
use of power purchase agreements2  7,g7 
demand flexibility2  7,h7 cooling system
 methodology2 and  7,i7 artificial      
intelligence data center user ownership 
and leasing arrangements4  7#c7         
,disaster resilience ,the impacts of    
artificial intelligence data centers on 
disaster resilience1 including with     
respect to local water and energy stress
 during extreme weather events4  7#d7   
,positive impacts ,the potential        
positive environmental and              
energy-related impacts associated with  
applications of artificial intelligence1
 which may include optimizing systems   
for energy efficiency1 developing       
renewable energy1 advancing planetary   

systems research1 enabling discovery of 
new materials1 and automatically        
monitoring environmental changes4  7#e7 
,negative impacts ,the negative         
environmental and energy-related impacts
 associated with applications of        
artificial intelligence and related     
infrastructure1 which may include direct
 impacts from data center construction  
and operation1 higher local energy      
costs1 rebound effects1 behavioral      
impacts1 and accelerating high-pollution
 activities1 such as fossil fuel        
extraction4  7#f7 ,updated study results
 ,the results of the updated data center
 study carried out under section        
#dec7;e77#b7 of the ,energy             
,independence and ,security ,act of     
#bjjg 7#db ,u4,s4,c4 #agaab7;e77#b774   
7#g7 ,other environmental and           
energy-related impacts ,other           
environmental and energy-related        
impacts1 as determined by the           
,administrator1 in consultation with the
 heads of ,federal agencies described in

 subsection 7a74  7c7 ,public input     
7#a7 ,public comment required ,in       
conducting the study required under     
subsection 7a71 the ,administrator shall
 solicit and consider public comments4  
7#b7 ,public hearings ,not later than #a
 year after the date of enactment of    
this ,act1 the ,administrator shall     
convene public hearings with respect to 
the environmental and energy-related    
impacts of artificial intelligence and  
related infrastructure in each region of
 the ,environmental ,protection ,agency 
to capture unique regional              
considerations4  #e4 ,artificial        
intelligence environmental and          
energy-related impacts consortium  7a7  
,in general ,the ,director of the       
,national ,institute of ,standards and  
,technology shall1 in consultation with 
the ,administrator1 the ,secretary of   
,energy1 and such others as the         
,director considers appropriate1 convene
 a consortium of stakeholders1 including
 members from ,indian ,tribes1 units of 

local government1 academia1 civil       
society1 and industry1 to identify the  
future measurements1 methodologies1     
standards1 and other appropriate needs1 
in order to measure and report the full 
range of environmental and              
energy-related impacts of artificial    
intelligence4  7b7 ,location ,the       
,director may determine the location of 
the consortium within the ,national     
,institute of ,standards and            
,technology4  7c7 ,goals ,the goals of  
the consortium shall include the        
following3 7#a7 ,facilitating           
consistent1 comparable reporting on the 
environmental impacts of the full       
lifecycle of artificial intelligence    
models and artificial intelligence      
systems4  7#b7 ,according to technical  
feasibility1 the development or         
cataloging of open-source software and  
hardware tools and other resources      
designed to facilitate the measurement  
of environmental impacts of artificial  
intelligence models and artificial      

intelligence systems4  7#c7 ,providing  
recommendations on how to mitigate the  
negative environmental impacts and      
deploy the positive use cases1 of       
artificial intelligence4  7d7           
,composition ,the consortium shall--    
7#a7 be composed of representatives with
 equal representation between each      
stakeholder group2 and  7#b7 include at 
least #c representatives each from--    
7,a7 geographically distinct ,tribal    
communities within which artificial     
intelligence data centers reside2 and   
7,b7 geographically distinct cities or  
counties within which artificial        
intelligence data centers reside4  #f4  
,system for reporting of environmental  
and energy-related impacts of artificial
 intelligence  7a7 ,definition of       
covered entity ,in this section1 the    
term covered entity means an entity that
 operates an artificial intelligence    
data center4  7b7 ,reports to ,,epa ,a  
covered entity shall annually submit to 
the ,administrator a report that        

describes the full range of             
environmental impacts of the artificial 
intelligence data centers of the        
relevant entity in accordance with this 
section4  7c7 ,report requirements  7#a7
 ,in general ,the ,administrator1 in    
consultation with the ,director of the  
,national ,institute of ,standards and  
,technology1 the ,secretary of ,energy1 
the consortium convened under section   
#e1 and such other entities as the      
,administrator considers appropriate1   
shall develop requirements for covered  
entities to report under subsection 7b7 
the full range of environmental impacts 
of artificial intelligence data centers1
 which shall-- 7,a7 include guidelines  
on how to calculate and report-- 7i7 the
 resource consumption and intensity with
 respect to energy use1 including       
electricity use and capacity1 resource  
mix1 power sourced from the grid1 power 
sourced from on-site generation1 power  
sourced from backup systems1 power usage
 effectiveness1 performance per watt1   

energy reuse1 and carbon intensity per  
task2  7ii7 the resource consumption and
 intensity with respect to water use2   
7iii7 local air and water pollution2    
7iv7 electronic waste associated with   
the full lifecycle of artificial        
intelligence models and hardware2  7v7  
local noise and light pollution impacts2
 and  7vi7 other positive and negative  
impacts of artificial intelligence use1 
as determined by the ,administrator2    
7,b7 require sufficient detail to allow 
the ,administrator to verify the        
accuracy and completeness of the        
submission2 and  7,c7 require reports to
 be prepared in a manner that enables   
public disclosure under subsection 7d74 
7#b7 ,public comment ,before finalizing 
the requirements under paragraph 7#a71  
the ,administrator shall solicit        
comments from the public on a draft     
version of the requirements4  7#c7      
,publication ,the ,administrator shall  
make available to the public all        
requirements developed under paragraph  

7#a74  7d7 ,availability ,the           
,administrator shall1 to the maximum    
extent practicable1 make the information
 reported pursuant to subsection 7b7    
available on a publicly available       
website1 except for any information that
 is exempt from disclosure pursuant to  
section #eeb7;b77#d7 of title #e1       
,united ,states ,code4  7e7 ,enforcement
 ,if a covered entity fails to comply   
with the reporting requirements under   
this section1 the ,administrator shall  
seek corrective action and1 if no       
reports under subsection 7b7 are        
submitted within #f months of the date  
on which a report was due1 may issue an 
administrative penalty in an amount     
determined by the ,administrator that is
 based on-- 7#a7 the total size of the  
applicable facilities of the covered    
entity for which reports have not been  
submitted2 and  7#b7 the length of      
noncompliance4  7f7 ,savings provision  
,nothing in this section abridges1      
alters1 or modifies the obligations of  

the ,administrator to disclose          
information pursuant to any other       
applicable law1 including section #eeb  
of title #e1 ,united ,states ,code      
7commonly known as the ,freedom of      
,information ,act74  #g4 ,report to     
,congress ,after the ,director of the   
,national ,institute of ,standards and  
,technology convenes the consortium     
under section #e and not later than #b  
years after the date on which the       
,administrator completes development of 
the requirements for reporting under    
section #f7;c71 the ,administrator1 the 
,secretary of ,energy1 and the ,director
 of the ,national ,institute of         
,standards and ,technology shall jointly
 submit to ,congress a report detailing 
the following3 7#a7 ,the main findings  
of the consortium convened under section
 #e4  7#b7 ,a description of the        
information reported under section #f4  
7#c7 ,recommendations for legislative or
 administrative action to mitigate the  
negative impacts of artificial          

intelligence4  7#d7 ,recommended        
use-cases for artificial intelligence in
 environmental applications based on    
net-benefit assessments4