,,ii ,cal5d> ,no4 #ddf #aai? ,,congress 
#b;d ,session  ,s4 #deia  ,,9 ,,!       
,,s5ate ,,( ,,! ,,unit$ ,,/ates  ,may   
#bj1 #bjbf,mr4 ,coons 7= himself1 ,mrs4 
,blackburn1 ,ms4 ,klobu*>1 ,mr4 ,tillis1
 ,mr4 ,durb91 ,mrs4 ,britt1 ,ms4        
,hirono1 ,mrs4 ,moody1 ,mr4 ,wel*1 ,mr4 
,cassidy1 ,mr4 ,s*iff1 ,mr4 ,hag]ty1    
,ms4 ,slotk91 ,mr4 ,lank=d1 ,mr4        
,blum5?al1 & ,mr4 ,scott ( ,florida7    
introduc$ ! foll[+ bill2 :i* 0 read     
twice & ref]r$ to ! ,committee on !     
,judici>y  ,june #bd1 #bjbf,report$ by  
,mr4 ,grassley1 ) an amendment,strike   
out all aft] ! enact+ clause & ins]t !  
"p pr9t$ 9 italic  ,a ,,bill  ,to       
protect intellectual prop]ty rights 9 ! 
voice & visual lik5ess ( individuals1 & 
= o!r purposes4  #a4 ,%ort title ,?is   
,act may be cit$ z ! ,nurture ,orig9als1
 ,fo/] ,art1 & ,keep ,ent]ta9m5t ,safe  
,act ( #bjbf or ! ,,no ,,fakes ,act (   
#bjbf4  #b4 ,voice & visual lik5ess     
rights  7a7 ,def9itions ,9 ?is section3 
7#a7 ,digital f+]pr9t ,! t]m digital    

f+]pr9t means an electronic label or    
id5tifi] creat$ by a cryptographic ha%  
function 7or simil> function71 or any   
o!r digital process1 tool1 or te*nique  
select$ by ! provid] ( an onl9e s]vice1 
t is unique to a specific piece (       
mat]ial su* t x is effectively c]ta9 t  
su* piece ( mat]ial w n be misid5tifi$ z
 a mat* = a diff]5t piece ( mat]ial4    
7#b7 ,digital replica ,! t]m digital    
replica-- 7,a7 means a newly creat$1    
comput]-g5]at$1 highly reali/ic         
electronic repres5tation t is readily   
id5tifiable z ! voice or visual lik5ess 
( an individual t-- 7i7 is embodi$ 9 a  
s\nd record+1 image1 audiovisual "w1    
includ+ an audiovisual "w t does n h any
 accompany+ s\nds1 or transmission--    
7,i7 9 :i* ! actual individual did n    
actually p]=m or appe>2 or  7,,ii7 t is 
a v]sion ( a s\nd record+1 image1 or    
audiovisual "w 9 :i* ! actual individual
 did p]=m or appe>1 9 :i* ! fundam5tal  
"* ( ! p]=mance or appe>ance has be5    
mat]ially alt]$2 &  7,b7 does n include 

! electronic reproduction1 use ( a      
sample ( "o s\nd record+ or audiovisual 
"w into ano!r1 remix+1 ma/]+1 or digital
 rema/]+ ( a s\nd record+ or audiovisual
 "w au?oriz$ by ! copyright hold]4  7#c7
 ,individual ,! t]m individual means a  
human be+1 liv+ or dead4  7#d7          
,int]active comput] s]vice ,! t]m       
int]active comput] s]vice means any     
in=mation s]vice1 sy/em1 or access      
s(tw>e provid] t provides or enables    
comput] access by multiple us]s to a    
comput] s]v]1 includ+ specifically--    
7,a7 a s]vice or sy/em t provides access
 to ! int]net2 &  7,b7 su* sy/ems       
op]at$1 or s]vices (f]$1 by libr>ies or 
educational in/itutions4  7#e7 ,onl9e   
s]vice ,! t]m onl9e s]vice-- 7,a7       
means-- 7i7 any website1 onl9e          
application1 mobile application1 or     
virtual reality environm5t t pr$om9antly
 provides public access to us] upload$  
mat]ial2  7ii7 any digital music provid]
 to :i* section #aae ( title #ag1 ,unit$
 ,/ates ,code1 applies1 to ! ext5t t !  

digital music provid] provides public   
access to a significant am\nt ( s\nd    
record+s t are pr$om9antly ! fixation ( 
s\nds ( a p]=mance ( a musical          
composition & are us] upload$ mat]ial1  
if t digital music provid] is n cov]$ "u
 clause 7i72 &  7iii7 any onl9e         
application1 mobile application1 virtual
 reality environm5t1 application /ore1  
se>* eng9e 7includ+ any feature t       
provides web se>* results71 adv]tis+    
s]vice or network1 onl9e %opp+ s]vice or
 plat=m1 electronic comm]ce provid]1    
mapp+ s]vice1 cl\d /orage s]vice1       
aggregator ( visual & audiovisual works 
= lic5s+1 or website ho/+ s]vice or any 
o!r int]active comput] s]vice t is n    
cov]$ "u clause 7i71 & is n a digital   
music provid] to :i* section #aae (     
title #ag1 ,unit$ ,/ates ,code1 applies1
 b only if ! provid] ( t int]active     
comput] s]vice has regi/]$ a designat$  
ag5t ) ! ,copyright ,(fice "u subsection
 7d77#b72 &  7,b7 does n include any    
website1 onl9e application1 mobile      

application1 virtual reality environm5t1
 application /ore1 cl\d /orage s]vice1  
or se>* eng9e1 if ! prim>y function ( t 
website1 onl9e application1 mobile      
application1 virtual reality environm5t1
 application /ore1 cl\d /orage s]vice1  
or se>* eng9e is to di/ribute1 import1  
transmit1 or o!rwise make available to !
 public a product or s]vice describ$ 9  
subsection 7c77#b77;,b74  7#f7 ,"r hold]
 ,! t]m "r hold] means-- 7,a7 !         
individual1 ! voice or visual lik5ess ( 
:om is at issue ) respect to a digital  
replica or a product or s]vice describ$ 
9 subsection 7c77#b77;,b72 &  7,b7 any  
o!r individual or entity t has acquir$1 
?r\gh a lic5se1 inh]itance1 or o!rwise1 
! "r to au?orize ! use ( ! voice or     
visual lik5ess describ$ 9 subp>agraph   
7,a74  7#g7 ,s\nd record+ arti/ ,! t]m  
s\nd record+ arti/ means an individual  
:o creates or p]=ms 9 s\nd record+s =   
economic ga9 or = ! livelihood ( !      
individual4  7#h7 ,us] upload$ mat]ial  
,! t]m us] upload$ mat]ial means        

mat]ial1 su* z a video1 image1 game1    
audio file1 or o!r simil> mat]ial1 t is 
plac$ on a s]vice directly by1 or at !  
direction (1 a consum] end us] ( a      
s]vice4  7b7 ,digital replication "r    
7#a7 ,9 g5]al ,subject to ! o!r         
provisions ( ?is section1 ea* individual
 or "r hold] %all h ! "r to au?orize !  
use ( ! voice or visual lik5ess ( !     
individual-- 7,a7 9 a digital replica2  
or  7,b7 9 connection ) a product or    
s]vice = :i* au?orization ( ! individual
 or "r hold] is requir$ to avoid        
liability ) respect to an activity      
describ$ 9 subsection 7c77#b77;,b74     
7#b7 ,nature ( "r  7,a7 ,9 g5]al ,! "r  
describ$ 9 p>agraph 7#a7 %all h ! foll[+
 *>act]i/ics3 7i7 ,! "r is-- 7,i7 a     
prop]ty "r2  7,,ii7 n assignable dur+ ! 
life ( ! individual2 &  7,,iii7         
lic5sable1 9 :ole or 9 "p1 exclusively  
or non-exclusively1 by ! "r hold]4  7ii7
 ,! "r %all n expire ^u ! dea? ( !      
individual1 )\t reg>d to :e!r ! "r is   
comm]cially exploit$ by ! individual    

dur+ ! lifetime ( ! individual4  7iii7  
,^u ! dea? ( ! individual-- 7,i7 ! "r is
 transf]able & lic5sable1 9 :ole or 9   
"p1 by ! executors1 heirs1 assignees1   
lic5sees1 or devisees ( ! individual2 & 
7,,ii7 own]%ip ( ! "r may be-- 7aa7     
transf]r$1 9 :ole or 9 "p1 by any means 
( conveyance or by op]ation ( law2 &    
7bb7 bequea!d by w or pass z p]sonal    
prop]ty by ! applicable laws ( inte/ate 
succession4  7iv7 ,! "r %all be         
exclusive to-- 7,i7 ! individual1       
subject to ! lic5s+ ( ! "r dur+ !       
lifetime ( t individual "u subp>agraph  
7,b72 &  7,,ii7 ! "r hold]-- 7aa7 = a   
p]iod ( #aj ye>s aft] ! dea? ( !        
individual2 &  7bb7 if ! "r hold]       
demon/rates active & au?oriz$ public use
 ( ! voice or visual lik5ess ( !        
individual 9 int]/ate or =eign comm]ce  
dur+ ! #b-ye> p]iod prec$+ ! expiration 
( ! #aj-ye> p]iod describ$ 9 item 7aa71 
= an additional #e-ye> p]iod1 subject to
 r5ewal = additional #e-ye> p]iods1     
provid$ ! "r hold] c demon/rate au?oriz$

 public use ( ! voice or visual lik5ess 
( ! individual 9 int]/ate or =eign      
comm]ce dur+ ! #b-ye> p]iod prec$+ !    
expiration ( ea* additional #e-ye>      
p]iod4  7v7 ,! "r %all t]m9ate on ! date
 t is ! e>li] (-- 7,i7 ! date on :i* !  
#aj-ye> p]iod or #e-ye> p]iod describ$ 9
 clause 7iv77,,ii7 t]m9ates )\t r5ewal2 
or  7,,ii7 ! date t is #gj ye>s aft] !  
dea? ( ! individual4  7,b7 ,requirem5ts 
= lic5se  7i7 ,9 g5]al ,a lic5se        
describ$ 9 subp>agraph 7,a77i77,,iii7-- 
7,i7 :ile ! individual is liv+1 is valid
 only to ! ext5t t ! lic5se duration    
does n exce$ #aj ye>s2 &  7,,ii7 %all be
 valid only if ! lic5se agreem5t-- 7aa7 
is 9 writ+ & sign$ by ! individual or an
 au?oriz$ repres5tative ( ! individual2 
&  7bb7 includes a reasonably specific  
description ( ! int5d$ uses ( !         
applicable digital replica4  7ii7       
,lic5ses involv+ a m9or ,a lic5se       
describ$ 9 subp>agraph 7,a77i77,,iii7   
involv+ a liv+ individual :o is y\ng]   
?an #ah ye>s ( age-- 7,i7 is valid only 

to ! ext5t t ! lic5se duration does n   
exce$ #e ye>s1 b 9 any case t]m9ates :5 
! individual rea*es #ah ye>s ( age2 &   
7,,ii7 %all be valid only if ! lic5se   
agreem5t-- 7aa7 is 9 writ+ & sign$ by ! 
individual or an au?oriz$ repres5tative 
( ! individual2  7bb7 includes a        
reasonably specific description ( !     
int5d$ uses ( ! digital replica2 &  7cc7
 is approv$ by a c\rt 9 accordance )    
applicable ,/ate law4  7iii7 ,collective
 b>ga9+ agreem5ts ,! provisions (       
clauses 7i7 & 7ii7 %all n apply )       
respect to a lic5se if ! lic5se is      
gov]n$ by a collective b>ga9+ agreem5t t
 addresses digital replicas4  7iv7      
,limitation ,! provisions ( clauses 7i7 
& 7ii7 %all n affect t]ms & conditions (
 a lic5se or relat$ contract o!r ?an ^? 
describ$ 9 ?is subp>agraph1 & !         
expiration ( t lic5se %all n affect !   
rema9d] ( ! lic5se or relat$ contract4  
7,c7 ,requirem5ts = po/-mortem transf]  
,a po/-mortem transf] or lic5se describ$
 9 subp>agraph 7,a77iii77,i7 %all be    

valid only if ! transf] agreem5t or     
lic5se agreem5t is 9 writ+ & sign$ by ! 
"r hold] or an au?oriz$ repres5tative ( 
! "r hold]4  7,d7 ,regi/ration =        
po/-mortem r5ewal  7i7 ,9 g5]al ,!      
r5ewal ( a po/-mortem "r "u subp>agraph 
7,a77iv77,,ii77bb7 %all be effective if1
 dur+ ! applicable #b-ye> r5ewal p]iod  
describ$ 9 t subp>agraph1 ! "r hold]    
files a notice ) ! ,regi/] ( ,copyrights
 t complies ) su* requirem5ts reg>d+ =m 
& fil+ proc$ures z ! ,regi/] (          
,copyrights may prescribe by regulation1
 :i* %all include-- 7,i7 ! "n ( !       
deceas$ individual2  7,,ii7 a /atem5t1  
"u p5alty ( p]jury1 t ! "r hold] has    
engag$ 9 active & au?oriz$ public use ( 
! voice or visual lik5ess 9 int]/ate or 
=eign comm]ce dur+ ! applicable #b-ye>  
p]iod2  7,,iii7 ! id5tity ( & contact   
in=mation = ! "r hold]2 &  7,,iv7 su*   
o!r in=mation z ! ,regi/] ( ,copyrights 
may prescribe by regulation4  7ii7      
,directory ,! ,regi/] ( ,copyrights--   
7,i7 %all-- 7aa7 ma9ta9 a curr5t        

directory ( po/-mortem digital          
replication rights regi/]$ "u ?is       
subp>agraph2 &  7bb7 make ! directory   
describ$ 9 item 7aa7 available to !     
public = inspection onl9e2 &  7,,ii7 may
 require paym5t ( a reasonable fil+ fee 
by ! "r hold] fil+ notice "u clause 7i71
 :i* may take into consid]ation ! co/s (
 ma9ta9+ ! directory describ$ 9         
subclause 7,i7 ( ?is clause4  7iii7     
,volunt>y initial regi/ration  7,i7 ,9  
g5]al ,a "r hold] may volunt>ily regi/] 
! po/-mortem "r "u subp>agraph          
7,a77iv77,,ii77aa7 by fil+ a notice ) ! 
,regi/] ( ,copyrights t complies ) su*  
requirem5ts reg>d+ =m1 cont5t1 & fil+   
proc$ures z ! ,regi/] ( ,copyrights may 
prescribe by regulation4  7,,ii7        
,au?ority ( ,regi/] ( ,copyrights ,!    
,regi/] ( ,copyrights may-- 7aa7 include
 a volunt>y regi/ration ( ! po/-mortem  
"r "u subp>agraph 7,a77iv77,,ii77aa7 9 !
 directory ma9ta9$ "u clause            
7ii77,i77aa7 ( ?is subp>agraph2 &  7bb7 
require paym5t ( a reasonable fil+ fee  

by a "r hold] regi/]+ a "r "u ?is       
clause1 :i* may take into consid]ation !
 co/s ( ma9ta9+ ! directory4  7iv7      
,au?ority ( ,regi/] ( ,copyrights ,!    
,regi/] ( ,copyrights may make su*      
int]pretations & resolve su* ambiguities
 z may be appropriate to c>ry out ?is   
subp>agraph4  7,e7 ,po/-expiration or   
t]m9ation utilization ( au?oriz$ uses ,a
 digital replica t is embodi$ 9 a s\nd  
record+1 image1 audiovisual "w1 includ+ 
an audiovisual "w t does n h any        
accompany+ s\nds1 or transmission1 & !  
use ( :i* is au?oriz$ pursuant to ! t]ms
 ( a lic5se1 may cont9ue to be utiliz$ 9
 a mann] consi/5t ) ! t]ms ( t lic5se   
aft] ! expiration or t]m9ation ( !      
lic5se4  7c7 ,liability  7#a7 ,9 g5]al  
,any individual or entity t1 9 a mann]  
affect+ int]/ate or =eign comm]ce 7or   
us+ any means or facility ( int]/ate or 
=eign comm]ce71 engages 9 an activity   
describ$ 9 p>agraph 7#b7 %all be liable 
9 a civil action br\ght "u subsection   
7e74  7#b7 ,activities describ$ ,an     

activity describ$ 9 ?is p>agraph is ei!r
 ( ! foll[+3 7,a7 ,! public display1    
di/ribution1 transmission1 or           
communication (1 or ! act ( o!rwise mak+
 available to ! public1 includ+ by act+ 
z a ?ird p>ty comm]cial suppli] ( s\nd  
record+s to a digital music provid]1 a  
digital replica )\t au?orization by !   
applicable "r hold]4  7,b7 ,di/ribut+1  
import+1 transmitt+1 or o!rwise mak+    
available to ! public a product or      
s]vice t-- 7i7 is prim>ily design$ to   
produce #a or m digital replicas ( a    
specifically id5tifi$ individual or     
individuals )\t ! au?orization (-- 7,i7 
su* individual or individuals2  7,,ii7 !
 applicable "r hold]2 or  7,,iii7 ! law2
  7ii7 has only limit$ comm]cially      
significant purpose or use o!r ?an to   
produce a digital replica ( a           
specifically id5tifi$ individual or     
individuals )\t ! au?orization (-- 7,i7 
su* individual or individuals2  7,,ii7 !
 applicable "r hold]2 or  7,,iii7 ! law2
 or  7iii7 is m>ket$1 adv]tis$1 or      

o!rwise promot$ by ! individual or      
entity describ$ 9 p>agraph 7#a71 or     
ano!r individual or entity act+ 9 conc]t
 ) ! individual or entity describ$ 9    
p>agraph 7#a7 ) ! k ( ! individual or   
entity describ$ 9 p>agraph 7#a71 z a    
product or s]vice design$ to produce a  
digital replica ( a specifically        
id5tifi$ individual or individuals )\t !
 au?orization (-- 7,i7 su* individual or
 individuals2  7,,ii7 ! applicable "r   
hold]2 or  7,,iii7 ! law4  7#c7 ,notice 
or k requir$ ,to incur liability "u ?is 
subsection1 ! foll[+ %all apply3 7,a7   
7i7 ,) respect to an activity c>ri$ out 
"u p>agraph 7#b7 by ! provid] ( an onl9e
 s]vice describ$ 9 clause 7ii71 !       
designat$ ag5t ) respect to ! provid]   
mu/ h receiv$ a notification t satisfies
 ! requirem5ts "u subsection 7d77#c71 or
 a c\rt ord] /at+1 or mu/ h willfully   
avoid$ receipt ( su* a notification or  
c\rt ord]1 t ! applicable mat]ial is--  
7,i7 a digital replica t 0 n au?oriz$ by
 ! applicable "r hold]2 or  7,,ii7 a    

product or s]vice describ$ 9 p>agraph   
7#b77;,b74  7ii7 ,an onl9e s]vice       
describ$ 9 ?is clause is an onl9e s]vice
 t is-- 7,i7 describ$ 9 subsection      
7a77#e77;,a77i72  7,,ii7 describ$ 9     
subsection 7a77#e77;,a77ii71 ) respect  
to s\nd record+s t are pr$om9antly !    
fixation ( s\nds ( a p]=mance ( a       
musical composition & are us] upload$   
mat]ial2 or  7,,iii7 describ$ 9         
subsection 7a77#e77;,a77iii71 ) respect 
to mat]ial plac$ on t onl9e s]vice by or
 at ! direction ( a ?ird p>ty4  7,b7 ,) 
respect to an activity c>ri$ out "u     
p>agraph 7#b7 by an individual or entity
 t is n an onl9e s]vice1 or an activity 
c>ri$ out "u p>agraph 7#b7 by ! provid] 
( an onl9e s]vice t is n describ$ 9     
subp>agraph 7,a77ii71 ! individual or   
entity mu/ h actual k1 or mu/ willfully 
avoid hav+ su* k1 t ! applicable mat]ial
 is-- 7i7 a digital replica t 0 n       
au?oriz$ by ! applicable "r hold]2 or   
7ii7 a product or s]vice describ$ 9     
p>agraph 7#b77;,b74  7#d7 ,exclusions   

,liability "u ?is subsection %all n     
ext5d to-- 7,a7 a s]vice by wire or     
radio t provides ! capability to        
transmit data to & receive data f all1  
or sub/antially all1 int]net endpo9ts1  
includ+ any capabilities t are incid5tal
 to enable ! op]ation ( ! communications
 s]vice ( a provid] ( onl9e s]vices or  
network access1 or ! op]ator (          
facilities = su* s]vice2  7,b7 a provid]
 ( an onl9e s]vice describ$ 9 p>agraph  
7#c77;,a77ii7 alleg$ to h und]tak5 an   
activity describ$ 9 p>agraph 7#b7 if--  
7i7 x is n te*nologically or practically
 feasible = t provid] to disable access 
to ! (f5d+ mat]ial1 or disable ! ref]5ce
 or l9k to t mat]ial1 at ! specific     
location id5tifi$ 9 ! applicable        
notification s5t "u subsection 7d77#c72 
or  7ii7 disabl+ access to ! (f5d+      
mat]ial is prohibit$ by law2  7,c7 a    
nonpr(it libr>y or ar*ives-- 7i7 t is   
eligible = ! limitations on exclusive   
rights "u section #ajh ( title #ag1     
,unit$ ,/ates ,code2  7ii7 ! collections

 ( :i* are-- 7,i7 op5 to ! public2 or   
7,,ii7 available n only to rese>*]s     
affiliat$ ) ! libr>y or ar*ives1 or ) ! 
in/itution ( :i* ! libr>y or ar*ives is 
a "p1 b also to o!r p]sons do+ rese>* 9 
a specializ$ field2  7iii7 t has a      
public s]vice mission2  7iv7 ! tra9$    
/aff or volunte]s ( :i* provide         
pr(essional s]vices normally associat$ )
 libr>ies & ar*ives2 &  7v7 !           
collections ( :i* are compos$ ( lawfully
 acquir$ or lic5s$ mat]ials t are made  
available consi/5t ) ! requirem5ts (    
title #ag1 ,unit$ ,/ates ,code2  7,d7 an
 accr$it$ nonpr(it educational          
in/itution ) respect to an activity     
und]tak5 )\t any purpose ( direct or    
indirect comm]cial advantage2  7,e7 an  
employee ( an in/itution describ$ 9     
subp>agraph 7,c7 or 7,d7 act+ )9 ! scope
 ( ! employm5t ( t individual2  7,f7 any
 o!r p]son solely ) respect to provid+  
onl9e or network access s]vices to an   
in/itution describ$ 9 subp>agraph 7,c7  
or 7,d7 9 ! c\rse ( provid+ ^? s]vices  

to t in/itution2 or  7,g7 an individual 
or entity t is n an onl9e s]vice1 if1 ^u
 obta9+ actual k ( an activity describ$ 
9 p>agraph 7#b71 ! individual or entity 
acts z soon z te*nologically &          
practically feasible to remove or       
disable access to ! applicable mat]ial4 
7#e7 ,additional exclusions  7,a7 ,9    
g5]al ,an activity %all n be consid]$ to
 be an activity describ$ 9 p>agraph 7#b7
 if-- 7i7 ! applicable digital replica  
is produc$ or us$ 9 a bona fide news1   
public affairs1 or sports broadca/ or   
acc\nt1 provid$ t ! digital replica is !
 subject (1 or is mat]ially relevant to1
 ! subject ( t broadca/ or acc\nt2  7ii7
 ! applicable digital replica is a      
repres5tation ( ! applicable individual 
z ! individual 9 a docum5t>y or 9 a     
hi/orical or biographical mann]1 includ+
 "s degree ( fictionalization1 unless-- 
7,i7 ! production or use ( t digital    
replica creates ! false impression t !  
"w is an au!ntic s\nd record+1 image1   
transmission1 or audiovisual "w 9 :i* ! 

individual p>ticipat$2 or  7,,ii7 !     
digital replica is embodi$ 9 a musical  
s\nd record+ t is syn*roniz$ to         
accompany a motion picture or o!r       
audiovisual "w1 except to ! ext5t t !   
use ( t digital replica is protect$ by !
 ,fir/ ,am5dm5t to ! ,con/itution ( !   
,unit$ ,/ates2  7iii7 ! applicable      
digital replica is produc$ or us$       
consi/5t ) ! public int]e/ 9 bona fide  
comm5t>y1 criticism1 s*ol>%ip1 satire1  
or p>ody2  7iv7 ! use ( ! applicable    
digital replica is fleet+ or negligible2
 or  7v7 ! applicable digital replica is
 us$ 9 an adv]tisem5t or comm]cial      
ann\ncem5t = a purpose describ$ 9 any ( 
clauses 7i7 ?r\gh 7iv7 & ! applicable   
digital replica is relevant to ! subject
 ( ! "w s adv]tis$ or ann\nc$4  7,b7    
,applicability ,subp>agraph 7,a7 %all n 
apply :]e ! applicable digital replica  
is us$ to depict sexually explicit      
conduct1 z def9$ 9 section #bbef7b77;,a7
 ( title #ah1 ,unit$ ,/ates ,code4  7#f7
 ,volunt>y use ( tools to remove or     

disable access ,! volunt>y use ( any    
tool to remove or disable access to     
cont5t %all n alone conf] actual k ( a  
p>ticul> violation ( ?is section4  7d7  
,safe h>bors  7#a7 ,9 g5]al  7,a7       
,products & s]vices capable ( produc+   
digital replicas ,no individual or      
entity %all be directly or second>ily   
liable "u ?is section = an activity     
describ$ 9 subsection 7c77#b77;,a7 by   
virtue ( di/ribut+1 import+1 transmitt+1
 or o!rwise mak+ available to ! public a
 product or s]vice unless ! product or  
s]vice is a product or s]vice describ$ 9
 subsection 7c77#b77;,b74  7,b7 ,onl9e  
s]vices ,! provid] ( an onl9e s]vice    
%all n be liable = an activity t        
violates subsection 7c71 or = ref]r+ or 
l9k+ to ! mat]ial conta9+ an unau?oriz$ 
digital replica or a product or s]vice  
describ$ 9 subsection 7c77#b77;,b71 if--
 7i7 = ! provid] ( an onl9e s]vice      
describ$ 9 subsection 7a77#e77;,a77iii7 
7o!r ?an a se>* eng9e or a se>* compon5t
 ( a s]vice71 ! provid] has adopt$ &    

reasonably implem5t$1 & has in=m$ us]s (
 ! onl9e s]vice (1 a policy t provides =
 ! t]m9ation 9 appropriate circum/ances 
( acc\nt hold]s ( ! onl9e s]vice t are  
repeat violators ( subsection 7c77#b71  
provid$ t ! failure to t]m9ate a        
p>ticul> acc\nt hold] 9 accordance ) t  
policy %all subject ! provid] ( ! onl9e 
s]vice to pot5tial liability only )     
respect to violat+ cont5t po/$ by t     
acc\nt hold]2 &  7ii7 7,i7 ^u receiv+ a 
notification t satisfies ! requirem5ts  
"u p>agraph 7#c71 ! provid]-- 7aa7      
removes or disables access to ! "w      
embody+ ! claim$ unau?oriz$ digital     
replica or ! product or s]vice          
specifically id5tifi$ 9 a notice s5t "u 
t p>agraph1 or1 z applicable1 ! l9k or  
ref]5ce to ! unau?oriz$ digital replica 
or product or s]vice1 z soon z is       
te*nologically & practically feasible = 
t provid]2  7bb7 = ! provid] ( an onl9e 
s]vice describ$ 9 subsection            
7a77#e77;,a77i71 z soon z is            
te*nologically & practically feasible = 

t provid]1 removes or disables access to
 all o!r publicly available in/ances ( !
 "w embody+ ! claim$ unau?oriz$ digital 
replica t-- 7,,aa7 mat* ! digital       
f+]pr9t ( an unau?oriz$ digital replica 
specifically id5tifi$ 9 a notification  
s5t "u p>agraph 7#c72 & 7,,bb7 are      
upload$ aft] valid1 applicable notice 0 
submitt$ to1 & process$ by1 ! provid]2  
7cc7 = ! provid] ( an onl9e s]vice      
describ$ 9 subsection 7a77#e77;,a77ii71 
) respect to s\nd record+s t are        
pr$om9antly ! fixation ( s\nds ( a      
p]=mance ( a musical composition & are  
us] upload$ mat]ial1 z soon z is        
te*nologically & practically feasible = 
t provid]1 removes or disables access to
 all o!r publicly available in/ances ( !
 "w embody+ ! claim$ unau?oriz$ digital 
replica t-- 7,,aa7 mat* ! digital       
f+]pr9t ( an unau?oriz$ digital replica 
specifically id5tifi$ 9 a notification  
s5t "u p>agraph 7#c72 & 7,,bb7 are      
upload$ aft] valid1 applicable notice 0 
submitt$ to1 & process$ by1 ! provid]2 &

  7dd7 takes reasonable /eps to promptly
 notify ! "r hold]1 & ! p>ty t plac$ !  
mat]ial on ! onl9e s]vice1 t ! onl9e    
s]vice remov$ or disabl$ access to !    
mat]ial2 &  7,,ii7 ! provid]1 9 ! case t
 ! provid] receives a c\nt]-notification
 t satisfies ! requirem5ts "u p>agraph  
7#d7 & opts to replace ! remov$ mat]ial 
or cease disabl+ access to t mat]ial--  
7aa7 takes reasonable /eps to promptly  
provide ! individual or entity t provid$
 ! applicable notification "u p>agraph  
7#c7 ) a copy ( ! c\nt]-notification2 & 
7bb7 n less ?an #ad days aft] ! date on 
:i* ! provid] receives t                
c\nt]-notification1 replaces ! remov$   
mat]ial or ceases disabl+ access to t   
mat]ial1 unless an eligible pla9tiff    
describ$ 9 subsection 7e7 br+s an action
 "u t subsection1 9 :i* case ! provid]  
%all remove ! mat]ial or disable access 
to ! mat]ial z soon z is te*nologically 
& practically feasible = ! provid]4     
7#b7 ,designat$ ag5t  7,a7 ,designation 
7i7 ,9 g5]al ,a provid] ( an onl9e      

s]vice describ$ 9 clause 7i7 or 7ii7 (  
subsection 7a77#e77;,a7 %all1 & a       
provid] ( an onl9e s]vice t is describ$ 
9 subsection 7a77#e77;,a77iii7 & is     
eligible = regi/ration may1 regi/] a    
designat$ ag5t 9 accordance ) ?is       
p>agraph4  7ii7 ,cont5ts ,to designate  
an ag5t "u clause 7i71 ! provid] ( an   
onl9e s]vice %all make available ?r\gh t
 onl9e s]vice1 9 a location accessible  
to ! public1 & provide to ! ,copyright  
,(fice1 sub/antially ! foll[+ in=mation3
 7,i7 ,! "n1 address1 telephone numb]1 &
 electronic mail address ( ! ag5t4      
7,,ii7 ,o!r contact in=mation t !       
,regi/] ( ,copyrights may det]m9e       
appropriate4  7,b7 ,directory ,! ,regi/]
 ( ,copyrights-- 7i7 %all-- 7,i7 ma9ta9 
a curr5t directory ( designat$ ag5ts = !
 purposes ( ?is p>agraph2 &  7,,ii7 make
 ! directory describ$ 9 subclause 7,i7  
available to ! public = inspection1     
includ+ ?r\gh ! int]net2 &  7ii7 may    
require paym5t ( a fee by ! provid] ( an
 onl9e s]vice to cov] ! co/s ( ma9ta9+ !

 directory describ$ 9 clause 7i77,i74   
7,c7 ,effect ( failure to designate ,!re
 %all be e/abli%$ a presumption t a     
provid] ( an onl9e s]vice describ$ 9    
subp>agraph 7,a77i7 has n und]tak5 a    
good fai? ef=t to comply ) ?is          
subsection if ! provid] has fail$ to    
regi/] a designat$ ag5t "u ?is p>agraph 
by ! lat] (-- 7i7 ! date t is #ij days  
aft] ! effective date ( ?is section2 or 
7ii7 ! date t is #ij days aft] ! date on
 :i* ! provid] becomes a provid]        
describ$ 9 subp>agraph 7,a77i74  7#c7   
,elem5ts ( notification ,to be effective
 "u ?is subsection1 a notification ( a  
claim$ violation ( ! "r describ$ 9      
subsection 7b7 %all be a writt5         
communication provid$ to ! designat$    
ag5t regi/]$ "u ?is subsection ) respect
 to ! applicable provid] ( an onl9e     
s]vice t includes ! foll[+3 7,a7 ,a     
physical or electronic signature ( ! "r 
hold]1 an individual or entity au?oriz$ 
to act on behalf ( ! "r hold]1 or an    
eligible pla9tiff "u subsection 7e77#a74

  7,b7 ,id5tification ( ! individual1 ! 
voice or visual lik5ess ( :om is at     
issue ) respect to an unau?oriz$ digital
 replica or a product or s]vice describ$
 9 subsection 7c77#b77;,b74  7,c7       
,id5tification ( ! mat]ial conta9+ an   
unau?oriz$ digital replica or a product 
or s]vice describ$ 9 subsection         
7c77#b77;,b71 includ+ in=mation         
suffici5t to all[ ! provid] to locate ! 
id5tifi$ mat]ial4  7,d7 ,in=mation      
reasonably suffici5t to p]mit ! provid] 
to contact ! notify+ p>ty1 su* z an     
address1 telephone numb]1 & email       
address4  7,e7 ,a /atem5t t ! notify+   
p>ty believes 9 good fai? t-- 7i7 !     
mat]ial is an unau?oriz$ use ( a digital
 replica or a product or s]vice describ$
 9 subsection 7c77#b77;,b72 &  7ii7 !   
exclusions "u subsection 7c77#e7 d n    
apply4  7,f7 ,if n ! "r hold] or an     
eligible pla9tiff "u subsection 7e77#a71
 a /atem5t1 "u p5alty ( p]jury1 t !     
notify+ p>ty has ! au?ority to act on   
behalf ( ! "r hold]4  7,g7 ,= ! purposes

 ( p>agraph 7#a77;,b71 in=mation        
reasonably suffici5t to-- 7i7 id5tify ! 
ref]5ce or l9k to ! mat]ial or activity 
claim$ to be or conta9+ an unau?oriz$   
digital replica1 or a product or s]vice 
describ$ 9 subsection 7c77#b77;,b71 t is
 to be remov$ or to :i* access is to be 
disabl$2 &  7ii7 p]mit ! provid] to     
locate ! ref]5ce or l9k describ$ 9      
clause 7i74  7#d7 ,elem5ts (            
c\nt]-notification ,to be effective "u  
?is subsection1 a c\nt]-notification )  
respect to a notification provid$ "u    
p>agraph 7#c7 %all be a writt5          
communication t satisfies ! foll[+3 7,a7
 ,! c\nt]-notification is provid$-- 7i7 
to ! designat$ ag5t ( ! onl9e s]vice    
provid] to :i* t notification 0 submitt$
 "u p>agraph 7#c72 &  7ii7 by ! p>ty t  
plac$ ! applicable mat]ial on ! onl9e   
s]vice4  7,b7 ,! c\nt] notification     
includes ! foll[+3 7i7 ,a physical      
signature1 witness$ or atte/$ to 9 p]son
 by a lic5s$ not>y public1 ( !          
individual or entity t plac$ !          

applicable mat]ial on ! onl9e s]vice4   
7ii7 ,an id5tification ( ! mat]ial t has
 be5 remov$ or to :i* access has be5    
disabl$ & ! location at :i* ! mat]ial   
appe>$ be=e ! mat]ial 0 remov$ or access
 to ! mat]ial 0 disabl$4  7iii7         
,in=mation t is reasonably suffici5t to 
p]mit ! provid] ( ! onl9e s]vice & !    
individual or entity t provid$ !        
notification "u p>agraph 7#c7 to contact
 ! p>ty provid+ ! c\nt]-notification1   
includ+ an address1 telephone numb]1 &  
email address4  7iv7 ,a /atem5t made "u 
p5alty ( p]jury t ! p>ty provid+ !      
c\nt]-notification has a good fai?      
belief t ! applicable mat]ial 0 remov$1 
or access to t mat]ial 0 disabl$1 z a   
result ( mi/ake or misid5tification ( ! 
mat]ial to be remov$ or access to :i* 0 
to be disabl$1 :i* %all include a       
specific ass]tion by ! p>ty provid+ !   
c\nt]-notification t su* mat]ial-- 7,i7 
is n a digital replica2  7,,ii7 is an   
au?oriz$ digital replica2 or  7,,iii7 is
 an unau?oriz$ digital replica t        

satisfies an exclusion "u p>agraph 7#d7 
or 7#e7 ( subsection 7c71 or any o!r    
requirem5ts ) respect to a valid legal  
def5se1 :i* %all include a succ9ct      
explanation ( h[ su* mat]ial satisfies !
 applicable exclusion or requirem5t4    
7v7 ,a /atem5t t ! individual or entity 
describ$ 9 clause 7i7-- 7,i7 cons5ts to 
! jurisdiction ( ! di/rict c\rt ( !     
,unit$ ,/ates = ! judicial di/rict 9 :i*
 ! address provid$ "u clause 7iii7 is   
locat$ 7or1 if t address is outside ( ! 
,unit$ ,/ates1 = any judicial di/rict ( 
! ,unit$ ,/ates 9 :i* ! provid] may be  
f\nd72 &  7,,ii7 w accept s]vice (      
process f-- 7aa7 ! individual or entity 
t provid$ notification "u p>agraph 7#c72
 or  7bb7 an ag5t ( ! individual or     
entity describ$ 9 item 7aa74  7#e7      
,p5alties = false or deceptive notice   
7,a7 ,kn[+ mat]ial repres5tations  7i7  
,9 g5]al ,x %all be unlawful to kn[+ly  
mat]ially misrepres5t-- 7,i7 9 a        
notification provid$ "u p>agraph 7#c7-- 
7aa7 t ! mat]ial reque/$ to be remov$1  

or access to :i* is reque/$ to be       
disabl$1 is an unau?oriz$ digital       
replica2  7bb7 t ! exclusions "u        
subsection 7c77#e7 d n apply2 or  7cc7 t
 an individual or entity has ! au?ority 
to act on behalf ( ! "r hold]2 or       
7,,ii7 9 a c\nt]-notification provid$ "u
 p>agraph 7#d7-- 7aa7 t ! mat]ial       
remov$1 or to :i* access 0 disabl$--    
7,,aa7 0 remov$ or disabl$ by mi/ake or 
misid5tification2 7,,bb7 is n a digital 
replica2 or 7,,cc7 is subject to an     
exclusion "u subsection 7c77#e7 or any  
o!r valid legal def5se4  7ii7 ,failure  
to p]=m good fai? review ,! failure to  
consid] 9 good fai? any ( ! issues      
describ$ 9 clause 7i77,i7 be=e provid+ a
 notification "u p>agraph 7#c71 or any (
 ! issues describ$ 9 clause 7i77,,ii7   
be=e provid+ a c\nt]-notification "u    
p>agraph 7#d71 %all con/itute a kn[+    
mat]ial misrepres5tation "u ?is         
subp>agraph4  7,b7 ,p5alties ,9 addition
 to a cause ( action & rem$ies made     
available "u subsection 7e71 any        

individual or entity t violates         
subp>agraph 7,a7 ( ?is p>agraph %all be 
liable to ! applicable "r hold]1 !      
alleg$ violator t upload$ ! applicable  
mat]ial1 or ! provid] ( an onl9e s]vice 
injur$ by ! misrepres5tation1 = an am\nt
 equal to ! great] (-- 7i7 #be1jjj p]   
notification provid$ "u p>agraph 7#c71  
or c\nt]-notification provid$ "u        
p>agraph 7#d71 t conta9s a              
misrepres5tation describ$ 9 subp>agraph 
7,a7 ( ?is p>agraph2 or  7ii7 7,i7 any  
actual damages incurr$ by ! applicable  
"r hold] or alleg$ violator1 z well z by
 any provid] ( an onl9e s]vice or o!r   
individual or entity injur$ by !        
misrepres5tation2 &  7,,ii7 any co/s &  
attorney's fees incurr$ by ! applicable 
recipi5t ( a notification "u p>agraph   
7#c71 or a c\nt]-notification "u        
p>agraph 7#d71 t prevails 9 an action   
alleg+ t ! notification or              
c\nt]-notification1 z applicable1 0     
false or deceptive4  7e7 ,civil action  
7#a7 ,eligible pla9tiffs ,a civil action

 aga9/ an individual or entity t1 9 a   
mann] affect+ int]/ate comm]ce 7or us+  
any means or facility ( int]/ate        
comm]ce71 commits a violation (         
subsection 7c7 may be br\ght by-- 7,a7 !
 applicable "r hold]2  7,b7 if !        
applicable "r hold] is an individual :o 
is y\ng] ?an #ah ye>s ( age1 a p>5t or  
gu>dian ( t individual2 or  7,c7 9 !    
case ( a digital replica involv+ a s\nd 
record+ arti/1 any individual or entity 
t has1 directly or indirectly1 ent]$    
into-- 7i7 a contract = ! exclusive     
p]sonal s]vices ( ! s\nd record+ arti/ z
 a s\nd record+ arti/2 or  7ii7 an      
exclusive lic5se to di/ribute or        
transmit #a or m works t capture ! audio
 p]=mance ( ! s\nd record+ arti/4  7#b7 
,limitations p]iod ,a civil action may n
 be br\ght "u ?is subsection unless !   
civil action is comm5c$ n lat] ?an #c   
ye>s aft] ! date on :i* ! p>ty seek+ to 
br+ ! civil action discov]$1 or ) due   
dilig5ce %\ld h discov]$1 ! applicable  
violation4  7#c7 ,def5se n p]mitt$ ,x   

%all n be a def5se 9 a civil action     
br\ght "u ?is subsection t ! def5dant   
display$ or o!rwise communicat$ to !    
public a disclaim] /at+ t ! applicable  
digital replica1 or ! applicable product
 or s]vice describ$ 9 subsection        
7c77#b77;,b71 0 unau?oriz$ or disclos$ t
 ! digital replica1 product1 or s]vice 0
 g5]at$ ?r\gh ! use ( artificial        
intellig5ce or o!r te*nology4  7#d7     
,rem$ies  7,a7 ,9 g5]al ,9 any civil    
action br\ght "u ?is subsection-- 7i7 an
 individual or entity f\nd to h committ$
 a violation ( subsection 7c7 %all be   
liable to ! injur$ p>ty 9 an am\nt equal
 to ! great] (-- 7,i7 7aa7 9 ! case ( an
 individual1 #e1jjj p] "w embody+ !     
applicable unau?oriz$ digital replica2  
7bb7 9 ! case ( a provid] ( an onl9e    
s]vice t has und]tak5 a good fai? ef=t  
to implem5t all applicable obligations (
 p>agraphs 7#a7 ?r\gh 7#d7 ( subsection 
7d71 #be1jjj p] "w embody+ ! applicable 
unau?oriz$ digital replica2  7cc7 9 !   
case ( a provid] ( an onl9e s]vice t has

 n und]tak5 a good fai? ef=t to implem5t
 all applicable obligations ( p>agraphs 
7#a7 ?r\gh 7#d7 ( subsection 7d71 #e1jjj
 p] display1 copy made1 transmission1 & 
in/ance ( ! unau?oriz$ digital replica  
be+ made available on ! onl9e s]vice 9 a
 sum ( n m ?an #gej1jjj p] "w embody+ ! 
applicable unau?oriz$ digital replica2 &
  7dd7 9 ! case ( an entity t is n a    
provid] ( an onl9e s]vice1 #be1jjj p] "w
 embody+ ! applicable unau?oriz$ digital
 replica2 or  7,,ii7 any actual damages 
suff]$ by ! injur$ p>ty z a result ( !  
activity1 plus any pr(its f ! unau?oriz$
 use t are attributable to su* use & are
 n tak5 into acc\nt 9 comput+ ! actual  
damages2  7ii7 an individual or entity  
f\nd to h violat$ subsection 7c7 by     
virtue ( engag+ 9 an activity describ$ 9
 subsection 7c77#b77;,b7 %all be liable 
to ! injur$ p>ty 9 an am\nt equal to !  
great] (-- 7,i7 7aa7 9 ! case ( an      
individual1 #e1jjj p] product or s]vice2
  7bb7 9 ! case ( a provid] ( an onl9e  
s]vice t has und]tak5 a good fai? ef=t  

to implem5t all applicable obligations (
 p>agraphs 7#a7 ?r\gh 7#d7 ( subsection 
7d71 #be1jjj p] product or s]vice2  7cc7
 9 ! case ( a provid] ( an onl9e s]vice 
t has n und]tak5 a good fai? ef=t to    
implem5t all applicable obligations (   
p>agraphs 7#a7 ?r\gh 7#d7 ( subsection  
7d71 #gej1jjj p] product or s]vice2 or  
7dd7 9 ! case ( an entity t is n a      
provid] ( an onl9e s]vice1 #be1jjj p]   
product or s]vice2 or  7,,ii7 any actual
 damages suff]$ by ! injur$ p>ty z a    
result ( ! activity1 plus any pr(its f !
 unau?oriz$ use t are attributable to   
su* use & are n tak5 into acc\nt 9      
comput+ ! actual damages2  7iii7 !      
pla9tiff may seek injunctive or o!r     
equitable relief2  7iv7 9 ! case (      
willful activity 9 :i* ! injur$ p>ty has
 prov5 t ! def5dant act$ ) malice1      
fraud1 k1 or willful avoidance ( k t !  
conduct violat$ ! law1 ! c\rt may aw>d  
to ! injur$ p>ty punitive damages2 &    
7v7 if ! prevail+ p>ty is-- 7,i7 ! p>ty 
br++ ! action1 ! c\rt %all aw>d         

reasonable attorney's fees2 or  7,,ii7 !
 p>ty def5d+ ! action1 ! c\rt %all aw>d 
reasonable attorney's fees if ! c\rt    
det]m9es t ! action 0 n br\ght 9 good   
fai?4  7,b7 ,objectively reasonable     
belief ,a provid] ( an onl9e s]vice t   
has designat$ an ag5t "u subsection     
7d77#b7 & has an objectively reasonable 
belief t mat]ial t is claim$ to be an   
unau?oriz$ digital replica does n       
qualify z a digital replica %all be     
liable only = actual damages "u         
subp>agraph 7,a7 if ! mat]ial is        
ultimately det]m9$ to be an unau?oriz$  
digital replica4  7f7 ,subpo5a ,to      
id5tify violator  7#a7 ,reque/ ,a "r    
hold]1 an individual or entity au?oriz$ 
to act on behalf ( a "r hold]1 or an    
eligible pla9tiff "u subsection 7e77#a7 
may reque/ ! cl]k ( any di/rict c\rt ( !
 ,unit$ ,/ates to issue a subpo5a to a  
provid] ( an onl9e s]vice =             
id5tification ( an alleg$ violator ( ?is
 section 9 accordance ) ?is subsection4 
7#b7 ,cont5ts ( reque/ ,a reque/ "u     

p>agraph 7#a7 may be made by fil+ ) !   
cl]k-- 7,a7 a copy ( a notification     
describ$ 9 subsection 7d77#c72  7,b7 a  
propos$ subpo5a2 &  7,c7 a sworn        
decl>ation to ! effect t-- 7i7 ! purpose
 ( ! subpo5a is to obta9 ! id5tity ( an 
individual or entity alleg$ to be liable
 "u subsection 7c72 &  7ii7 ! in=mation 
describ$ 9 clause 7i7 w only be us$ = ! 
purpose ( protect+ rights "u ?is        
section4  7#c7 ,cont5ts ( subpo5a ,a    
subpo5a issu$ "u ?is subsection %all    
au?orize & ord] ! provid] ( ! applicable
 onl9e s]vice to exp$iti\sly disclose to
 ! p>ty t s\ght ! subpo5a in=mation     
suffici5t to id5tify ! alleg$ violator  
by virtue ( ! activity describ$ 9 !     
notification to ! ext5t t in=mation is  
available to ! provid] ( ! onl9e s]vice4
  7#d7 ,basis = grant+ subpo5a ,if a    
propos$ subpo5a "u ?is subsection is 9  
prop] =m1 ! applicable notification fil$
 satisfies ! requirem5ts "u subsection  
7d77#c71 & ! accompany+ decl>ation is   
prop]ly execut$1 ! cl]k %all exp$iti\sly

 issue & sign ! propos$ subpo5a & return
 ! subpo5a to ! reque/] = deliv]y to !  
provid] ( ! applicable onl9e s]vice4    
7g7 ,preemption  7#a7 ,9 g5]al ,! rights
 e/abli%$ "u ?is ,act %all preempt any  
cause ( action "u ,/ate law = !         
protection ( an individual's voice &    
visual lik5ess rights 9 connection ) a  
digital replica1 z def9$ 9 ?is ,act1 9  
an expressive "w4  7#b7 ,rule (         
con/ruction ,not)/&+ p>agraph 7#a71 no?+
 9 ?is ,act may be con/ru$ to preempt-- 
7,a7 causes ( action "u ,/ate /atutes or
 common law 9 exi/5ce1 z ( ,janu>y #b1  
#bjbe1 reg>d+ a digital replica2  7,b7  
causes ( action "u ,/ate /atutes        
specifically regulat+ a digital replica 
depict+ sexually explicit conduct1 z    
def9$ 9 section #bbef7b77;,a7 ( title   
#ah1 ,unit$ ,/ates ,code1 or an         
election-relat$ digital replica2 or     
7,c7 causes ( action "u ,/ate /atutes or
 common law 9 exi/5ce1 z ( ,janu>y #b1  
#bjbe1 = ! di/ribut+1 import+1          
transmitt+1 or o!rwise mak+ available to

 ! public a product or s]vice capable ( 
produc+ #a or m digital replicas4  7h7  
,rules ( con/ruction  7#a7 ,laws p]ta9+ 
to intellectual prop]ty ,?is section    
%all be consid]$ to be a law p]ta9+ to  
intellectual prop]ty = ! purposes (     
section #bcj7;e77#b7 ( ! ,communications
 ,act ( #aicd 7#dg ,u4,s4,c4            
#bcj7;e77#b774  7#b7 ,no duty to monitor
 ,except z expressly provid$ 9          
subsection 7d77#a77;,b77ii71 no?+ 9 ?is 
section may be con/ru$ to require !     
provid] ( an onl9e s]vice to-- 7,a7     
monitor ! onl9e s]vice =1 or            
affirmatively seek facts ab\t1 any      
digital replica2 or  7,b7 ga9 access to 
mat]ial4  7i7 ,sev]ability ,if any      
provision ( ?is section1 or !           
application ( a provision ( ?is section1
 is held to be invalid1 ! validity ( !  
rema9d] ( ?is section1 & ! application (
 t provision to o!r individuals1        
entities1 & circum/ances1 %all n be     
affect$ by t hold+4  7j7 ,retroactive   
effect  7#a7 ,liabilities ,liability "u 

?is section %all apply only to-- 7,a7   
conduct occurr+ aft] ! date ( enactm5t (
 ?is ,act2 &  7,b7 9 ! case ( conduct   
cov]$ by a lic5se or contract1 a lic5se 
or contract t is execut$ aft] ! date (  
enactm5t ( ?is ,act4  7#b7 ,digital     
replication "r ,! "r grant$ "u          
subsection 7b7-- 7,a7 %all apply to any 
individual1 reg>dless ( :e!r !          
individual dies be=e1 on1 or aft] ! date
 ( enactm5t ( ?is ,act2 &  7,b7 9 ! case
 ( a "r hold] :o has di$ be=e ! date (  
enactm5t ( ?is ,act1 %all ve/ 9 !       
executors1 heirs1 assignees1 or devisees
 ( ! "r hold]4  7k7 ,effective date ,?is
 ,act %all take effect on ! date t is   
#ahj days aft] ! date ( enactm5t ( ?is  
,act4  #a4 ,%ort title ,?is ,act may be 
cit$ z ! ,nurture ,orig9als1 ,fo/] ,art1
 & ,keep ,ent]ta9m5t ,safe ,act ( #bjbf 
or ! ,,no ,,fakes ,act ( #bjbf4  #b4    
,voice & visual lik5ess rights  7a7     
,def9itions ,9 ?is section3 7#a7        
,digital f+]pr9t ,! t]m digital f+]pr9t 
means an electronic label or id5tifi]   

creat$ by a cryptographic ha% function  
7or simil> function71 or any o!r digital
 process1 tool1 or te*nique select$ by !
 provid] ( an onl9e s]vice1 t is unique 
to a specific piece ( mat]ial su* t x is
 effectively c]ta9 t su* piece ( mat]ial
 w n be misid5tifi$ z a mat* = a diff]5t
 piece ( mat]ial4  7#b7 ,digital replica
 ,! t]m digital replica-- 7,a7 means a  
newly creat$1 comput]-g5]at$1 highly    
reali/ic electronic repres5tation t is  
readily id5tifiable z ! voice or visual 
lik5ess ( an individual t-- 7i7 is      
embodi$ 9 a s\nd record+1 image1        
audiovisual "w1 includ+ an audiovisual  
"w t does n h any accompany+ s\nds1 or  
transmission-- 7,i7 9 :i* ! actual      
individual did n actually p]=m or appe>2
 or  7,,ii7 t is a v]sion ( a s\nd      
record+1 image1 or audiovisual "w 9 :i* 
! actual individual did p]=m or appe>1 9
 :i* ! fundam5tal "* ( ! p]=mance or    
appe>ance has be5 mat]ially alt]$2 &    
7,b7 does n include ! electronic        
reproduction1 use ( a sample ( "o s\nd  

record+ or audiovisual "w into ano!r1   
remix+1 ma/]+1 or digital rema/]+ ( a   
s\nd record+ or audiovisual "w au?oriz$ 
by ! copyright hold]4  7#c7 ,individual 
,! t]m individual means a human be+1    
liv+ or dead4  7#d7 ,int]active comput] 
s]vice ,! t]m int]active comput] s]vice 
means any in=mation s]vice1 sy/em1 or   
access s(tw>e provid] t provides or     
enables comput] access by multiple us]s 
to a comput] s]v]1 includ+              
specifically-- 7,a7 a s]vice or sy/em t 
provides access to ! int]net2 &  7,b7   
su* sy/ems op]at$1 or s]vices (f]$1 by  
libr>ies or educational in/itutions4    
7#e7 ,onl9e s]vice ,! t]m onl9e s]vice--
 7,a7 means-- 7i7 any website1 onl9e    
application1 mobile application1 or     
virtual reality environm5t t pr$om9antly
 provides public access to us] upload$  
mat]ial2  7ii7 any digital music provid]
 to :i* section #aae ( title #ag1 ,unit$
 ,/ates ,code1 applies1 to ! ext5t t !  
digital music provid] provides public   
access to a significant am\nt ( s\nd    

record+s t are pr$om9antly ! fixation ( 
s\nds ( a p]=mance ( a musical          
composition & are us] upload$ mat]ial1  
if t digital music provid] is n cov]$ "u
 clause 7i72 &  7iii7 any onl9e         
application1 mobile application1 virtual
 reality environm5t1 application /ore1  
se>* eng9e 7includ+ any feature t       
provides web se>* results71 adv]tis+    
s]vice or network1 onl9e %opp+ s]vice or
 plat=m1 electronic comm]ce provid]1    
mapp+ s]vice1 cl\d /orage s]vice1       
aggregator ( visual & audiovisual works 
= lic5s+1 or website ho/+ s]vice or any 
o!r int]active comput] s]vice t is n    
cov]$ "u clause 7i71 & is n a digital   
music provid] to :i* section #aae (     
title #ag1 ,unit$ ,/ates ,code1 applies1
 b only if ! provid] ( t int]active     
comput] s]vice has regi/]$ a designat$  
ag5t ) ! ,copyright ,(fice "u subsection
 7d77#b72 &  7,b7 does n include any    
website1 onl9e application1 mobile      
application1 virtual reality environm5t1
 application /ore1 cl\d /orage s]vice1  

or se>* eng9e1 if ! prim>y function ( t 
website1 onl9e application1 mobile      
application1 virtual reality environm5t1
 application /ore1 cl\d /orage s]vice1  
or se>* eng9e is to di/ribute1 import1  
transmit1 or o!rwise make available to !
 public a product or s]vice describ$ 9  
subsection 7c77#b77;,b74  7#f7 ,"r hold]
 ,! t]m "r hold] means-- 7,a7 !         
individual1 ! voice or visual lik5ess ( 
:om is at issue ) respect to a digital  
replica or a product or s]vice describ$ 
9 subsection 7c77#b77;,b72 &  7,b7 any  
o!r individual or entity t has acquir$1 
?r\gh a lic5se1 inh]itance1 or o!rwise1 
! "r to au?orize ! use ( ! voice or     
visual lik5ess describ$ 9 subp>agraph   
7,a74  7#g7 ,s\nd record+ arti/ ,! t]m  
s\nd record+ arti/ means an individual  
:o creates or p]=ms 9 s\nd record+s =   
economic ga9 or = ! livelihood ( !      
individual4  7#h7 ,us] upload$ mat]ial  
,! t]m us] upload$ mat]ial-- 7,a7 means 
mat]ial1 su* z a video1 image1 audio    
file1 or o!r simil> mat]ial1 t is plac$ 

on a s]vice directly by1 or at !        
direction (1 a consum] end us] ( a      
s]vice2 &  7,b7 does n include mat]ial t
 is-- 7i7 embodi$ 9 a video game2 &     
7ii7 g5]at$ or cu/omiz$ by a consum] end
 us] ( t video game4  7b7 ,digital      
replication "r  7#a7 ,9 g5]al ,subject  
to ! o!r provisions ( ?is section1 ea*  
individual or "r hold] %all h ! "r to   
au?orize-- 7,a7 ! use ( a digital       
replica embody+ ! voice or visual       
lik5ess ( ! individual2 or  7,b7 ! use (
 ! voice or visual lik5ess ( !          
individual 9 connection ) a product or  
s]vice = :i* au?orization ( ! individual
 or "r hold] is requir$ to avoid        
liability ) respect to an activity      
describ$ 9 subsection 7c77#b77;,b74     
7#b7 ,nature ( "r  7,a7 ,9 g5]al ,! "r  
describ$ 9 p>agraph 7#a7 %all h ! foll[+
 *>act]i/ics3 7i7 ,! "r is-- 7,i7 a     
prop]ty "r2  7,,ii7 n assignable dur+ ! 
life ( ! individual1 includ+ ?r\gh      
involunt>y transf]1 su* z by means (    
bankruptcy1 levy1 li5 en=cem5t1 c\rt    

ord]1 or o!r legal process2 &  7,,iii7  
lic5sable1 9 :ole or 9 "p1 exclusively  
or non-exclusively1 by ! "r hold]4  7ii7
 ,! "r %all n expire ^u ! dea? ( !      
individual1 )\t reg>d to :e!r ! "r is   
comm]cially exploit$ by ! individual    
dur+ ! lifetime ( ! individual4  7iii7  
,^u ! dea? ( ! individual-- 7,i7 ! "r is
 transf]able & lic5sable1 9 :ole or 9   
"p1 by ! executors1 heirs1 assignees1   
lic5sees1 or devisees ( ! individual2 & 
7,,ii7 own]%ip ( ! "r may be-- 7aa7     
transf]r$1 9 :ole or 9 "p1 by any means 
( conveyance or by op]ation ( law2 &    
7bb7 bequea!d by w or pass z p]sonal    
prop]ty by ! applicable laws ( inte/ate 
succession4  7iv7 7,i7 ,! "r %all be    
exclusive to-- 7aa7 ! individual1       
subject to ! lic5s+ ( ! "r dur+ !       
lifetime ( t individual "u subp>agraph  
7,b72 &  7bb7 ! "r hold]-- 7,,aa7 = a   
p]iod ( #aj ye>s aft] ! dea? ( !        
individual2 & 7,,bb7 if ! "r hold]      
demon/rates active & au?oriz$ public use
 ( ! voice or visual lik5ess ( !        

individual 9 int]/ate or =eign comm]ce  
dur+ ! #b-ye> p]iod prec$+ ! expiration 
( ! #aj-ye> p]iod describ$ 9 subitem    
7,,aa71 = an additional #e-ye> p]iod1   
subject to r5ewal = additional #e-ye>   
p]iods1 provid$ ! "r hold] c demon/rate 
au?oriz$ public use ( ! voice or visual 
lik5ess ( ! individual 9 int]/ate or    
=eign comm]ce dur+ ! #b-ye> p]iod prec$+
 ! expiration ( ea* additional #e-ye>   
p]iod4  7,,ii7 ,! comm]cial availability
 ( a s\nd record+ or audiovisual "w 9   
:i* ! voice or visual lik5ess ( an      
individual is readily id5tifiable %all  
con/itute active & au?oriz$ public use (
 t voice or visual lik5ess = ! purposes 
( subclause 7,i77bb77,,bb74  7v7 ,! "r  
%all t]m9ate on ! date t is ! e>li] (-- 
7,i7 ! date on :i* ! #aj-ye> p]iod or   
#e-ye> p]iod describ$ 9 clause          
7iv77,i77bb7 t]m9ates )\t r5ewal2 or    
7,,ii7 ! date t is #gj ye>s aft] ! dea? 
( ! individual4  7,b7 ,requirem5ts =    
lic5se  7i7 ,9 g5]al ,a lic5se describ$ 
9 subp>agraph 7,a77i77,,iii7-- 7,i7 :ile

 ! applicable individual is liv+1 is    
valid only to ! ext5t t ! lic5se        
duration does n exce$ #aj ye>s2 &       
7,,ii7 %all be valid only if ! lic5se   
agreem5t-- 7aa7 is 9 writ+ & sign$ by-- 
7,,aa7 ! applicable individual2 or      
7,,bb7 9 ! case ( a deceas$ individual1 
! "r hold] or an au?oriz$ repres5tative 
( ! "r hold]2 &  7bb7 includes a        
reasonably specific description ( !     
int5d$ uses ( ! applicable digital      
replica4  7ii7 ,lic5ses involv+ a m9or  
,a lic5se describ$ 9 subp>agraph        
7,a77i77,,iii7 involv+ a liv+ individual
 :o is y\ng] ?an #ah ye>s ( age-- 7,i7  
is valid only to ! ext5t t ! lic5se     
duration does n exce$ #e ye>s1 b 9 any  
case t]m9ates :5 ! individual rea*es #ah
 ye>s ( age2 &  7,,ii7 %all be valid    
only if ! lic5se agreem5t-- 7aa7 is 9   
writ+ & sign$ by ! individual or an     
au?oriz$ repres5tative ( ! individual2  
7bb7 includes a reasonably specific     
description ( ! int5d$ uses ( ! digital 
replica2 &  7cc7 is approv$ by a c\rt 9 

accordance ) applicable ,/ate law4      
7iii7 ,collective b>ga9+ agreem5ts ,!   
provisions ( clauses 7i7 & 7ii7 %all n  
apply ) respect to a lic5se if ! lic5se 
is gov]n$ by a collective b>ga9+        
agreem5t t addresses digital replicas4  
7iv7 ,limitation ,! provisions ( clauses
 7i7 & 7ii7 %all n affect t]ms &        
conditions ( a lic5se or relat$ contract
 o!r ?an ^? describ$ 9 ?is subp>agraph1 
& ! expiration ( t lic5se %all n affect 
! rema9d] ( ! lic5se or relat$ contract4
  7,c7 ,requirem5ts = po/-mortem transf]
 ,a po/-mortem transf] or lic5se        
describ$ 9 subp>agraph 7,a77iii77,i7    
%all be valid only if ! transf] agreem5t
 or lic5se agreem5t is 9 writ+ & sign$  
by ! "r hold] or an au?oriz$            
repres5tative ( ! "r hold]4  7,d7       
,regi/ration = po/-mortem r5ewal  7i7 ,9
 g5]al ,! r5ewal ( a po/-mortem "r "u   
subp>agraph 7,a77iv77,i77bb77,,bb7 %all 
be effective if1 dur+ ! applicable      
#b-ye> r5ewal p]iod describ$ 9 t        
subp>agraph1 ! "r hold] files a notice )

 ! ,regi/] ( ,copyrights t complies )   
su* requirem5ts reg>d+ =m & fil+        
proc$ures z ! ,regi/] ( ,copyrights may 
prescribe by regulation1 :i* %all       
include-- 7,i7 ! "n ( ! deceas$         
individual2  7,,ii7 a /atem5t1 "u p5alty
 ( p]jury1 t ! "r hold] has engag$ 9    
active & au?oriz$ public use ( ! voice  
or visual lik5ess 9 int]/ate or =eign   
comm]ce dur+ ! applicable #b-ye> p]iod2 
7,,iii7 ! id5tity ( & contact in=mation 
= ! "r hold]2 &  7,,iv7 su* o!r         
in=mation z ! ,regi/] ( ,copyrights may 
prescribe by regulation4  7ii7          
,directory ,! ,regi/] ( ,copyrights--   
7,i7 %all-- 7aa7 ma9ta9 a curr5t        
directory ( po/-mortem digital          
replication rights regi/]$ "u ?is       
subp>agraph2 &  7bb7 make ! directory   
describ$ 9 item 7aa7 available to !     
public = inspection onl9e2 &  7,,ii7 may
 require paym5t ( a reasonable fil+ fee 
by ! "r hold] fil+ notice "u clause 7i71
 :i* may take into consid]ation ! co/s (
 ma9ta9+ ! directory describ$ 9         

subclause 7,i7 ( ?is clause4  7iii7     
,volunt>y initial regi/ration  7,i7 ,9  
g5]al ,a "r hold] may volunt>ily regi/] 
! po/-mortem "r "u subp>agraph          
7,a77iv77,i77bb77,,aa7 by fil+ a notice 
) ! ,regi/] ( ,copyrights t complies )  
su* requirem5ts reg>d+ =m1 cont5t1 &    
fil+ proc$ures z ! ,regi/] ( ,copyrights
 may prescribe by regulation4  7,,ii7   
,au?ority ( ,regi/] ( ,copyrights ,!    
,regi/] ( ,copyrights may-- 7aa7 include
 a volunt>y regi/ration ( ! po/-mortem  
"r "u subp>agraph 7,a77iv77,i77bb77,,aa7
 9 ! directory ma9ta9$ "u clause        
7ii77,i77aa7 ( ?is subp>agraph2 &  7bb7 
require paym5t ( a reasonable fil+ fee  
by a "r hold] regi/]+ a "r "u ?is       
clause1 :i* may take into consid]ation !
 co/s ( ma9ta9+ ! directory4  7iv7      
,initial po/-mortem regi/ration =       
individuals deceas$ #h ye>s or long] z (
 date ( enactm5t ,not)/&+ any o!r       
provision ( ?is p>agraph-- 7,i7 )       
respect to an individual :o di$ n few]  
?an #aj ye>s be=e ! date ( enactm5t (   

?is ,act1 ! applicable "r hold] may1 n  
lat] ?an #ij days aft] ! effective date 
( ?is section1 volunt>ily regi/] !      
po/-mortem "r "u subp>agraph            
7,a77iv77,i77bb77,,bb7 by fil+ ) !      
,regi/] ( ,copyrights a notice t        
complies ) su* requirem5ts z ! ,regi/] (
 ,copyrights may prescribe by regulation
 "u clause 7i71 if ! "r hold]           
demon/rates ! requir$ au?oriz$ public   
use ( ! voice or visual lik5ess ( !     
individual 9 int]/ate or =eign comm]ce  
dur+ ! #b-ye> p]iod prec$+ ! date (     
enactm5t ( ?is ,act1 subject to         
protection dur+ ! p]iods ( exclusivity &
 t]m9ation "u clauses 7iv7 & 7v7 (      
subp>agraph 7,a72 &  7,,ii7 ) respect to
 an individual :o di$ n few] ?an #h1 &  
few] ?an #aj1 ye>s be=e ! date (        
enactm5t ( ?is ,act1 ! applicable "r    
hold] may file a notice "u clause 7i7 or
 subclause 7,i7 ( ?is clause4  7v7      
,au?ority ( ,regi/] ( ,copyrights ,!    
,regi/] ( ,copyrights may make su*      
int]pretations & resolve su* ambiguities

 z may be appropriate to c>ry out ?is   
subp>agraph4  7,e7 ,po/-expiration or   
t]m9ation utilization ( au?oriz$ uses ,a
 digital replica t is embodi$ 9 a s\nd  
record+1 image1 audiovisual "w1 includ+ 
an audiovisual "w t does n h any        
accompany+ s\nds1 or transmission1 & !  
use ( :i* is au?oriz$ pursuant to ! t]ms
 ( a lic5se1 may cont9ue to be utiliz$ 9
 a mann] consi/5t ) ! t]ms ( t lic5se   
aft] ! expiration or t]m9ation ( !      
lic5se4  7c7 ,liability  7#a7 ,9 g5]al  
,any individual or entity t1 9 a mann]  
affect+ int]/ate or =eign comm]ce 7or   
us+ any means or facility ( int]/ate or 
=eign comm]ce71 engages 9 an activity   
describ$ 9 p>agraph 7#b7 %all be liable 
9 a civil action br\ght "u subsection   
7e74  7#b7 ,activities describ$ ,an     
activity describ$ 9 ?is p>agraph is ei!r
 ( ! foll[+3 7,a7 ,! public display1    
di/ribution1 transmission1 or           
communication (1 or ! act ( o!rwise mak+
 available to ! public1 includ+ by act+ 
z a ?ird p>ty comm]cial suppli] ( s\nd  

record+s to a digital music provid]1 a  
digital replica )\t au?orization by !   
applicable "r hold]4  7,b7 ,di/ribut+1  
import+1 transmitt+1 or o!rwise mak+    
available to ! public a product or      
s]vice t-- 7i7 is prim>ily design$ to   
produce #a or m digital replicas ( a    
specifically id5tifi$ individual or     
individuals )\t ! au?orization (-- 7,i7 
su* individual or individuals2  7,,ii7 !
 applicable "r hold]2 or  7,,iii7 ! law2
  7ii7 has only limit$ comm]cially      
significant purpose or use o!r ?an to   
produce a digital replica ( a           
specifically id5tifi$ individual or     
individuals )\t ! au?orization (-- 7,i7 
su* individual or individuals2  7,,ii7 !
 applicable "r hold]2 or  7,,iii7 ! law2
 or  7iii7 is m>ket$1 adv]tis$1 or      
o!rwise promot$ by ! individual or      
entity describ$ 9 p>agraph 7#a71 or     
ano!r individual or entity act+ 9 conc]t
 ) ! individual or entity describ$ 9    
p>agraph 7#a7 ) ! k ( ! individual or   
entity describ$ 9 p>agraph 7#a71 z a    

product or s]vice design$ to produce a  
digital replica ( a specifically        
id5tifi$ individual or individuals )\t !
 au?orization (-- 7,i7 su* individual or
 individuals2  7,,ii7 ! applicable "r   
hold]2 or  7,,iii7 ! law4  7#c7 ,notice 
or k requir$ ,to incur liability "u ?is 
subsection1 ! foll[+ %all apply3 7,a7   
7i7 ,) respect to an activity c>ri$ out 
"u p>agraph 7#b7 by ! provid] ( an onl9e
 s]vice describ$ 9 clause 7ii71 !       
designat$ ag5t ) respect to ! provid]   
mu/ h receiv$ a notification t satisfies
 ! requirem5ts "u subsection 7d77#c71 or
 a c\rt ord] /at+1 or mu/ h willfully   
avoid$ receipt ( su* a notification or  
c\rt ord]1 t ! applicable mat]ial is--  
7,i7 a digital replica1 ! use ( :i* 0 n 
au?oriz$ by ! applicable "r hold]2 or   
7,,ii7 a product or s]vice describ$ 9   
p>agraph 7#b77;,b74  7ii7 ,an onl9e     
s]vice describ$ 9 ?is clause is an onl9e
 s]vice t is-- 7,i7 describ$ 9          
subsection 7a77#e77;,a77i72  7,,ii7     
describ$ 9 subsection 7a77#e77;,a77ii71 

) respect to s\nd record+s t are        
pr$om9antly ! fixation ( s\nds ( a      
p]=mance ( a musical composition & are  
us] upload$ mat]ial2 or  7,,iii7        
describ$ 9 subsection 7a77#e77;,a77iii71
 ) respect to mat]ial plac$ on t onl9e  
s]vice by or at ! direction ( a ?ird    
p>ty4  7,b7 ,) respect to an activity   
c>ri$ out "u p>agraph 7#b7 by an        
individual or entity t is n an onl9e    
s]vice1 or an activity c>ri$ out "u     
p>agraph 7#b7 by ! provid] ( an onl9e   
s]vice t is n describ$ 9 subp>agraph    
7,a77ii71 ! individual or entity mu/ h  
actual k1 or mu/ willfully avoid hav+   
su* k1 t ! applicable mat]ial is-- 7i7 a
 digital replica1 ! use ( :i* 0 n       
au?oriz$ by ! applicable "r hold]2 or   
7ii7 a product or s]vice describ$ 9     
p>agraph 7#b77;,b74  7#d7 ,exclusions   
,liability "u ?is subsection %all n     
ext5d to-- 7,a7 a s]vice by wire or     
radio t provides ! capability to        
transmit data to & receive data f all1  
or sub/antially all1 int]net endpo9ts1  

includ+ any capabilities t are incid5tal
 to enable ! op]ation ( ! communications
 s]vice ( a provid] ( onl9e s]vices or  
network access1 or ! op]ator (          
facilities = su* s]vice2  7,b7 a provid]
 ( an onl9e s]vice describ$ 9 p>agraph  
7#c77;,a77ii7 alleg$ to h und]tak5 an   
activity describ$ 9 p>agraph 7#b7 if--  
7i7 x is n te*nologically or practically
 feasible = t provid] to disable access 
to ! (f5d+ mat]ial1 or disable ! ref]5ce
 or l9k to t mat]ial1 at ! specific     
location id5tifi$ 9 ! applicable        
notification s5t "u subsection 7d77#c72 
or  7ii7 disabl+ access to ! (f5d+      
mat]ial is prohibit$ by law2  7,c7 a    
nonpr(it libr>y or ar*ives-- 7i7 t is   
eligible = ! limitations on exclusive   
rights "u section #ajh ( title #ag1     
,unit$ ,/ates ,code2  7ii7 ! collections
 ( :i* are-- 7,i7 op5 to ! public2 or   
7,,ii7 available n only to rese>*]s     
affiliat$ ) ! libr>y or ar*ives1 or ) ! 
in/itution ( :i* ! libr>y or ar*ives is 
a "p1 b also to o!r p]sons do+ rese>* 9 

a specializ$ field2  7iii7 t has a      
public s]vice mission2  7iv7 ! tra9$    
/aff or volunte]s ( :i* provide         
pr(essional s]vices normally associat$ )
 libr>ies & ar*ives2 &  7v7 !           
collections ( :i* are compos$ ( lawfully
 acquir$ or lic5s$ mat]ials t are made  
available consi/5t ) ! requirem5ts (    
title #ag1 ,unit$ ,/ates ,code2  7,d7 an
 accr$it$ nonpr(it educational          
in/itution ) respect to an activity     
und]tak5 )\t any purpose ( direct or    
indirect comm]cial advantage2  7,e7 an  
employee ( an in/itution describ$ 9     
subp>agraph 7,c7 or 7,d7 act+ )9 ! scope
 ( ! employm5t ( t individual2  7,f7 any
 o!r p]son solely ) respect to provid+  
onl9e or network access s]vices to an   
in/itution describ$ 9 subp>agraph 7,c7  
or 7,d7 9 ! c\rse ( provid+ ^? s]vices  
to t in/itution2 or  7,g7 an individual 
or entity t is n an onl9e s]vice1 if1 ^u
 obta9+ actual k ( an activity describ$ 
9 p>agraph 7#b71 ! individual or entity 
acts z soon z te*nologically &          

practically feasible to remove or       
disable access to ! applicable mat]ial4 
7#e7 ,additional exclusions  7,a7 ,9    
g5]al ,an activity %all n be consid]$ to
 be an activity describ$ 9 p>agraph 7#b7
 if-- 7i7 ! applicable digital replica  
is us$ 9 a bona fide news1 public       
affairs1 or sports broadca/ or acc\nt1  
provid$ t ! digital replica is ! subject
 (1 or is mat]ially relevant to1 !      
subject ( t broadca/ or acc\nt2  7ii7 ! 
applicable digital replica is a         
repres5tation ( ! applicable individual 
z ! individual 9 a docum5t>y or 9 a     
hi/orical or biographical mann]1 includ+
 "s degree ( fictionalization1 unless-- 
7,i7 ! use ( t digital replica creates !
 false impression t ! "w is an au!ntic  
s\nd record+1 image1 transmission1 or   
audiovisual "w 9 :i* ! individual       
p>ticipat$2 or  7,,ii7 ! digital replica
 is embodi$ 9 a musical s\nd record+ t  
is syn*roniz$ to accompany a motion     
picture or o!r audiovisual "w1 except to
 ! ext5t t ! use ( t digital replica is 

protect$ by ! ,fir/ ,am5dm5t to !       
,con/itution ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates2  7iii7 !
 applicable digital replica is us$      
consi/5t ) ! public int]e/ 9 bona fide  
comm5t>y1 criticism1 s*ol>%ip1 satire1  
or p>ody2  7iv7 ! use ( ! applicable    
digital replica is fleet+ or negligible2
 or  7v7 ! applicable digital replica is
 us$ 9 an adv]tisem5t or comm]cial      
ann\ncem5t = a purpose describ$ 9 any ( 
clauses 7i7 ?r\gh 7iv7 & ! applicable   
digital replica is relevant to ! subject
 ( ! "w s adv]tis$ or ann\nc$4  7,b7    
,applicability ,subp>agraph 7,a7 %all n 
apply :]e ! applicable digital replica  
is us$ to depict sexually explicit      
conduct1 z def9$ 9 section #bbef7b77;,a7
 ( title #ah1 ,unit$ ,/ates ,code4  7#f7
 ,volunt>y use ( tools to remove or     
disable access ,! volunt>y use ( any    
tool to remove or disable access to     
cont5t %all n alone conf] actual k ( a  
p>ticul> violation ( ?is section4  7d7  
,safe h>bors  7#a7 ,9 g5]al  7,a7       
,products & s]vices capable ( produc+   

digital replicas ,no individual or      
entity %all be directly or second>ily   
liable "u ?is section = an activity     
describ$ 9 subsection 7c77#b77;,a7 by   
virtue ( di/ribut+1 import+1 transmitt+1
 or o!rwise mak+ available to ! public a
 product or s]vice unless ! product or  
s]vice is a product or s]vice describ$ 9
 subsection 7c77#b77;,b74  7,b7 ,onl9e  
s]vices ,! provid] ( an onl9e s]vice    
%all n be liable = an activity t        
violates subsection 7c71 or = ref]r+ or 
l9k+ to ! mat]ial embody+ an unau?oriz$ 
digital replica or a product or s]vice  
describ$ 9 subsection 7c77#b77;,b71 if--
 7i7 = ! provid] ( an onl9e s]vice      
describ$ 9 subsection 7a77#e77;,a77iii7 
7o!r ?an a se>* eng9e or a se>* compon5t
 ( a s]vice71 ! provid] has adopt$ &    
reasonably implem5t$1 & has in=m$ us]s (
 ! onl9e s]vice (1 a policy t provides =
 ! t]m9ation 9 appropriate circum/ances 
( acc\nt hold]s ( ! onl9e s]vice t are  
repeat violators ( subsection 7c77#b71  
provid$ t ! failure to t]m9ate a        

p>ticul> acc\nt hold] 9 accordance ) t  
policy %all subject ! provid] ( ! onl9e 
s]vice to pot5tial liability only )     
respect to violat+ cont5t po/$ by t     
acc\nt hold]2 &  7ii7 7,i7 ^u receiv+ a 
notification t satisfies ! requirem5ts  
"u p>agraph 7#c71 ! provid]-- 7aa7      
removes or disables access to ! "w      
embody+ ! claim$ unau?oriz$ use ( a     
digital replica or ! product or s]vice  
specifically id5tifi$ 9 a notice s5t "u 
t p>agraph1 or1 z applicable1 ! l9k or  
ref]5ce to ! unau?oriz$ use ( a digital 
replica or product or s]vice1 z soon z  
is te*nologically & practically feasible
 = t provid]2  7bb7 = ! provid] ( an    
onl9e s]vice describ$ 9 subsection      
7a77#e77;,a77i71 z soon z is            
te*nologically & practically feasible = 
t provid]1 removes or disables access to
 all o!r publicly available in/ances ( !
 "w embody+ ! claim$ unau?oriz$ use ( a 
digital replica t-- 7,,aa7 mat* !       
digital f+]pr9t ( an unau?oriz$ use ( a 
digital replica specifically id5tifi$ 9 

a notification s5t "u p>agraph 7#c72 &  
7,,bb7 are upload$ aft] valid1          
applicable notice 0 submitt$ to1 &      
process$ by1 ! provid]2  7cc7 = !       
provid] ( an onl9e s]vice describ$ 9    
subsection 7a77#e77;,a77ii71 ) respect  
to s\nd record+s t are pr$om9antly !    
fixation ( s\nds ( a p]=mance ( a       
musical composition & are us] upload$   
mat]ial1 z soon z is te*nologically &   
practically feasible = t provid]1       
removes or disables access to all o!r   
publicly available in/ances ( ! "w      
embody+ ! claim$ unau?oriz$ use ( a     
digital replica t-- 7,,aa7 mat* !       
digital f+]pr9t ( an unau?oriz$ use ( a 
digital replica specifically id5tifi$ 9 
a notification s5t "u p>agraph 7#c72 &  
7,,bb7 are upload$ aft] valid1          
applicable notice 0 submitt$ to1 &      
process$ by1 ! provid]2 &  7dd7 takes   
reasonable /eps to promptly notify ! "r 
hold]1 & ! p>ty t plac$ ! mat]ial on !  
onl9e s]vice1 t ! onl9e s]vice remov$ or
 disabl$ access to ! mat]ial2 &  7,,ii7 

! provid]1 9 ! case t ! provid] receives
 a c\nt]-notification t satisfies !     
requirem5ts "u p>agraph 7#d7 & opts to  
replace ! remov$ mat]ial or cease       
disabl+ access to t mat]ial-- 7aa7 takes
 reasonable /eps to promptly provide !  
individual or entity t provid$ !        
applicable notification "u p>agraph 7#c7
 ) a copy ( ! c\nt]-notification2 &     
7bb7 n less ?an #ad days aft] ! date on 
:i* ! provid] receives t                
c\nt]-notification1 replaces ! remov$   
mat]ial or ceases disabl+ access to t   
mat]ial1 unless an eligible pla9tiff    
describ$ 9 subsection 7e7 br+s an action
 "u t subsection1 9 :i* case ! provid]  
%all remove ! mat]ial or disable access 
to ! mat]ial z soon z is te*nologically 
& practically feasible = ! provid]4     
7#b7 ,designat$ ag5t  7,a7 ,designation 
7i7 ,9 g5]al ,a provid] ( an onl9e      
s]vice describ$ 9 clause 7i7 or 7ii7 (  
subsection 7a77#e77;,a7 %all1 & a       
provid] ( an onl9e s]vice t is describ$ 
9 subsection 7a77#e77;,a77iii7 & is     

eligible = regi/ration may1 regi/] a    
designat$ ag5t 9 accordance ) ?is       
p>agraph4  7ii7 ,cont5ts ,to designate  
an ag5t "u clause 7i71 ! provid] ( an   
onl9e s]vice %all make available ?r\gh t
 onl9e s]vice1 9 a location accessible  
to ! public1 & provide to ! ,copyright  
,(fice1 sub/antially ! foll[+ in=mation3
 7,i7 ,! "n1 address1 telephone numb]1 &
 electronic mail address ( ! ag5t4      
7,,ii7 ,o!r contact in=mation t !       
,regi/] ( ,copyrights may det]m9e       
appropriate4  7,b7 ,directory ,! ,regi/]
 ( ,copyrights-- 7i7 %all-- 7,i7 ma9ta9 
a curr5t directory ( designat$ ag5ts = !
 purposes ( ?is p>agraph2 &  7,,ii7 make
 ! directory describ$ 9 subclause 7,i7  
available to ! public = inspection1     
includ+ ?r\gh ! int]net2 &  7ii7 may    
require paym5t ( a fee by ! provid] ( an
 onl9e s]vice to cov] ! co/s ( ma9ta9+ !
 directory describ$ 9 clause 7i77,i74   
7,c7 ,effect ( failure to designate ,!re
 %all be e/abli%$ a presumption t a     
provid] ( an onl9e s]vice describ$ 9    

subp>agraph 7,a77i7 has n und]tak5 a    
good fai? ef=t to comply ) ?is          
subsection if ! provid] has fail$ to    
regi/] a designat$ ag5t "u ?is p>agraph 
by ! lat] (-- 7i7 ! date t is #ij days  
aft] ! effective date ( ?is section2 or 
7ii7 ! date t is #ij days aft] ! date on
 :i* ! provid] becomes a provid]        
describ$ 9 subp>agraph 7,a77i74  7#c7   
,elem5ts ( notification ,to be effective
 "u ?is subsection1 a notification ( a  
claim$ violation ( ! "r describ$ 9      
subsection 7b7 %all be a writt5         
communication provid$ to ! designat$    
ag5t regi/]$ "u ?is subsection ) respect
 to ! applicable provid] ( an onl9e     
s]vice t includes ! foll[+3 7,a7 ,a     
physical or electronic signature ( ! "r 
hold]1 an individual or entity au?oriz$ 
to act on behalf ( ! "r hold]1 or an    
eligible pla9tiff "u subsection 7e77#a74
  7,b7 ,id5tification ( ! individual1 ! 
voice or visual lik5ess ( :om is at     
issue ) respect to an unau?oriz$ use ( a
 digital replica or a product or s]vice 

describ$ 9 subsection 7c77#b77;,b74     
7,c7 ,id5tification ( ! mat]ial embody+ 
an unau?oriz$ use ( a digital replica or
 a product or s]vice describ$ 9         
subsection 7c77#b77;,b71 includ+        
in=mation suffici5t to all[ ! provid] to
 locate ! id5tifi$ mat]ial4  7,d7       
,in=mation reasonably suffici5t to p]mit
 ! provid] to contact ! notify+ p>ty1   
su* z an address1 telephone numb]1 &    
email address4  7,e7 ,a /atem5t t !     
notify+ p>ty believes 9 good fai? t--   
7i7 ! mat]ial is-- 7,i7 a digital       
replica1 ! use ( :i* is unau?oriz$2 or  
7,,ii7 a product or s]vice describ$ 9   
subsection 7c77#b77;,b72 &  7ii7 !      
exclusions "u subsection 7c77#e7 d n    
apply4  7,f7 ,if n ! "r hold] or an     
eligible pla9tiff "u subsection 7e77#a71
 a /atem5t1 "u p5alty ( p]jury1 t !     
notify+ p>ty has ! au?ority to act on   
behalf ( ! "r hold]4  7,g7 ,= ! purposes
 ( p>agraph 7#a77;,b71 in=mation        
reasonably suffici5t to-- 7i7 id5tify ! 
ref]5ce or l9k to ! mat]ial or activity 

claim$ to be or embody+ an unau?oriz$   
use ( a digital replica1 or a product or
 s]vice describ$ 9 subsection           
7c77#b77;,b71 t is to be remov$ or to   
:i* access is to be disabl$2 &  7ii7    
p]mit ! provid] to locate ! ref]5ce or  
l9k describ$ 9 clause 7i74  7#d7        
,elem5ts ( c\nt]-notification ,to be    
effective "u ?is subsection1 a          
c\nt]-notification ) respect to a       
notification provid$ "u p>agraph 7#c7   
%all be a writt5 communication t        
satisfies ! foll[+3 7,a7 ,!             
c\nt]-notification is provid$-- 7i7 to !
 designat$ ag5t ( ! onl9e s]vice provid]
 to :i* t notification 0 submitt$ "u    
p>agraph 7#c72 &  7ii7 by ! p>ty t plac$
 ! applicable mat]ial on ! onl9e s]vice4
  7,b7 ,! c\nt] notification includes ! 
foll[+3 7i7 ,a physical signature1      
witness$ or atte/$ to 9 p]son by a      
lic5s$ not>y public1 ( ! individual or  
entity t plac$ ! applicable mat]ial on !
 onl9e s]vice4  7ii7 ,an id5tification (
 ! mat]ial t has be5 remov$ or to :i*   

access has be5 disabl$ & ! location at  
:i* ! mat]ial appe>$ be=e ! mat]ial 0   
remov$ or access to ! mat]ial 0 disabl$4
  7iii7 ,in=mation t is reasonably      
suffici5t to p]mit ! provid] ( ! onl9e  
s]vice & ! individual or entity t       
provid$ ! notification "u p>agraph 7#c7 
to contact ! p>ty provid+ !             
c\nt]-notification1 includ+ an address1 
telephone numb]1 & email address4  7iv7 
,a /atem5t made "u p5alty ( p]jury t !  
p>ty provid+ ! c\nt]-notification has a 
good fai? belief t ! applicable mat]ial 
0 remov$1 or access to t mat]ial 0      
disabl$1 z a result ( mi/ake or         
misid5tification ( ! mat]ial to be      
remov$ or access to :i* 0 to be disabl$1
 :i* %all include a specific ass]tion by
 ! p>ty provid+ ! c\nt]-notification t  
su* mat]ial-- 7,i7 is n a digital       
replica2  7,,ii7 is an au?oriz$ use ( a 
digital replica2 or  7,,iii7 is an      
unau?oriz$ use ( a digital replica t    
satisfies an exclusion "u p>agraph 7#d7 
or 7#e7 ( subsection 7c71 a limitation  

on liability "u subsection 7e77#c71 or  
any o!r requirem5t ) respect to a valid 
legal def5se1 :i* %all include a succ9ct
 explanation ( h[ su* mat]ial satisfies 
! applicable exclusion1 limitation1 or  
requirem5t4  7v7 ,a /atem5t t !         
individual or entity t plac$ !          
applicable mat]ial on ! onl9e s]vice--  
7,i7 cons5ts to ! jurisdiction ( !      
di/rict c\rt ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates = !      
judicial di/rict 9 :i* ! address provid$
 "u clause 7iii7 is locat$ 7or1 if t    
address is outside ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 = 
any judicial di/rict ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates 9
 :i* t individual or entity may be      
f\nd72 &  7,,ii7 w accept s]vice (      
process f-- 7aa7 ! individual or entity 
t provid$ notification "u p>agraph 7#c72
 or  7bb7 an ag5t ( ! individual or     
entity describ$ 9 item 7aa74  7#e7      
,p5alties = false or deceptive notice   
7,a7 ,kn[+ mat]ial repres5tations  7i7  
,9 g5]al ,x %all be unlawful to kn[+ly  
mat]ially misrepres5t-- 7,i7 9 a        
notification provid$ "u p>agraph 7#c7-- 

7aa7 t ! mat]ial reque/$ to be remov$1  
or access to :i* is reque/$ to be       
disabl$1 is a digital replica1 ! use (  
:i* is unau?oriz$2  7bb7 t ! exclusions 
"u subsection 7c77#e7 d n apply2 or     
7cc7 t an individual or entity has !    
au?ority to act on behalf ( ! "r hold]2 
or  7,,ii7 9 a c\nt]-notification       
provid$ "u p>agraph 7#d71 t-- 7aa7      
mat]ial 0 remov$1 or access to mat]ial 0
 disabl$1 by mi/ake or misid5tification2
  7bb7 ! mat]ial remov$1 or to :i*      
access 0 disabl$1 is n a digital        
replica2 or  7cc7 ! mat]ial remov$1 or  
to :i* access 0 disabl$1 is subject to  
an exclusion "u subsection 7c77#e71 a   
limitation on liability "u subsection   
7e77#c71 or any o!r valid legal def5se4 
7ii7 ,failure to p]=m good fai? review  
,! failure to consid] 9 good fai? any ( 
! issues describ$ 9 clause 7i77,i7 be=e 
provid+ a notification "u p>agraph 7#c71
 or any ( ! issues describ$ 9 clause    
7i77,,ii7 be=e provid+ a                
c\nt]-notification "u p>agraph 7#d71    

%all con/itute a kn[+ mat]ial           
misrepres5tation "u ?is subp>agraph4    
7,b7 ,p5alties ,9 addition to ! cause ( 
action & rem$ies made available "u      
subsection 7e71 any individual or entity
 t violates subp>agraph 7,a7 ( ?is      
p>agraph %all be liable to ! applicable 
"r hold]1 ! alleg$ violator t upload$ ! 
applicable mat]ial1 or ! provid] ( an   
onl9e s]vice injur$ by !                
misrepres5tation1 = an am\nt equal to ! 
great] (-- 7i7 #be1jjj p] notification  
provid$ "u p>agraph 7#c71 or            
c\nt]-notification provid$ "u p>agraph  
7#d71 t conta9s a misrepres5tation      
describ$ 9 subp>agraph 7,a7 ( ?is       
p>agraph2 or  7ii7 ! sum (-- 7,i7 any   
actual damages incurr$ by ! applicable  
"r hold] or alleg$ violator1 z well z by
 any provid] ( an onl9e s]vice or o!r   
individual or entity injur$ by !        
misrepres5tation2 &  7,,ii7 any co/s &  
attorney's fees incurr$ by ! applicable 
recipi5t ( a notification "u p>agraph   
7#c71 or a c\nt]-notification "u        

p>agraph 7#d71 t prevails 9 an action   
alleg+ t ! notification or              
c\nt]-notification1 z applicable1 0     
false or deceptive4  7e7 ,civil action  
7#a7 ,eligible pla9tiffs ,a civil action
 aga9/ an individual or entity t1 9 a   
mann] affect+ int]/ate comm]ce 7or us+  
any means or facility ( int]/ate        
comm]ce71 commits a violation (         
subsection 7c7 may be br\ght by-- 7,a7 !
 applicable "r hold]2  7,b7 if !        
applicable "r hold] is an individual :o 
is y\ng] ?an #ah ye>s ( age1 a p>5t or  
gu>dian ( t individual2 or  7,c7 9 !    
case ( a digital replica involv+ a s\nd 
record+ arti/1 any individual or entity 
t has1 directly or indirectly1 ent]$    
into-- 7i7 a contract = ! exclusive     
p]sonal s]vices ( ! s\nd record+ arti/ z
 a s\nd record+ arti/2 or  7ii7 an      
exclusive lic5se to di/ribute or        
transmit #a or m works t capture ! audio
 p]=mance ( ! s\nd record+ arti/4  7#b7 
,limitations p]iod ,a civil action may n
 be br\ght "u ?is subsection unless !   

civil action is comm5c$ n lat] ?an #c   
ye>s aft] ! date on :i* ! p>ty seek+ to 
br+ ! civil action discov]$1 or ) due   
dilig5ce %\ld h discov]$1 ! applicable  
violation4  7#c7 ,limitation on         
liability = purely co9cid5tal           
resemblance  7,a7 ,9 g5]al ,an          
individual or entity %all n be liable = 
engag+ 9 an activity describ$ 9         
subsection 7c77#b77;,a7 if-- 7i7 !      
resemblance ( ! voice or visual lik5ess 
embodi$ 9 ! applicable digital replica  
to ! voice or visual lik5ess ( ! actual 
individual is purely co9cid5tal2 &  7ii7
 7,i7 ! actual individual has n a*iev$  
public recognition2 or  7,,ii7 ! voice  
or visual lik5ess ( ! actual individual 
does n h comm]cial value4  7,b7         
,disclaim] n evid5ce ,a disclaim] reg>d+
 ! resemblance ( ! voice or visual      
lik5ess embodi$ 9 a digital replica to !
 voice or visual lik5ess ( any actual   
individual %all n con/itute evid5ce to  
support ! limitation "u subp>agraph     
7,a74  7#d7 ,def5se n p]mitt$ ,x %all n 

be a def5se 9 a civil action br\ght "u  
?is subsection t ! def5dant display$ or 
o!rwise communicat$ to ! public a       
disclaim] /at+ t ! applicable use ( a   
digital replica1 or ! applicable product
 or s]vice describ$ 9 subsection        
7c77#b77;,b71 0 unau?oriz$ or disclos$ t
 ! digital replica1 product1 or s]vice 0
 g5]at$ ?r\gh ! use ( artificial        
intellig5ce or o!r te*nology4  7#e7     
,rem$ies  7,a7 ,9 g5]al ,9 any civil    
action br\ght "u ?is subsection-- 7i7 an
 individual or entity f\nd to h committ$
 a violation ( subsection 7c7 %all be   
liable to ! injur$ p>ty 9 an am\nt equal
 to ! great] (-- 7,i7 7aa7 9 ! case ( an
 individual1 #e1jjj p] "w embody+ !     
applicable unau?oriz$ use ( a digital   
replica2  7bb7 9 ! case ( a provid] ( an
 onl9e s]vice t has und]tak5 a good fai?
 ef=t to implem5t all applicable        
obligations ( p>agraphs 7#a7 ?r\gh 7#d7 
( subsection 7d71 #be1jjj p] "w embody+ 
! applicable unau?oriz$ use ( a digital 
replica2  7cc7 9 ! case ( a provid] ( an

 onl9e s]vice t has n und]tak5 a good   
fai? ef=t to implem5t all applicable    
obligations ( p>agraphs 7#a7 ?r\gh 7#d7 
( subsection 7d71 #e1jjj p] unau?oriz$  
display1 copy made1 transmission1 &     
in/ance ( ! digital replica be+ made    
available on ! onl9e s]vice 9 a sum ( n 
m ?an #gej1jjj p] "w embody+ !          
applicable unau?oriz$ use ( a digital   
replica2 &  7dd7 9 ! case ( an entity t 
is n a provid] ( an onl9e s]vice1       
#be1jjj p] "w embody+ ! applicable      
unau?oriz$ use ( a digital replica2 or  
7,,ii7 any actual damages suff]$ by !   
injur$ p>ty z a result ( ! activity1    
plus any pr(its f ! unau?oriz$ use t are
 attributable to su* use & are n tak5   
into acc\nt 9 comput+ ! actual damages2 
7ii7 an individual or entity f\nd to h  
violat$ subsection 7c7 by virtue (      
engag+ 9 an activity describ$ 9         
subsection 7c77#b77;,b7 %all be liable  
to ! injur$ p>ty 9 an am\nt equal to !  
great] (-- 7,i7 7aa7 9 ! case ( an      
individual1 #e1jjj p] product or s]vice2

  7bb7 9 ! case ( a provid] ( an onl9e  
s]vice t has und]tak5 a good fai? ef=t  
to implem5t all applicable obligations (
 p>agraphs 7#a7 ?r\gh 7#d7 ( subsection 
7d71 #be1jjj p] product or s]vice2  7cc7
 9 ! case ( a provid] ( an onl9e s]vice 
t has n und]tak5 a good fai? ef=t to    
implem5t all applicable obligations (   
p>agraphs 7#a7 ?r\gh 7#d7 ( subsection  
7d71 #gej1jjj p] product or s]vice2 or  
7dd7 9 ! case ( an entity t is n a      
provid] ( an onl9e s]vice1 #be1jjj p]   
product or s]vice2 or  7,,ii7 any actual
 damages suff]$ by ! injur$ p>ty z a    
result ( ! activity1 plus any pr(its f !
 unau?oriz$ use t are attributable to   
su* use & are n tak5 into acc\nt 9      
comput+ ! actual damages2  7iii7 !      
pla9tiff may seek injunctive or o!r     
equitable relief2  7iv7 9 ! case (      
willful activity 9 :i* ! injur$ p>ty has
 prov5 t ! def5dant act$ ) malice1      
fraud1 k1 or willful avoidance ( k t !  
conduct violat$ ! law1 ! c\rt may aw>d  
to ! injur$ p>ty punitive damages2 &    

7v7 if ! prevail+ p>ty is-- 7,i7 ! p>ty 
br++ ! action1 ! c\rt %all aw>d         
reasonable attorney's fees2 or  7,,ii7 !
 p>ty def5d+ ! action1 ! c\rt %all aw>d 
reasonable attorney's fees if ! c\rt    
det]m9es t ! action 0 n br\ght 9 good   
fai?4  7,b7 ,objectively reasonable     
belief ,a provid] ( an onl9e s]vice t   
has designat$ an ag5t "u subsection     
7d77#b7 & has an objectively reasonable 
belief t mat]ial t is claim$ to be a    
digital replica1 ! use ( :i* is         
unau?oriz$1 does n qualify z a digital  
replica %all be liable only = actual    
damages "u subp>agraph 7,a7 if ! mat]ial
 is ultimately det]m9$ to be a digital  
replica1 ! use ( :i* is unau?oriz$4  7f7
 ,subpo5a ,to id5tify violator  7#a7    
,reque/ ,a "r hold]1 an individual or   
entity au?oriz$ to act on behalf ( a "r 
hold]1 or an eligible pla9tiff "u       
subsection 7e77#a7 may reque/ ! cl]k (  
any di/rict c\rt ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates to   
issue a subpo5a to a provid] ( an onl9e 
s]vice = id5tification ( an alleg$      

violator ( ?is section 9 accordance )   
?is subsection4  7#b7 ,cont5ts ( reque/ 
,a reque/ "u p>agraph 7#a7 may be made  
by fil+ ) ! cl]k-- 7,a7 a copy ( a      
notification describ$ 9 subsection      
7d77#c72  7,b7 a propos$ subpo5a2 &     
7,c7 a sworn decl>ation to ! effect t-- 
7i7 ! purpose ( ! subpo5a is to obta9 ! 
id5tity ( an individual or entity alleg$
 to be liable "u subsection 7c72 &  7ii7
 ! in=mation describ$ 9 clause 7i7 w    
only be us$ = ! purpose ( protect+      
rights "u ?is section4  7#c7 ,cont5ts ( 
subpo5a ,a subpo5a issu$ "u ?is         
subsection %all au?orize & ord] !       
provid] ( ! applicable onl9e s]vice to  
exp$iti\sly disclose to ! p>ty t s\ght !
 subpo5a in=mation suffici5t to id5tify 
! alleg$ violator by virtue ( ! activity
 describ$ 9 ! notification to ! ext5t t 
in=mation is available to ! provid] ( ! 
onl9e s]vice4  7#d7 ,basis = grant+     
subpo5a ,if a propos$ subpo5a "u ?is    
subsection is 9 prop] =m1 ! applicable  
notification fil$ satisfies !           

requirem5ts "u subsection 7d77#c71 & !  
accompany+ decl>ation is prop]ly        
execut$1 ! cl]k %all exp$iti\sly issue &
 sign ! propos$ subpo5a & return !      
subpo5a to ! reque/] = deliv]y to !     
provid] ( ! applicable onl9e s]vice4    
7g7 ,preemption  7#a7 ,9 g5]al ,! rights
 e/abli%$ "u ?is section %all preempt   
any cause ( action "u ,/ate law = !     
protection ( an individual's voice &    
visual lik5ess rights 9 connection ) a  
digital replica1 z def9$ 9 ?is section1 
9 an expressive "w4  7#b7 ,rule (       
con/ruction ,not)/&+ p>agraph 7#a71 no?+
 9 ?is section may be con/ru$ to        
preempt-- 7,a7 causes ( action "u ,/ate 
/atutes or common law 9 exi/5ce1 z (    
,janu>y #b1 #bjbe1 reg>d+ a digital     
replica2  7,b7 causes ( action "u ,/ate 
/atutes specifically regulat+ a digital 
replica depict+ sexually explicit       
conduct1 z def9$ 9 section #bbef7b77;,a7
 ( title #ah1 ,unit$ ,/ates ,code1 or an
 election-relat$ digital replica2 or    
7,c7 causes ( action "u ,/ate /atutes or

 common law 9 exi/5ce1 z ( ,janu>y #b1  
#bjbe1 = ! di/ribut+1 import+1          
transmitt+1 or o!rwise mak+ available to
 ! public a product or s]vice capable ( 
produc+ #a or m digital replicas4  7h7  
,rules ( con/ruction  7#a7 ,laws p]ta9+ 
to intellectual prop]ty ,?is section    
%all be consid]$ to be a law p]ta9+ to  
intellectual prop]ty = ! purposes (     
section #bcj7;e77#b7 ( ! ,communications
 ,act ( #aicd 7#dg ,u4,s4,c4            
#bcj7;e77#b774  7#b7 ,no duty to monitor
 ,except z expressly provid$ 9          
subsection 7d77#a77;,b77ii71 no?+ 9 ?is 
section may be con/ru$ to require !     
provid] ( an onl9e s]vice to-- 7,a7     
monitor ! onl9e s]vice =1 or            
affirmatively seek facts ab\t1 any      
digital replica2 or  7,b7 ga9 access to 
mat]ial4  7i7 ,sev]ability ,if any      
provision ( ?is section1 or !           
application ( a provision ( ?is section1
 is held to be invalid1 ! validity ( !  
rema9d] ( ?is section1 & ! application (
 t provision to o!r individuals1        

entities1 & circum/ances1 %all n be     
affect$ by t hold+4  7j7 ,retroactive   
effect  7#a7 ,liabilities ,liability "u 
?is section %all apply only to-- 7,a7   
conduct occurr+ aft] ! date ( enactm5t (
 ?is ,act2 &  7,b7 9 ! case ( conduct   
cov]$ by a lic5se or contract1 a lic5se 
or contract t is execut$ aft] ! date (  
enactm5t ( ?is ,act4  7#b7 ,digital     
replication "r ,! "r grant$ "u          
subsection 7b7-- 7,a7 %all apply to any 
individual1 reg>dless ( :e!r !          
individual dies be=e1 on1 or aft] ! date
 ( enactm5t ( ?is ,act2 &  7,b7 9 ! case
 ( a "r hold] :o has di$ be=e ! date (  
enactm5t ( ?is ,act1 %all ve/ 9 !       
executors1 heirs1 assignees1 or devisees
 ( ! "r hold]4  7k7 ,effective date ,?is
 section %all take effect on ! date t is
 #ahj days aft] ! date ( enactm5t ( ?is 
,act4  ,june #bd1 #bjbf,report$ ) an    
am5dm5t