,,ii #aaith ,,congress #ast ,session ,s4 #cbfi ,,in ,,the ,,senate ,,of ,,the ,,united ,,states ,november #bj1 #bjbe,mr4 ,mc,cormick 7for himself1 ,mr4 ,coons1 ,mr4 ,budd1 and ,mr4 ,schiff7 introduced the following bill2 which was read twice and referred to the ,committee on ,energy and ,natural ,resources ,a ,,bill ,to direct the ,comptroller ,general of the ,united ,states to conduct a technology assessment focused on liquid cooling systems for artificial intelligence compute clusters and high-performance computing facilities1 and for other purposes4 #a4 ,short title and purpose ,this ,act may be cited as the ,liquid ,cooling for ,,ai ,act of #bjbe4 #b4 ,liquid cooling deployment and scalability 7a7 ,findings ,congress finds that-- 7#a7 the #bjbd ,united ,states ,data ,center ,energy ,usage ,report published by ,lawrence ,berkeley ,national ,laboratory-- 7,a7 indicates that data centers accounted for #d4d percent of total ,united ,states electricity consumption in #bjbc1 up from #a4i percent in #bjah2 and 7,b7 projects that data centers could represent between #f4g percent and #ab4h percent of total electricity consumption by #bjbh1 due to the rapid growth of ,,ai1 cloud computing1 and other digital technologies2 7#b7 traditional air-cooled systems are reaching limits to effectively remove heat from ,,ai chips and hardware1 and liquid cooling-enhanced thermal performance is increasingly becoming a necessity for high-density ,,ai servers and data centers due to the growing power consumption and heat generation of ,,ai workloads2 7#c7 liquid cooling technologies1 including direct-to-chip liquid cooling and single-phase or #b-phase immersion cooling1 can improve thermal performance1 enable higher densities1 and reduce cooling system load when properly engineered and maintained2 7#d7 effective liquid cooling deployments require interoperable components and engineered subsystems1 including coolant distribution units1 secondary loops1 manifolds1 hoses1 quick-disconnects1 valves1 pumps1 filters1 leak detection and containment1 corrosion control1 and appropriate instrumentation and controls2 7#e7 interfaces for heat-reuse are integral to liquid systems and can reduce thermal load on heat-rejection equipment by transferring heat through plate heat exchangers or other devices to beneficial secondary uses where technically appropriate2 7#f7 ,federal agencies1 including the ,department of ,energy1 are considering the deployment of ,,ai systems across ,government-owned facilities2 and 7#g7 a comprehensive1 independent assessment of emerging data center architectures and cooling technologies is essential to inform efficient and cost-effective deployment decisions across the ,federal ,government4 7b7 ,definitions ,in this section3 7#a7 #b-phase ,the term #b-phase1 with respect to a cooling process1 means a process that leverages the heat-absorbing phase change from liquid to gas during the cooling cycle4 7#b7 ,,ai ,the term ,,ai has the meaning given the term artificial intelligence in section #ejjb of the ,national ,artificial ,intelligence ,initiative ,act of #bjbj 7#ae ,u4,s4,c4 #idja74 7#c7 ,appropriate congressional committees ,the term appropriate congressional committees means-- 7,a7 the ,committee on ,energy and ,natural ,resources of the ,senate2 7,b7 the ,committee on ,science1 ,space1 and ,technology of the ,house of ,representatives2 and 7,c7 the ,committee on ,energy and ,commerce of the ,house of ,representatives4 7#d7 ,direct-to-chip liquid cooling ,the term direct-to-chip liquid cooling means a liquid cooling method that involves circulating a coolant in direct contact with applicable heat-generating components1 such as processors and memory modules1 to efficiently absorb and transfer heat away from those heat-generating components4 7#e7 ,heat-reuse ,the term heat-reuse means the capture and transfer of waste heat from liquid loops for beneficial secondary use through appropriate interfaces and controls4 7#f7 ,immersion cooling ,the term immersion cooling means a cooling technique that involves a dielectric fluid 7single-phase or #b-phase7 coming into direct contact with information technology components to capture and reject heat from an entire information technology system instead of a single component4 7#g7 ,liquid cooling ,the term liquid cooling means utilization of liquids to remove heat efficiently from electronic components4 7#h7 ,national ,laboratory ,the term ,national ,laboratory has the meaning given the term in section #b of the ,energy ,policy ,act of #bjje 7#db ,u4,s4,c4 #aehja74 7#i7 ,single-phase ,the term single-phase1 with respect to a cooling process1 means a process in which the coolant remains in the same liquid state throughout the entire cooling cycle4 7c7 ,,gao review 7#a7 ,in general ,not later than #cj days after the date of enactment of this ,act1 the ,comptroller ,general of the ,united ,states shall initiate a review of-- 7,a7 the research and development needs relating to liquid cooling utilization by data centers2 and 7,b7 the related market1 technological1 and regulatory conditions affecting that utilization4 7#b7 ,elements ,the review required under paragraph 7#a7 shall include the following3 7,a7 ,an evaluation of liquid cooling research and development needs1 and the costs and benefits for high-performance computing4 7,b7 ,a description of avoided costs of energy1 including deferred and avoided new electric transmission and infrastructure upgrades and associated costs4 7,c7 ,a description of increased compute capacity through the enabling of more use of energy for computing workloads rather than cooling4 7,d7 ,a survey and analysis of existing research on the positive and negative effects of liquid cooling on computing performance1 resiliency1 and cybersecurity4 7,e7 ,an assessment of market trends and adoption rates of liquid cooling in ,united ,states data centers over the past #e years and projections of future trends to account for the rapidly evolving industry and potential market outlook4 7,f7 ,a comparison of single-phase and #b-phase direct-to-chip to single-phase and #b-phase immersion cooling across density bands1 including relating to thermal performance1 maintainability1 interoperability1 safety1 failure modes1 and lifecycle cost4 7,g7 ,an evaluation of-- 7i7 coolant options1 including water1 water-glycol1 and engineered fluids2 7ii7 materials compatibility2 7iii7 corrosion control2 7iv7 biogrowth mitigation2 7v7 filtration2 7vi7 de-aeration2 7vii7 fluid monitoring and management2 7viii7 single-phase and #b-phase engineered fluids2 7ix7 testing for total thermal performance2 7x7 heat transfer capacity2 and 7xi7 energy efficiency4 7,h7 ,development of reference architectures and layouts for rack1 row1 and room-level liquid distribution by density band and cooling approach4 7,i7 ,a survey of existing opportunities for reusing waste heat produced by data centers4 7,j7 ,an evaluation of failure scenarios 7such as pump failures or fluid leaks7 and mitigation strategies1 especially in shared colocation environments4 7,k7 ,recommendations of the ,comptroller ,general of the ,united ,states relating to-- 7i7 whether liquid cooling should be considered as a primary cooling option over air cooling due to the thermal conditions of computing components in servers within data centers2 7ii7 the utilization and ongoing research by the ,federal ,government of liquid cooling technologies2 7iii7 best practices and industry standards for the design and operation of liquid cooling technologies2 7iv7 methods to enhance the security1 reliability1 and resilience of computing equipment and data centers2 and 7v7 methods to accelerate education on operational best practices4 7#c7 ,stakeholder input ,for purposes of recommending the best practices and industry standards described in paragraph 7#b77,k77iii71 the ,comptroller ,general of the ,united ,states shall consult with stakeholders from ,federal1 ,state1 and local governments1 the private sector1 academia1 and ,national ,laboratories4 7#d7 ,liquid cooling advisory organization 7,a7 ,in general ,the ,secretary of ,energy and the ,comptroller ,general of the ,united ,states shall establish an advisory committee to consult and coordinate with in the preparation of the review under paragraph 7#b74 7,b7 ,members ,the advisory committee established under subparagraph 7,a7 shall consist of-- 7i7 interested parties who-- 7,i7 have expertise in liquid cooling system applications in the development1 operation1 and functionality of ,,ai factories or data centers1 information technology equipment1 or software2 and 7,,ii7 may be members of liquid cooling industry organizations2 and 7ii7 representatives of hardware manufacturers1 data center operators1 fluid producers1 or ,,ai factory development4 7,c7 ,consultation ,the advisory committee established under subparagraph 7,a7 shall consult with relevant stakeholders1 including the ,department of ,energy1 the ,national ,laboratories1 and any college1 university1 research institution1 industry association1 company1 or public interest group with applicable expertise in any of the subject matters areas described in subparagraph 7,c74 7,d7 ,termination ,the advisory committee established under subparagraph 7,a7 shall terminate on the date on which the ,secretary of ,energy submits a report and any recommendations under subsection 7e74 7d7 ,report ,not later than #ij days after the date of enactment of this ,act1 the ,comptroller ,general of the ,united ,states shall submit to the ,secretary of ,energy and the appropriate congressional committees a report containing the results1 findings1 and any associated recommendations of the review required under subsection 7c74 7e7 ,department of ,energy review ,not later than #ahj days after receiving the report from the ,comptroller ,general of the ,united ,states under subsection 7d71 the ,secretary of ,energy shall submit to the appropriate congressional committees an assessment of the report and any associated recommendations1 including-- 7#a7 relevant considerations for ,congress regarding the importance of liquid cooling for the ,united ,states to maintain its global lead in ,,ai technologies2 and 7#b7 recommendations for research and development on liquid cooling and heat-reuse4