,,ii #aai? ,,congress #a/ ,session ,s4 #bicg ,,9 ,,! ,,s5ate ,,( ,,! ,,unit$ ,,/ates ,septemb] #bi1 #bjbe ,mr4 ,durb9 7= himself & ,mr4 ,hawley7 introduc$ ! foll[+ bill2 :i* 0 read twice & ref]r$ to ! ,committee on ! ,judici>y ,a ,,bill ,to e/abli% legal /&>ds = advanc$ artificial intellig5ce products4 #a4 ,%ort title2 table ( cont5ts 7a7 ,%ort title ,?is ,act may be cit$ z ! ,align+ ,inc5tives = ,lead]%ip1 ,excell5ce1 & ,advancem5t 9 ,developm5t ,act or ! ,,ai ,,lead ,act4 7b7 ,table ( cont5ts ,! table ( cont5ts = ?is ,act is z foll[s3 ,sec4 #a4 ,%ort title2 table ( cont5ts4 ,sec4 #b4 ,f9d+s4 ,sec4 #c4 ,def9itions4 ,,title ,i--,align+ inc5tives = safety1 innovation & ,unit$ ,/ates competitiv5ess ,sec4 #aja4 ,develop] liability = h>m to bus9ess or consum]4 ,sec4 #ajb4 ,deploy] liability = h>m to bus9ess or consum]4 ,,title ,,ii--,unconscionable liability limitations ,sec4 #bja4 ,unconscionable liability limitations4 ,,title ,,iii--,en=cem5t ,sec4 #cja4 ,f$]al cause ( action4 ,sec4 #cjb4 ,special rule = deploy]s4 ,sec4 #cjc4 ,p]iod ( limitations4 ,sec4 #cjd4 ,preemption4 ,sec4 #cje4 ,sev]ability4 ,,title ,,iv--,regi/ration ( =eign artificial intellig5ce sy/em provid]s ,sec4 #dja4 ,=eign ag5t regi/ration requirem5t4 ,sec4 #djb4 ,en=cem5t4 ,sec4 #djc4 ,public regi/ry4 ,,title ,v--,effective date ,sec4 #eja4 ,effective date4 #b4 ,f9d+s ,congress f9ds ! foll[+3 7#a7 ,artificial intellig5ce sy/ems are products t %ift decision-mak+ p[] & responsibility away f humans to s(tw>e-bas$ sy/ems1 (t5 )\t direct human ov]sight4 7#b7 ,^! products1 :ile hold+ great promise1 h caus$ & w cause h>m to bus9esses & individuals4 ,= example1 multiple te5ag]s h tragically di$ aft] be+ exploit$ by an artificial intellig5ce *atbot4 7#c7 ,unpr$ictable allocations ( liability jeop>dize public safety & ! f9ancial well-be+ ( bo? individuals & entire indu/ries1 p>ticul>ly ! small bus9esses ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & adv]sely affect ! ,f$]al ,gov]nm5t & taxpay]s4 7#d7 ,product liability law c help to address h>ms caus$ by artificial intellig5ce sy/ems t affect int]/ate comm]ce by inc5tiviz+ safety1 provid+ c]ta9ty to artificial intellig5ce develop]s & deploy]s to cont9ue to innovate1 & ensur+ ! competitiv5ess ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 7#e7 ,a ,f$]al products liability framework = artificial intellig5ce sy/ems w remove b>ri]s to int]/ate comm]ce & protect individuals' due process rights4 7#f7 ,?is ,act e/abli%es ,f$]al legislative guidel9es = products liability )\t implicat+ expressive spee* to ensure m pr$ictable legal outcomes = individuals & indu/ries & promotes bus9ess innovation4 #c4 ,def9itions ,9 ?is ,act3 7#a7 ,artificial intellig5ce sy/em 7,a7 ,9 g5]al ,! t]m artificial intellig5ce sy/em means any s(tw>e1 data sy/em1 application1 tool1 or utility-- 7i7 t is capable ( mak+ or facilitat+ pr$ictions1 recomm5dations1 actions1 or decisions = a giv5 set ( human-or ma*9e-def9$ objectives2 & 7ii7 t uses ma*9e le>n+ algori?ms1 /ati/ical or symbolic models1 or o!r algori?mic or computational me?ods 7:e!r dynamic or /atic7 t affect or facilitate actions or decision-mak+ 9 real or virtual environm5ts4 7,b7 ,inclusion ,an artificial intellig5ce sy/em may be integrat$ into1 or op]ate 9 conjunction )1 o!r h>dw>e or s(tw>e4 7#b7 ,claimant ,! t]m claimant means any p]son1 includ+ a class ( p]sons1 :o br+s a liability action4 7#c7 ,cov]$ product ,! t]m cov]$ product means an artificial intellig5ce sy/em4 7#d7 ,deploy] ,! t]m deploy] means a p]son1 includ+ a develop]1 :o uses or op]ates a cov]$ product =-- 7,a7 ! p]son's own p]sonal or comm]cial use2 or 7,b7 use by a ?ird p>ty4 7#e7 ,design ,! t]m design1 ) respect to a cov]$ product-- 7,a7 means ! int5d$ or kn[n mat]ial *>act]i/ics ( ! cov]$ product2 & 7,b7 includes-- 7i7 any int5d$ or kn[n =mulation ( ! cov]$ product & ! usual result ( ! int5d$ developm5t or o!r processes us$ to produce ! cov]$ product1 includ+ unexpect$ skills or behaviors t appe> 9 ! cov]$ product2 7ii7 ! selection ( any data us$ = tra9+ a cov]$ product ?r\gh fitt+ its le>nable p>amet]s2 & 7iii7 tra9+1 te/+1 audit+1 & f9e-tun+ ! cov]$ product4 7#f7 ,develop] ,! t]m develop] means a p]son :o designs1 codes1 produces1 owns1 or sub/antially modifies a cov]$ product =-- 7,a7 ! p]son's own p]sonal or comm]cial use2 or 7,b7 use by a ?ird p>ty4 7#g7 ,express w>ranty ,! t]m express w>ranty means any mat]ial1 positive /atem5t1 affirmation ( fact1 promise1 or description relat+ to a cov]$ product1 includ+ any sample or model ( a cov]$ product4 7#h7 ,h>m ,! t]m h>m means1 ) respect to ! effect ( ! use ( a cov]$ product-- 7,a7 damage to prop]ty o!r ?an ! cov]$ product itself2 7,b7 p]sonal physical injury1 illness1 or dea?2 7,c7 f9ancial or reputational injury2 7,d7 m5tal or psy*ological angui%1 emotional di/ress1 or di/ortion ( a p]son's behavior t w\ld be highly (f5sive to a reasonable p]son2 or 7,e7 any loss ( consortium or s]vices or o!r loss d]iv+ f any type ( h>m describ$ 9 subp>agraph 7,a71 7,b71 7,c71 or 7,d74 7#i7 ,liability action ,! t]m liability action means a civil action br\ght "u section #cja bas$ on any !ory = h>m caus$ by a cov]$ product or cov]$ product use4 7#aj7 ,p]son ,! p]son means any individual1 corporation1 company1 association1 firm1 p>tn]%ip1 society1 jo9t /ock company1 or o!r entity1 includ+ any gov]nm5t entity or un9corporat$ association ( p]sons4 7#aa7 ,sub/antial modification ,! t]m sub/antial modification1 ) respect to a cov]$ product-- 7,a7 means any delib]ate *ange made to ! cov]$ product by a deploy] t-- 7i7 0 n au?oriz$ or reasonably anticipat$ by ! develop] :5 ! cov]$ product left ! control ( ! develop]2 & 7ii7 *anges ! purpose1 use1 function1 design1 or int5d$ use or mann] ( use ( ! cov]$ product f t = :i* ! cov]$ product 0 orig9ally design$1 te/$1 or int5d$2 & 7,b7 does n include a modification t solely r$uces or mitigates a new or additional risk4 7#ab7 ,"u a legal disability ,! t]m "u a legal disability1 ) respect to a p]son1 means ! p]son lacks ! capacity to und]/&1 make1 or communicate decisions reg>d+ ! p]son's legal rights-- 7,a7 because ( a m5tal illness or intellectual disability2 or 7,b7 because ! p]son is "u ! age ( #ah4 ,i ,align+ inc5tives = safety1 innovation & ,unit$ ,/ates competitiv5ess #aja4 ,develop] liability = h>m to bus9ess or consum] 7a7 ,9 g5]al ,9 any liability action1 ! develop] %all be liable to a claimant if ! claimant e/abli%es by a prepond]ance ( ! evid5ce-- 7#a7 t-- 7,a7 ! develop] fail$ to ex]cise reasonable c>e ) respect to ! design ( ! cov]$ product2 & 7,b7 ! failure to ex]cise reasonable c>e 0 a proximate cause ( h>m to ! claimant2 7#b7 t-- 7,a7 ! develop] fail$ to ex]cise reasonable c>e ) respect to provid+ adequate in/ructions or w>n+s applicable to ! cov]$ product t alleg$ly caus$ ! h>m t is ! subject ( ! compla9t2 & 7,b7 ! failure to ex]cise reasonable c>e ) respect to provid+ adequate in/ructions or w>n+s 0 a proximate cause ( h>m to ! claimant2 7#c7 t-- 7,a7 ! develop] made an express w>ranty applicable to ! cov]$ product t alleg$ly caus$ ! h>m t is ! subject ( ! compla9t2 7,b7 ! cov]$ product fail$ to con=m to ! w>ranty2 & 7,c7 ! failure ( ! cov]$ product to con=m to ! w>ranty 0 a proximate cause ( h>m to ! claimant2 or 7#d7 t-- 7,a7 ! cov]$ product 01 at ! "t ( sale or di/ribution1 9 a defective condition unreasonably dang]\s :5 us$ or misus$ 9 a reasonably =eseeable mann]2 & 7,b7 ! defective condition 0 a proximate cause ( ! h>m to ! claimant4 7b7 ,defective design 7#a7 ,9 g5]al ,9 any liability action aga9/ a develop] alleg+ t a cov]$ product is unreasonably dang]\s because ( a defective design1 z describ$ 9 subsection 7a77#a71 ! claimant %all be requir$ to prove t1 at ! "t ( sale or di/ribution ( ! cov]$ product by ! develop]1 ! =eseeable risks ( h>m pos$ by ! cov]$ product c\ld h be5 r$uc$ or avoid$ by ! adoption ( a reasonable alt]native design by ! develop]1 & ! omission ( ! alt]native design r5d]s ! cov]$ product n reasonably safe4 7#b7 ,manife/ly unreasonable design ,not)/&+ p>agraph 7#a71 9 a liability action describ$ 9 t p>agraph1 if ! design ( a cov]$ product is f\nd to be manife/ly unreasonable1 a claimant %all n be requir$ to prove ! exi/5ce ( a reasonable alt]native design4 7#c7 ,circum/antial evid5ce support+ inf]5ce ( cov]$ product defect ,9 a liability action describ$ 9 subsection 7a77#a71 x may be inf]r$ t ! h>m su/a9$ by ! claimant 0 caus$ by a cov]$ product defect exi/+ at ! "t ( sale or di/ribution1 )\t pro( ( a specific defect1 :5 ! incid5t t h>m$ ! claimant-- 7,a7 0 ( a k9d t ord9>ily occurs z a result ( cov]$ product defect2 & 7,b7 0 n1 9 ! p>ticul> case1 solely ! result ( causes o!r ?an cov]$ product defect exi/+ at ! "t ( sale or di/ribution4 7#d7 ,noncompliance & compliance ) requir$ cov]$ product safety /atutes or regulations 7,a7 ,noncompliance ,= purposes ( a liability action describ$ 9 subsection 7a77#a71 if a cov]$ product does n comply ) an applicable cov]$ product safety /atute or adm9i/rative regulation1 ! cov]$ product %all be deem$ defective ) respect to ! risks s\ght to be r$uc$ by ! /atute or regulation4 7,b7 ,compliance ,= purposes ( a liability action describ$ 9 subsection 7a77#a71 ! c\rt may consid] a cov]$ product's compliance ) an applicable cov]$ product safety /atute or adm9i/rative regulation 9 det]m9+ :e!r ! cov]$ product is defective ) respect to ! risks s\ght to be r$uc$ by ! /atute or regulation1 b su* compliance does n preclude z a matt] ( law a f9d+ ( cov]$ product defect4 7c7 ,failure to w>n 7#a7 ,9 g5]al ,= purposes ( a liability action describ$ 9 subsection 7a77#b71 a cov]$ product %all be consid]$ defective because ( inadequate in/ructions or w>n+s if-- 7,a7 ! =eseeable risks ( h>m pos$ by ! cov]$ product c\ld h be5 r$uc$ or avoid$ by ! provision ( reasonable in/ructions or w>n+s by ! develop]2 & 7,b7 ! omission ( ! in/ructions or w>n+s r5d]s ! cov]$ product n reasonably safe4 7#b7 ,adequate in/ruction or w>n+ ,= purposes ( p>agraph 7#a71 an adequate in/ruction or w>n+ is "o t a reasonably prud5t p]son 9 ! same or simil> circum/ances w\ld h provid$ ) respect to a reasonably =eseeable risk & t communicates suffici5t in=mation on ! reasonably =eseeable risks & safe use ( ! cov]$ product1 tak+ into acc\nt ! *>act]i/ics (1 & ! ord9>y k common to1 an ord9>y us] ( ! cov]$ product4 7#c7 ,k ,9 a liability action describ$ 9 subsection 7a77#b71 ! claimant %all be requir$ to prove t1 at ! "t ! cov]$ product left ! develop]'s control1 ! develop] knew ( or1 9 light ( !n-exi/+ sci5tific & te*nical k1 reasonably %\ld h =ese51 ! risk t caus$ ! claimant's h>m4 7#d7 ,op5 & obvi\s 7,a7 ,9 g5]al ,9 a liability action describ$ 9 subsection 7a77#b71 a develop] %all n be liable = failure to in/ruct or w>n ab\t a =eseeable risk t is op5 & obvi\s to ! us] ( ! cov]$ product1 tak+ into acc\nt ! *>act]i/ics (1 & ! ord9>y k common to1 an ord9>y us] ( ! cov]$ product4 7,b7 ,m9ors ,= purposes ( subp>agraph 7,a71 a risk %all be presum$ to n be op5 & obvi\s to a us] ( a cov]$ product :o is "u #ah ye>s old4 7#e7 ,noncompliance & compliance ) requir$ cov]$ product safety /atutes or regulations 7,a7 ,noncompliance ,9 a liability action describ$ 9 subsection 7a77#b71 if a cov]$ product does n comply ) an applicable cov]$ product safety /atute or adm9i/rative regulation1 ! cov]$ product %all be deem$ defective due to inadequate in/ructions or w>n+s ) respect to ! risks s\ght to be r$uc$ by ! /atute or regulation4 7,b7 ,compliance ,9 a liability action describ$ 9 subsection 7a77#b71 ! c\rt may consid] a cov]$ product's compliance ) an applicable cov]$ product safety /atute or adm9i/rative regulation 9 det]m9+ :e!r ! cov]$ product is defective due to inadequate in/ructions or w>n+s ) respect to ! risks s\ght to be r$uc$ by ! /atute or regulation1 b su* compliance does n preclude z a matt] ( law a f9d+ ( cov]$ product defect4 7d7 ,/rict liability ( develop] = unreasonably dang]\s or defective cov]$ products 7#a7 ,9 g5]al ,9 a liability action describ$ 9 subsection 7a77#d71 ! develop] ( a cov]$ product %all be /rictly liable = h>m caus$ by ! defective condition ( ! cov]$ product1 not)/&+-- 7,a7 t ! develop] ex]cis$ all possible c>e 9 ! design or di/ribution ( ! cov]$ product2 or 7,b7 t ! claimant did n pur*ase ! cov]$ product directly f ! develop] or o!rwise ent] into a contractual relation%ip ) ! develop]4 7#b7 ,sub/antial modification ,a develop] %all n be liable "u subsection 7a77#d7 = h>m solely caus$ by a sub/antial modification4 #ajb4 ,deploy] liability = h>m to bus9ess or consum] 7a7 ,9 g5]al ,a deploy] %all be deem$ to be liable z a develop] "u section #aja = h>m caus$ by a cov]$ product if-- 7#a7 ! deploy] makes a sub/antial modification to ! cov]$ product2 or 7#b7 ! deploy] int5tionally misuses ! cov]$ product contr>y to its int5d$ use & t misuse is ! proximate cause ( h>m to ! claimant4 7b7 ,use int5d$ by develop] is n modification or misuse 7#a7 ,9 g5]al ,= purposes ( subsection 7a71 a use ( a cov]$ product t is int5d$ by ! develop] ( ! cov]$ product does n con/itute a sub/antial modification to or misuse ( ! cov]$ product4 7#b7 ,inf]5ce ( int5d$ use ,= purposes ( p>agraph 7#a71 if a develop] does n specify an int5d$ use = a cov]$ product1 int5d$ use %all be inf]r$ by ! t>get$ m>ket & mann] ( di/ribution4 7c7 ,lic5s+ ,subject to section #cjb1 any deploy] lic5s+ a cov]$ product %all n be liable to a claimant = a violation ( section #aja solely by reason ( own]%ip or use ( ! cov]$ product4 ,,ii ,unconscionable liability limitations #bja4 ,unconscionable liability limitations 7a7 ,contract ) deploy] 7#a7 ,prohibition ,a develop] may n include language 9 a contract ) a deploy] t waives any "r1 proscribes any =um or proc$ure1 or unreasonably limits liability "u ?is ,act or applicable ,/ate law relat$ to h>m caus$ by ! cov]$ product "u section #aja4 7#b7 ,un5=ceable ,language 9 a contract t violates p>agraph 7#a7 %all be un5=ceable4 7b7 ,t]ms & conditions 7#a7 ,prohibition ,a develop] or a deploy] may n include language 9 t]ms & conditions relevant to a cov]$ product t waives any "r1 proscribes any =um or proc$ure1 or unreasonably limits liability "u ?is ,act or applicable ,/ate law relat$ to h>m caus$ by ! cov]$ product "u section #aja or #ajb4 7#b7 ,un5=ceable ,language 9 t]ms & conditions t violates p>agraph 7#a7 %all be un5=ceable4 ,,iii ,en=cem5t #cja4 ,f$]al cause ( action ,! ,attorney ,g5]al1 any attorney g5]al ( a ,/ate1 an individual or ! legal repres5tative ( su* an individual1 or a class ( individuals may br+ a civil action 9 a di/rict c\rt ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates aga9/ a develop] or deploy] = a violation ( section #aja1 #ajb1 or #bja to obta9-- 7#a7 injunctive relief2 7#b7 9 a case br\ght by ! ,attorney ,g5]al1 civil p5alties2 7#c7 damages1 re/itution1 or o!r comp5sation on behalf ( individuals2 7#d7 reasonable attorney fees & o!r litigation co/s reasonably incurr$2 or 7#e7 9 a case br\ght by ! ,attorney ,g5]al or a ,/ate attorney g5]al1 su* o!r relief z ! ,attorney ,g5]al or ,/ate attorney g5]al may consid] to be appropriate4 #cjb4 ,special rule = deploy]s 7a7 ,/&+ 9 = ! develop] ,if ! develop] is n a p>ty to a liability action because ! develop] is n subject to ! c\rt's jurisdiction1 is insolv5t1 or _c o!rwise be made to answ] = ! h>m1 ! deploy] may be held liable to ! same ext5t t ! develop] w\ld h be5 liable "u section #aja4 7b7 ,dismissal ( deploy] ,a c\rt %all dismiss ! deploy] f a liability action1 ^u motion1 if-- 7#a7 ! develop]-- 7,a7 is a p>ty to ! action2 & 7,b7 is subject to ! c\rt's jurisdiction2 7#b7 ! develop] is n insolv5t or o!rwise unable to satisfy any likely judgm5t2 & 7#c7 ! deploy] is n o!rwise liable "u section #ajb4 7c7 ,jo9t fault 7#a7 ,9 g5]al ,if bo? ! develop] & ! deploy] contribut$ to ! h>m "u sections #aja & #ajb1 ea* p]son may be held jo9tly & sev]ally liable = ! portion ( h>m caus$ by t p]son's conduct4 7#b7 ,rule ( con/ruction ,no?+ 9 ?is subsection %all limit ! "r ( a claimant to ma9ta9 a liability action aga9/ ! develop]1 ! deploy]1 or bo?1 if ! claimant c e/abli% t ea* p]son contribut$ to ! h>m "u sections #aja & #ajb4 7d7 ,indemnification & attorney fees 7#a7 ,"r to seek indemnification ,a deploy] t is held liable = h>m caus$ by ! develop] "u subsection 7a7 may pursue indemnification1 includ+ ! recov]y ( attorney fees & litigation co/s1 f ! develop]4 7#b7 ,limitation ,if ! deploy] is det]m9$ to be at fault = a portion ( ! h>m "u subsection 7c71 indemnification "u p>agraph 7#a7 ( ?is subsection %all be limit$ to ! portion ( damages1 fees1 or co/s attributable to ! conduct ( ! develop]4 7e7 ,pres]vation ( claimant's rights ,no?+ 9 ?is subsection %all limit ! "r ( ! claimant to ma9ta9 a liability action aga9/ ! develop]1 ! deploy]1 or bo? p]sons1 if ! claimant c e/abli% t ea* p]son contribut$ to ! h>m "u sections #aja & #ajb4 #cjc4 ,p]iod ( limitations 7a7 ,9 g5]al ,except z provid$ 9 subsection 7b71 a liability action may be fil$ n lat] ?an #d ye>s aft] ! date on :i* ! claimant discov]$ or1 9 ! ex]cise ( reasonable c>e1 %\ld h discov]$-- 7#a7 ! h>m t is ! subject ( ! action2 & 7#b7 ! cause ( ! h>m4 7b7 ,legal disability ,9 ! case ( a p]son :o is "u a legal disability1 ! p]iod ( limitations "u subsection 7a7 = a liability action br\ght by t p]son %all be toll$ until ! p]son ceases to be "u a legal disability4 7c7 ,toll+ ,! p]iod ( limitations "u subsection 7a7 %all be toll$ f ! date ( ! fil+ ( a compla9t aga9/ a develop] or deploy] to ! date t a c\rt ent]s a f9al judgm5t 9 ! case4 #cjd4 ,preemption 7a7 ,9 g5]al ,?is ,act sup]s$es ,/ate law only :]e ,/ate law conflicts ) ! provisions ( ?is ,act4 7b7 ,m9imum protections ,no?+ 9 ?is ,act %all prev5t a ,/ate f enact+ or en=c+ protections t align ) ! pr9ciples ( h>m prev5tion1 acc\ntability1 & transp>5cy = a cov]$ product t are /rong] ?an su* protections "u ?is ,act4 #cje4 ,sev]ability ,if any provision ( ?is ,act1 or an am5dm5t made by ?is ,act1 is det]m9$ to be un5=ceable or invalid1 ! rema9+ provisions ( ?is ,act & am5dm5ts made by ?is ,act %all n be affect$4 ,,iv ,regi/ration ( =eign artificial intellig5ce sy/em develop]s #dja4 ,=eign ag5t regi/ration requirem5t 7a7 ,designation requir$ ,be=e mak+ a cov]$ product available 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 a =eign develop] %all designate an ag5t = s]vice ( process4 7b7 ,requirem5ts ,! designation ( an ag5t "u subsection 7a7 %all-- 7#a7 be 9 writ+ & submitt$ to ! ,attorney ,g5]al2 7#b7 include a writt5 acceptance by ! ag5t2 & 7#c7 specify ! full legal "n & address ( bo? ! =eign develop] & ! ag5t4 7c7 ,ag5t qualifications ,a designat$ ag5t "u subsection 7a7 %all be a p]man5t resid5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 7d7 ,updates ,a =eign develop] ( a cov]$ product %all notify ! ,attorney ,g5]al ( any *ange to ! designat$ ag5t "u subsection 7a7 or ! contact in=mation !re( n lat] ?an #ae days aft] ! *ange4 #djb4 ,en=cem5t 7a7 ,prohibition ,a =eign develop] ( a cov]$ product t fails to designate an ag5t 9 accordance ) section #dja may n deploy any cov]$ product 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 7b7 ,en=cem5t ,! ,attorney ,g5]al may seek injunctive relief to prev5t a violation ( subsection 7a74 #djc4 ,public regi/ry ,! ,attorney ,g5]al %all ma9ta9 a publicly accessible regi/ry ( designat$ ag5ts ( =eign develop]s ( cov]$ products4 ,v ,effective date #eja4 ,effective date ,?is ,act %all apply ) respect to any liability action comm5c$ on or aft] ! date ( enactm5t ( ?is ,act )\t reg>d to :e!r ! h>m t is ! subject ( ! liability action or ! conduct t caus$ ! h>m occurr$ be=e t date ( enactm5t4