,,ii  #aai? ,,congress  #a/ ,session    
,s4 #bibe  ,,9 ,,! ,,s5ate ,,( ,,!      
,,unit$ ,,/ates  ,septemb] #bi1         
#bjbe,mr4 ,s*um] 7= himself1 ,ms4       
,cantwell1 & ,mr4 ,m>key7 introduc$ !   
foll[+ bill2 :i* 0 read twice & ref]r$  
to ! ,committee on ,comm]ce1 ,sci5ce1 & 
,transportation  ,a ,,bill  ,to direct !
 ,f$]al ,trade ,commission to conduct a 
/udy on ! gov]nance ( neural data & o!r 
relat$ data1 & = o!r purposes4  #a4     
,%ort title ,?is ,act may be cit$ z !   
,managem5t ( ,individuals' ,neural ,data
 ,act ( #bjbe or ! ,,m9d ,act ( #bjbe4  
#b4 ,s5se ( ,congress ,x is ! s5se (    
,congress t-- 7#a7 an individual's      
neural data & o!r relat$ data c be      
monetiz$ & us$ to %ape individual       
behavior1 emotional /ates1 & decision   
mak+ 9 ways exi/+ laws d n adequately   
address2  7#b7 v]tical corporate        
integration ( neurote*nology1 artificial
 intellig5ce sy/ems1 we>able devices1   
digital plat=ms1 & global data          
infra/ructure may create int]connect$   

sy/ems ) insuffici5t transp>5cy1        
acc\ntability1 or us] control reg>d+ !  
use ( su* data2  7#c7 su* conc5tration  
increases ! risk ( behavioral influ5ce1 
cognitive manipulation1 erosion (       
p]sonal autonomy1 & ! exac]bation (     
exi/+ social & economic disp>ities1     
p>ticul>ly 9 ! abs5ce ( en=ceable       
privacy protections1 includ+ protections
 ( neural data & o!r relat$ data2  7#d7 
! abs5ce ( a compreh5sive ,f$]al /&>d = 
! collection1 process+1 & int]national  
transf] ( su* data pres5ts risks to     
civil lib]ties & to national security1  
giv5 ! dual-use pot5tial ( & =eign      
int]e/ 9 ! data assets ( ! ,unit$       
,/ates2  7#e7 /rong protections = su*   
data are ess5tial to safegu>d privacy1  
prev5t discrim9ation & exploitation1 &  
ensure t innovation 9 neurote*nology    
applications proce$s ) acc\ntability &  
public tru/2 &  7#f7 :ile ?is ,act      
focuses prim>ily on neural data1 relat$ 
biometric & behavioral data t c reveal  
m5tal /ates may pose simil> risks &     

w>rant comp>ative analysis to id5tify   
broad] privacy gaps4  #c4 ,def9itions ,9
 ?is ,act3 7#a7 ,artificial intellig5ce 
,! t]m artificial intellig5ce has !     
mean+ giv5 su* t]m 9 section #ejjb ( !  
,national ,artificial ,intellig5ce      
,initiative ,act ( #bjbj 7#ae ,u4,s4,c4 
#idja74  7#b7 ,commission ,! t]m        
,commission means ! ,f$]al ,trade       
,commission4  7#c7 ,f$]al ag5cy ,! t]m  
,f$]al ag5cy has ! mean+ giv5 ! t]m     
ag5cy 9 section #eea ( title #e1 ,unit$ 
,/ates ,code4  7#d7 ,neural data ,! t]m 
neural data means in=mation obta9$ by   
measur+ ! activity ( an individual's    
c5tral or p]iph]al n]v\s sy/em ?r\gh !  
use ( neurote*nology4  7#e7             
,neurote*nology ,! t]m neurote*nology   
means a device1 sy/em1 or proc$ure t    
accesses1 monitors1 records1 analyzes1  
pr$icts1 /imulates or alt]s ! n]v\s     
sy/em ( an individual to und]/&1        
influ5ce1 re/ore1 or anticipate !       
/ructure1 activity1 or function ( !     
n]v\s sy/em4  7#f7 ,o!r relat$ data ,!  

t]m o!r relat$ data-- 7,a7 means        
biometric1 physiological1 or behavioral 
in=mation t does n directly measure !   
neural activity or c5tral or p]iph]al   
n]v\s sy/em ( an individual1 b c be     
process$1 analyz$1 or comb9$ ) o!r data 
to inf]1 pr$ict1 or reveal cognitive1   
emotional1 or psy*ological /ates or     
neurological conditions2 &  7,b7 may    
include he>t rate v>iability1 eye-track+
 patt]ns1 voice analysis1 facial        
expression recognition1 sleep patt]ns1  
or o!r signals d]iv$ f consum] devices1 
we>ables1 or bios5sors4  #d4 ,f$]al     
trade commission /udy & report on neural
 data gov]nance  7a7 ,/udy & report     
7#a7 ,/udy  7,a7 ,9 g5]al ,! ,commission
 %all conduct a /udy on-- 7i7 :at       
additional au?orities1 if any1 ! ,f$]al 
,gov]nm5t ne$s to regulate neural data &
 o!r relat$ data t c reveal an          
individual's m5tal /ate or activity1 &  
to e/abli% appropriate privacy          
protections = individuals 9 ! ,unit$    
,/ates2  7ii7 be/ practices = privacy & 

data security = ! private sector to     
protect su* data2 &  7iii7 ! ext5t to   
:i* exi/+ laws1 regulations1 & gov]n+   
frameworks1 includ+ ! ,heal? ,insurance 
,portability & ,acc\ntability ,act (    
#aiif 7,public ,law #ajd-aia71 gov]n !  
use1 /orage1 process+1 portability1 &   
privacy ( su* data1 any gaps 9 law t    
%\ld be address$1 & pot5tial additional 
protections = su* data t fall outside ! 
scope ( su* ,act4  7,b7 ,consultation ,9
 conduct+ ! /udy describ$ 9 subp>agraph 
7,a71 ! ,commission %all consult )-- 7i7
 ! ,director ( ! ,(fice ( ,sci5ce &     
,te*nology ,policy2  7ii7 ! ,commission]
 ( ,food & ,drugs2  7iii7 o!r relevant  
,f$]al ag5cies det]m9$ appropriate by ! 
,commission2 &  7iv7 repres5tatives ( ! 
private sector1 academia1 civil society1
 consum] advocacy organizations1 labor  
organizations1 pati5t advocacy          
organizations1 & cl9ical rese>*         
/akehold]s includ+ m$ical & heal? c>e   
pr(essionals4  7#b7 ,report ,n lat] ?an 
#a ye> aft] ! date ( enactm5t ( ?is     

,act1 ! ,commission %all-- 7,a7 submit  
to ,congress a report on ! /udy conduct$
 "u p>agraph 7#a7 t-- 7i7 includes !    
in=mation describ$ 9 subsection 7b72 &  
7ii7 describes a regulatory framework t 
maximizes opportunities = responsible   
innovation 9 neurote*nology :ile m9imiz+
 ! risks ( h>m t arise f su* innovation1
 su* z discrim9ation1 pr(il+1           
surveillance1 manipulation1 & ! misuse (
 neural data & o!r relat$ data 9        
employm5t1 heal?c>e1 f9ancial s]vices1  
education1 comm]ce1 & public life2 &    
7,b7 publi% ! report on ! website ( !   
,commission4  7b7 ,report cont5ts ,!    
report describ$ 9 subsection 7a77#b7    
%all include-- 7#a7 an analysis on--    
7,a7 ! collection1 process+1 /orage1    
sale1 & transf] ( neural data & o!r     
relat$ data2 &  7,b7 all relevant uses (
 neurote*nology1 neural data1 & o!r     
relat$ data = und]/&+1 analyz+1 &       
influ5c+ human m5tal /ates & behavior2  
7#b7 a summ>y ( ! e?ical1 legal1 &      
regulatory l&scape surr\nd+ neural data 

& o!r relat$ data t c reveal an         
individual's m5tal /ate or activity1    
includ+ any exi/+ guidel9es relat$ to-- 
7,a7 ! collection ( su* data2  7,b7     
cons5t = ! collection1 use1 & transf] ( 
su* data2  7,c7 individual rights relat+
 to su* data2  7,d7 pr$ictive model+2 & 
7,e7 us+ su* data to inf] or influ5ce   
behavior2  7#c7 an assessm5t (-- 7,a7 h[
 neural & o!r relat$ data is collect$1  
process$1 & transf]r$ 9 int]/ate        
comm]ce1 & ! b5efits & risks associat$ )
 ! collection & use ( su* data1 includ+ 
h[ su* data may s]ve ! public int]e/1   
improve ! quality ( life ( ! p ( !      
,unit$ ,/ates1 or advance innovation 9  
neurote*nology & neurosci5ce2 &  7,b7 h[
 ! use ( su* data may pose risks to     
individuals1 includ+ vuln]able          
populations1 across diff]5t contexts or 
use cases2  7#d7 recomm5dations = !     
categorization & ov]sight ( neural data 
& o!r relat$ data uses1 includ+-- 7,a7 a
 framework t-- 7i7 di/+ui%es categories 
( su* data1 classify+ su* data bas$ on  

bo? ! pot5tial = b5eficial use cases    
7includ+ m$ical1 sci5tific1 or assi/ive 
applications71 & ! pot5tial =           
individual1 societal1 or gr\p-level h>m 
aris+ f misuse2  7ii7 describes !       
prop]ties ( su* data bas$ on its        
capacity to directly or indirectly      
id5tify an individual or to reveal or   
inf] s5sitive p]sonal in=mation ab\t an 
individual2 &  7iii7 sugge/s correspond+
 gov]nance requirem5ts su* z height5$   
ov]sight1 /rict] cons5t /&>ds1 prohibit$
 use cases reg>dless ( individual       
cons5t1 enhanc$ access re/rictions1 &   
cyb]security protections2  7,b7 /&>ds = 
computational models ( ! bra9 & guidance
 on assess+ h>ms 9 contexts :]e su* data
 is integrat$ ) artificial intellig5ce  
or us$ z "p ( a sy/em design$ to        
influ5ce behavior or decision mak+2     
7,c7 an analysis ( :e!r1 & if s h[1     
individuals may be expos$ to unfair1    
deceptive1 or co]cive trade practices   
?r\gh ! misuse ( neural data & o!r      
relat$ data across diff]5t environm5ts1 

& recomm5dations = safegu>ds to prev5t  
su* h>ms2 &  7,d7 recomm5dations =      
categoriz+ c]ta9 applications ( neural  
data & o!r relat$ data1 or c]ta9        
practices reg>d+ su* data1 z            
imp]missible1 su* z ^? design$ to       
manipulate behavior or erode privacy )  
respect to an individual's m5tal /ate or
 activity2  7#e7 an exam9ation ( h[ !   
application ( artificial intellig5ce to 
neural & o!r relat$ data t c reveal an  
individual's m5tal /ate or activity may 
re%ape ! risks1 ov]sight dem&s1 & e?ical
 consid]ations associat$ ) su* data2    
7#f7 recomm5dations = consum]           
transp>5cy1 cons5t frameworks1 & neural 
data & o!r relat$ data use re/rictions1 
su* z-- 7,a7 limit+ su* data use to only
 cle>ly disclos$ purposes2  7,b7        
re/rict+ ! resale ( su* data to ?ird    
p>ties or ! use ( su* data = individual 
pr(il+ or t>get$ adv]tis+2  7,c7 ! use (
 sep>ate1 conspicu\s cons5t me*anisms = 
! use ( su* data 9 develop+ or deploy+  
computational models ( ! bra92  7,d7 !  

public disclosure (-- 7i7 int5d$ uses = 
su* data1 %>+ practices1 & artificial   
intellig5ce applications2 &  7ii7       
policies relat$ to ! ret5tion & deletion
 ( su* data2 &  7,e7 prohibit$ use      
cases1 reg>dless ( individual cons5t2   
7#g7 recomm5dations reg>d+ applications 
( neural data & o!r relat$ data 9       
specific areas1 includ+-- 7,a7 sectors  
or practices t raise conc]ns ab\t       
privacy1 manipulation1 discrim9ation1   
inequality1 or long-t]m h>m1 su* z-- 7i7
 employm5t practices1 su* z 9 hir+1     
surveillance1 or p]=mance evaluation2   
7ii7 educational sett+s & o!r sett+s    
involv+ *ildr5 "u ! age ( #ac & te5s2   
7iii7 insurance1 f9ancial1 & h\s+       
s]vices2  7iv7 neurom>ket+ & behavioral 
%ap+1 includ+ ! t>get+ ( consum]s2  7v7 
comm]cial surveillance2  7vi7           
monetization models1 su* z data brok]s1 
t aggregate or sell neural data & o!r   
relat$ data2  7vii7 ! transf] ( neural  
data & o!r relat$ data ?r\gh            
acquisitions1 m]g]s1 or bankruptcy      

proce$+s2  7viii7 law en=cem5t & !      
crim9al ju/ice sy/em2 &  7ix7 sectors   
:]e algori?mic recomm5dation or design  
patt]ns int5tionally amplify addictive  
use or behavioral manipulation2  7,b7 h[
 exi/+ ,f$]al /atutes en=c$ by !        
,commission1 includ+ ! ,f$]al ,trade    
,commission ,act 7#ae ,u4,s4,c4 #da et  
seq47 & o!r consum] protection laws1    
apply to neural data & o!r relat$ data2 
&  7,c7 :e!r !re are regulatory gaps 9  
protect+ ! privacy ( *ildr5 & te5s1     
includ+ ! applicability ( ! ,*ildr5's   
,onl9e ,privacy ,protection ,act ( #aiih
 7#ae ,u4,s4,c4 #feja et seq47 & relat$ 
laws to neural data & o!r relat$ data2  
7#h7 an analysis ( ! pot5tial security  
risks associat$ ) ! collection1 use1 &  
transf] ( neural data & o!r relat$ data1
 includ+-- 7,a7 an assessm5t ( curr5t   
cyb]security & data protection          
requirem5ts applicable to entities t    
collect1 process1 or /ore neural data or
 o!r relat$ data1 includ+ any gaps 9 su*
 requirem5ts :]e su* entities fall      

outside exi/+ ,f$]al /&>ds1 su* z !     
,heal? ,insurance ,portability &        
,acc\ntability ,act ( #aiif 7,public    
,law #ajd-aia72  7,b7 an assessm5t (    
int]ag5cy review models to det]m9e :e!r 
c]ta9 exports1 public releases1 or      
comm]cial uses ( neurote*nologies1      
includ+ _! compon5t p>ts & integration )
 artificial intellig5ce sy/ems1 %\ld be 
subject to re/rictions or enhanc$       
controls2  7,c7 an exam9ation ( =eign   
inve/m5t risks 9 neurote*nology firms2  
7,d7 recomm5dations on actions !        
,gov]nm5t & nongov]nm5t actors c take to
 ensure transp>5cy & due dilig5ce 9     
int]national p>tn]%ips involv+ su* data2
  7,e7 supply *a9 risks involv+         
compon5ts us$ 9 neurote*nology t are    
acquir$ f =eign c\ntries2 &  7,f7 !     
implications ( /or+ & process+ su* data 
locally v]sus 9 cl\d environm5ts2  7#i7 
recomm5dations = inc5tive /ructures t   
promote e?ical innovation 9             
neurote*nology t prioritize consum]     
protection & descriptions ( h[ su*      

/ructures c be align$ ) exi/+ regulatory
 & c]tification pa?ways or requirem5ts1 
su* z ! developm5t (-- 7,a7 volunt>y    
/&>ds ti$ to bus9ess inc5tives1 su* z   
rese>* & developm5t tax cr$its & exp$it$
 regulatory pa?ways2  7,b7 f9ancial     
support = responsible sci5tific inquiry 
& innovation 9 neurote*nology1 conduct$ 
9 e?ically gov]n$ & controll$           
environm5ts1 ) safegu>ds to prev5t      
misuse or h>mful applications2  7,c7    
regulatory s&box me*anisms to enable    
e>ly-/age neural data applications to be
 te/$ ) ag5cy ov]sight1 in=m$ cons5t1 & 
/ructur$ risk review2  7,d7 policies t  
promote long-t]m support = us]s (       
bra9-comput] int]faces1 su* z           
int]op]ability /&>ds & po/-trial        
ma9t5ance practices2  7,e7 competitive  
inc5tives1 su* z procurem5t pref]5ces = 
companies t meet specifi$ /&>ds relat+  
to ! use ( neurote*nology2  7,f7        
public-private p>tn]%ips to develop op5 
/&>ds & e?ical practices reg>d+ !       
treatm5t ( neural data & o!r relat$     

data2 &  7,g7 ways ! ,c5t]s = ,m$ic>e   
,m$icaid ,s]vices & ! ,food & ,drug     
,adm9i/ration c coord9ate on ! use &    
approval ( neurote*nology to r$uce      
reimbursem5t & cov]age b>ri]s2  7#aj7 a 
propos$ framework = en=cem5t me*anisms1 
rem$ies1 & p5alties = ! misuse (1 gross 
neglig5ce reg>d+ ! use (1 & unau?oriz$  
collection1 use1 transf]1 or disclosure 
( neural data & o!r relat$ data2 &      
7#aa7 o!r analysis & recomm5dations     
det]m9$ appropriate by ! ,commission4   
7c7 ,annual updates ,n lat] ?an #a ye>  
aft] ! date ! ,commission submits !     
report to ,congress "u subsection 7a71 &
 n less frequ5tly ?an annually !reaft]1 
! ,commission %all publicly update !    
f9d+s 9 su* report to-- 7#a7 reflect    
evolv+ advancem5ts 9 neurote*nology1    
neural data & o!r relat$ data use cases1
 & ! associat$ risks involv$ ) su*      
advancem5ts & use cases2 &  7#b7 assess 
:e!r additional reports or updates to   
any guidance are necess>y to ensure t   
privacy1 p>ticul>ly z x relates to      

neural data & o!r relat$ data1 cont9ues 
to be protect$4  7d7 ,au?orization (    
appropriations ,!re is au?oriz$ to be   
appropriat$ #aj1jjj1jjj = purposes (    
c>ry+ out ?is section4  #e4 ,conditional
 limitations on ,f$]al ag5cy use (      
neural data  7a7 ,guidance to ,f$]al    
ag5cies  7#a7 ,9 g5]al ,n lat] ?an #ahj 
days aft] ! ,commission submits ! report
 describ$ 9 section #d7;a77#b71 !       
,director ( ! ,(fice ( ,sci5ce &        
,te*nology ,policy1 9 consultation ) !  
,commission & ! ,director ( ! ,(fice (  
,managem5t & ,budget1 %all develop      
guidance1 us+ su* report to in=m su*    
guidance1 reg>d+ ! procurem5t &         
op]ational use by ,f$]al ag5cies (      
neurote*nology t collects1 uses1        
procures1 or o!rwise processes neural   
data or o!r relat$ data4 ,su* guidance  
%all id5tify--  7,a7 prohibit$1         
p]missible1 & conditionally p]mitt$ use 
cases ( su* neurote*nology t are        
consi/5t ) su* report2  7,b7 te*nical1  
proc$ural1 & e?ical safegu>ds reg>d+ ea*

 use case ( su* neurote*nology2 &  7,c7 
requirem5ts = transp>5cy1 limitations   
reg>d+ ! purposes = :i* su*             
neurote*nology c be us$1 individual     
opt-9 cons5t me*anisms reg>d+ ! use (   
su* neurote*nology1 & protections = !   
privacy ( ! p ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4  7#b7  
,b9d+ guidance  ,n lat] ?an #fj days    
aft] ! ,director ( ! ,(fice ( ,sci5ce & 
,te*nology ,policy develops ! guidance  
"u p>agraph 7#a71 ! ,director ( ! ,(fice
 ( ,managem5t & ,budget %all issue b9d+ 
implem5tation guidance to ea* ,f$]al    
ag5cy pursuant to ! guidance develop$ "u
 p>agraph 7#a74  7b7  ,prohibition  7#a7
  ,9 g5]al  ,! head ( a ,f$]al ag5cy may
 n procure or op]ate any neurote*nology 
t collects1 uses1 procures1 or o!rwise  
processes neural data 9 a mann]         
inconsi/5t ) ! guidance issu$ "u        
subsection 7a77#b74  7#b7  ,effective   
date  ,p>agraph 7#a7 %all take effect on
 ! date t is #a ye> aft] ! date on :i* !
 ,director ( ! ,(fice ( ,managem5t &    
,budget issues guidance 9 accordance )  

subsection 7a77#b74