,,ii  #aai? ,,congress  #a/ ,session    
,s4 #bcfg  ,,9 ,,! ,,s5ate ,,( ,,!      
,,unit$ ,,/ates  ,july #ba1 #bjbe,mr4   
,hawley 7= himself & ,mr4 ,blum5?al7    
introduc$ ! foll[+ bill2 :i* 0 read     
twice & ref]r$ to ! ,committee on !     
,judici>y  ,a ,,bill  ,to e/abli% a     
,f$]al tort relat+ to ! appropriation1  
use1 collection1 process+1 sale1 or o!r 
exploitation ( individuals' data )\t    
express1 prior cons5t4  #a4 ,%ort title 
,?is ,act may be cit$ z ! ,,ai          
,acc\ntability & ,p]sonal ,data         
,protection ,act4  #b4 ,def9itions ,9   
?is ,act3 7#a7 ,appropriate1 use1       
collect1 process1 sell1 or o!rwise      
exploit ,! t]m appropriate1 use1        
collect1 process1 sell1 or o!rwise      
exploit includes-- 7,a7 ! tra9+ ( a     
g5]ative artificial intellig5ce sy/em t 
is sold1 r5t$1 lic5s$1 or o!rwise us$ by
 ! provid] ( ! g5]ative artificial      
intellig5ce sy/em2 &  7,b7 ! g5]ation1  
by a g5]ative artificial intellig5ce    
sy/em1 ( any cov]$ data t p]ta9s to an  

individual1 includ+ cont5t t imitates1  
replicates1 or is sub/antially d]iv$ f !
 cov]$ data ( ! individual4  7#b7       
,artificial intellig5ce ,! t]m          
artificial intellig5ce has ! mean+ giv5 
t t]m 9 section #ejjb ( ! ,national     
,artificial ,intellig5ce ,initiative    
,act ( #bjbj 7#ae ,u4,s4,c4 #idja74     
7#c7 ,artificial intellig5ce sy/em ,!   
t]m artificial intellig5ce sy/em means  
any data sy/em1 s(tw>e1 h>dw>e1         
application1 tool1 or utility t op]ates1
 9 :ole or 9 "p1 us+ artificial         
intellig5ce4  7#d7 ,cov]$ data ,! t]m   
cov]$ data-- 7,a7 means any in=mation1  
data1 or mat]ial1 reg>dless ( =m or     
=mat1 t-- 7i7 id5tifies1 relates to1    
describes1 is capable ( be+ associat$ )1
 or c reasonably be l9k$1 directly or   
indirectly1 ) a specific individual2    
7ii7 is d]iv$1 inf]r$1 or g5]at$ f      
in=mation describ$ 9 clause 7i71 or is  
us$ to d]ive1 inf]1 or g5]ate in=mation 
describ$ 9 clause 7i72 or  7iii7 is     
g5]at$ by an individual & is protect$ by

 copyright1 reg>dless ( :e!r ! copyright
 has be5 regi/]$ ) ! ,unit$ ,/ates      
,copyright ,(fice or any o!r regi/ration
 au?ority2 &  7,b7 includes-- 7i7       
p]sonally id5tifiable in=mation2  7ii7  
unique id5tifi]s1 su* z device ,i,ds1   
adv]tis+ ,i,ds1 or ,,ip addresses2      
7iii7 geolocation data2  7iv7 biometric 
in=mation2  7v7 behavioral data1 su* z  
br[s+ hi/ory or pur*as+ patt]ns2 or     
7vi7 inf]r$1 d]iv$1 or pr$ict$ data us$ 
to create a pr(ile ab\t an individual or
 gr\p ( individuals4  7#e7 ,express1    
prior cons5t ,! t]m express1 prior      
cons5t means a cle>1 affirmative act by 
an individual1 made 9 advance ( any     
appropriation1 use1 collection1         
process+1 sale1 or o!r exploitation (   
cov]$ data1 indicat+ a freely giv51     
in=m$1 & unambigu\s cons5t to ! specific
 appropriation1 use1 collection1        
process+1 sale1 or o!r exploitation (   
cov]$ data ( ! individual4  7#f7        
,g5]ative artificial intellig5ce sy/em  
,! t]m g5]ative artificial intellig5ce  

sy/em means an artificial intellig5ce   
sy/em t is capable ( g5]at+ novel text1 
video1 images1 audio1 & o!r m$ia bas$ on
 prompts or o!r =ms ( data provid$ by an
 individual4  7#g7 ,p]sonally           
id5tifiable in=mation ,! t]m p]sonally  
id5tifiable in=mation means in=mation t 
c be us$ to di/+ui% or trace ! id5tity (
 an individual1 ei!r alone or :5 comb9$ 
) o!r p]sonal or id5tify+ in=mation t is
 l9k$ or l9kable to a specific          
individual4  7#h7 ,pr$ispute arbitration
 agreem5t ,! t]m pr$ispute arbitration  
agreem5t means an agreem5t to arbitrate 
a dispute t has n yet aris5 at ! "t ( ! 
mak+ ( ! agreem5t4  7#i7 ,pr$ispute     
jo9t-action waiv] ,! t]m pr$ispute      
jo9t-action waiv] means an agreem5t1    
:e!r or n "p ( a pr$ispute arbitration  
agreem5t1 t w\ld prohibit1 or waive ! "r
 (1 "o ( ! p>ties to ! agreem5t to      
p>ticipate 9 a jo9t1 class1 or          
collective action 9 a judicial1         
arbitral1 adm9i/rative1 or o!r =um1     
conc]n+ a dispute t has n yet aris5 at !

 "t ( ! mak+ ( ! agreem5t4  #c4 ,f$]al  
tort = misuse ( cov]$ data  7a7         
,liability ,any p]son :o1 9 or affect+  
int]/ate or =eign comm]ce1 appropriates1
 uses1 collects1 processes1 sells1 or   
o!rwise exploits ! cov]$ data ( an      
individual1 )\t ! express1 prior cons5t 
( ! individual1 %all be liable to !     
individual 9 accordance ) ?is section4  
7b7 ,private "r ( action  7#a7 ,9 g5]al 
,any individual ^: cov]$ data is        
appropriat$1 us$1 collect$1 process$1   
sold1 or o!rwise exploit$ )\t ! express1
 prior cons5t ( ! individual z describ$ 
9 subsection 7a7 may br+ a civil action 
9 an appropriate di/rict c\rt ( ! ,unit$
 ,/ates or a ,/ate c\rt ( compet5t      
jurisdiction aga9/ any p]son :o-- 7,a7  
engag$ 9 ! appropriation1 use1          
collection1 process+1 sale1 or o!r      
exploitation ( ! cov]$ data2 or  7,b7   
aid$ & abett$ ano!r p]son 9 !           
appropriation1 use1 collection1         
process+1 sale1 or o!r exploitation ( ! 
cov]$ data4  7#b7 ,rem$ies ,an          

individual prevail+ 9 a civil action    
br\ght "u p>agraph 7#a7 may recov]--    
7,a7 comp5satory damages 9 an am\nt     
equal to ! great] (-- 7i7 actual        
damages2  7ii7 treble any pr(its f !    
appropriation1 use1 collection1         
process+1 sale1 or o!r exploitation ( ! 
cov]$ data ( ! individual z describ$ 9  
subsection 7a72 or  7iii7 #a1jjj2  7,b7 
punitive damages2  7,c7 injunctive      
relief2 &  7,d7 attorney's fees & co/s4 
7#c7 ,affirmative def5se ( cons5t  7,a7 
,9 g5]al ,x %all be an affirmative      
def5se to a civil action "u p>agraph    
7#a7 br\ght by or on behalf ( an        
individual ^: cov]$ data 0 appropriat$1 
us$1 collect$1 process$1 sold1 or       
o!rwise exploit$ if ! def5dant          
demon/rates t ! individual provid$      
express1 prior cons5t = su*             
appropriation1 use1 collection1         
process+1 sale1 or o!r exploitation ( ! 
cov]$ data ( ! individual4  7,b7        
,invalid gr\nds = cons5t ,cons5t to !   
appropriation1 use1 collection1         

process+1 sale1 or o!r exploitation (   
cov]$ data %all n be deem$ valid if su* 
cons5t 0 obta9$-- 7i7 ?r\gh co]cion or  
deception2 or  7ii7 z a condition ( us+ 
a product or s]vice ?r\gh :i* !         
appropriation1 use1 collection1         
process+1 sale1 or o!r exploitation ( ! 
cov]$ data exce$s :at is reasonably     
necess>y to provide t product or s]vice4
  7c7 ,inapplicability ( ! ,f$]al       
,arbitration ,act  7#a7 ,9 g5]al        
,not)/&+ any o!r provision ( law1       
includ+ *apt] #a ( title #i1 ,unit$     
,/ates ,code 7commonly kn[n z ! ,f$]al  
,arbitration ,act71 a pr$ispute         
arbitration agreem5t or pr$ispute       
jo9t-action waiv] %all n be valid or    
en=ceable ) respect to any claim aris+  
"u ?is ,act4  7#b7 ,un5=ceable agreem5ts
 ,any agreem5t purport+ to waive1 limit1
 or preclude ! "r ( an individual to br+
 an action 9 a c\rt ( law or to         
p>ticipate 9 a jo9t1 class1 collective1 
or repres5tative action conc]n+ any     
claim aris+ "u ?is ,act %all be deem$   

contr>y to public policy & %all be null1
 void1 & un5=ceable4  7#c7 ,det]m9ation 
"u ,f$]al law by ,f$]al c\rt ,an issue z
 to :e!r ?is ,act applies ) respect to a
 dispute %all be det]m9$ "u ,f$]al law4 
,! applicability ( ?is ,act to an       
agreem5t to arbitrate & ! validity &    
en=ceability ( an agreem5t to :i* ?is   
,act applies %all be det]m9$ by a c\rt1 
r ?an an arbitrator1 irrespective ( :e!r
 ! p>ty resi/+ arbitration *all5ges !   
arbitration agreem5t specifically or 9  
conjunction ) o!r t]ms ( ! contract     
conta9+ su* agreem5t1 & irrespective (  
:e!r ! agreem5t purports to delegate su*
 det]m9ations to an arbitrator4  7#d7   
,collective b>ga9+ agreem5ts ,no?+ 9 ?is
 ,act %all apply to any arbitration     
provision 9 a contract betwe5 an employ]
 & a labor organization or betwe5 labor 
organizations1 except t no su*          
arbitration provision %all h ! effect ( 
waiv+ ! "r ( a work] to seek judicial   
en=cem5t ( a "r aris+ "u a provision ( !
 ,con/itution ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 a ,/ate

 con/itution1 or a ,f$]al or ,/ate      
/atute1 or public policy aris+ !refrom4 
7d7 ,specific disclosure ( ?ird p>ties  
requir$  7#a7 ,9 g5]al ,cons5t requir$  
"u subsection 7a7 %all n be valid = !   
appropriation1 use1 collection1         
process+1 sale1 or o!r exploitation (   
cov]$ data by or to any ?ird p>ty       
unless-- 7,a7 ea* ?ird p>ty is          
specifically & cle>ly disclos$ to !     
individual to :om ! cov]$ data p]ta9s at
 ! "t cons5t is s\ght2 &  7,b7 !        
disclosure describ$ 9 subp>agraph 7,a7  
is affirmatively pres5t$ to ! individual
 to :om ! cov]$ data p]ta9s 9 a mann] t 
ensures ! disclosure is se5 & ackn[l$g$4
  7#b7 ,pres5tation ,any disclosure     
describ$ 9 p>agraph 7#a7-- 7,a7 %all be 
pres5t$ di/9ctly & sep>ately f any      
privacy policy1 t]ms ( s]vice1 or o!r   
g5]al conditions or agreem5ts2 &  7,b7  
%all n be satisfi$ by ! m]e inclusion ( 
a hyp]l9k or g5]al ref]5ce to a privacy 
policy1 us] agreem5t1 or o!r simil>     
docum5t4  7#c7 ,invalid cons5t ,any     

purport$ cons5t = ! appropriation1 use1 
collection1 process+1 sale1 or o!r      
exploitation ( cov]$ data by or to any  
?ird p>ty obta9$ solely by inclusion )9 
su* g5]al docum5ts describ$ 9 p>agraph  
7#b7 or via non-specific or passive     
disclosure %all be invalid & un5=ceable4
  #d4 ,relation%ip to exi/+ law  7a7 ,no
 preemption ( exi/+ ,/ate laws ,no?+ 9  
?is ,act %all be con/ru$ to preempt or  
limit any law1 rule1 regulation1 or     
common law doctr9e ( any ,/ate t is 9   
effect z ( ! date ( enactm5t ( ?is ,act4
  7b7 ,m9imum /&>d ,?is ,act %all be    
con/ru$ z e/abli%+ a m9imum /&>d = !    
tort describ$ 9 section #c7;a71 & no?+ 9
 ?is ,act %all be deem$ to prohibit or  
re/rict ! application ( any ,/ate law1  
rule1 regulation1 or common law doctr9e 
t provides great] or additional rights1 
rem$ies1 or protections ?an ! rights1   
rem$ies1 & protections provid$ "u ?is   
,act4