,,ii #aaith ,,congress #ast ,session ,s4 #acgh ,,in ,,the ,,senate ,,of ,,the ,,united ,,states ,april #i1 #bjbe,mr4 ,schatz 7for himself1 ,mr4 ,sheehy1 ,mr4 ,lujn1 and ,mr4 ,welch7 introduced the following bill2 which was read twice and referred to the ,committee on ,commerce1 ,science1 and ,transportation ,a ,,bill ,to enhance the use by the ,national ,oceanic and ,atmospheric ,administration of artificial intelligence for weather forecasting1 and for other purposes4 #a4 ,short title ,this ,act may be cited as the ,transformational ,artificial intelligence to ,modernize the ,economy against ,extreme ,weather and ,wildfires ,act or the ,,tame ,extreme ,weather and ,wildfires ,act4 #b4 ,artificial intelligence for weather forecasting 7a7 ,definitions ,in this section3 7#a7 ,artificial intelligence ,the term artificial intelligence-- 7,a7 has the meaning given that term in section #ejjb of the ,national ,artificial ,intelligence ,initiative ,act of #bjbj 7#ae ,u4,s4,c4 #idja72 and 7,b7 includes machine learning1 neural networks1 and natural language processing4 7#b7 ,artificial intelligence weather model ,the term artificial intelligence weather model means a weather model based primarily on artificial intelligence technology to project future ,earth system conditions based on machine learning using weather forecasting training datasets4 7#c7 ,curate ,the term curate1 with respect to a dataset1 means-- 7,a7 to collect and maintain the dataset-- 7i7 to ensure and document its quality2 and 7ii7 to provide metadata on its provenance2 and 7,b7 to update the dataset periodically1 as appropriate and practicable4 7#d7 ,numerical weather model ,the term numerical weather model means a weather model based primarily on coupled ,earth ,system processes that uses numerical computation to forecast future ,earth system conditions4 7#e7 ,observational data ,the term observational data means data and metadata from actual observations of environmental conditions1 including remote sensing and in situ platforms4 7#f7 ,seasonal1 subseasonal1 ,under ,secretary1 weather enterprise the terms seasonal1 subseasonal1 ,under ,secretary1 and weather enterprise have the meanings given those terms in section #b of the ,weather ,research and ,forecasting ,innovation ,act of #bjag 7#ae ,u4,s4,c4 #heja74 7#g7 ,synthetic data ,the term synthetic data means data produced from a model or statistical method in order to fill gaps in observational data4 7#h7 ,weather data ,the term weather data means information used to track and predict weather conditions and patterns1 including forecasts1 observations1 and derivative products from such information4 7b7 ,purpose ,the purpose of this section is-- 7#a7 to improve accuracy and timeliness of weather1 water1 and space weather forecasts and effective dissemination of critical information2 7#b7 to strengthen analytic capacity to inform resource deployments in response to and to mitigate harm from weather1 water1 wildfires1 and space weather hazards through the mandated exploration and use of artificial intelligence by ,federal agencies2 7#c7 to strengthen public-private partnerships to accelerate adoption and outcomes of the use of artificial intelligence in response to and to mitigate such harm2 and 7#d7 to strengthen public-private partnerships in highly technical1 high-risk1 and high-reward fields related to weather1 water1 wildfires1 and space weather forecasts4 7c7 ,earth system forecasting and information delivery 7#a7 ,training datasets ,not later than #d years after the date of the enactment of this ,act1 the ,under ,secretary1 in consultation with the ,secretary of ,energy1 the ,administrator of the ,national ,aeronautics and ,space ,administration1 the ,director of the ,national ,science ,foundation1 the ,director of the ,national ,center for ,atmospheric ,research1 the ,interagency ,council on ,advancing ,meteorological ,services1 other appropriate ,federal advisory committees as determined by the ,under ,secretary1 and such other technical experts as the ,under ,secretary considers appropriate1 shall develop and curate comprehensive weather forecasting training datasets with relevant ,earth system data1 quality information1 and metadata necessary for weather forecasting4 7#b7 ,use of existing datasets ,in order to speed the development of the weather forecasting training datasets required under paragraph 7#a71 the ,under ,secretary shall assess1 and to the greatest extent practicable build on1 existing ,earth system reanalysis datasets of the ,federal ,government4 7#c7 ,artificial intelligence weather model 7,a7 ,global model ,in carrying out this subsection1 the ,under ,secretary1 in consultation with appropriate ,federal advisory committees as determined by the ,under ,secretary1 may develop and test a global weather model based on artificial intelligence technologies utilizing data of the ,national ,oceanic and ,atmospheric ,administration to the extent possible4 7,b7 ,regional and local models ,in addition to a global weather model under subparagraph 7,a71 the ,under ,secretary may experiment with regional and local weather models based on artificial intelligence technologies4 7#d7 ,use of artificial intelligence to disseminate information ,in coordination with an artificial intelligence weather model or models developed under paragraph 7#c71 the ,under ,secretary may explore the use of artificial intelligence to enhance the dissemination of information with respect to weather and wildfire risks and evaluate the effectiveness of communication for improved public understanding and preparedness4 7#e7 ,continued support for observations1 basic research1 and numerical weather models ,notwithstanding the requirements of this subsection1 the ,under ,secretary shall continue to support and advance the activities of the ,national ,oceanic and ,atmospheric ,administration-- 7,a7 to collect and acquire traditional and novel observational data relevant for artificial intelligence and numerical weather1 water1 and space weather forecasting2 7,b7 to advance research on the ,earth system and numerical weather model forecasting2 7,c7 to develop and advance numerical ,earth system modeling for predictions2 7,d7 to develop weather model data post-processing techniques2 and 7,e7 to improve data assimilation techniques4 7#f7 ,observing system coverage ,in carrying out this subsection1 the ,under ,secretary may evaluate the use of cost functions in data-driven machine learning model training to balance inequities in observing system coverage and data poor areas4 7#g7 ,uncertainty quantification research ,in carrying out this subsection1 the ,under ,secretary may develop uncertainty quantification research for the purpose of accurate environmental risk and hazard communications of probabilistic predictions and forecasts4 7#h7 ,report ,not later than #b years after the date of the enactment of this ,act1 and not less frequently than every #b years thereafter through #bjce1 the ,under ,secretary shall submit to the ,committee on ,commerce1 ,science1 and ,transportation of the ,senate and the ,committee on ,science1 ,space1 and ,technology of the ,house of ,representatives a report on the activities conducted under this subsection4 7d7 ,advanced artificial intelligence applications for weather forecasts and information delivery ,the ,under ,secretary shall explore advanced applications of artificial intelligence to improve weather forecasts and information delivery1 such as by-- 7#a7 improving data assimilation2 7#b7 accounting for coupled ,earth system processes2 7#c7 improving readiness and preparedness to combat wildfires1 mitigation of the risk from wildfires1 and improving safety for firefighters and communities at risk from wildfires2 7#d7 using artificial intelligence weather models to generate ensemble forecasts to more accurately assess flow-dependent forecast uncertainties2 and 7#e7 improving impact-based decision support to diverse users and communities for greater societal benefits based on those forecasts4 7e7 ,technical assistance on use of artificial intelligence weather1 water1 and space weather models 7#a7 ,in general ,the ,under ,secretary shall provide-- 7,a7 technical assistance1 data access1 and support for forecasters1 scientists1 social scientists1 and engineers to test and evaluate the use and effectiveness of the artificial intelligence models of the ,national ,oceanic and ,atmospheric ,administration1 including within the testbeds of the ,administration2 7,b7 best practices on providing forecasts based on outputs from artificial intelligence weather models and numerical weather models1 or a combination thereof2 and 7,c7 support for emergency managers to make operational decisions based on outputs from artificial intelligence weather models and numerical weather models1 or a combination thereof4 7#b7 ,assessment of weather models 7,a7 ,in general ,the ,under ,secretary shall support the development of a common framework for the assessment of numerical weather models and artificial intelligence weather models by comparing model output and observational data over a period of time in the past through the use of such methodologies as the ,under ,secretary considers appropriate4 7,b7 ,best practices ,in carrying out this paragraph1 the ,under ,secretary may develop and disseminate best practices in collaboration with-- 7i7 the ,national ,institute of ,standards and ,technology1 the ,national ,aeronautics and ,space ,administration1 the ,national ,science ,foundation1 and the ,department of ,energy2 7ii7 academic and research institutions2 and 7iii7 the private sector4 7#c7 ,technical assistance ,in carrying out this subsection1 the ,under ,secretary may provide technical assistance1 best practices1 and support required under paragraph 7#a7 through the ,national ,weather ,service4 7#d7 ,independent study on the impacts of artificial intelligence weather1 water1 and space weather models ,the ,under ,secretary may enter into an agreement with the ,national ,academy of ,sciences or another entity as determined appropriate by the ,under ,secretary to assess the impacts of artificial intelligence weather models on the weather enterprise and make recommendations to improve the integration of such models in operational forecasting4 7f7 ,partnerships for transformational innovation 7#a7 ,in general ,the ,under ,secretary may explore novel structures for partnerships with private1 academic1 and international entities for research and development of transformative innovation in weather forecasting and other environmental forecasts-- 7,a7 to further the understanding of weather1 water1 wildfires1 and space weather1 and their societal impact2 7,b7 to advance the science of weather and water forecasting1 including seasonal and subseasonal forecasting2 and 7,c7 to develop1 evaluate1 and transition artificial intelligence weather1 water1 and hazard forecasting applications to operations4 7#b7 ,co-investment ,subject to applicable law1 the ,under ,secretary may consider and adopt novel co-investment strategies with the private academic and international sectors to carry out paragraph 7#a71 including-- 7,a7 non-,federal ,government contributions to resource and support high-risk1 high-return research and development in environmental forecasting1 data science1 artificial intelligence1 and related fields2 7,b7 shared rights to intellectual property from research and development activities under this subsection2 and 7,c7 other approaches to sharing resources and results under this subsection4 7g7 ,availability of dataset 7#a7 ,in general ,the ,under ,secretary shall develop and implement a plan to make available to the public1 at no cost and subject to applicable law and policy1 the following3 7,a7 ,operational artificial intelligence weather models developed by the ,national ,oceanic and ,atmospheric ,administration4 7,b7 ,artificial intelligence weather models that are not operational models1 including experimental and developmental models1 as the ,under ,secretary determines appropriate4 7,c7 ,applicable information and documentation for artificial intelligence weather models described in subparagraphs 7,a7 and 7,b71 including a description of intended model outputs4 7,d7 ,subject to subsection 7i71 all data owned by the ,federal ,government and data that the ,under ,secretary has the legal right to redistribute that are associated with artificial intelligence weather models made available to the public pursuant to the plan and used in operational forecasting by the ,administration1 including-- 7i7 relevant metadata2 and 7ii7 data used for operational artificial intelligence weather models used by the ,administration4 7#b7 ,accommodations ,in developing and implementing the plan under paragraph 7#a71 the ,under ,secretary may make such accommodations as the ,under ,secretary considers appropriate to ensure that the public release of any artificial intelligence weather model1 information1 documentation1 or data pursuant to the plan does not jeopardize-- 7,a7 national security2 7,b7 intellectual property or redistribution rights1 including under titles #ag and #ce1 ,united ,states ,code2 7,c7 any trade secret or commercial or financial information subject to section #eeb7;b77#d7 of title #e1 ,united ,states ,code2 7,d7 any models or data that are otherwise restricted by contract or other written agreement2 or 7,e7 the mission of the ,administration to protect lives and property4 7#c7 ,report 7,a7 ,in general ,not later than one year after the date of the enactment of this ,act1 the ,under ,secretary shall submit to ,congress a report1 in both unclassified and classified form1 regarding the risks to the economic and intellectual security of the ,united ,states from foreign countries of concern through access by those countries to weather data in the ,united ,states4 7,b7 ,elements ,the report required under subparagraph 7,a7 shall include-- 7i7 a full analysis of the national1 intellectual1 and economic security implications for the ,united ,states with respect to intellectual property theft or cyber or human espionage through access to weather data2 and 7ii7 conclusions of the ,under ,secretary and recommendations for legislative and administrative action1 if any4 7,c7 ,foreign country of concern defined ,in this paragraph1 the term foreign country of concern has the meaning given that term in section #iija of the ,william ,m4 7,mac7 ,thornberry ,national ,defense ,authorization ,act for ,fiscal ,year #bjba 7#ae ,u4,s4,c4 #dfea74 7h7 ,retention of federal government expertise ,subject to applicable law1 the ,under ,secretary may consider novel methods to recruit1 retrain1 and retain expert personnel to support activities under this section1 including by-- 7#a7 using methods to be competitive with salaries outside the ,federal ,government2 7#b7 developing staff exchange programs and training programs2 and 7#c7 leveraging diverse hiring strategies4 7i7 ,protection of national security interests 7#a7 ,in general ,notwithstanding any other provision of this section1 the ,under ,secretary1 in consultation with the ,secretary of ,defense1 as appropriate1 may withhold models or data used under this section if the ,under ,secretary determines doing so to be necessary to protect the national security interests of the ,united ,states4 7#b7 ,rule of construction ,nothing in this section shall be construed to supersede any other provision of law governing the protection of the national security interests of the ,united ,states4 7j7 ,authorization of appropriations ,there is authorized to be appropriated to the ,under ,secretary to carry out this section-- 7#a7 for fiscal year #bjbf1 #caa1jjj1jjj2 and 7#b7 for each of fiscal years #bjbg through #bjcj1 #gf1jjj1jjj4