,,iv  #aai? ,,congress  #a/ ,session    
,h4 ,,res4 #hce  ,,9 ,,! ,,h\se ,,(     
,,repres5tatives  ,octob] #bh1 #bjbe,mr4
 ,espaillat submitt$ ! foll[+           
resolution2 :i* 0 ref]r$ to ! ,committee
 on ,en]gy & ,comm]ce  ,,resolution     
,decl>+ gun viol5ce a public heal?      
crisis4  ,:]eas gun viol5ce rema9s !    
lead+ cause ( dea? = *ildr5 & adolesc5ts
 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 accord+ to ! late/  
mortality data by ! ,c5t]s = ,disease   
,control & ,prev5tion2 ,:]eas !re h be5 
at lea/ #b1jfi s*ool %oot+ incid5ts 9 ! 
,unit$ ,/ates s9ce #aigj1 caus+ #fhd    
fatalities & #a1icg injuries1 accord+ to
 ! ,naval ,po/graduate ,s*ool's ,c5t] = 
,homel& ,def5se & ,security2 ,:]eas m   
?an #cfj1jjj /ud5ts 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates h 
exp]i5c$ gun viol5ce at s*ool 9 ! "t    
s9ce ! ,columb9e %oot+ occurr$ 9 #aiii2 
,:]eas1 on ,april #af1 #bjjg1 #cc p 7   
%ot & kill$ at ,virg9ia ,polyte*nic     
,in/itute 9 ,blacksburg1 ,virg9ia2      
,:]eas ! ,unit$ ,/ates has exp]i5c$     
hundr$s ( public mass %oot+s 9 *ur*es1  

s*ools1 conc]ts1 & movie !at]s1         
includ+-- 7#a7 on ,augu/ #e1 #bjab1 :5  
#f p 7 %ot & kill$ at a ,sikh temple 9  
,oak ,creek1 ,wiscons92  7#b7 on        
,decemb] #ad1 #bjab1 :5 #bg individuals1
 includ+ #bj *ildr51 7 %ot & kill$ at   
,s&y ,hook ,elem5t>y ,s*ool 9 ,newt[n1  
,connecticut2  7#c7 on ,june #ag1 #bjae1
 :5 #i ,black ,am]icans 7 %ot & kill$ at
 ! ,emanuel ,african ,me?odi/ ,episcopal
 ,*ur* 9 ,*>le/on1 ,s\? ,c>ol9a2  7#d7  
on ,decemb] #b1 #bjae1 :5 #ad p 7 %ot & 
kill$ at ! ,inl& ,regional ,c5t] 9 ,san 
,b]n>d9o1 ,cali=nia2  7#e7 on ,june #ab1
 #bjaf1 :5 #di individuals1 #ij p]c5t ( 
:om 7 ,hispanic1 7 %ot & kill$ at ,pulse
 nightclub 9 ,orl&o1 ,florida1 9 :at is 
consid]$ ! deadlie/ attack on ,,lgbtq p 
9 ,unit$ ,/ates hi/ory2  7#f7 on        
,septemb] #af1 #bjac1 :5 #ab p 7 %ot &  
kill$ at ! headqu>t]s ( ! ,naval ,sea   
,sy/ems ,comm& inside ,wa%+ton ,navy    
,y>d 9 ,s\!a/ ,wa%+ton1 ,,dc2  7#g7 on  
,octob] #a1 #bjag1 :5 #eh p 7 %ot &     
kill$ & #edf o!rs 7 injur$ 9 ,las       

,vegas1 ,nevada1 9 :at is kn[n to be !  
deadlie/ mass %oot+ 9 ,unit$ ,/ates     
hi/ory committ$ by a s+le individual2   
7#h7 on ,novemb] #e1 #bjag1 :5 #bg p 7  
%ot & kill$ at a *ur* 9 ,su!rl& ,spr+s1 
,texas2  7#i7 on ,febru>y #ad1 #bjah1 :5
 #ag /ud5ts & /aff 7 %ot & kill$ at     
,m>jory ,/oneman ,d\glas ,high ,s*ool 9 
,p>kl&1 ,florida2  7#aj7 on ,octob] #bg1
 #bjah1 :5 #aa p 7 %ot & kill$ at !     
,tree ( ,life synagogue 9 ,pittsburgh1  
,p5nsylvania2  7#aa7 on ,augu/ #c1      
#bjai1 :5 #bc p 7 %ot & murd]$ dur+ an  
act ( dome/ic t]rorism 9 ,el ,paso1     
,texas1 consid]$ "o ( ! deadlie/ attacks
 on a ,hispanic community 9 mod]n       
,am]ican hi/ory2  7#ab7 on ,may #ad1    
#bjbb1 :5 #aj ,black ,am]icans 7 %ot &  
kill$ 9 a racially motivat$ rampage at a
 sup]m>ket 9 ,buffalo1 ,new ,york2      
7#ac7 on ,may #bd1 #bjbb1 :5 #ai /ud5ts 
& #b tea*]s 7 %ot & kill$ at ,robb      
,elem5t>y ,s*ool 9 ,uvalde1 ,texas2     
7#ad7 on ,janu>y #ba1 #bjbc1 :5 #aa     
,asian ,am]icans 7 %ot & kill$ at ,/>   

,ballroom ,dance ,/udio 9 ,mont]ey ,p>k1
 ,cali=nia2  7#ae7 on ,m>* #bg1 #bjbc1  
:5 #f elem5t>y s*ool /ud5ts & /aff 7 %ot
 & kill$ at ! ,cov5ant ,s*ool 9         
,na%ville1 ,t5nessee2  7#af7 on ,april  
#aj1 #bjbc1 :5 #e p 7 %ot & kill$ at    
,old ,national ,bank 9 ,l\isville1      
,k5tucky2  7#ag7 on ,april #ae1 #bjbc1  
:5 #d "y p 7 %ot & kill$ at a bir?day   
celebration 9 ,dadeville1 ,alabama2     
7#ah7 on ,may #f1 #bjbc1 :5 #i          
individuals 7 %ot & kill$ at a mall 9   
,all51 ,texas2  7#ai7 on ,june #ba1     
#bjbd1 :5 #d individuals 7 %ot & kill$  
at a but*] /ore 9 ,=dyce1 ,arkansas2 &  
7#bj7 on ,septemb] #d1 #bjbd1 :5 #d     
/ud5ts 7 %ot & kill$ at ,apala*ee ,high 
,s*ool 9 ,w9d]1 ,georgia2 ,:]eas 9 !    
,unit$ ,/ates-- 7#a7 e day1 #abe p are  
%ot & kill$1 & m ?an #bjj are %ot &     
w\nd$ at ! h&s ( a gun2  7#b7 #dg1jjj p 
di$ f gun-relat$ injuries 9 #bjbc2  7#c7
 ! gun homicide rate is at lea/ #bf     
times high] ?an 9 o!r high-income       
c\ntries2  7#d7 ne>ly #fj p]c5t (       

gun-relat$ dea?s 7 suicides 9 bo? #bjai 
& #bjbc2  7#e7 !re 7 at lea/ #cii mass  
%oot+s 9 #bjbd :]e f\r or m p 7 %ot or  
kill$ 9 a s+le incid5t involv+ a gun2   
7#f7 !re h already be5 m ?an #abd mass  
%oot+s 9 #bjbe :]e f\r or m p h be5 %ot 
or kill$ 9 a s+le incid5t involv+ a gun2
 &  7#g7 #fa active %oot] incid5ts l$ to
 ov] #ajj dea?s 9 #bjba1 a #eb4e-p]c5t  
increase f #bjbj1 accord+ to ! mo/      
rec5tly available data f ! ,f$]al       
,bureau ( ,inve/igation2 ,:]eas1 9 an   
av]age ye>1 at lea/ #aj1cjj hate crimes 
involve a fire>m 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 :i* 
is m ?an #bh e day2 ,:]eas communities (
 color are disproportionately impact$ by
 gun viol5ce2 ,:]eas neighborhoods      
suff]+ f gun viol5ce are ! same areas t 
lack economic opportunity1 adequate     
infra/ructure1 access to quality s*ools1
 & h\s+ opportunities2 ,:]eas1 e mon?1  
an av]age ( #gj wom5 are %ot & kill$ by 
an intimate p>tn]2 ,:]eas intimate p>tn]
 viol5ce is a s]i\s public heal?        
problem1 & in/ances ( sev]e physical    

viol5ce & viol5ce inflict$ ) a fire>m   
are pr$om9antly exp]i5c$ by wom5 ) male 
p>tn]s2 ,:]eas1 9 #bjae1 #ib p]c5t ( all
 fire>m dea?s among wom5 9 high-income  
c\ntries occurr$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates2     
,:]eas #af p]c5t ( gay & lesbian y\?1   
#aa p]c5t ( bisexual y\?1 & #bi p]c5t ( 
transg5d] y\? h be5 ?reat5$ or injur$ ) 
a deadly weapon on s*ool prop]ty1       
includ+ guns1 accord+ to a ,y\? ,risk   
,behavior ,survey publi%$ by ! ,c5t]s = 
,disease ,control & ,prev5tion2 ,:]eas1 
9 #bjaf1 ! ,am]ican ,m$ical ,association
 adopt$ its policy call+ gun viol5ce 9 !
 ,unit$ ,/ates a public heal? crisis    
requir+ a compreh5sive public heal?     
response & solution2 ,:]eas1 9 #bjaf1 ! 
,am]ican ,m$ical ,association ,presid5t 
not$ t ) t5s ( ?\s&s ( m51 wom5 & *ildr5
 dy+ ea* ye> at ! b>rel ( a gun 9       
elem5t>y s*ools1 movie !at]s1           
workplaces1 h\ses ( wor%ip & on live    
television1 ! ,unit$ ,/ates faces a     
public heal? crisis ( gun viol5ce2      
,:]eas1 9 #bjah1 ! ,am]ican ,college (  

,physicians issu$ a position pap]       
detail+ h[ fire>m viol5ce cont9ues to be
 a public heal? crisis t requires !     
nation's imm$iate att5tion2 ,:]eas1 9   
#bjai1 a /udy by ,florida ,atlantic     
,univ]sity's ,s*midt ,college ( ,m$ic9e 
f\nd t m ,unit$ ,/ates s*ool-age *ildr5 
die f guns ?an on-duty ,unit$ ,/ates    
police or global milit>y fatalities2    
,:]eas ! ,am]ican ,public ,heal?        
,association f9ds t gun viol5ce is a    
lead+ cause ( premature dea? 9 ! ,unit$ 
,/ates2 ,:]eas1 9 #bjai1 ,black *ildr5 &
 te5s _h ! highe/ gun dea? rate1 foll[$ 
by ,am]ican ,indian & ,alaska ,native   
*ildr5 & te5s2 ,:]eas1 9 #bjbj1 guns    
became ! lead+ cause ( dea? = *ildr5 9 !
 ,unit$ ,/ates1 a tr5d :i* has cont9u$ 9
 all ye>s t h foll[$2 ,:]eas1 9 #bjba1 !
 ,gov]nor ( ,new ,york decl>$ gun       
viol5ce a public heal? em]g5cy2 ,:]eas1 
9 #bjba1 ! mayor ( ,wa%+ton1 ,,dc1      
decl>$ gun viol5ce to be a public heal? 
crisis & ann\nc$ a :ole-(-gov]nm5t      
approa* to combat+ ?is crisis2 ,:]eas1 9

 #bjba1 ! ,gov]nor ( ,ill9ois decl>$ gun
 viol5ce a public heal? crisis2 ,:]eas1 
9 #bjbb1 #f1aga *ildr5 ag$ #j to #ag 7  
injur$ or di$ z a result ( gun viol5ce2 
,:]eas1 9 ,janu>y #bjbb1 city (ficials 9
 ,c9c9nati1 ,ohio1 decl>$ gun viol5ce a 
public heal? crisis2 ,:]eas1 9 ,febru>y 
#bjbb1 ! mayor ( ,columbus1 ,ohio1      
decl>$ gun viol5ce a public heal?       
crisis2 ,:]eas1 9 ,june #bjbb1 ! ,guil=d
 ,c\nty ,commission]s 9 ,nor? ,c>ol9a   
decl>$ gun viol5ce a public heal?       
crisis2 ,:]eas a public heal? crisis is 
def9$ z meet+ f\r crit]ia-- 7#a7 !      
condition affects _m p1 is se5 z a ?reat
 to ! public1 & is cont9u+ to increase2 
7#b7 ! condition is di/ribut$ unfairly2 
7#c7 prev5tive measures c\ld r$uce !    
effects ( ! condition2 &  7#d7 ^?       
prev5tive measures are n yet 9 place2   
,:]eas gun viol5ce meets ! crit]ia ( a  
public heal? crisis2 ,:]eas1 9 #aigi1 ! 
,surgeon ,g5]al id5tifi$ viol5t behavior
 z a key public heal? priority2 ,:]eas1 
9 #aiib1 ! ,c5t]s = ,disease ,control & 

,prev5tion e/abli%$ ! ,national ,c5t] = 
,injury ,prev5tion & ,control z ! lead  
,f$]al organization = viol5ce prev5tion2
 ,:]eas ! ,c5t]s = ,disease ,control &  
,prev5tion outl9es a #d-/ep public heal?
 approa* to viol5ce prev5tion1 root$ 9 !
 sci5tific me?od1 :i* requires (ficials 
to-- 7#a7 def9e & monitor ! problem2    
7#b7 id5tify risk & protective factors2 
7#c7 develop & te/ prev5tion /rategies2 
&  7#d7 assure widespread adoption2     
,:]eas1 9 ,july #bjbd1 "u ,presid5t     
,joseph ,bid51 ! !n-,unit$ ,/ates       
,surgeon ,g5]al1 ,vivek ,mur?y1         
(ficially issu$ an advisory (ficially   
recogniz+ fire>m viol5ce z a critical   
public heal? crisis2 ,:]eas1 9 ,m>*     
#bjbe1 "u ,presid5t ,donald ,trump1 !   
public heal? crisis advisory 0 wip$ f ! 
,dep>tm5t ( ,heal? & ,humans ,s]vices'  
website2 ,:]eas a ,f$]al public heal?   
crisis decl>ation def9es gun viol5ce z a
 p]vasive heal? issue & al]ts ! ,nation 
( ! ne$ to enact imm$iate & effective   
cross-gov]nm5tal ef=ts to prev5t gun    

viol5ce2 & ,:]eas su* decl>ation        
requires ! response ( ! ,gov]nm5t to    
engage significant res\rces to emp[] ^? 
communities t are impact$3 ,n[1 !re=e1  
be x ,t ! ,h\se ( ,repres5tatives-- 7#a7
 decl>es gun viol5ce a public heal?     
crisis 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates2  7#b7 supports
 ! resolutions draft$1 introduc$1 &     
adopt$ by cities1 localities1 & ,/ates  
across ! ,nation decl>+ gun viol5ce a   
public heal? crisis or em]g5cy2  7#c7   
urges a coord9at$ :ole-(-gov]nm5t ef=t  
to address+ ! gun viol5ce public heal?  
crisis & ensur+ ! safety ( all *ildr52  
7#d7 urges ! ,c5t]s = ,disease ,control 
& ,prev5tion to cont9ue its "w utiliz+ !
 f\r-/ep public heal? approa* to viol5ce
 prev5tion & collaborate ) o!r ,f$]al   
,gov]nm5t ag5cies to resolve ! gun      
viol5ce public heal? crisis2  7#e7 urges
 ! ,c5t]s = ,disease ,control &         
,prev5tion to exp& its rese>* & data    
collection capabilities p]ta9+ to gun   
viol5ce prev5tion2  7#f7 urges !        
,surgeon ,g5]al to issue a report on    

fire>m injuries & viol5ce prev5tion2 &  
7#g7 commits to end+ ! gun viol5ce      
public heal? crisis s t all p c enjoy   
life1 lib]ty1 & ! pursuit ( happ9ess4