,,iv  #aai? ,,congress  #a/ ,session    
,h4 ,,res4 #gid  ,,9 ,,! ,,h\se ,,(     
,,repres5tatives  ,octob] #h1 #bjbe,ms4 
,davids ( ,kansas submitt$ ! foll[+     
resolution2 :i* 0 ref]r$ to ! ,committee
 on ,ov]sight & ,gov]nm5t ,re=m         
,,resolution  ,recogniz+ ! week (       
,septemb] #cj? z ,national ,orange ,%irt
 ,week or ,national ,week (             
,remembrance1 :i* aims to honor ^? :o 7 
=c$ to att5d ,indian bo>d+ s*ools1 & to 
recognize ! exp]i5ce ( ,indian bo>d+    
s*ool victims & survivors4  ,:]eas      
assimilation processes1 su* z ! ,indian 
,bo>d+ ,s*ool ,policies1 7 adopt$ by !  
,unit$ ,/ates ,gov]nm5t to /rip ,am]ican
 ,indian1 ,alaska ,native1 & ,native    
,hawaiian *ildr5 ( _! ,indig5\s         
id5tities1 beliefs1 & languages to      
assimilate !m into non-,native culture  
?r\gh f$]ally fund$ & controll$         
,*ri/ian-run s*ools1 :i* _h ! int5t &1 9
 _m cases1 ! effect1 ( t]m9ation1 ) dire
 & int5tional consequ5ces on ! cultures 
& languages ( ,indig5\s peoples2 ,:]eas 

assimilation processes c be trac$ back  
to--  7#a7 ! enactm5t ( ! ,act ( ,m>*   
#c1 #ahai 7#c ,/at4 #eaf1 *apt] #he7    
7commonly kn[n z ! ,indian ,civilization
 ,fund ,act ( #ahai71 :i* creat$ a fund 
to adm9i/] ! education1 heal?c>e1 &     
rations promis$ to ,tribal nations "u   
treaties ^? ,tribal nations _h ) !      
,unit$ ,/ates2 &  7#b7 ! ,grant         
,adm9i/ration's peace policy ) ,tribal  
nations 9 #ahfh1 :i*1 among o!r ?+s1    
au?oriz$ am\nts 9 ! fund e/abli%$ "u !  
,act ( ,m>* #c1 #ahai 7#c ,/at4 #eaf1   
*apt] #he7 7commonly kn[n z ! ,indian   
,civilization ,fund ,act ( #ahai71 to be
 us$ by *ur*es2  ,:]eas1 accord+ to     
rese>* f ! ,national ,native ,am]ican   
,bo>d+ ,s*ool ,heal+ ,coalition1 !      
,f$]al ,gov]nm5t fund$ *ur*-run bo>d+   
s*ools = ,native ,am]icans f #ahai ?r\gh
 ! #aifjs "u ! ,act ( ,m>* #c1 #ahai 7#c
 ,/at4 #eaf1 *apt] #he71 :i* au?oriz$ ! 
=c$ removal ( hundr$s ( ?\s&s ( ,am]ican
 ,indian & ,alaska ,native *ildr5 z "y z
 #c ye>s old1 relocat+ !m f _!          

traditional homel&s to #a ( at lea/ #ebf
 kn[n ,indian bo>d+ s*ools1 ( :i* #abe  
rema9 op5 today1 across #ch ,/ates2     
,:]eas1 beg9n+ 9 #ahbj1 mission>ies f ! 
,unit$ ,/ates arriv$ 9 ,hawaii1 br++ a  
simil> desire to civilize ,native       
,hawaiians & conv]t ,hawaiian hea!ns to 
,*ri/ians1 e/abli%+ day s*ools & bo>d+  
s*ools t foll[$ models fir/ impos$ on   
,tribal nations on ! ,ea/ ,coa/ ( !     
,unit$ ,/ates2 ,:]eas1 z e/imat$ by     
,david ,wallace ,adams1 pr(essor em]itus
 ( hi/ory & education at ,clevel& ,/ate 
,univ]sity 9 ,ohio1 by #aibf1 ne>ly #hc 
p]c5t ( ,am]ican ,indian & ,alaska      
,native s*ool-age *ildr5 7 enroll$ 9    
,indian bo>d+ s*ools 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 
b1 ! full ext5t ( ! ,indian ,bo>d+      
,s*ool ,policies has yet to be fully    
exam9$ by--  7#a7 ! ,f$]al ,gov]nm5t or 
! *ur*es :o ran ^? s*ools2 or  7#b7 o!r 
entities :o pr(it$ f ! exi/5ce ( ^?     
s*ools2  ,:]eas1 9 #ahgh1 ,g5]al ,pratt 
br\ght a gr\p ( ,am]ican ,indian w>riors
 held z prison]s ( w> to :at 0 !n kn[n z

 ! ,hampton ,agricultural & ,indu/rial  
,s*ool 9 ,hampton1 ,virg9ia1 = a        
resid5tial exp]im5t 9 ! education (     
,indig5\s p2 ,:]eas1 prior to arriv+ to 
! ,hampton ,agricultural & ,indu/rial   
,s*ool 9 #ahgh1 ! ,am]ican ,indian      
w>riors held z prison]s ( w> _h already 
sp5t #c ye>s imprison$1 dur+ :i* "t !y 7
 =c$ to %ave _! traditionally gr[n hair1
 dress 9 milit>y uni=ms1 p>ticipate 9   
,*ri/ian wor%ip s]vices1 & adopt an     
,engli% "n2 ,:]eas ,g5]al ,samuel ,c4   
,arm/rong1 f\nd] &1 9 #ahgh1 pr9cipal1 (
 ! ,hampton ,agricultural & ,indu/rial  
,s*ool1 0 influ5c$ by 8 p>5ts & o!r     
mission>ies 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates involv$ 9 
! education ( ,native ,hawaiian *ildr52 
,:]eas ,g5]al ,arm/rong model$ !        
,hampton ,agricultural & ,indu/rial     
,s*ool aft] ! ,hilo ,bo>d+ ,s*ool 9     
,hawai'i1 a mission>y-run bo>d+ s*ool t 
t>get$ high p]=m+ ,native ,hawaiians to 
become indoctr9at$ 9 ,prote/ant         
ideology1 :i* 0 simil> to bo>d+ s*ools  
l$ by mission>ies 9 ! simil>ly sov]eign 

,five ,tribes ( ,oklahoma1 includ+ !    
,*]okee & ,*ickasaw2 ,:]eas1 9 addition 
to br++ a gr\p ( ,am]ican ,indian       
w>riors held z prison]s ( w> to !       
,hampton ,agricultural & ,indu/rial     
,s*ool 9 #ahgh1 ,g5]al ,pratt influ5c$  
,%eldon ,jackson1 a ,presbyt]ian        
mission>y :o1 9 #ahhe1 0 appo9t$ by !   
,secret>y ( ! ,int]ior to be a ,g5]al   
,ag5t ( ,education 9 ! ,alaska          
,t]ritory2 ,:]eas ,hampton ,agricultural
 & ,indu/rial ,s*ool cont9u$ z a bo>d+  
s*ool = ,am]ican ,indians1 ,alaska      
,natives1 & ,native ,hawaiians until    
#aibc2 ,:]eas1 f\nd$ 9 #ahgi1 ! ,c>lisle
 ,indian ,indu/rial ,s*ool set ! prec$5t
 = gov]nm5t-fund$1 (f-res]vation ,indian
 bo>d+ s*ools 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 :]e m  
?an #aj1jjj ,am]ican ,indian & ,alaska  
,native *ildr5 7 enroll$ f m ?an #adj   
,indian ,tribes2 ,:]eas ,indian bo>d+   
s*ools1 & ! policies t creat$1 fund$1 & 
fuel$ _! exi/5ce1 7 design$ to          
assimilate ,am]ican ,indian1 ,alaska    
,native1 & ,native ,hawaiian *ildr5 into

 non-,native culture by /ripp+ !m ( _!  
cultural id5tities1 (t5 ?r\gh physical1 
sexual1 psy*ological1 indu/rial1 &      
spiritual abuse & neglect2 ,:]eas _m ( !
 *ildr5 :o 7 tak5 to ,indian bo>d+      
s*ools did n survive1 & ( ^? :o did     
survive1 _m nev] return$ to _! p>5ts1   
ext5d$ families1 & communities2 ,:]eas  
at ! ,c>lisle ,indian ,indu/rial ,s*ool 
alone1 approximately #ahj ,am]ican      
,indian & ,alaska ,native *ildr5 7      
buri$2 ,:]eas1 accord+ to rese>* f !    
,national ,native ,am]ican ,bo>d+ ,s*ool
 ,heal+ ,coalition-- 7#a7 :ile att5d+   
,indian bo>d+ s*ools1 ,am]ican ,indian1 
,alaska ,native1 & ,native ,hawaiian    
*ildr5 suff]$ additional physical1      
sexual1 psy*ological1 indu/rial1 &      
spiritual abuse & neglect z !y 7 s5t to 
non-,native homes & bus9esses =         
involunt>y & unpaid manual labor "w dur+
 ! summ]s2  7#b7 _m ,am]ican ,indian1   
,alaska ,native1 & ,native ,hawaiian    
*ildr5 escap$ f ,indian bo>d+ s*ools by 
runn+ away & succumb$ to ! elem5ts1 :ile

 ^? :o did survive ei!r return$ to _!   
communities or 7 =c$ back to ! ,indian  
bo>d+ s*ool to be puni%$2  7#c7 _m      
,am]ican ,indian1 ,alaska ,native1 &    
,native ,hawaiian *ildr5 di$ at         
hospitals neighbor+ ,indian bo>d+       
s*ools1 includ+ ! ,puyallup ,indian     
,s*ool t op5$ 9 #ahfj1 :i* 0 fir/ r5am$ 
! ,cu%man ,indian ,s*ool 9 #aiaj & !n ! 
,cu%man ,hospital 9 #aiah2 &  7#d7 _m ( 
! ,am]ican ,indian & ,alaska ,native    
*ildr5 :o di$ :ile att5d+ ,indian bo>d+ 
s*ools or neighbor+ hospitals 7 buri$ 9 
unm>k$ graves or (f-campus cemet]ies2   
,:]eas1 accord+ to indep5d5t gr\nd      
p5etrat+ rad> & magnetometry rese>*     
commission$ by ! ,national ,native      
,am]ican ,bo>d+ ,s*ool ,heal+           
,coalition1 evid5ce ( ^? unm>k$ graves &
 (f-campus cemet]ies has be5 f\nd1      
includ+--  7#a7 unm>k$ graves at ,*emawa
 ,indian ,s*ool 9 ,salem1 ,oregon2 &    
7#b7 rema9s ( *ildr5 :o 7 burn$ 9       
inc9]ators at ,indian bo>d+ s*ools2     
,:]eas1 accord+ to rese>* f ! ,national 

,native ,am]ican ,bo>d+ ,s*ool ,heal+   
,coalition1 inaccurate1 scatt]$1 & miss+
 s*ool records make x difficult =       
families to locate _! lov$ ones2 ,:]eas 
p>5ts ( ! ,am]ican ,indian1 ,alaska     
,native1 & ,native ,hawaiian *ildr5 :o 7
 =cibly remov$ f or co]c$ into leav+ _! 
homes & plac$ 9 ,indian bo>d+ s*ools 7  
prohibit$ f visit+ or engag+ 9          
correspond5ce ) _! *ildr52 ,:]eas p>5tal
 resi/ance to compliance ) ! h>%        
no-contact policy result$ 9 ! p>5ts be+ 
inc>c]at$ or los+ access to basic human 
rights1 food rations1 & clo?+2 ,:]eas1 9
 #bjac1 po/-traumatic /ress disord]     
rates among ,am]ican ,indian & ,alaska  
,native y\? 7 #c-times ! g5]al public1 !
 same rates = po/-traumatic /ress       
disord] among vet]ans2 ,:]eas1 9 #bjad1 
! ,:ite ,h\se ,report on ,native ,y\?   
decl>$ a /ate ( em]g5cy due to a suicide
 epidemic among ,am]ican ,indian &      
,alaska ,native y\?2 ,:]eas ! #bjah     
,brok5 ,promises ,report publi%$ by !   
,unit$ ,/ates ,commission on ,civil     

,rights report$ t ,am]ican ,indian &    
,alaska ,native communities cont9ue to  
exp]i5ce int]g5]ational trauma result+ f
 exp]i5ces 9 ,indian bo>d+ s*ools1 :i*  
divid$ cultural family /ructures1 damag$
 ,indig5\s id5tities1 & inflict$ *ronic 
psy*ological ramifications on ,am]ican  
,indian & ,alaska ,native *ildr5 &      
families2 ,:]eas ! ,c5t]s = ,disease    
,control & ,prev5tion ,kais] ,p]man5te  
,adv]se ,*ildhood ,exp]i5ces ,/udy %[s t
 adv]se or traumatic *ildhood exp]i5ces 
disrupt bra9 developm5t1 lead+ to a     
high] likelihood ( negative heal?       
outcomes z adults1 includ+ he>t disease1
 obesity1 diabetes1 autoimmune diseases1
 & e>ly dea?2 ,:]eas ,am]ican ,indians1 
,alaska ,natives1 & ,native ,hawaiians  
suff] f disproportional rates ( ea* ( ^?
 diseases comp>$ to ! national av]age2  
,:]eas ! long/&+ int5d$ consequ5ces &   
ramifications ( ! treatm5t ( ,am]ican   
,indian1 ,alaska ,native1 & ,native     
,hawaiian *ildr51 families1 &           
communities because ( ,f$]al policies & 

! fund+ ( ,indian bo>d+ s*ools cont9ue  
to impact ,native communities ?r\gh     
int]g5]ational trauma1 cycles ( viol5ce 
& abuse1 disappe>ance1 heal? disp>ities1
 sub/ance abuse1 premature dea?s1       
additional undocum5t$ physical1 sexual1 
psy*ological1 indu/rial1 & spiritual    
abuse & neglect1 & trauma2 ,:]eas1      
accord+ to ! ,*ild ,removal ,survey     
conduct$ by ! ,national ,native ,am]ican
 ,bo>d+ ,s*ool ,heal+ ,coalition1 !     
,fir/ ,nations ,repatriation ,in/itute1 
& ! ,univ]sity ( ,m9nesota1 #ge p]c5t ( 
,indian bo>d+ s*ool survivors :o        
respond$ to ! survey _h attempt$        
suicide1 & ne>ly half ( respond5ts to ! 
survey report$ be+ diagnos$ ) a m5tal   
heal? condition2 ,:]eas ! cont9u+ la/+  
implications ( ! ,indian ,bo>d+ ,s*ool  
,policies & ! physical1 sexual1         
psy*ological1 indu/rial1 & spiritual    
abuse & neglect ( ,am]ican ,indian &    
,alaska ,native *ildr5 & families       
influ5c$ ! pres5t-day op]ation ( ,bureau
 ( ,indian ,education-op]at$ s*ools2    

,:]eas ,bureau ( ,indian                
,education-op]at$ s*ools h (t5 fail$ to 
meet ! _m ne$s ( ne>ly #ej1jjj ,am]ican 
,indian & ,alaska ,native /ud5ts across 
#bc ,/ates2 ,:]eas1 9 ,alaska1 :]e !re  
are no ,bureau ( ,indian                
,education-fund$ elem5t>y & second>y    
s*ools1 ! ,/ate public education sy/em  
(t5 fails to meet ! ne$s ( ,alaska      
,native /ud5ts1 families1 & communities2
 ,:]eas ! assimilation policies impos$  
on ,am]ican ,indians1 ,alaska ,natives1 
& ,native ,hawaiians dur+ ! ,indian     
bo>d+ s*ool era h be5 replicat$ ?r\gh   
o!r ,f$]al actions & programs1 includ+ !
 ,indian ,adoption ,project 9 effect f  
#aieh to #aifg1 :i* plac$ ,am]ican      
,indian & ,alaska ,native *ildr5 9      
non-,indian h\seholds & in/itutions =   
fo/] c>e or adoption2 ,:]eas !          
,association on ,am]ican ,indian        
,affairs report$ t ! cont9uation (      
assimilation policies ?r\gh ,f$]al      
,am]ican ,indian & ,alaska ,native      
adoption & fo/] c>e programs betwe5     

#aida to #aifg sep>at$ z _m z "o-?ird ( 
,am]ican ,indian & ,alaska ,native      
*ildr5 f _! families 9 ,tribal          
communities2 ,:]eas1 9 "s ,/ates1 great]
 ?an #ej p]c5t ( fo/] c>e *ildr5 9 ,/ate
 adoption sy/ems are ,am]ican ,indian1  
,alaska ,native1 or ,native ,hawaiian   
*ildr51 includ+ 9 ,alaska1 :]e ov] #fj  
p]c5t ( *ildr5 9 fo/] c>e are ,alaska   
,native2 ,:]eas ! g5]al lack ( public   
aw>5ess1 acc\ntability1 education1      
in=mation1 & ackn[l$gm5t ( ! ongo+ &    
direct impacts ( ! ,indian ,bo>d+ ,s*ool
 ,policies & relat$ int]g5]ational      
trauma p]si/s1 signal+ ! ov]due ne$ = an
 inve/igative ,f$]al commission to fur!r
 docum5t & expose assimilation &        
t]m9ation ef=ts to eradicate ! cultures 
& languages ( ,indig5\s peoples         
implem5t$ "u ,indian ,bo>d+ ,s*ool      
,policies2 & ,:]eas1 9 ! secret>ial     
memor&um entitl$ ,f$]al ,indian ,bo>d+  
,s*ool ,initiative & dat$ ,june #bb1    
#bjba1 ,secret>y ( ! ,int]ior ,debra    
,haal& /at$ ! foll[+3 ,! assimilationi/ 

policies ( ! pa/ are contr>y to !       
doctr9e ( tru/ responsibility1 "u :i* ! 
,f$]al ,gov]nm5t mu/ promote ,tribal    
self-gov]nance & cultural integrity4    
,nev]!less1 ! legacy ( ,indian bo>d+    
s*ools rema9s1 manife/+ itself 9        
,indig5\s communities ?r\gh             
int]g5]ational trauma1 cycles ( viol5ce 
& abuse1 disappe>ance1 premature dea?s1 
& o!r undocum5t$ bodily & m5tal         
impacts43 ,n[1 !re=e1 be x  ,t ! ,h\se (
 ,repres5tatives recognizes ,national   
,orange ,%irt ,week or ,national ,week (
 ,remembrance1 :i* aims to honor ^? :o 7
 =c$ to att5d ,indian bo>d+ s*ools1 & to
 recognize ! exp]i5ce ( ,indian bo>d+   
s*ool victims & survivors4