,,iv  #aai? ,,congress  #a/ ,session    
,h4 ,,res4 #dad  ,,9 ,,! ,,h\se ,,(     
,,repres5tatives  ,may #ae1 #bjbe ,ms4  
,lee ( ,p5nsylvania 7= h]self1 ,ms4     
,pressley1 ,ms4 ,tlaib1 ,ms4 ,om>1 ,mrs4
 ,ramirez1 ,mr4 ,?an$>1 ,mr4 ,jackson ( 
,ill9ois1 ,ms4 ,crockett1 ,mrs4 ,f\%ee1 
,mrs4 ,mc,iver1 ,ms4 ,simon1 ,ms4       
,williams ( ,georgia1 ,mr4 ,johnson (   
,georgia1 & ,mr4 ,gre5 ( ,texas7        
submitt$ ! foll[+ resolution2 :i* 0     
ref]r$ to ! ,committee on ! ,judici>y   
,,resolution  ,recogniz+ t ! ,unit$     
,/ates has a moral & legal obligation to
 provide rep>ations = ! crime (         
enslavem5t ( ,africans & its la/+ h>m on
 ! lives ( millions ( ,black p 9 !      
,unit$ ,/ates4  ,:]eas ,black p are1 & h
 always be51 human be+s1 yet ! ,f$]al   
,gov]nm5t has hi/orically fail$ to      
recognize our dignity & humanity2 ,:]eas
 rep>ations are def9$ z a victim-c5t]$  
process by :i* survivors ( atrocities & 
s]i\s human rights violations1 & _!     
desc5dants1 h ! "r to seek re/itution1  

comp5sation1 rehabilitation1            
satisfaction1 & gu>antees (             
non-repetition = pa/ & ongo+ h>ms2      
,:]eas to meet ! int]national legal     
obligation ( rep>ations1 ! ,f$]al       
,gov]nm5t mu/ comp5sate desc5dants (    
enslav$ ,black p & p ( ,african desc5t 9
 ! ,unit$ ,/ates to acc\nt = ! crimes & 
h>ms ( *attel slav]y1 ! cumulative      
damages ( enslavem5t1 & ! epo*s ( legal 
& de facto segregation2 ,:]eas ! ,f$]al 
,gov]nm5t is responsible =--  7#a7      
policies t l$ to ! economic1 political1 
& social erosion ( ,black communities2  
7#b7 fail+ to keep ,black p safe f or   
actively sanction+ ,:ite dome/ic        
t]rorism & fail+ to prosecute x :5 x    
occurr$2  7#c7 ! impacts (              
gov]nm5t-impos$ segregation lead+ to    
h>mful heal? outcomes & environm5tal    
racism2  7#d7 ! ongo+ h>ms ( racializ$  
mass inc>c]ation & family sep>ation1    
oppressive & abusive crim9alization1 & !
 cont9u$ impact ( emb$d$ hi/orical h>ms 
( ! crim9al legal sy/em on ,black p &   

,black communities2 &  7#e7 bank+1      
consum]1 h\s+1 heal?1 education1 &      
employm5t discrim9ation2 ,:]eas         
rep>ations mu/ be adm9i/]$ by ! ,f$]al  
,gov]nm5t to desc5dants ( enslav$ ,black
 p & p ( ,african desc5t = sanction+ !  
kidnapp+ & traffick+ ( human be+s1      
creat+ & ma9ta9+ a viol5t racial hi]>*y1
 emb$d+ slav]y & o!r me?ods ( economic  
exploitation into ! fabric ( society1 & 
embold5+ ,:ite supremacy ) legal1       
social1 & economic tools ( control2     
,:]eas ! full l5g? ( legaliz$ slav]y's  
impact on ,black weal? creation &       
well-be+ today1 includ+ ! ne>ly #cjj    
ye>s ( *attel slav]y f ! ye> #aejb1 :5  
enslav$ ,africans 7 br\ght to           
,hispaniola & lat] _! desc5dants br\ght 
to ,unit$ ,/ates t]ritory1 to ! ye>     
#aghi1 :5 ! fir/ ,congress met1 mu/ be  
recogniz$ & fully acc\nt$ =2 ,:]eas1 ov]
 ! c\rse ( ne>ly #cjj ye>s1 at lea/     
#ab1ejj1jjj ,africans 7 kidnapp$ f _!   
homel&s by ,european trad]s & =cibly    
br\ght across ! ,atlantic ,ocean 9 "o ( 

! l>ge/ =c$ displacem5ts 9 human hi/ory1
 & at lea/ #b1jjj1jjj did n survive !   
horrify+1 brutal1 & gruel+ j\rney across
 ! ,atlantic1 also kn[n z ! ,middle     
,passage & ,maafa2 ,:]eas =cibly sep>at+
 ,black families1 (t5 ) memb]s be+      
transf]r$ to ! ,c>ibbean1 0 a murd]\s & 
tortu\s reality = millions ( enslav$ p  
:o _h to endure sep>ation f lov$ ones !y
 c\ld no long] talk to or keep 9 contact
 )1 p]petuat+ deep psy*ological &       
emotional trauma2 ,:]eas ,spani%        
coloniz]s br\ght enslav$ ,africans to   
mod]n-day ,florida 9 #aefe2 ,:]eas      
#afai1 a ye> be=e ! ,mayfl[] arriv$ on  
,am]ican %ores1 m>k$ ! fir/ ye> ,:ite   
,virg9ians pur*as$ ar\nd #cj enslav$    
,angolans f ,portuguese trad]s :o 7     
=cefully transport$ ?r\gh !             
trans-,atlantic slave trade1 !reaft]    
laun*+ a viol5t sy/em ( racial          
subjugation1 exploitation1 & g5ocide2   
,:]eas1 f ! ,nation's f\nd+ 9 #aggf1    
,f$]al policies produc$ & su/a9$ !      
in/itution ( slav]y1 ?us volunt>ily     

accept+ ! ,briti% legacy ( ! in/itution1
 & ) x1 ! responsibility to provide     
rep>ations2 ,:]eas ! ,f\nd]s 9 draft+ ! 
,con/itution pres]v$ slav]y & racializ$ 
social /ratification ?r\gh sy/emic      
measures1 )\t ne$+ to explicitly m5tion 
h>mful int5t & racializ$ impacts2 ,:]eas
 ! ,f\nd]s & _! contempor>ies und]/ood  
fre$om & lib]ty 9 direct relation to    
enslav$ p & 9 _! capacity to enslave    
,black p2 ,:]eas ! trade 9 &            
*attelization ( human be+s is ref]5c$ 9 
#c sections ( ! ,con/itution1 namely    
article ,i1 section #i1 clause #a1 :i*  
expressly sanction$ ! cont9uation ( !   
int]national slave trade = #bj ye>s1    
article ,i1 section #b1 clause #c1 :i*  
upheld ! fur!r dehumanization ( !       
,african by relegat+ _! /atus to t (    
?ree-fif?s ( a ,:ite man1 & article     
,,iv1 section #b1 clause #c1 :i*        
egregi\sly m&at$ ! capture & return to  
enslavem5t ( fugitives2 ,:]eas ! sy/em (
 enslavem5t s]v$ to unite all ,?irte5   
,colonies "u ! bann] ( ,:ite supremacy2 

,:]eas1 ( ! ,nation's fir/ #ab          
,presid5ts1 #aj enslav$ ,black p2 ,:]eas
 ,presid5t ,james ,k4 ,polk trad$       
enslav$ ,black p f ! ,oval ,(fice2      
,:]eas enslav$ ,black p built ! ,unit$  
,/ates ,capitol & ! ,:ite ,h\se2 ,:]eas 
m ?an #a1gjj ,unit$ ,/ates              
,congressional ,memb]s :o s]v$ 9 ! #ah?1
 #ai?1 & #bj? c5turies _h enslav$ ,black
 p1 includ+ ! fir/ woman elect$ to !    
,unit$ ,/ates ,s5ate1 ,s5ator ,rebecca  
,latim] ,felton2 ,:]eas ! ,dr$ ,scott v4
 ,san=d legal rul+ 9 #aheg1 :i* decid$ t
 enslav$ ,black p 7 n citiz5s ( ! ,unit$
 ,/ates "u article ,,iii1 0 decid$ by #e
 slavehold+ ,supreme ,c\rt ,ju/ices1    
includ+ ,*ief ,ju/ice ,rog] ,b4 ,taney &
 ,associate ,ju/ices ,john ,campbell1   
,john ,catron1 ,pet] ,daniel1 & ,james  
,moore ,wayne2 ,:]eas ! horrors ( *attel
 slav]y are immeasurable & h l$ to      
g5]ational trauma = millions ( ,black p2
 ,:]eas enslav$ p 7 prohibit$ & d5i$ !  
"r to ma9ta9 _! indig5\s languages1     
fai?s1 & cultural practices & traditions

 f ,africa2 ,:]eas ! mo/ productive     
enslav$ p 7 (t5 :ipp$ ! mo/ viol5tly & 7
 (t5 us$ z bre$]s to save slave own]s f 
pur*as+ enslav$ p]sons2 ,:]eas ! ban on 
importation ( ,africans = enslavem5t 0  
implem5t$ 9 #ahjh1 driv+ trade und]gr\nd
 & increas+ ! numb]s ( enslav$ p ?r\gh  
*ildbir? z ! sole me?od available2      
,:]eas millions ( enslav$ ,black adults 
& *ildr5 7 r\t9ely rap$1 sexually       
assault$1 & tortur$ at ! h&s ( _! ,:ite 
enslav]s1 & o!rs 7 pur*as$ & =c$ to /aff
 bro!ls1 all ( :i* re9=c$ ,:ite male    
dom9ance & g5d] hi]>*y2 ,:]eas ! rape ( 
enslav$ ,black wom5 grew s r\t9e t "s h 
calculat$ t ov] #fj p]c5t ( enslav$ wom5
 & girls exp]i5c$ sexual co]cion & rape 
9 _! lives1 & t #a out ( e #f ,black    
p]sons born into captivity 9 #ahfj 0    
born z a byproduct ( ! rape ( a "y1     
te5age1 enslav$ girl2 ,:]eas infant     
mortality rates on plantations 7        
incr$ibly high1 & 9 ! ,s\?1 #ej p]c5t ( 
enslav$ infants 7 /illborn or di$ )9 !  
fir/ ye> ( life 9 ! e>ly #ahjjs2 ,:]eas 

! enslavem5t ( ,black p became an       
indisp5sable economic driv] 9 ! ,unit$  
,/ates1 all[+ ,:ite ,am]icans 9 bo? !   
,s\? & ! ,nor? to enjoy ! pr(it ( unpaid
 & dehumaniz+ labor2 ,:]eas ! enslavem5t
 ( ,black p & ! c\ntry's commitm5t to   
us+ unfl9*+ viol5ce & oppression creat$ 
an endless supply ( labor-enri*$ ,:ite  
slave-own]s & _! desc5dants1 fuel$ !    
c\ntry's economy :ile suppress+         
self-det]m9ation & weal?-build+ =       
enslav$ ,black p1 & po/emancipation1    
left newly fre$ ,black p ) z]o weal? &  
l&less1 ) a lack ( education1 poor      
heal?1 & sev]$ family & homel& ties2    
,:]eas ! economy ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates 0    
f\nd$ on ! production ( tobacco1 rice1  
sug>1 & cotton1 all ( :i* 7 plant$1     
h>ve/$1 & produc$ by enslav$ ,black p2  
,:]eas ! economy ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 9   
bo? ! ,nor? & ,s\?1 fl\ri%$ z a result (
 ,black traffick+1 torture1 &           
exploitation2 ,:]eas1 :ile ,new ,york   
began to aboli% slav]y 9 #agii1 ,new    
,york]s inve/$ heavily 9 ! ,s\!rn       

plantations1 insur$ enslav$ p z         
collat]al1 produc$ ! agricultural tools 
t 7 us$ 9 ,s\!rn plantations1 & fund$ ! 
build+ ( %ips t 7 us$ to traffic enslav$
 p2 ,:]eas1 by #ahca1 ! ,unit$ ,/ates 0 
deliv]+ ne>ly half ! _w's raw cotton    
crop z a result ( *attel slav]y2 ,:]eas1
 f #ahja to #ahfb1 ! am\nt ( cotton     
pick$ daily by an enslav$ p]son increas$
 by #djj p]c5t2 ,:]eas cotton produc$ by
 enslav$ p accel]at$ worldwide comm]cial
 m>kets 9 ! #ai? c5tury1 creat+ dem& =  
innovative contracts1 novel f9ancial    
products1 & mod]n =ms ( insurance &     
cr$it t w def9e f9ancial m>kets =       
c5turies to come2 ,:]eas1 9 #ahfa1 !    
value plac$ on cotton produc$ by enslav$
 ,black p 0 #bej1jjj1jjj1 or m ?an      
#h1bjj1jjj1jjj today2 ,:]eas ! bodies ( 
enslav$ p1 gorg$ & congeal$ 9 ! "n (    
,:ite supremaci/ hate1 became ! s+le    
l>ge/ f9ancial asset ( prop]ty 9 !      
,unit$ ,/ates t 7 pur*as$ ?r\gh loans1  
repaid ) int]e/1 & insur$ ) exorbitant  
policies2 ,:]eas ! v5d+1 b>t]+1 & sell+ 

( enslav$ p1 & ) x ! =c$ sep>ation (    
,black families1 became a self-su/a9+   
economy br++ 9 trillions ( doll>s across
 ! ,unit$ ,/ates2 ,:]eas ,:ite slave[n]s
 us$ enslav$ p z p>tial to full         
collat]al 9 #h out ( #aj loans to access
 m weal? & res\rces1 (t5 to pur*ase m   
enslav$ p2 ,:]eas enslav$ p !mselves    
became commodities t1 by #ahfj1 7 valu$ 
at ov] #d1jjj1jjj1jjj2 ,:]eas1 9 #aheg1 
9 ! ,dr$ ,scott v4 ,san=d decision1 !   
,supreme ,c\rt held t ,black p 7 n      
citiz5s ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & !re=e1 _h  
no rights to be respect$1 !reby fur!r   
codify+ ,:ite supremacy into law2 ,:]eas
 ! in/itution ( slav]y 0 s p[]ful &     
corrosive t x help$ to bo? create !     
weal? ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & also ?reat5$ 
to entirely de/roy ! fabric ( ! ,union  
dur+ ! ,civil ,w>2 ,:]eas #gh p]c5t (   
milit>y-age free ,black m5 s]v$ 9 !     
,union ,army1 & #bjj1jjj ,black m5      
enli/$ 9 ! ,union to fight dur+ ! ,civil
 ,w>1 acc\nt+ = #a 9 #aj ,union soldi]s2
 ,:]eas ,conf$]ate soldi]s (t5 kill$    

,black soldi]s r ?an capture !m1 & also 
enslav$ ,black w> captives dur+ ! ,civil
 ,w>2 ,:]eas ,presid5t ,abraham ,l9coln 
sign$ ! ,home/ead ,act 9 #ahfb1 :i* by  
#aicd1 :5 ! ,act end$1 _h grant$ m ?an  
#bgj1jjj1jjj acres ( l& 9 ! ,we/ to     
,:ite p virtually = free2 ,:]eas1 ev5   
aft] ! ,emancipation ,proclamation1     
,conf$]ate ,/ates ignor$ ,l9coln's      
emancipation ord] & ma9ta9$ ! in/itution
 ( slav]y2 ,:]eas slav]y did n legally  
end until #ahfe1 ) ! close ( ! ,civil   
,w>2 ,:]eas1 :ile ! #ac? ,am5dm5t is    
kn[n to h aboli%$ slav]y & ind5tur$     
s]vitude1 x made an exception = ^?      
convict$ ( crimes2 ,:]eas1 r ?an %r9k+  
aft] ! te*nical abolition ( slav]y1     
,s\!rn plantations increas$ 9 size1 z = 
example1 ! numb] ( ,l\isiana plantations
 9 select$ p>i%es increas$ by #bhf p]c5t
 betwe5 #ahfj & #ahhj2 ,:]eas1 foll[+ ! 
,civil ,w>1 9 #ahfe1 ,conf$]ate vet]ans 
f\nd$ ! ,ku ,klux ,klan1 a gr\p t w\ld  
unlea% g5ocidal viol5ce & a reign (     
t]ror across ! c\ntry = decades to come2

 ,:]eas ! ,f$]al ,gov]nm5t provid$      
rep>ations to ,:ite slave[n]s 9 !       
,di/rict ( ,columbia = ! loss ( human   
prop]ty ?r\gh ! ,comp5sat$ ,emancipation
 ,act ( #ahfb1 :ile nev] address+ ! ne$ 
= re/itution to enslav$ ,black p & _!   
desc5dants2 ,:]eas ! ,bureau (          
,refugees1 ,fre$m51 & ,ab&on$ ,l&s      
,bureau1 also kn[n z ! ,fre$m5's        
,bureau1 0 e/abli%$ to provide economic 
& social aid to =m]ly enslav$ ,black p 9
 #ahfe1 b 0 ev5tually loot$ & corrupt$  
by ,:ite politicians & bus9essm51       
result+ 9 its demise 9 #ahgb1 & 9 m ?an 
#fj1jjj ,black p & organizations los+ _!
 deposits & hav+ to wait ye>s = only a  
fraction ( !m to be return$2 ,:]eas1    
,callie ,h\se1 a =m]ly enslav$ ,black   
woman1 alongside ,rev]5d ,isaiah        
,dick]son1 f\nd$ ! ,ex-,slave ,mutual   
,relief1 ,b\nty & ,p5sion ,association 9
 #ahih1 9 a mass ef=t to pass ,f$]al    
p5sion legislation = =m]ly enslav$ p1 & 
^: ef=ts 7 ultimately %ut d[n by ,f$]al 
ag5cies2 ,:]eas an e/imat$ #f1ejj racial

 t]ror lyn*+s took place betwe5 #ahfe & 
#aiej2 ,:]eas1 9 a s]ies ( outbreaks (  
race-relat$ viol5ce1 an e/imat$ #ci to  
#aej ,black p 7 murd]$ 9 #aiag 9 ! ,ea/ 
,/4 ,l\is ,riots & ano!r #f1jjj 7 left  
homeless2 ,:]eas ! ,ea/ ,/4 ,l\is ,riots
 has be5 describ$ z ! wor/ case (       
labor-relat$ viol5ce 9 #bj?-c5tury      
,am]ican hi/ory2 ,:]eas m ?an #bjj      
,black p 7 kill$ & ano!r #f1jjj 7 left  
homeless dur+ ! #aiai attack & lyn*+ 9  
,mob]ly1 ,miss\ri1 co/+ #djj1jjj        
7#h1dfj1jjj 9 #bjbb7 9 prop]ty damage2  
,:]eas ,:ite supremaci/s1 deputiz$ by   
,tulsa (ficials1 raid$1 mobb$1 massacr$1
 & completely burn$ d[n ne>ly #dj city  
blocks ( ,tulsa's ,gre5wood ,di/rict1 a 
self-su/a9+ ,black economy1 also kn[n z 
,black ,wall ,/reet1 9 #aiba2 ,:]eas !  
,tulsa ,race ,massacre is ! mo/ docum5t$
 race massacre 9 ! hi/ory ( ! ,unit$    
,/ates1 & yet ! #b kn[n liv+ survivors1 
,lessie ,b5n+field ,r&le & ,viola ,=d   
,flet*]1 bo? ov] #ajj ye>s ( age1 z well
 z desc5dants ( ! massacre h yet to     

receive compreh5sive rep>ations &       
ju/ice2 ,:]eas ,:ite supremaci/s raid$1 
mobb$1 massacr$1 & completely burn$ d[n 
a small b ?riv+ ,black community1       
,rosewood1 ,florida1 9 #aibc1 9 addition
 to c\ntless o!r ,black communities     
across ! ,unit$ ,/ates2 ,:]eas !        
massacres 9 ,tulsa & ,rosewood 7 only #b
 ( m ?an #ajj docum5t$ ,:ite dome/ic    
t]rori/ attacks on ,black communities t 
occurr$ f ! end ( ! ,civil ,w> to !     
#aidjs2 ,:]eas ,black vot]s & political 
c&idates 7 intimidat$1 h>ass$1 viol5tly 
suppress$1 & sometimes murd]$ = simply  
ex]cis+ _! con/itutional "r to vote2    
,:]eas p>ticipation ( ,black vot]s 9    
electoral processes 7 r\t9ely suppress$ 
by poll taxes & lit]acy te/s to pres]ve 
,:ite supremacy2 ,:]eas ! ,supreme ,c\rt
 codifi$ ! sep>ate b equal doctr9e 9    
,plessy v4 ,f]guson 9 #ahif1 !reby all[+
 racial segregation laws to exi/ &      
en%r9+ a racial ca/e sy/em 9 ! ,unit$   
,/ates2 ,:]eas n only 7 enslav$ p nev]  
grant$ any =m ( comp5sation aft] !      

abolition ( slav]y1 !y 7 ?ru/ into a    
ne>-c5tury-long epo* ( legal segregation
 ?r\gh ,jim ,cr[ laws2 ,:]eas1 aft]     
emancipation1 laws t gov]n$ slav]y 7    
retool$ into ,black ,codes to control   
free ,black p1 !reby e/abli%+ a crim9al 
legal sy/em t sanctifi$ ! cont9uation ( 
slav]y by ano!r "n2 ,:]eas s unbe>able 7
 ^! ,black ,codes & ! brutality ( ,jim  
,cr[1 t #f1jjj1jjj ,black p 7 displac$ &
 =c$ to migrate to ! ,nor? seek+ "s =m (
 safety & political asylum )9 ! bord] ( 
_! own c\ntry dur+ ,! ,great ,migration1
 also kn[n z ,! ,great ,displacem5t2    
,:]eas ! ,f$]al ,gov]nm5t abdicat$ its  
responsibility to protect its own       
citiz5s f rel5tless viol5ce1 result+ 9 !
 displacem5t ( millions ( ,black p      
betwe5 #aiaf & #aigj1 _m ( :om 7        
refugees f ,:ite supremaci/ viol5ce2    
,:]eas1 f ,mississippi to ,m9nesota1    
,/ates began to crim9alize any =m (     
resi/ance to racial hi]>*ies & exp& _!  
crim9al codes z ,! ,great ,migration    
began to expose racial fault l9es across

 ! c\ntry2 ,:]eas m$ical exp]im5tation  
on ,black p )\t _! cons5t1 includ+ =c$  
gynecological exp]im5ts on enslav$      
,black wom5 & ! ,gov]nm5t-sponsor$      
,tuskegee ,syphilis ,exp]im5t on ,black 
m51 l$ to major m$ical discov]ies1 at ! 
full exp5se ( ,black p's humanity1      
dignity1 & rights2 ,:]eas1 at ! end (   
,_w ,w> ,i1 ,black vet]ans return$ to _!
 homes & 7 assault$ = d>+ to we> !      
,unit$ ,/ates uni=m2 ,:]eas ,black p 7  
int5tionally & sy/ematically exclud$ f  
,f$]al social s]vice programs2 ,:]eas1  
despite be+ disproportionately affect$  
by unemploym5t dur+ ! ,great            
,depression1 ,black p 7 l>gely exclud$ f
 ,new ,deal programs2 ,:]eas ,black p 7 
exclud$ f ! ,social ,security & ,wagn]  
,acts ( #aice & ! ,fair ,labor ,/&>ds   
,act ( #aich2 ,:]eas #fe p]c5t ( ,black 
p nationally & #gj to #hj p]c5t ( ,black
 p 9 ! ,s\? 7 ineligible = ,social      
,security :5 x 0 sign$ into law by      
,presid5t ,roosevelt 9 #aice2 ,:]eas    
,black neighborhoods h be5 divid$ &     

effectively de/roy$ by ,f$]al highways  
sy/ems & ! fraudul5t use ( em95t doma92 
,:]eas ! raci/ orig9s ( ! ,f$]al ,h\s+  
,adm9i/ration1 subsequ5t discrim9atory  
h\s+ policies1 c\pl$ ) anti-,black      
bus9ess practices1 conspir$ to          
conc5trate weal? 9 ,:ite neighborhoods2 
,:]eas1 f ! #aicjs to ! #aifjs1 ,black p
 across ! c\ntry 7 effectively b>r$ f ! 
home-mortgage m>ket1 !reby lock+ ,black 
p out ( ! greate/ opportunity = weal?   
accumulation 9 ! hi/ory ( ! ,unit$      
,/ates2 ,:]eas _m ,/ates b>r$ ,black p f
 fully p>ticipat+ 9 ! ,aid to ,dep5d5t  
,*ildr5 ,program2 ,:]eas ,black vet]ans 
7 disqualifi$ f receiv+ title ,,iii     
b5efits ( ! ,g4,i4 ,bill1 b5efits :i*   
provid$ vet]ans ) access to l[-income   
home loans2 ,:]eas ?is =m ( exclusion f 
,f$]al programs t provide economic &    
,social ,security measures has cont9u$  
well into ! #ba/ c5tury2 ,:]eas1 well   
into ! #aifjs1 ,black p 9 ! ,deep ,s\? 7
 unaw>e !y 7 fre$ & =c$ to "w1 viol5tly 
tortur$1 & rap$2 ,:]eas1 despite !      

hi/oric ,br[n v4 ,bo>d ( ,education rul+
 deem+ racial segregation 9 public      
s*ools z uncon/itutional1 public s*ools 
s]v+ ,black /ud5ts rema9 inh]5tly       
sep>ate & unequal1 receiv+              
#bc1jjj1jjj1jjj less 9 s*ool fund+2     
,:]eas1 9 #aidh1 ,miss\ri 0 a cataly/ 9 
secur+ equal h\s+ = ,black p across !   
c\ntry ) ! passage ( ,%elley v4 ,kraem]1
 /rik+ d[n racial re/rictive h\s+ t     
prev5t$ p ( ! ,negro or ,mongolian ,race
 f pur*as+ homes2 ,:]eas ! ,f$]al       
,bureau ( ,inve/igation e/abli%$ !      
,c\nt]9tellig5ce ,program1 also kn[n z  
,,co9telpro1 9 #aief1 ) "o ( its major  
goals to t>get ,black activi/s fight+ = 
self-det]m9ation1 rep>ations1 & racial  
ju/ice2 ,:]eas1 9 #aiee1 ov] #h1jjj     
resid5ts & ov] #djj bus9esses 7 displac$
 9 ! ,l[] ,hill ,di/rict1 kn[n z an     
epic5t] ( ,black life & culture 9       
,pittsburgh1 ,p5nsylvania2 ,:]eas1 9    
#aifc1 ,gov]nor ,george ,wallace block$ 
,black /ud5ts at ! s*oolh\se door ( !   
,univ]sity ( ,alabama2 ,:]eas mass      

prote/s erupt$ across ! ,unit$ ,/ates   
dur+ ! civil rights era dem&+ an end to 
racial segregation1 dis5fran*isem5t1 &  
in/itutionaliz$ racism t result$ 9 !    
passage ( ! ,civil ,rights ,acts ( #aifd
 & #aifh1 ! ,vot+ ,rights ,act ( #aife1 
& ! end ( legaliz$ s*ool segregation2   
,:]eas1 9 #aihe1 ! ,philadelphia ,police
 ,dep>tm5t dropp$ a bomb lac$ ) ,tovex &
 ,c-#d explosives on ! ,,move           
organization1 a ,black lib]ation        
organization1 :o 7 liv+ 9 a ,we/        
,philadelphia r[home leav+ #aa dead1    
includ+ #e *ildr52 ,:]eas1 9            
,pittsburgh1 infant mortality = ,black  
babies is m ?an #f times high] ?an t (  
,:ite babies2 ,:]eas1 despite mak+ up   
only #cj p]c5t ( ! ,/ate ( ,m>yl&'s     
population1 ,black resid5ts make up #ga 
p]c5t ( ! inc>c]at$ population 9 !      
,/ate1 ! highe/ p]c5tage 9 ! c\ntry2    
,:]eas1 :ile ! ,unit$ ,/ates 0 f\nd$    
bas$ on ,black plund]1 x has yet to     
ackn[l$ge1 reconcile1 & provide adequate
 r$ress = ! sanction$ sy/em ( slav]y &  

its ve/iges result+ 9 mod]n-day         
disp>ities2 ,:]eas ,black p are /ill    
presum$ dang]\s & !re=e are             
sy/ematically t>get$ & crim9aliz$ "u our
 legal sy/em1 includ+ ?r\gh ! w> on     
drugs1 m&atory m9imum s5t5c+ laws1 !    
prosecution ( *ildr5 z adults1 & !      
disproportionate t>get+1 /opp+1 & arre/+
 ( ,black p by law en=cem5t2 ,:]eas #a 9
 #bb ,black p ( vot+ age is b>r$ f      
actively p>ticipat+ 9 ! democracy ( !   
,unit$ ,/ates1 includ+ ?r\gh            
dis5fran*isem5t due to felony           
convictions2 ,:]eas ,black agricultural 
l&[n]s h be5 dispossess$ f at lea/ #ij  
p]c5t ( _! l& due to racially           
discrim9atory practices by ! ,dep>tm5t (
 ,agriculture & private companies2      
,:]eas ,black communities be> ! brunt ( 
environm5tal racism & rema9             
disproportionately impact$ by extreme   
temp]atures & environm5tal haz>ds due to
 ! close proximity to places l *emical  
plants1 oil ref9]ies1 tra% inc9]ators1  
con/ruction sites1 & wa/e dump+ sites1 z

 a result ( lack+ ( gre5]y & tree       
canopies2 ,:]eas ,black wom5 ) *ildr5   
rema9 disproportionately b>r$ f access+ 
! ,tempor>y ,assi/ance = ,ne$y ,families
 program2 ,:]eas1 :ile ! legacy ( slav]y
 /ill affects our society today1 x is   
r>ely taught compreh5sively 9 our s*ool 
sy/ems2 ,:]eas ! s*ool sy/ems ( ! ,unit$
 ,/ates are committ+ educational        
malpractice by treat+ ?is c\ntry's      
hi/ory ( slav]y & racial hi]>*y z an    
ab]ration2 ,:]eas1 s9ce ,janu>y #bjba1  
ov] #dd ,/ates h propos$ legislation or 
tak5 o!r /eps to ban tea*+ ( ! ways 9   
:i* racism has %ap$ ! law & way ( life 9
 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & #ah ,/ates h already
 impos$ bans2 ,:]eas ,black /ud5ts are  
susp5d$ f s*ool at a rate #d times      
great] ?an ,:ite /ud5ts1 & ,black girls1
 despite be+ only #ae p]c5t ( /ud5ts 9  
public s*ools1 make up #de p]c5t (      
out-(-s*ool susp5sions1 #c p]c5t (      
9-s*ool susp5sions1 & #dc p]c5t (       
expulsions1 effectively funnel+ ,black  
*ildr5 into ! s*ool-to-prison pipel9e2  

,:]eas ! legacy ( racializ$ b>ri]s to   
education is /ill s preval5t today1 t   
,black wom5 graduate f a #d-ye> degree )
 #fj p]c5t m debt ?an _! ,:ite male     
pe]s2 ,:]eas ,black home[n]s face       
inequities )9 ! taxation sy/em & h\s+   
m>ket1 tak+ on unfair tax burd5s & bias$
 appraisals ?w>t+ ,black weal? & ,black 
home[n]%ip2 ,:]eas ! ,f$]al ,gov]nm5t   
repeat$ly abdicat$ its responsibility to
 adequately ackn[l$ge & provide r$ress =
 ! crimes ( enslavem5t & ! cont9uation (
 racial subjugation1 & _c absolve itself
 ( its responsibility today2 ,:]eas1 "u 
fundam5tal int]national human rights    
law1 gov]nm5ts h an obligation to       
provide full & effective rem$ies =      
violations ( human rights1 includ+ acts 
( racial discrim9ation1 & victims (     
human rights violations h ! "r to pursue
 su* rem$ies2 ,:]eas ,black p are (t5   
funnel$ into "s ( ! mo/ difficult jobs )
 l[] wages1 & cont9ue to be t>gets (    
wage & l& !ft1 exploitation1 &          
deprivation ( fundam5tal human rights2  

,:]eas ! racial weal? gap is a direct   
legacy ( *attel slav]y 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates
 & ! cont9u$ displacem5t1 exploitation1 
& sanction$ !ft ( =m]ly enslav$ ,black p
 & _! desc5dants2 ,:]eas ! ,f$]al       
,gov]nm5t mu/ elim9ate ! ,black-,:ite   
racial weal? gap z x is a direct legacy 
( *attel slav]y & ! cumulative impact ( 
legal & de facto segregation t foll[$2  
,:]eas f9ancial rep>ations mu/ be paid  
by ! ,f$]al ,gov]nm5t = an am\nt t      
respect$ economi/s h e/imat$ totals1 at 
m9imum1 #af1jjj1jjj1jjj1jjj to elim9ate 
! racial weal? gap t curr5tly exi/s     
betwe5 ,black & ,:ite ,am]icans2 ,:]eas 
s*ol>s h e/imat$ t ! ,unit$ ,/ates      
b5efit$ f #bbb1eje1jdi h\rs ( =c$ labor 
betwe5 #afai & ! end ( slav]y 9 #ahfe1  
:i* w\ld be valu$ at #ig1jjj1jjj1jjj1jjj
 today2 ,:]eas if ! ,unit$ ,/ates clos$ 
racial gaps = ,black p 9 ! areas ( h\s+1
 education1 wages1 & inve/m5t #bj ye>s  
ago1 #af1jjj1jjj1jjj1jjj c\ld h be5 add$
 to ! economy2 ,:]eas ! damage exp]i5c$ 
by ,black p /emm+ f enslavem5t & its    

evolutions is n conf9$ solely to        
economics or ! racial weal? gap1 & %\ld 
take 9 acc\nt c5turies ( =c$ labor      
po/-enslavem5t1 d5ials ( employm5t1     
pr$atory l5d+ practices1 & ongo+ bank+  
discrim9ation1 z well z educational     
inadequacies1 heal? disp>ities1 cultural
 degradation1 & ! crim9al puni%m5t      
sy/em2 ,:]eas ! ,f$]al ,gov]nm5t mu/    
=mally apologize = ! /ate-sanction$     
in/itution ( *attel slav]y & subsequ5t  
anti-,black in/itutions1 laws1 &        
practices2 ,:]eas rep>ations call = !   
int]rogation1 ov]haul+1 & end ( abusive 
,f$]al in/itutions t cont9ue to inflict 
unju/ifiable h>ms on ,black p today2    
,:]eas ! ,f$]al ,gov]nm5t mu/ comp5sate 
! desc5dants ( enslav$ ,black p & p (   
,african desc5t 9 ! =m ( direct monet>y 
rep>ations = ! h>ms & ve/iges ( *attel  
slav]y & its evolutions1 z well z ) o!r 
t>get$ b5efits2 ,:]eas ! ,f$]al         
,gov]nm5t mu/ return1 re/ore1 or provide
 adequate rem$y = prop]ty unju/ly /ol5 f
 ,black families ?r\gh ! use ( racially 

re/rictive cov5ants & em95t doma92      
,:]eas ! ,f$]al ,gov]nm5t mu/ pay its   
debt1 9 all necess>y =ms1 to desc5dants 
( enslav$ ,black p & p ( ,african desc5t
 9 ord] to support a cont9u\s & holi/ic 
heal+ process2 ,:]eas a holi/ic program 
= rep>ations mu/ address ! weal?        
extract$ f our communities ?r\gh        
environm5tal racism1 slav]y1 food       
ap>!id1 h\s+ discrim9ation1 & racializ$ 
capitalism 9 ! =m ( corporate & gov]nm5t
 rep>ations focus$ on heal+ ongo+       
physical & m5tal trauma1 & ensur+ access
 to & control ( food s\rces1 h\s+1 & l&2
 ,:]eas a compreh5sive rep>ations       
program mu/ include fund+ &             
infra/ructure = rehabilitative measures 
su* z trauma-in=m$ c>e to address       
inh]itance ( hi/orical & int]g5]ational 
traumas2 ,:]eas ! hi/orical & pres5t    
sy/emic h>ms /emm+ f slav]y are         
multifacet$ & 7 inflict$ at multiple    
levels1 & ?us ! e/abli%m5t &            
implem5tation ( rep>ations c nev] truly 
re/ore ! physical1 psy*ological1 &      

cultural damage done1 h[ev]1 z a =m (   
r$ress1 x c address h>ms & cumulative   
damages2 ,:]eas ! ,f$]al ,gov]nm5t has  
provid$ comp5sation & o!r =ms ( r$ress  
to o!r communities aga9/ :i* x has      
committ$ gross human rights violations1 
includ+ ,japanese ,am]icans pursuant to 
! ,civil ,lib]ties ,act ( #aihh1 :o 7   
=cibly remov$ & inc>c]at$ 9 conc5tration
 camps 9 ,_w ,w> ,,ii2 ,:]eas ! ,f$]al  
,gov]nm5t abdicat$ its responsibility "t
 & "t aga9 to adequately ackn[l$ge &    
provide r$ress = ! crimes ( enslavem5t &
 ! cont9uation ( racial subjugation &   
nev] enact$ resolutions =mally apologiz+
 = slav]y or ,h4,r4 #dj1 ! ,commission  
to ,/udy & ,develop ,rep>ation          
,proposals = ,african-,am]icans ,act2   
,:]eas ! ,f$]al ,gov]nm5t mu/ engage 9 a
 holi/ic rep>ations process ( repair1   
heal+1 & re/oration ( a p injur$1       
because ( _! gr\p id5tity1 by gov]nm5ts1
 corporations1 in/itutions1 & families2 
,:]eas a holi/ic program = rep>ations   
mu/ address ! cultural & educational    

exploitation1 erasure1 & extraction (   
,black communities by e/abli%+ public   
s*ool curricula t critically exam9e !   
political1 economic1 & social impacts ( 
*attel & slav]y1 ,jim ,cr[1 & po/ ,jim  
,cr[ era discrim9ation & fund+ to       
support1 build1 pres]ve1 & re/ore       
cultural assets & sacr$ sites to ensure 
! recognition & honor+ ( our collective 
/ruggles & triumphs2 ,:]eas ! ,f$]al    
,gov]nm5t via ! ,national ,p>ks ,s]vices
 mu/ seek to erect m>k]s on e site :]e a
 ,black p]son 0 lyn*$1 a massacre (     
,black p 0 committ$1 & ,black t[ns or   
neighborhoods 7 de/roy$2 ,:]eas ! ,f$]al
 ,gov]nm5t mu/ re/ore & pres]ve ,african
 burial gr\nds1 ,black cemet]ies1 & o!r 
significant cultural & hi/orical sites2 
,:]eas ! ,f$]al ,gov]nm5t mu/ recov] &  
id5tify physical rema9s ( victims (     
/ate-sanction$ racial viol5ce & help    
res\rce prop] burial ( rema9s at !      
direction ( connect$ family & community 
memb]s2 ,:]eas ! ,f$]al ,gov]nm5t mu/   
re/ore ! vot+ rights ( all =m]ly &      

curr5tly inc>c]at$ p]sons2 ,:]eas !     
,f$]al ,gov]nm5t mu/ am5d ! #ac?        
,am5dm5t to ! ,con/itution1 :i* =mally  
aboli%$ slav]y1 to repeal ! puni%m5t    
clause1 :i* reads except z a puni%m5t = 
crime :]e( ! p>ty %all h be5 duly       
convict$1 %all exi/ )9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 
or any place subject to _! jurisdiction1
 :i* implies t ,black p convict$ (      
crimes c be legally held 9 bondage2     
,:]eas ! ,f$]al ,gov]nm5t mu/ exon]ate  
,callie ,h\se = h] unju/ t>get+ &       
imprisonm5t1 & ! ,presid5t %\ld issue a 
po/hum\s p>don to h]2 ,:]eas ! ,f$]al   
,gov]nm5t %\ld e/abli% t>get$ funds to  
be adm9i/]$ by ! ,national ,publi%]s    
,association & ! ,national ,association 
( ,black ,own$ ,broadca/]s to support ! 
"w ( ,black-l$ news programs1 radio &   
television broadca/+ d$icat$ to cultural
 education1 & civic engagem5t = ! b5efit
 ( ,black ,am]icans2 ,:]eas ! ,f$]al    
,gov]nm5t %\ld provide free education to
 /ud5ts att5d+ hi/orically ,black       
colleges & univ]sities1 :o are committ$ 

to s]v+ ,black communities1 provide     
monet>y inc5tives to local s*ool        
di/ricts t adopt & implem5t a curriculum
 on ! hi/ory ( p ( ,african desc5t1 &   
ensure t ! ,dep>tm5t ( ,education       
provides & supports educational         
programm+ t compreh5sively & delib]ately
 enc\rages ! incorporation ( lessons &  
curricula on slav]y & its ve/iges2      
,:]eas ! ,f$]al ,gov]nm5t mu/ support   
,black f>m]s & enable !m to seek        
adequate judicial rem$ies1 z well z exp&
 & compete 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates & global   
economy2 ,:]eas ! ,f$]al ,gov]nm5t mu/  
in/itutionalize & support culturally    
appropriate1 holi/ic1 prev5tive1 m5tal  
heal?1 & curative treatm5t s]vices to   
,black communities2 ,:]eas ! ,f$]al     
,gov]nm5t mu/ support & /r5g!n          
community-bas$ infra/ructure su* z      
hospitals & m$ical facilities t         
specialize 9 s]vices = ,black           
communities2 ,:]eas1 9 #bjja1 *attel    
slav]y 0 decl>$ a crime aga9/ humanity  
at ! ,unit$ ,nations ,_w ,conf]5ce      

,aga9/ ,racism1 ,racial ,discrim9ation1 
,x5ophobia & ,relat$ ,intol]ance 9      
,durban1 ,s\? ,africa2 ,:]eas1 9 #bjba &
 9 #bjbd1 ! ,unit$ ,nations ,high       
,commission] = ,human ,rights urg$ !    
,unit$ ,/ates to end anti-,black racial 
discrim9ation1 viol5ce & sy/emic racism 
aga9/ p ( ,african desc5t by provid+    
compreh5sive rep>ations2 ,:]eas1 9      
#bjbb1 ! ,unit$ ,nations ,committee on  
,elim9ation ( ,all ,=ms ( ,racial       
,discrim9ation recomm5d$ implem5tation (
 a ,f$]al rep>ations commission to      
develop rep>ation proposals z key       
/rategy = a*iev+ racial ju/ice2 ,:]eas1 
9 o!r c\ntries1 includ+ ,s\? ,africa1   
,canada1 ,colombia1 & o!rs1 poorly      
design$ rep>ations processes h n only   
fail$ to br+ complete ju/ice1 b h creat$
 new =ms ( h>m2 ,:]eas rep>ations are   
fundam5tally a ju/ice & acc\ntability   
process t %\ld c>ry m symbolic &        
practical p[] ?an traditional social    
policy2 & ,:]eas rep>ations programs    
%\ld be di/+ui%able f ! ,f$]al          

,gov]nm5t's responsibility = p's g5]al  
welf>e1 includ+ r\t9e social s]vices &  
developm5t aid3 ,n[1 !re=e1 be x  ,t !  
,h\se ( ,repres5tatives-- 7#a7          
recognizes ! responsibility ( ! ,f$]al  
,gov]nm5t to provide rep>ations1 9 all  
necess>y =ms1 includ+ f9ancial          
comp5sation1 to rectify ongo+ h>ms      
result+ f violations1 by ! ,f$]al       
,gov]nm5t1 ( ,black p's human "r to     
self-det]m9ation & fre$om f             
discrim9ation1 includ+ ) respect to     
h\s+1 heal?1 education1 life1 security (
 p]son1 wat] & sanitation1 & a heal?y   
environm5t2  7#b7 enc\rages support1    
passage1 & implem5tation ( ,h4,r4 #dj1 !
 ,commission to ,/udy & ,develop        
,rep>ation ,proposals =                 
,african-,am]icans ,act1 :i* has be5    
introduc$ e ye> s9ce #aihi1 via         
,congress or ! executive bran*2  7#c7   
enc\rages ! re9troduction1 passage1 &   
implem5tation ( legislation e/abli%+ !  
,unit$ ,/ates ,commission on ,tru?1     
,racial ,heal+1 & ,trans=mation2  7#d7  

ackn[l$ges & apologizes = !             
/ate-sanction$ in/itution ( *attel      
slav]y1 & enc\rages ! re9troduction &   
enactm5t ( resolutions apologiz+ =      
slav]y1 )\t any limit+ clauses2  7#e7   
ackn[l$ges ! significance ( & mom5tum   
br\ght by legacy organizations z well z 
additional grassroots & national        
organizations lead+ ! mod]n-day         
rep>ations movem5t2  7#f7 enc\rages !   
creation ( local1 ,/ate1 & ,f$]al       
initiatives to id5tify s\rces (         
rep>ations dem&s aris+ f *attel slav]y &
 its long/&+ impact on ,black p2 &  7#g7
 honors ! lives1 possibilities1 &       
legacies ( ^? nam$ & unnam$ ^: lives &  
contributions 7 /ol5 by ! in/itution (  
*attel slav]y & o!r =ms ( /ate-sanction$
 viol5ce & racial discrim9ation 9 !     
,unit$ ,/ates4