,i  #aai? ,,congress  #b;d ,session  ,h4
 ,r4 #iibe  ,,9 ,,! ,,h\se ,,(          
,,repres5tatives  ,july #bc1 #bjbf,mr4  
,ob]nolte 7= himself1 ,mrs4 ,trahan1    
,mrs4 ,h\*91 ,mr4 ,pet]s1 ,mr4 ,scott   
,frankl9 ( ,florida1 & ,mr4             
,subramanyam7 introduc$ ! foll[+ bill2  
:i* 0 ref]r$ to ! ,committee on ,en]gy &
 ,comm]ce1 & 9 addition to ! ,committee 
on ,sci5ce1 ,space1 & ,te*nology1 = a   
p]iod to be subsequ5tly det]m9$ by !    
,speak]1 9 ea* case = consid]ation ( su*
 provisions z fall )9 ! jurisdiction ( !
 committee conc]n$  ,a ,,bill  ,to      
provide = ,f$]al ov]sight ( ! developm5t
 & deploym5t ( fronti] artificial       
intellig5ce 9 int]/ate & =eign comm]ce1 
& = o!r purposes4  #a4 ,%ort title ,?is 
,act may be cit$ z ! ,fronti] ,risk     
,ov]sight1 ,national ,transp>5cy1       
,indep5d5t ,evaluation1 & ,report+ ,act 
or ! ,,fronti] ,act4  #b4 ,def9itions ,9
 ?is ,act3  7#a7 ,acceptable levels (   
cata/rophic risk mitigation ,! t]m      
acceptable levels ( cata/rophic risk    

mitigation means risk mitigation        
adequate to ensure t ! anticipat$       
b5efits ( a fronti] model made available
 or us$ 9 int]/ate or =eign comm]ce     
outweigh its level ( cata/rophic risk1  
tak+ into consid]ation ! probability &  
magnitude ( ! model's anticipat$ b5efits
 & cata/rophic risks4  7#b7 ,affiliate  
,! t]m affiliate means an entity t      
satisfies any ( ! foll[+ requirem5ts3   
7,a7 ,controls ano!r entity ?r\gh an    
int]m$i>y4  7,b7 ,is ?r\gh su* int]m$i>y
 controll$ by su* o!r entity4  7,c7 ,is 
?r\gh su* int]m$i>y "u common control ) 
su* o!r entity4  7#c7 ,,ai2 artificial  
intellig5ce2 artificial intellig5ce     
model ,! t]ms ,,ai1 artificial          
intellig5ce1 & artificial intellig5ce   
model h ! mean+ giv5 su* t]ms 9 section 
#ejjb ( ! ,national ,artificial         
,intellig5ce ,initiative ,act ( #bjbj   
7#ae ,u4,s4,c4 #idja74  7#d7 ,,ai-relat$
 developm5t exp5ditures ,! t]m          
,,ai-relat$ developm5t exp5ditures means
 am\nts paid or incurr$ 9 int]/ate or   

=eign comm]ce1 )\t reg>d to :e!r su*    
am\nts are exp5s$1 capitaliz$1 d$uct$1  
or amortiz$ = f9ancial report+ or tax   
purposes1 t are attributable to         
artificial intellig5ce developm5t1      
tra9+1 f9e-tun+1 modification1 security1
 or evaluation4  7#e7 ,assessm5t ,! t]m 
assessm5t means a review conduct$ by an 
,,ivo lic5s$ "u section #e to assess !  
adequacy ( a v l>ge fronti] develop]'s  
fronti] ,,ai framework1 gov]nance       
policies & practices1 risk-monitor+1 &  
mitigation ( detect$ risks = a*iev+     
acceptable levels ( cata/rophic risk    
mitigation4  7#f7 ,cata/rophic risk ,!  
t]m cata/rophic risk means-- 7,a7 a     
=eseeable & mat]ial risk t a fronti]    
develop]'s developm5t1 /orage1 use1 or  
deploym5t ( a fronti] model w mat]ially 
contribute to ! dea? (1 or s]i\s injury 
to1 m ?an #ej p1 or m ?an #a1jjj1jjj1jjj
 9 damage to1 or loss (1 prop]ty1 aris+ 
f a s+le incid5t involv+ a fronti] model
 do+ any ( ! foll[+3  7i7 provid+1 9 !  
developm5t or release ( a *emical1      

biological1 radiological1 nucle>1 or    
cyb] weapon1 assi/ance t is n publicly  
available2  7ii7 engag+ 9 conduct ) no  
mean+ful human ov]sight or int]v5tion1  
t--  7,i7 is a cyb]attack2 or  7,,ii7 if
 su* conduct is committ$ by an          
individual1 w\ld con/itute murd]1       
assault1 extortion1 or !ft1 includ+ su* 
!ft by false pret5se2 or  7iii7 evad+   
control ( su* develop] or a us] ( su*   
model2 &  7,b7 does n include a         
=eseeable & mat]ial risk f any ( !      
foll[+3  7i7 in=mation t a fronti] model
 outputs if ! in=mation is o!rwise      
publicly accessible 9 a sub/antially    
simil> =m f a s\rce o!r ?an a f\ndation 
model2  7ii7 lawful activity ( ! ,f$]al 
,gov]nm5t2 or  7iii7 h>m caus$ by a     
fronti] model 9 comb9ation ) o!r s(tw>e 
if su* model did n mat]ially contribute 
to ! h>m4  7#g7 ,critical safety incid5t
 ,! t]m critical safety incid5t means   
any ( ! foll[+3  7,a7 ,unau?oriz$ access
 to1 modification (1 or exfiltration (1 
! model weights ( a fronti] model4  7,b7

 ,h>m result+ f ! mat]ialization ( a    
cata/rophic risk4  7,c7 ,loss ( control 
( su* model4  7,d7 ,a fronti] model us+ 
deceptive te*niques aga9/ its fronti]   
develop] to subv]t ! controls or        
monitor+ ( su* develop]1 outside !      
context ( an evaluation design$ to      
elicit su* behavior1 9 a mann] t        
demon/rates mat]ially increas$          
cata/rophic risk4  7#h7 ,deploy ,! t]m  
deploy means-- 7,a7 to make a fronti]   
model available 9 int]/ate or =eign     
comm]ce to a ?ird p>ty = use1           
modification1 copy+1 or comb9ation ) o!r
 s(tw>e2 &  7,b7 does n include mak+ su*
 model available to su* ?ird p>ty = !   
prim>y purpose ( develop+ or evaluat+   
su* model4  7#i7 ,f\ndation model ,! t]m
 f\ndation model means an artificial    
intellig5ce model made available or us$ 
9 int]/ate or =eign comm]ce t is all ( !
 foll[+3  7,a7 ,tra9$ on a broad data   
set4  7,b7 ,design$ = g5]ality ( output4
  7,c7 ,adaptable to a wide range (     
di/9ctive tasks4  7#aj7 ,fronti] ai     

framework ,! t]m fronti] ,,ai framework 
means docum5t$ te*nical & organizational
 protocols to manage1 assess1 & mitigate
 cata/rophic risks4  7#aa7 ,fronti]     
develop] ,! t]m fronti] develop] means  
an entity op]at+ 9 int]/ate or =eign    
comm]ce t has tra9$1 or initiat$ ! tra9+
 (1 a fronti] model us+ a quantity (    
comput+ p[] t meets ! te*nical          
specifications set =? 9 subsection 7l74 
7#ab7 ,fronti] model ,! t]m fronti]     
model means a f\ndation model t 0 tra9$ 
us+ a quantity ( comput+ p[] great] ?an 
#ajbf integ] or float+-po9t op]ations4  
,! quantity ( comput+ p[] describ$ 9 ?is
 p>agraph includes comput+ = ! orig9al  
tra9+ run & = any subsequ5t f9e-tun+1   
re9=cem5t le>n+1 or o!r sub/antial      
modification ! develop] applies to a    
prec$+ f\ndation model4  7#ac7 ,imm95t  
cata/rophic risk ,! t]m imm95t          
cata/rophic risk means a pres5t or      
imp5d+ cata/rophic risk4  7#ad7 ,,ivo ,!
 t]m ,,ivo means an indep5d5t           
v]ification organization op]at+ 9       

int]/ate or =eign comm]ce t is lic5s$ "u
 subsection 7c7 ( section #e & !        
regulations prescrib$ "u subsection 7c7 
( section #c4  7#ae7 ,l>ge fronti]      
develop] ,! t]m l>ge fronti] develop]   
means a fronti] develop] t1 toge!r ) its
 affiliates1 collectively1 dur+ ! prec$+
 #cf-mon? p]iod1 det]m9$ z ( ! fir/ day 
( ea* cal5d> mon?1 bo?-- 7,a7 _h gross  
rev5ues 9 excess ( #ej1jjj1jjj2 &  7,b7 
incurr$ n less ?an #a1jjj1jjj1jjj 9     
,,ai-relat$ developm5t exp5ditures4     
7#af7 ,mat]ial modification ,! t]m      
mat]ial modification means ) respect to 
a fronti] ,,ai framework1 a significant 
*ange to su* framework1 includ+ a       
significant *ange 9 ! assessm5t1        
mitigation1 or managem5t ( cata/rophic  
risk c>ri$ out pursuant to su*          
framework4  7#ag7 ,model weight ,! t]m  
model weight means a num]ical p>amet] t 
satisfies ! foll[+ requirem5ts3 7,a7 ,is
 9 a fronti] model4  7,b7 ,is adju/$    
?r\gh tra9+4  7,c7 ,facilitates !       
det]m9ation ( h[ input data = su* model 

is trans=m$ into an output ( su* model4 
7#ah7 ,prop]ty ,! t]m prop]ty includes--
 7,a7 tangible or intangible prop]ty2 & 
7,b7 does n include ! loss ( value (    
equity4  7#ai7 ,secret>y ,! t]m         
,secret>y means ! ,secret>y ( ,comm]ce4 
7#bj7 ,sub/antial modification ,! t]m   
sub/antial modification means ) respect 
to a fronti] model1 a significant *ange 
9 h[ su* model is deploy$1 su* z enabl+ 
a new f9e-tun+ capability =1 releas+ a  
model weight (1 or add+ a new feature to
 su* model1 t necessitates = su* model  
an assessm5t ( cata/rophic risk4  7#ba7 
,"u secret>y ,! t]m ,"u ,secret>y means 
! ,"u ,secret>y ( ,comm]ce = ,,ai       
,security1 :o %all be appo9t$ by !      
,secret>y4  7#bb7 ,v l>ge fronti]       
develop] ,! t]m v l>ge fronti] develop] 
means a fronti] develop] t1 toge!r ) its
 affiliates1 collectively1 dur+ ! prec$+
 #cf-mon? p]iod1 det]m9$ z ( ! fir/ day 
( ea* cal5d> mon?1 bo?-- 7,a7 _h gross  
rev5ues 9 excess ( #e1jjj1jjj1jjj2 &    
7,b7 incurr$ n less ?an #aj1jjj1jjj1jjj 

9 ,,ai-relat$ developm5t exp5ditures4   
#c4 ,rulemak+  7a7 ,proc$ure ,ea*       
regulation prescrib$ "u ?is ,act %all be
 prescrib$ 9 accordance ) section #eec (
 title #e1 ,unit$ ,/ates ,code4  7b7    
,framework requirem5ts  7#a7 ,deadl9e ,n
 lat] ?an #ahj days aft] ! date (       
enactm5t ( ?is ,act1 ! ,"u ,secret>y    
%all issue1 & !reaft] update z          
appropriate1 regulations e/abli%+ m9imum
 requirem5ts = fronti] ,,ai frameworks4 
7#b7 ,cont5ts ,regulations issu$ "u ?is 
subsection %all1 at a m9imum1 address   
ea* ( ! requirem5ts ( section #d7;a74   
7#c7 ,p]iodic review ,! ,"u ,secret>y   
%all review ! regulations issu$ "u ?is  
subsection n less frequ5tly ?an once e  
ye>1 & %all update su* regulations z !  
,"u ,secret>y det]m9es to be necess>y or
 appropriate4  7c7 ,,ivo lic5s+ &       
ov]sight ,n lat] ?an #ahj days aft] !   
date ( enactm5t ( ?is ,act1 ! ,"u       
,secret>y %all prescribe regulations    
necess>y to c>ry out ! lic5s+ & ov]sight
 ( ,i,v,os "u section #e1 :i* %all      

include ! foll[+3  7#a7                 
,conflict-(-int]e/ & fund+-transp>5cy   
requirem5ts1 includ+ report+ requirem5ts
 reg>d+ ! ,i,v,os' fund+ s\rces & rev5ue
 g5]ation & self-audit requirem5ts      
reg>d+ ! ,i,v,os' p]sonnel & lead]%ip to
 ensure adequate indep5d5ce f !         
artificial intellig5ce indu/ry4  7#b7   
,proc$ures & requirem5ts = entities to  
apply = lic5sure z an ,,ivo1 includ+ !  
foll[+3  7,a7 ,proc$ures & requirem5ts =
 ! applicant to submit a plan to ! ,"u  
,secret>y detail+-- 7i7 ! b5*m>ks1      
te*nologies1 metrics1 & me?odologies !  
applicant proposes us+ to assess !      
adequacy ( ! fronti] develop]'s fronti] 
,,ai framework1 gov]nance policies &    
practices1 risk-monitor+1 & mitigation (
 detect$ risks1 to ensure acceptable    
levels ( cata/rophic risk mitigation2   
7ii7 ! applicant's propos$ proc$ure =   
prescrib+ & assess+ implem5tation (     
corrective action to rem$y any id5tifi$ 
defici5cy 9 a*iev+ acceptable levels (  
cata/rophic risk mitigation2  7iii7 !   

applicant's propos$ me?odology = ensur+ 
t ! b5*m>ks1 te*nologies1 metrics1 &    
me?odologies propos$ 9 clause 7i7 keep  
pace ) te*nological & organizational    
*anges 9 fronti] model developm5t2  7iv7
 any subcontractors t ! applicant       
proposes to use to c>ry out its         
responsibilities "u ?is ,act2 &  7v7 !  
te*nical qualifications ( ! p]sonnel !  
applicant proposes to use to conduct    
assessm5ts & ( any subcontractor !      
applicant plans to engage "u subsection 
7d7 ( section #e to p]=m any portion (  
an assessm5t4  7,b7 ,f9d+s requir$ = !  
,"u ,secret>y to lic5se an applicant z  
an ,,ivo1 includ+-- 7i7 t ! applicant   
has demon/rat$ its indep5d5ce f !       
artificial intellig5ce indu/ry2 &  7ii7 
t e elem5t ( ! applicant's plan is      
adequate to ensure t fronti] models     
assess$ by ! ,,ivo a*ieve acceptable    
levels ( cata/rophic risk mitigation4   
7,c7 ,f9d+s t require ! ,"u ,secret>y to
 revoke an ,,ivo's lic5se1 includ+-- 7i7
 t ! ,,ivo's plan is mat]ially mislead+ 

or inaccurate2  7ii7 t ! ,,ivo fails to 
adh]e to its plan 9 a mann] t mat]ially 
impairs its ability to fulfill its      
responsibilities2  7iii7 t a mat]ial    
*ange compromises ! ,,ivo's indep5d5ce f
 ! artificial intellig5ce indu/ry2  7iv7
 t models v]ifi$ by ! ,,ivo fail to     
a*ieve or h fail$ to a*ieve acceptable  
levels ( cata/rophic risk mitigation1   
unless ! ,,ivo demon/rates t-- 7,i7 !   
,,ivo id5tifi$ ! relevant failure1      
defici5cy1 or mat]ial weakness 9 an     
assessm5t report submitt$ "u subsection 
7f7 ( section #e or a supplem5tal report
 submitt$ "u subsection 7i7 ( su*       
section1 & recomm5d$ corrective actions 
adequate to a*ieve acceptable levels (  
cata/rophic risk mitigation2 &  7,,ii7  
su* failure is attributable to ! v l>ge 
fronti] develop]'s failure to implem5t  
su* corrective actions1 & n to any      
defici5cy 9 ! ,,ivo's assessm5t1 me?ods1
 or p]=mance ( its obligations "u       
section #e2  7v7 t evolution ( te*nology
 r5d]s ! ,,ivo's me?ods obsolete =      

v]ify+ acceptable mitigation (          
cata/rophic risk2 &  7vi7 t ! ,,ivo has 
fail$ to comply ) its obligations "u    
section #e4  7,d7 ,proc$ures = ! =mation
 ( exp]t panels ) respect to "o or m    
specific cata/rophic risks to advise !  
,"u ,secret>y on ! issuance & revocation
 ( ,,ivo lic5ses4  7#c7 ,m9imum         
requirem5ts = assessm5ts1 tak+ into     
acc\nt relevant approa*es1 be/          
practices1 frameworks1 & me?ods4  7#d7  
,provisions reg>d+ circum/ances m&at+   
corrective action or loss ( lic5se4     
7#e7 ,rules reg>d+ ! submission &       
process+ ( assessm5t reports1 includ+ a 
secure me?od = submission ( assessm5t   
reports "u subsection 7f71 subsection   
7g71 & subsection 7i7 ( section #e & o!r
 s5sitive in=mation1 & a process =      
securely process+ s5sitive in=mation &  
protect+ trade secrets4  7#f7 ,any o!r  
rules reasonably necess>y to !          
adm9i/ration ( ! ,,ivo ov]sight & lic5s+
 regime describ$ 9 section #e4  7d7     
,modification crit]ia ,n lat] ?an #ahj  

days aft] ! date ( enactm5t ( ?is ,act1 
! ,"u ,secret>y %all prescribe          
regulations e/abli%+ crit]ia = det]m9+  
:e!r a modification to a fronti] model  
con/itutes a sub/antial modification )9 
! mean+ ( subsection 7t7 ( section #b1 &
 :e!r a modification to a fronti] ,,ai  
framework con/itutes a mat]ial          
modification )9 ! mean+ ( subsection 7p7
 ( section #b4  7e7 ,proc$ures =        
reports1 r$actions1 & ,/ate opt-,9 ,!   
,"u ,secret>y may prescribe regulations 
e/abli%+--  7#a7 ! approa*es1 =mats1 &  
proc$ures applicable to publications1   
reports1 & submissions requir$ "u       
sections #d & #e2  7#b7 proc$ures       
applicable to r$actions made "u         
subsection 7f7 ( section #d & subsection
 7m7 ( section #e1 includ+ /&>ds =      
ju/ifications requir$ "u subsection     
7f77#b7 ( section #d & subsection       
7m77#b7 ( section #e2 &  7#c7 ! =m1     
mann]1 & proc$ures applicable to ! opt-9
 by ,/ate ,attorneys ,g5]al "u          
subsection 7i7 ( section #d & subsection

 7k7 ( section #e1 includ+ ! secure     
transmission to opt$-9 ,/ate ,attorneys 
,g5]al ( ! reports & ref]rals cov]$ by  
su* opt-ins4  7f7 ,updates to cov]age   
?re%olds  7#a7 ,au?ority ,! ,"u         
,secret>y may by regulation increase--  
7,a7 ! ?re%old quantity ( comput+ p[]   
specifi$ 9 subsection 7l7 ( section #b2 
or  7,b7 ! ?re%old am\nts ( gross       
rev5ues & ,,ai-relat$ developm5t        
exp5ditures specifi$ 9 subsections 7o7 &
 7v7 ( section #b4  7#b7 ,crit]ia ,! ,"u
 ,secret>y %all set ea* ?re%old at !    
level ! ,"u ,secret>y det]m9es is be/   
calculat$ to ensure t ! t]ms def9$ 9    
subsections 7k71 7l71 7o71 & 7v7 (      
section #b encompass ! artificial       
intellig5ce models & develop]s ^:       
activities pres5t cata/rophic risk1 & d 
n encompass ^? ^: activities d n1 tak+  
into acc\nt advances 9 algori?mic &     
h>dw>e effici5cy1 *anges 9 ! co/ (      
develop+ & tra9+ f\ndation models1      
inflation1 & ! anticipat$ effect ( !    
modification on ! entities subject to   

sections #e & #f4  7#c7 ,p]iodic review 
,n less frequ5tly ?an once e #b ye>s1 ! 
,"u ,secret>y %all review ! ?re%olds    
describ$ 9 p>agraph 7#a71 det]m9e :e!r  
an increase is w>rant$1 & publi% !      
det]m9ation & its basis on a website ( !
 ,dep>tm5t ( ,comm]ce4  7#d7            
,prospective application ,a regulation  
prescrib$ "u ?is subsection %all take   
effect n e>li] ?an #ahj days aft]       
publication 9 f9al =m & %all apply only 
) respect to obligations aris+ on or    
aft] its effective date4  #d4           
,transp>5cy & report+  7a7  ,fronti]    
,,ai framework  ,n lat] ?an "o ye> aft] 
! date ( enactm5t ( ?is ,act1 or #ij    
days aft] a develop] fir/ qualifies z a 
l>ge fronti] develop]1 :i*ev] is lat]1 a
 l>ge fronti] develop] %all write1      
implem5t1 comply )1 & cle>ly &          
conspicu\sly publi% on a publicly       
available website ( su* develop] a      
fronti] ,,ai framework t satisfies !    
foll[+ requirem5ts3  7#a7 ,applies to   
ea* fronti] model ( su* develop]4  7#b7 

,includes in=mation relat+ to h[ su*    
develop] c>ries out ! foll[+3  7,a7     
,incorporat+ into su* framework         
widely-accept$ national1 int]national1 &
 indu/ry approa*es1 be/ practices1      
frameworks1 & me?ods = risk mitigation4 
7,b7 ,id5tify+ risk ?re%olds utiliz$ by 
su* develop] to assess :e!r ea* su*     
model has a capability t c\ld pose a    
cata/rophic risk4  7,c7 ,assess+ :e!r1  
bas$ ^u su* ?re%olds1 ea* model has a   
capability t c\ld pose a cata/rophic    
risk4  7,d7 ,review+ ! results ( su*    
assessm5t & su* mitigation to det]m9e-- 
7i7 :e!r to deploy su* model2 &  7ii7   
:e!r to int]nally utilize su* model4    
7,e7 ,utiliz+ a ?ird p>ty to assess !   
risk t su* risk ?re%olds w be exce$$ & !
 effectiv5ess ( su* mitigation4  7,f7   
,review+ & updat+ su* framework1 includ+
 ! crit]ia 9 su* framework t prompt su* 
updat+ & ! process ?r\gh :i* su*        
develop] det]m9es :e!r su* model        
includes a sub/antial modification1 su* 
t a disclosure is requir$ pursuant to   

subsection 7d74  7,g7 ,cyb]security to  
secure nonpublic model weights f        
unau?oriz$ modification or transf]4     
7,h7 ,id5tify+ & respond+ to a critical 
safety incid5t relat$ to su* develop]4  
7,i7 ,implem5t+ int]nal gov]nance       
practices to ensure implem5tation ( su* 
framework4  7b7 ,updates  7#a7 ,9 g5]al 
,n less frequ5tly ?an annually aft] a   
l>ge fronti] develop] publi%es a fronti]
 ,,ai framework pursuant to subsection  
7a71 su* develop] %all c>ry out !       
foll[+3 7,a7 ,review &1 if su* develop] 
det]m9es appropriate1 update su*        
framework4  7,b7 ,if su* framework is s 
updat$1 publi% on a publicly available  
website ( su* develop] su* framework1 z 
s updat$4  7#b7 ,mat]ial modification   
,if a l>ge fronti] develop] makes a     
mat]ial modification to ! fronti] ,,ai  
framework ( su* develop] publi%$        
pursuant to subsection 7a71 n lat] ?an  
#cj days aft] ! date ( su* modification1
 su* develop] %all publi% on a publicly 
available website a ju/ification = su*  

modification4  7c7 ,compliance audit ,n 
lat] ?an "o ye> aft] ! date ( enactm5t (
 ?is ,act1 or #ij days aft] a develop]  
fir/ qualifies z a l>ge fronti]         
develop]1 :i*ev] is lat]1 & annually    
!reaft]1 a l>ge fronti] develop] %all   
reta9 a ?ird p>ty to p]=m an indep5d5t  
audit ( compliance ) ! fronti] ,,ai     
framework ( su* develop] publi%$        
pursuant to subsection 7a74 ,! ?ird p>ty
 %all conduct ! audit consi/5t ) g5]ally
 accept$ audit+ approa*es1 be/          
practices1 frameworks1 & me?ods & %all  
possess demon/rat$ compet5ce to p]=m !  
audit1 includ+ exp]i5ce employ+ or      
contract+ ) individuals :o possess      
te*nical exp]tise 9 ! safety ( fronti]  
models4 ,a l>ge fronti] develop] %all n 
reta9 a ?ird p>ty if ei!r ! develop] or 
! ?ird p>ty has a f9ancial int]e/ 9 !   
o!r4 ,a l>ge fronti] develop] may       
comp5sate a ?ird p>ty = its s]vices b   
%all n condition any paym5t1 or ! am\nt 
( any paym5t1 on ! results ( ! ?ird     
p>ty's audit4 7#a7 ,access ,! ?ird p>ty 

%all be grant$ timely access to all     
mat]ials1 records1 p]sonnel1 sy/ems1 &  
all o!r in=mation reasonably necess>y to
 comply ) its obligations "u ?is        
subsection1 includ+ all unr$act$ v]sions
 ( mat]ials publi%$ pursuant to ?is     
,act4 ,to protect ! develop]'s trade    
secrets & confid5tial bus9ess in=mation1
 cyb]security1 national security ( !    
,unit$ ,/ates1 or public safety1 a l>ge 
fronti] develop] may impose security    
protocols on ! ?ird p>ty1 includ+       
re/rictions on note-tak+1 copy+1 reta9+1
 or remov+ mat]ials1 requirem5ts =      
on-premises review1 & confid5tiality    
requirem5ts4  7#b7 ,report cont5ts ,!   
?ird p>ty %all produce a report t       
includes all ( ! foll[+3 7,a7 ,a        
description ( :e!r ! l>ge fronti]       
develop] has sub/antially compli$ ) !   
fronti] ,,ai framework ( su* develop]4  
7,b7 ,if applicable1 a description (    
mat]ial deviations f su* framework1 an  
explanation ( any deviation & its       
rationale1 & any recomm5dations = h[ !  

develop] c improve its policies &       
processes = ensur+ compliance ) su*     
framework4  7,c7 ,a detail$ assessm5t ( 
! l>ge fronti] develop]'s int]nal       
controls1 includ+ its designation &     
emp[]m5t ( s5ior p]sonnel responsible = 
implem5tation ( su* framework by !      
develop]1 its employees1 & its          
contractors4  7,d7 ,a li/ ( ! p]sonnel  
involv$ 9 ! audit4  7,e7 ,! ?ird p>ty's 
proc$ures = manag+ conflicts ( int]e/ & 
any conflicts ( int]e/ ( p]sonnel       
involv$ 9 ! audit4  7,f7 ,! me?odology (
 ! audit & ! nature ( ! in=mation       
review$ to conduct ! audit4  7,g7 ,!    
signature ( ! lead auditor c]tify+ !    
results ( ! audit4  7#c7 ,ret5tion ,a   
l>ge fronti] develop] %all reta9 an     
unr$act$ copy ( ! report requir$ "u     
p>agraph 7#b7 = z long z a fronti] model
 ( su* develop] is deploy$1 plus #e     
ye>s4  7#d7 ,publication & transmittal  
,n lat] ?an #cj days aft] receiv+ !     
audit report1 a l>ge fronti] develop]   
%all--  7,a7 conspicu\sly publi% on a   

publicly available website ( su*        
develop] a high-level summ>y ( ! audit  
f9d+s & a copy ( ! report ) appropriate 
r$actions2 &  7,b7 transmit a copy ( !  
r$act$ report to ! ,"u ,secret>y1 !     
,attorney ,g5]al1 & opt$-9 ,/ate        
,attorneys ,g5]al4  7#e7 ,access by "u  
secret>y & attorney g5]al ,a l>ge       
fronti] develop] %all grant ! ,"u       
,secret>y & ! ,attorney ,g5]al access to
 ! ?ird p>ty's report1 r$act$ consi/5t )
 subsection 7f7 ( section #d1 ^u reque/4
  7d7 ,transp>5cy report  7#a7 ,9 g5]al 
,be=e1 or concurr5tly )1 deploy+ a      
fronti] model t is new or includes a    
sub/antial modification1 ! fronti]      
develop] ( su* model %all publi% on a   
publicly available website ( su*        
develop] a report on su* model t        
includes in=mation relat+ to ! foll[+3  
7,a7 ,a me*anism ?r\gh :i* an individual
 may communicate ) su* develop]4  7,b7  
,! release date ( su* model or          
sub/antial modification4  7,c7 ,ea*     
language support$ by su* model1 if any4 

7,d7 ,ea* output modality ( su* model4  
7,e7 ,! int5d$ utilization ( su* model4 
7,f7 ,g5]ally applicable re/rictions or 
conditions1 if any1 ) respect to su*    
model4  7,g7 ,any sub/antial            
modification to su* model4  7,h7 ,ea*   
assessm5t ( cata/rophic risk ) respect  
to su* model or sub/antial modification1
 conduct$ pursuant to ! fronti] ,,ai    
framework at issue4  7,i7 ,! results (  
ea* su* assessm5t4  7,j7 ,! ext5t to :i*
 a ?ird p>ty 0 utiliz$ 9 ! assessm5t (  
su* model4  7,k7 ,any o!r /ep tak5      
pursuant to su* framework ) respect to  
su* model4  7#b7 ,ma*9e-readable =mat ,!
 summ>ies describ$ 9 ?is subsection %all
 be provid$ 9 a ma*9e-readable =mat to  
facilitate v]ification ( model claims4  
7#c7 ,confid5tial deploym5t ,a fronti]  
develop] may def] publication ( ! report
 requir$ "u ?is subsection ) respect to 
a deploym5t made subject to             
confid5tiality obligations = reasons (  
security or national security1 until su*
 model is fir/ deploy$ o!r ?an subject  

to su* obligations1 if su* develop]     
transmits su* report to ! ,"u ,secret>y 
be=e or concurr5tly ) ! confid5tial     
deploym5t4  7e7 ,false or mislead+      
/atem5ts  7#a7 ,9 g5]al ,except z       
provid$ 9 p>agraph 7#b71 a fronti]      
develop] may n 9 a report "u subsection 
7d7 kn[+ly make an inaccurate /atem5t   
ab\t1 or convey a false impression      
reg>d+1 any subject on :i* subsection   
7d7 requires su* report to include      
in=mation4  7#b7 ,exception ,p>agraph   
7#a7 does n apply to a /atem5t a fronti]
 develop] made 9 good fai? & t 0        
reasonable "u ! circum/ances4  7f7      
,r$actions  7#a7 ,9 g5]al ,be=e publi%+ 
a report or o!r in=mation pursuant to   
?is section1 a fronti] develop] may make
 a r$action 9 su* publication to c>ry   
out any ( ! foll[+3  7,a7 ,protect a    
trade secret1 ! risk-prev5tion          
me*anisms1 or ! cyb]security1 ( su*     
develop]4  7,b7 ,protect public safety  
or ! national security ( ! ,unit$       
,/ates4  7,c7 ,comply ) ,f$]al or ,/ate 

law4  7#b7 ,ju/ification ,if a fronti]  
develop] makes a r$action pursuant to   
p>agraph 7#a71 su* develop] %all c>ry   
out ! foll[+3  7,a7 ,include 9 !        
publication 9 :i* su* r$action is made  
in=mation relat+ to ! "* ( su* r$action 
& a ju/ification = su* r$action4  7,b7  
,reta9 = n less ?an five ye>s f ! date (
 su* publication ! in=mation s r$act$4  
7,c7 ,transmit to ! ,"u ,secret>y an    
unr$act$ copy ( ! publication 9 :i* su* 
r$action is made4  7g7 ,report+         
me*anisms  7#a7 ,critical safety        
incid5ts ,n lat] ?an #ahj days aft] !   
date ( enactm5t ( ?is ,act1 ! ,"u       
,secret>y %all e/abli% a me*anism = a   
fronti] develop] or memb] ( ! public to 
confid5tially c>ry out ! foll[+3  7,a7  
,submit to ! ,"u ,secret>y a report on a
 critical safety incid5t t includes !   
foll[+3 7i7 ,a specification ( ! date ( 
su* incid5t4  7ii7 ,in=mation relat+ to 
su* incid5t1 includ+-- 7,i7 ! reason :y 
su* incid5t is a critical safety        
incid5t2 &  7,,ii7 :e!r su* incid5t is  

associat$ ) ! int]nal utilization ( a   
fronti] model4  7iii7 ,any additional   
in=mation requir$ by ! ,"u ,secret>y by 
regulation4  7,b7 ,am5d su* report1 z   
necess>y4  7#b7 ,cata/rophic risk  7,a7 
,9 g5]al ,n lat] ?an #ahj days aft] !   
date ( enactm5t ( ?is ,act1 ! ,"u       
,secret>y %all e/abli% a me*anism = a   
l>ge fronti] develop] to confid5tially  
submit to ! ,"u ,secret>y a report on   
cata/rophic risk aris+ f a fronti] model
 ( su* develop]1 includ+ int]nal use &  
int]nally deploy$ models4  7,b7 ,p]iodic
 transmittal ,n less frequ5tly ?an e #c 
mon?s1 or pursuant to ano!r reasonable  
s*$ule specifi$ by a l>ge fronti]       
develop] 9 writ+ & agre$ to by ! ,"u    
,secret>y1 su* develop] %all transmit to
 ! ,"u ,secret>y1 ?r\gh ! me*anism      
e/abli%$ "u subp>agraph 7g77#b77;,a71 a 
summ>y ( an assessm5t ( cata/rophic     
risks aris+ f int]nal use ( its fronti] 
models4  7#c7 ,protection ( reports ,!  
,"u ,secret>y %all take all necess>y    
precautions to limit access to any      

reports submitt$ "u ?is subsection to   
only p]sonnel ) a specific ne$ to "k !  
in=mation & to protect ! reports f      
unau?oriz$ access4  7#d7 ,review ,! ,"u 
,secret>y %all review ea* report        
submitt$ "u ?is subsection by a fronti] 
develop] & may review any report        
submitt$ "u ?is subsection by a memb] ( 
! public4  7h7 ,discov]y ( a critical   
safety incid5t  7#a7 ,9 g5]al ,subject  
to subsection 7g7 & except z provid$ 9  
p>agraph 7#b71 n lat] ?an #gb h\rs aft] 
a fronti] develop] le>ns facts suffici5t
 to e/abli% a reasonable belief t a     
critical safety incid5t has occurr$ )   
respect to a fronti] model ( su*        
develop]1 su* develop] %all submit ?r\gh
 ! me*anism e/abli%$ "u subsection      
7g77#a7 a report on su* incid5t4  7#b7  
,imm95t risk ,n lat] ?an #bd h\rs aft] a
 fronti] develop] discov]s a critical   
safety incid5t t poses an imm95t risk ( 
dea? or s]i\s physical injury1 su*      
develop] %all report su* incid5t to a   
law en=cem5t ag5cy ) jurisdiction ov]   

su* incid5t4  7i7 ,/ate attorneys g5]al 
opt-,9 ,pursuant to ! regulations       
promulgat$ by ! ,"u ,secret>y "u section
 #c1 ,/ate ,attorneys ,g5]al may opt 9  
to receive reports submitt$ to ! ,"u    
,secret>y "u subsections 7g7 & 7h74  7j7
 ,civil p5alty  7#a7 ,9 g5]al ,a fronti]
 develop] t violates ?is section %all be
 subject to a civil p5alty ( n m ?an    
#a1jjj1jjj p] violation4 ,= purposes (  
?is p>agraph1 ea* day dur+ :i* a        
violation cont9ues con/itutes a sep>ate 
violation4  7#b7 ,action by attorney    
g5]al ,! ,attorney ,g5]al may br+ an    
action to collect a civil p5alty "u     
p>agraph 7#a7 & = an injunction ensur+  
compliance ) ! provisions ( ?is section4
  7#c7 ,action by /ate attorney g5]al   
7,a7 ,a ,/ate ,attorney ,g5]al :o has   
opt$ 9 "u subsection 7i7 may br+ an     
action to collect a civil p5alty "u     
p>agraph 7#a7 & = an injunction ensur+  
compliance ) ! provisions ( ?is section4
  7,b7 ,be=e fil+ an action "u          
subp>agraph 7,a71 ! ,/ate ,attorney     

,g5]al %all provide to ! ,attorney      
,g5]al & ! ,"u ,secret>y a writt5 notice
 ( t action & a copy ( ! compla9t = t   
action4 ,?is notice requirem5t %all n   
apply if ! ,/ate ,attorney ,g5]al       
det]m9es t x is n feasible to provide   
notice be=e ! fil+ ( ! action1 9 :i*    
case ! ,/ate ,attorney ,g5]al %all      
provide a writt5 notice ( ! action & a  
copy ( ! compla9t = ! action at ! same  
"t ! ,/ate ,attorney ,g5]al files !     
action4  7,c7 ,^u receiv+ notice "u     
subp>agraph 7,b71 ! ,attorney ,g5]al    
%all h ! "r to int]v5e 9 ! action t is !
 subject ( ! notice1 9 :i* case !       
,attorney ,g5]al %all h ! "r to be he>d 
) respect to any matt] t arises 9 t     
action & to file a petition = appeal4   
7,d7 ,9 any case 9 :i* an action is     
in/itut$ by ! ,attorney ,g5]al "u       
subp>agraph 7,a71 no ,/ate ,attorney    
,g5]al may1 dur+ ! p5d5cy ( t action1   
in/itute an action "u ?is subsection    
aga9/ any def5dant nam$ 9 ! compla9t 9 t
 action = any violation ass]t$ 9 !      

,attorney ,g5]al's action4  7,e7 ,if1   
aft] a ,/ate ,attorney ,g5]al in/itutes 
an action "u ?is subsection1 ! ,attorney
 ,g5]al in/itutes an action ) respect to
 violations at issue 9 ! ,/ate ,attorney
 ,g5]al's action1 ! ,/ate ,attorney     
,g5]al's action %all be /ay$ z to !     
violations at issue 9 ! ,attorney       
,g5]al's action dur+ ! p5d5cy ( !       
,attorney ,g5]al's action4 ,if !        
,attorney ,g5]al's action is dismiss$ ) 
respect to any ( ! violations at issue 9
 ! ,/ate ,attorney ,g5]al's action )\t a
 b9d+ resolution on ! m]its1 ! /ay ( !  
,/ate ,attorney ,g5]al's action %all be 
lift$ z to ^? violations4  7k7          
,regi/ration & disclosure  7#a7 ,9 g5]al
 ,beg9n+ on ! date t is #a ye> aft] !   
date ( enactm5t ( ?is ,act1 or #ij days 
aft] a develop] fir/ qualifies z a l>ge 
fronti] develop]1 :i*ev] is lat]1 a l>ge
 fronti] develop] may n develop1 deploy1
 or op]ate a fronti] model1 9 :ole or 9 
"p1 )\t a curr5t disclosure /atem5t fil$
 ) ! ,"u ,secret>y & paym5t ( ! fee     

requir$ "u subsection 7k77#d74  7#b7    
,cont5ts ,a disclosure /atem5t fil$ "u  
subsection 7k77#a7 %all be 9 ! =m &     
mann] prescrib$ by ! ,"u ,secret>y &    
%all id5tify-- 7,a7 ! id5tity ( ! l>ge  
fronti] develop] & all names "u :i* x   
conducts bus9ess2  7,b7 ! address ( !   
l>ge fronti] develop]'s pr9cipal place (
 bus9ess & ea* (fice x ma9ta9s 9 !      
,unit$ ,/ates2  7,c7 9 ! case ( a l>ge  
fronti] develop] t is privately or      
closely held1 or ^: ultimate p>5t is    
privately or closely held1 all p]sons or
 entities t b5eficially own a #e p]c5t  
or great] int]e/ 9 su* develop] at ! "t 
( fil+1 & all p]sons t =m]ly b5eficially
 own$ a #e p]c5t or great] int]e/ 9 su* 
develop] or a pr$ecessor ( su* develop] 
dur+ ! prec$+ #e ye>s1 &1 9 ! case ( a  
l>ge fronti] develop] t is publicly     
trad$1 or ^: ultimate p>5t is publicly  
trad$1 all p]sons or entities t         
b5eficially own a #ej p]c5t or great]   
int]e/ 9 su* develop] at ! "t ( fil+2 & 
7,d7 ! "n & contact in=mation ( a       

prim>y1 second>y1 & t]ti>y po9t (       
contact1 ! prim>y ( :om is responsible =
 receiv+ inquiries "u ?is ,act4  7#c7   
,r5ewal ,a l>ge fronti] develop] %all   
r5ew its disclosure /atem5t annually1 or
 n lat] ?an ! date ( any transf] (      
own]%ip ( a fronti] model or mat]ial    
*ange to ! in=mation report$ "u p>agraph
 7k77#b71 :i*ev] occurs e>li]4  7#d7    
,fees ,! ,"u ,secret>y %all *>ge &      
collect fees f l>ge fronti] develop]s   
suffici5t to (fset ! exp5ses ( adm9i/]+ 
?is subsection4  7#e7 ,publication ,!   
,"u ,secret>y %all ma9ta9 & publi% a li/
 ( l>ge fronti] develop]s t h fil$ a    
disclosure /atem5t "u ?is subsection1   
exclud+ ! contact in=mation describ$ 9  
p>agraph 7k77#b74  7#f7 ,civil p5alty ,a
 l>ge fronti] develop] t develops1      
deploys1 or op]ates a fronti] model )\t 
a curr5t disclosure /atem5t on file "u  
?is subsection1 t submits false         
in=mation 9 su* a /atem5t1 or t fails to
 timely pay a fee requir$ "u p>agraph   
7k77#d71 %all be subject to a civil     

p5alty ( #aj1jjj = ea* day (            
noncompliance1 :i* ! ,attorney ,g5]al or
 a ,/ate ,attorney ,g5]al :o has opt$ 9 
"u subsection 7i7 may br+ an action to  
collect4  7l7 ,"u secret>y reports ,n   
lat] ?an ,janu>y #a1 #bjbh1 & annually  
!reaft]1 ! ,"u ,secret>y %all submit to 
,congress & ! ,presid5t a report t      
includes1 = ! annual p]iod cov]$ by su* 
report1 anonymiz$ & aggregat$ in=mation 
ab\t ! critical safety incid5ts1 if any1
 t h be5 review$ by ! ,"u ,secret>y     
pursuant to subsection 7g77#d71 exclud+ 
any in=mation t w\ld compromise a trade 
secret1 risk-prev5tion me*anisms1 or !  
cyb]security ( a fronti] develop]1      
public safety1 or ! national security ( 
! ,unit$ ,/ates4  #e4 ,indep5d5t        
v]ification  7a7  ,lic5s+ & ov]sight (  
,i,v,os  ,! ,"u ,secret>y %all h ! p[] &
 duty to ov]see ! lic5s+ ( indep5d5t    
v]ification organizations1 9 accordance 
) ! regulations prescrib$ "u subsection 
7c7 ( section #c4  7b7 ,assessm5t       
requirem5t ,n lat] ?an "o ye> aft] !    

date on :i* ! ,"u ,secret>y fir/ lic5ses
 an ,,ivo ) capacity to accept an       
engagem5t "u ?is section1 or #ij days   
aft] a develop] fir/ qualifies z a v    
l>ge fronti] develop]1 :i*ev] is lat]1 a
 v l>ge fronti] develop] %all reta9 an  
indep5d5t v]ification organization t has
 be5 lic5s$ pursuant to ! regulations   
prescrib$ "u subsection 7c7 ( section #c
 to p]=m ongo+ assessm5t ( ! adequacy ( 
! v l>ge fronti] develop]'s fronti] ,,ai
 framework1 gov]nance policies &        
practices1 risk-monitor+1 & mitigation (
 detect$ risks = a*iev+ acceptable      
levels ( cata/rophic risk mitigation4   
,all assessm5t1 monitor+1 report+1 &    
corrective action obligations "u ?is    
section %all apply to cata/rophic risks 
aris+ f a v l>ge fronti] develop]'s     
int]nal use ( fronti] models1 9 addition
 to cata/rophic risks aris+ f ! release 
( su* fronti] models = use by ?ird      
p>ties4  7c7 ,lic5s+ ,ea* p]son or      
entity seek+ to act z an ,,ivo %all     
obta9 a lic5se f ! ,"u ,secret>y4  7d7  

,subcontract+  7#a7 ,9 g5]al ,an ,,ivo  
may subcontract "o or m portions ( an   
assessm5t to an organization )          
specializ$ exp]tise1 provid$ t ! reta9+ 
,,ivo rema9s fully responsible = !      
assessm5t1 any result+ assessm5t report1
 & any o!r regulatory obligations ( !   
,,ivo "u ?is ,act4  7#b7 ,pass-?r\gh (  
obligations ,a subcontractor p]=m+ any  
portion ( an assessm5t %all /& 9 ! place
 ( ! reta9+ ,,ivo & %all be subject to1 
& comply )1 e obligation "u ?is section 
& ! regulations prescrib$ "u subsection 
7c7 ( section #c t applies to ! ,,ivo ) 
respect to ! "w ! subcontractor p]=ms1  
includ+ ! p]sonnel                      
te*nical-qualification1                 
conflict-(-int]e/1 & confid5tiality     
requirem5ts4  7#c7 ,responsibility (    
reta9+ ivo ,not)/&+ any subcontract+ "u 
?is subsection1 ! reta9+ ,,ivo %all     
rema9 ! responsible p>ty = ! assessm5t &
 ! result+ assessm5t report1 includ+ !  
c]tifications requir$ "u subsection 7f74
  7e7 ,access  7#a7 ,9 g5]al ,a v l>ge  

fronti] develop] %all grant an ,,ivo    
timely access ^u reque/ to unr$act$     
mat]ials1 records1 p]sonnel1 sy/ems1 &  
all o!r in=mation reasonably necess>y = 
conduct+ ! assessm5ts & ongo+ monitor+  
requir$ by ?is section4  7#b7 ,security 
protocols ,a v l>ge fronti] develop] may
 impose reasonable security protocols & 
confid5tiality requirem5ts ^u ,i,v,os t 
are n>r[ly tailor$ to protect trade     
secrets & confid5tial bus9ess in=mation4
  7#c7 ,limitations describ$ ,any       
mat]ial limitation on scope1 access1 or 
in=mation available to ! ,,ivo %all be  
describ$ 9 ! assessm5t report4  7f7     
,assessm5t reports  7#a7 ,frequ5cy ,a   
lic5s$ ,,ivo reta9$ "u subsection 7b7   
%all det]m9e1 9 its pr(essional judgm5t 
& consi/5t ) any regulations issu$ "u   
subsection 7c7 ( section #c1 ! frequ5cy 
) :i* x prep>es & submits assessm5t     
reports "u ?is subsection1 bas$ on !    
nature1 sev]ity1 & evolution ( !        
cata/rophic risks pres5t$ by ! v l>ge   
fronti] develop]'s developm5t1          

deploym5t1 & int]nal use ( fronti]      
models1 provid$ t ! ,,ivo %all prep>e & 
submit an assessm5t report n less       
frequ5tly ?an once e #f mon?s4  7#b7    
,cont5ts ,ea* assessm5t report %all be  
submitt$ simultane\sly to ! ,"u         
,secret>y & ! v l>ge fronti] develop] & 
%all include all ( ! foll[+3  7,a7 ,a   
description ( ! scope ( ! assessm5t1 !  
"t p]iod cov]$1 ! mat]ials review$1 & ! 
me?ods us$4  7,b7 ,a description ( any  
limitations on ! ,,ivo's ability to     
?or\ghly & adequately assess ! adequacy 
( ! v l>ge fronti] develop]'s fronti]   
,,ai framework4  7,c7 ,a detail$        
assessm5t ( ! adequacy ( ! v l>ge       
fronti] develop]'s fronti] ,,ai         
framework1 gov]nance policies &         
practices1 risk-monitor+1 & mitigation (
 detect$ risks to ensure acceptable     
levels ( cata/rophic risk mitigation4   
7,d7 ,any id5tifi$ failure1 defici5cy1  
or mat]ial weakness 9 a*iev+ acceptable 
levels ( cata/rophic risk mitigation4   
7,e7 ,any corrective actions recomm5d$  

to ! v l>ge fronti] develop]'s fronti]  
,,ai framework1 gov]nance policies &    
practices1 risk-monitor+1 & mitigation (
 detect$ risks1 necess>y to a*ieve      
acceptable levels ( cata/rophic risk    
mitigation4  7,f7 ,! signature ( !      
,,ivo's lead assessm5t p>tn] or         
equival5t responsible (ficial c]tify+   
t--  7i7 ! report is accurate & does n  
omit any mat]ial in=mation2  7ii7 !     
,,ivo 0 qualifi$ to conduct ! assessm5t2
  7iii7 ! ,,ivo is free f conflicts (   
int]e/1 z def9$ by regulations issu$ "u 
?is ,act2 &  7iv7 ! assessm5t compli$ ) 
regulations adopt$ pursuant to          
subsection 7c7 ( section #c4  7,g7 ,any 
o!r mat]ials requir$ by rules issu$     
pursuant to subsection 7c7 ( section #c4
  7g7 ,po/-,assessm5t report  7#a7 ,n   
lat] ?an f\rte5 days aft] ! v l>ge      
fronti] develop]'s receipt ( an         
assessm5t report "u subsection 7f71 ! v 
l>ge fronti] develop] %all submit to !  
,,ivo a writt5 description ( ! actions t
 x has tak5 or int5ds to take to        

implem5t ! corrective actions recomm5d$ 
9 su* assessm5t report4  7#b7 ,n lat]   
?an sev5 days aft] receiv+ ! description
 "u p>agraph 7#a71 ! ,,ivo %all submit  
to ! v l>ge fronti] develop] an op9ion1 
sign$ by ! ,,ivo's lead assessm5t p>tn] 
or equival5t responsible (ficial1 /at+ !
 ,,ivo's pr(essional judgm5t reg>d+ :e!r
 ! actions ! v l>ge fronti] develop] has
 tak5 or int5ds to take 9 response to ! 
,,ivo's recomm5dations are adequate to  
ensure acceptable levels ( cata/rophic  
risk mitigation4  7#c7 ,n lat] ?an #cj  
days aft] ! v l>ge fronti] develop]'s   
receipt ( an assessm5t report "u        
subsection 7f71 a v l>ge fronti]        
develop] %all submit to ! ,"u ,secret>y 
a po/-assessm5t report1 :i* %all        
include--  7,a7 a copy ( ! fronti] ,,ai 
framework applicable to ! assess$ p]iod2
  7,b7 ! "n1 bus9ess address1 electronic
 mail address1 & telephone numb] ( !    
,,ivo & ! lead assessm5t p>tn] or       
equival5t responsible (ficial2  7,c7 a  
summ>y ( ! key f9d+s ( ! assessm5t1     

includ+-- 7i7 ! ,,ivo's det]m9ation     
reg>d+ ! develop]'s con=mance ) its     
fronti] ,,ai framework2  7ii7 any       
significant conc]ns id5tifi$ by ! ,,ivo 
reg>d+ ! adequacy ( ! fronti] ,,ai      
framework & ! develop]'s con=mance to   
its fronti] ,,ai framework1 gov]nance   
policies & practices1 risk-monitor+1 &  
mitigation ( detect$ risks1 to ensure   
acceptable levels ( cata/rophic risk    
mitigation2 &  7iii7 ! op9ion r5d]$ by !
 ,,ivo "u p>agraph 7#b72 &  7,d7 su*    
additional in=mation z ! ,"u ,secret>y  
may require by regulation4  7h7 ,ad hoc 
assessm5ts ,at any "t1 & )\t reg>d to   
any frequ5cy det]m9$ "u p>agraph        
7f77#a71 ! ,"u ,secret>y may require a v
 l>ge fronti] develop] to obta9 an ad   
hoc assessm5t1 or a lic5s$ ,,ivo to     
prep>e & submit an assessm5t report1 z !
 ,"u ,secret>y det]m9es necess>y to--   
7#a7 reproduce or validate assessm5t    
f9d+s2  7#b7 evaluate implem5tation (   
corrective actions recomm5d$ "u p>agraph
 7f77#b77;,e72 or  7#c7 monitor         

significant *anges 9 risk1 includ+ aft] 
a critical safety incid5t or a          
sub/antial modification to a v l>ge     
fronti] develop]'s model1 sy/em1 or     
op]ations4  7i7  ,out-(-,cycle assessm5t
 & report+  ,9 addition to ! assessm5t  
reports requir$ "u subsection 7f71 a    
lic5s$ ,,ivo %all prep>e & submit       
simultane\sly to ! ,"u ,secret>y & ! v  
l>ge fronti] develop] supplem5tal       
reports z specifi$ 9 ?is subsection4    
7#a7  ,trigg]+ det]m9ations  ,an ,,ivo  
%all submit a supplem5tal report n lat] 
?an sev5 days aft] ! ,,ivo det]m9es1 9  
light ( new in=mation1 em]g5t model     
capabilities1 or mat]ial *anges to a    
fronti] model1 t--  7,a7 a prior        
assessm5t report's f9d+ t a v l>ge      
fronti] develop] is a*iev+ acceptable   
levels ( cata/rophic risk mitigation is 
no long] valid2  7,b7 corrective actions
 recomm5d$ 9 a prior assessm5t report   
w\ld no long] be adequate to a*ieve     
acceptable levels ( cata/rophic risk    
mitigation2 or  7,c7 any repres5tation  

made by a v l>ge fronti] develop] 9 a   
prior po/-assessm5t report submitt$ "u  
subsection 7g7 is no long] accurate or  
is mat]ially mislead+4  7#b7  ,cont5ts  
,a report submitt$ "u ?is subsection    
%all include-- 7,a7 a detail$           
description ( ! in=mation & conclusions 
trigg]+ report+ "u p>agraph 7#a72  7,b7 
an assessm5t ( :e!r ! issue trigg]+     
report+ "u p>agraph 7#a7 ?reat5s an     
imm95t cata/rophic risk2 &  7,c7 any    
additional corrective actions or        
modifications to ! develop]'s fronti]   
,,ai framework1 gov]nance policies &    
practices1 risk-monitor+1 & mitigation (
 detect$ risks necess>y to re/ore       
acceptable levels ( cata/rophic risk    
mitigation4  7#c7  ,develop] response   
,n lat] ?an sev5 days aft] ! v l>ge     
fronti] develop]'s receipt ( a          
supplem5tal report "u ?is subsection1 ! 
v l>ge fronti] develop] %all submit to !
 ,,ivo a writt5 description ( ! actions 
t x has tak5 or int5ds to take to       
implem5t ! corrective actions recomm5d$ 

9 su* supplem5tal report4  7#d7  ,ivo   
op9ion  ,n lat] ?an sev5 days aft]      
receiv+ ! description "u p>agraph 7#c71 
! ,,ivo %all submit to ! v l>ge fronti] 
develop] an op9ion1 sign$ by ! ,,ivo's  
lead assessm5t p>tn] or equival5t       
responsible (ficial1 /at+ ! ,,ivo's     
pr(essional judgm5t reg>d+ :e!r !       
actions ! v l>ge fronti] develop] has   
tak5 or int5ds to take 9 response to !  
,,ivo's recomm5dations are adequate to  
ensure acceptable levels ( cata/rophic  
risk mitigation4  7#e7  ,submission to  
"u secret>y  ,n lat] ?an tw5ty-"o days  
aft] ! v l>ge fronti] develop]'s receipt
 ( a supplem5tal report "u ?is          
subsection1 ! v l>ge fronti] develop]   
%all submit to ! ,"u ,secret>y--  7,a7 a
 response id5tify+ any actions1 includ+ 
revisions to ! fronti] ,,ai framework1 t
 ! develop] has tak5 or int5ds to take 9
 response2 &  7,b7 an op9ion r5d]$ by ! 
,,ivo "u p>agraph 7#d74  7j7 ,public    
disclosure ( assessm5t reports  7#a7 ,9 
g5]al ,n lat] ?an #cj days aft] receiv+ 

an assessm5t report "u subsection 7f71 a
 v l>ge fronti] develop] %all--  7,a7   
conspicu\sly publi% on a publicly       
available website ( su* develop] a      
high-level summ>y ( ! f9d+s ( su* report
 & a copy ( su* report1 r$act$ consi/5t 
) subsection 7m72 &  7,b7 transmit a    
copy ( ! report1 z s r$act$1 to ! ,"u   
,secret>y1 ! ,attorney ,g5]al1 & opt$-9 
,/ate ,attorneys ,g5]al4  7#b7 ,r$action
 disputes ,if ! ,"u ,secret>y1 !        
,attorney ,g5]al1 or a ,/ate ,attorney  
,g5]al :o has opt$ 9 "u subsection 7k7  
det]m9es t a r$action made "u ?is       
subsection is ov]broad1 su* (ficial may 
reque/ t ! ,"u ,secret>y review !       
r$action4 ,n lat] ?an #cj days aft]     
receiv+ su* a reque/1 ! ,"u ,secret>y   
%all review ! r$action1 :i* review may  
include an 9 cam]a review ( ! unr$act$  
assessm5t report1 & %all det]m9e :e!r ! 
r$action is consi/5t ) subsection 7m74  
7k7 ,/ate attorneys g5]al opt-,9        
,pursuant to ! regulations promulgat$ by
 ! ,"u ,secret>y "u section #c1 ,/ate   

,attorneys ,g5]al may opt 9 to receive  
reports pursuant to subsections 7f7 &   
7i7 & ref]rals pursuant to subsection   
7p74  7l7 ,recordkeep+ ,ea* v l>ge      
fronti] develop] & ,,ivo %all reta9 an  
unr$act$ copy ( ea* assessm5t report &  
mat]ials support+ ! report = n less ?an 
#e ye>s aft] ! date ( completion ( !    
assessm5t4  7m7 ,public v]sion r$actions
  7#a7 ,p]mitt$ r$actions ,! public     
v]sion ( an assessm5t report may r$act  
in=mation1 or omit in=mation includ$ 9 a
 confid5tial annex1 only to ! ext5t     
reasonably necess>y to protect--  7,a7  
trade secrets2  7,b7 cyb]security2  7,c7
 a fronti] develop]'s risk-prev5tion    
me*anisms2  7,d7 public safety2  7,e7   
national security2 or  7,f7 p]sonally   
id5tifiable in=mation or o!r in=mation !
 disclosure ( :i* w\ld con/itute a      
cle>ly unw>rant$ invasion ( privacy4    
7#b7 ,description ( r$actions ,! public 
v]sion ( ! assessm5t report %all include
 a description ( ! "* & ju/ification (  
any r$actions or omitt$ mat]ial4  7n7   

,access to unr$act$ mat]ials ,! develop]
 & ,,ivo %all provide ! ,"u ,secret>y & 
! ,attorney ,g5]al access to ! unr$act$ 
assessm5t report & support+ mat]ials ^u 
reque/4  7o7 ,prohibition on            
misrepres5tation ,an ,,ivo %all n kn[+ly
 make a mat]ial misrepres5tation or     
omission 9 any report or op9ion prep>$  
pursuant to ?is section4  7p7 ,en=cem5t 
7#a7 ,ref]ral to attorney g5]al & /ate  
attorneys g5]al  7,a7 ,9 g5]al ,an ,,ivo
 may ref] any violation ( ?is section to
 ! ,attorney ,g5]al1 & all ,/ate        
,attorneys ,g5]al opt+ 9 "u subsection  
7k71 = en=cem5t action "u ?is           
subsection4  7,b7 ,,ivo ref]rals ,if1 9 
! c\rse ( p]=m+ its responsibilities "u 
?is section1 an ,,ivo det]m9es t a v    
l>ge fronti] develop]'s fronti] model   
fails to a*ieve acceptable levels (     
cata/rophic risk mitigation 9 a mann] t 
poses an imm95t cata/rophic risk1 !     
,,ivo %all ref] ! matt] to ! ,secret>y1 
= consid]ation ( an em]g5cy ord] "u     
section #h1 z soon z practicable1 & 9   

any ev5t n m ?an #gb h\rs1 aft] its     
det]m9ation4  7#b7 ,develop] violations 
7,a7 ,9 g5]al ,a v l>ge fronti] develop]
 t violates subsection 7b71 7e71 7g71   
7h71 7i71 7j71 or 7k71 or t makes a     
mat]ial misrepres5tation or omission 9 a
 po/-assessm5t report submitt$ "u       
subsection 7g71 %all be subject to a    
civil p5alty ( n m ?an #a1jjj1jjj p]    
violation4 ,= purposes ( ?is            
subp>agraph1 ea* day dur+ :i* a         
violation cont9ues con/itutes a sep>ate 
violation4  7,b7 ,action by attorney    
g5]al ,! ,attorney ,g5]al may br+ an    
action to collect a civil p5alty "u     
subp>agraph 7,a7 & = an injunction      
ensur+ compliance ) ! provisions ( ?is  
section4  7,c7 ,action by /ate attorney 
g5]al  7i7 ,a ,/ate ,attorney ,g5]al :o 
has opt$ 9 "u subsection 7k7 may br+ an 
action to collect a civil p5alty "u     
subp>agraph 7,a7 & = an injunction      
ensur+ compliance ) ! provisions ( ?is  
section4  7ii7 ,be=e fil+ an action "u  
clause 7i71 ! ,/ate ,attorney ,g5]al    

%all provide to ! ,attorney ,g5]al a    
writt5 notice ( t action & a copy ( !   
compla9t = t action4 ,?is notice        
requirem5t %all n apply if ! ,/ate      
,attorney ,g5]al det]m9es t x is n      
feasible to provide notice be=e ! fil+ (
 ! action1 9 :i* case ! ,/ate ,attorney 
,g5]al %all provide a writt5 notice ( ! 
action & a copy ( ! compla9t = ! action 
at ! same "t ! ,/ate ,attorney ,g5]al   
files ! action4  7iii7 ,^u receiv+      
notice "u clause 7ii71 ! ,attorney      
,g5]al %all h ! "r to int]v5e 9 ! action
 t is ! subject ( ! notice1 9 :i* case !
 ,attorney ,g5]al %all h ! "r to be he>d
 ) respect to any matt] t arises 9 t    
action & to file a petition = appeal4   
7iv7 ,9 any case 9 :i* an action is     
in/itut$ by ! ,attorney ,g5]al "u       
subp>agraph 7,b71 no ,/ate ,attorney    
,g5]al may1 dur+ ! p5d5cy ( t action1   
in/itute an action "u ?is subp>agraph   
aga9/ any def5dant nam$ 9 ! compla9t 9 t
 action = any violation ass]t$ 9 !      
,attorney ,g5]al's action4  7v7 ,if1    

aft] a ,/ate ,attorney ,g5]al in/itutes 
an action "u ?is subp>agraph1 !         
,attorney ,g5]al in/itutes an action "u 
subp>agraph 7,b7 ) respect to violations
 at issue 9 ! ,/ate ,attorney ,g5]al's  
action1 ! ,/ate ,attorney ,g5]al's      
action %all be /ay$ z to ! violations at
 issue 9 ! ,attorney ,g5]al's action    
dur+ ! p5d5cy ( ! ,attorney ,g5]al's    
action4 ,if ! ,attorney ,g5]al's action 
is dismiss$ ) respect to any ( !        
violations at issue 9 ! ,/ate ,attorney 
,g5]al's action )\t a b9d+ resolution on
 ! m]its1 ! /ay ( ! ,/ate ,attorney     
,g5]al's action %all be lift$ z to ^?   
violations4  7q7 ,immunity f suit  7#a7 
,9 g5]al ,an ,,ivo %all be immune f suit
 & liability "u ,f$]al & ,/ate law )    
respect to all claims = loss caus$ by1  
aris+ out (1 relat+ to1 or result+ f !  
mat]ialization ( a cata/rophic risk ( a 
fronti] model assess$ by ! ,,ivo if !   
,,ivo 0 lic5s$ by ! ,"u ,secret>y "u ?is
 section at ! "t ( ! assessm5t4  7#b7   
,exception ,! sole exception to immunity

 f suit & liability ( a lic5s$ ,,ivo "u 
?is subsection %all be an exclusive     
,f$]al cause ( action = dea? or s]i\s   
physical injury proximately caus$ by    
willful misconduct1 z def9$ by section  
#bdg;d-#f;d7c77#a7 ( title #db1 ,unit$  
,/ates ,code4  7,a7 ,an action "u ?is   
p>agraph may be br\ght = wrongful dea?  
or s]i\s physical injury by any p]son :o
 suff]s su* injury or by any            
repres5tative ( su* a p]son4  7,b7 ,9 an
 action "u ?is p>agraph1 ! pla9tiff %all
 h ! burd5 ( prov+ by cle> & conv9c+    
evid5ce willful misconduct by ! ,,ivo & 
t su* willful misconduct caus$ dea? or  
s]i\s physical injury4 ,not)/&+ any o!r 
provision ( law1 an ,,ivo %all n h      
engag$ 9 willful misconduct z a matt] ( 
law :]e su* ,,ivo act$ consi/5t ) its   
obligations "u ?is section & all        
applicable regulations1 guidel9es1 or   
recomm5dations by ! ,"u ,secret>y4  7,c7
 ,an action "u ?is p>agraph %all be fil$
 & ma9ta9$ only 9 an appropriate di/rict
 c\rt ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,! sub/antive  

law = decision 9 su* an action %all be  
d]iv$ f ! law1 includ+ *oice-(-law      
pr9ciples1 ( ! ,/ate 9 :i* ! alleg$     
willful misconduct occurr$1 unless su*  
law is inconsi/5t ) or preempt$ by      
,f$]al law1 includ+ provisions ( ?is    
section4  7,d7 ,9 an action "u ?is      
p>agraph1 no discov]y %all be all[$ be=e
 ! ,,ivo has _h a reasonable opportunity
 to file a motion to dismiss1 or1 9 !   
ev5t su* a motion is fil$1 be=e ! c\rt  
has rul$ on su* motion4  7r7 ,,foia     
exemption ,assessm5t reports1 summ>ies1 
& support+ mat]ials disclos$ to ! ,"u   
,secret>y pursuant to ?is section are   
exempt f disclosure "u section #eeb (   
title #e1 ,unit$ ,/ates ,code4  #f4     
,cumulative obligations ,except z       
o!rwise expressly provid$1 a l>ge       
fronti] develop] %all comply ) ea*      
requirem5t ( ?is ,act applicable to a   
fronti] develop]1 & a v l>ge fronti]    
develop] %all comply ) ea* requirem5t ( 
?is ,act applicable to a fronti]        
develop] & to a l>ge fronti] develop]4  

#g4 ,gov]nm5t acc\ntability (fice report
 on ! m>ket = indep5d5t v]ification     
organizations  7a7 ,annual report ,n    
lat] ?an "o ye> aft] ! date ( enactm5t (
 ?is ,act1 & annually !reaft]1 !        
,comptroll] ,g5]al ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates    
%all submit to ! ,committee on ,en]gy & 
,comm]ce ( ! ,h\se ( ,repres5tatives & !
 ,committee on ,comm]ce1 ,sci5ce1 &     
,transportation ( ! ,s5ate a report on !
 /ate ( ! m>ket = indep5d5t v]ification 
organizations lic5s$ "u section #e4  7b7
 ,cont5ts ,ea* report submitt$ "u       
subsection 7a7 %all include ! foll[+3   
7#a7 ,an assessm5t ( ! /ate ( ! m>ket = 
indep5d5t v]ification organizations1    
includ+ ! numb] ( lic5s$ ,i,v,os1 _!    
capacity to meet dem& = assessm5ts1 &   
any b>ri]s to entry or o!r factors      
affect+ ! developm5t ( a competitive &  
robu/ ,,ivo m>ket4  7#b7 ,an evaluation 
( ! degree to :i* indep5d5t v]ification 
organizations are indep5d5t f !         
artificial intellig5ce indu/ry1 includ+ 
any factors t ?reat5 su* indep5d5ce4    

7#c7 ,recomm5dations = legislative or   
adm9i/rative policy *anges t w\ld help  
ensure ! indep5d5ce ( indep5d5t         
v]ification organizations f ! artificial
 intellig5ce indu/ry4  #h4 ,em]g5cy     
ord]s address+ imm95t cata/rophic risk  
7a7 ,au?ority  7#a7 ,9 g5]al ,!         
,secret>y may issue an em]g5cy ord]     
susp5d+ or re/rict+ a fronti] develop]'s
 developm5t1 deploym5t1 or int]nal use (
 a fronti] model ^u f9d+ t su*          
developm5t1 deploym5t1 or int]nal use ( 
t model pres5ts an imm95t cata/rophic   
risk4  7#b7 ,em]g5cy ord] ,9 ?is        
section1 ! t]m em]g5cy ord] means a     
provisional ord] issu$ "u subsection 7e7
 or a f9al ord] issu$ "u subsection 7f74
  7#c7 ,scope ,a susp5sion or re/riction
 "u ?is section--  7,a7 may apply to !  
:ole or any "p ( ! developm5t1          
deploym5t1 or int]nal use ( ! fronti]   
model1 includ+ developm5t1 deploym5t1 or
 int]nal use by or ) respect to p>ticul>
 p]sons or categories ( p]sons1 =       
p>ticul> purposes or uses1 or ?r\gh     

p>ticul> means or *annels ( access2 &   
7,b7 may be def9$ by ref]5ce to !       
pres5ce or abs5ce ( specifi$ facts or   
circum/ances ( su* developm5t1          
deploym5t1 or int]nal use1 includ+      
specifi$ safegu>ds or security measures4
  7b7 ,f9d+  7#a7 ,9 writ+ ,a f9d+ "u   
subsection 7a7 %all be set =? 9 a writt5
 /atem5t t includes ! factual basis = ! 
f9d+ & ! pr9cipal reasons = !           
,secret>y's det]m9ation4  7#b7 ,te*nical
 assessm5t ,if ! ,secret>y has publi%$  
me?ods be>+ on ! f9d+1 ! ,secret>y %all1
 be=e ! ,secret>y makes ! f9d+1 prep>e a
 te*nical assessm5t apply+ su* me?ods to
 ! fronti] develop]'s developm5t1       
deploym5t1 or int]nal use1 & ! ,secret>y
 %all include su* assessm5t ) ! writt5  
/atem5t "u p>agraph 7#a74  7#c7         
,consultation ,9 mak+ a f9d+ "u         
subsection 7a71 a prelim9>y det]m9ation 
"u subsection 7e71 or a det]m9ation )   
respect to rescission "u subsection 7g71
 ! ,secret>y %all consult ) ! ,"u       
,secret>y4  7#d7 ,f9al au?ority ,!      

au?ority to make a f9d+ "u subsection   
7a7 & to issue1 r5ew1 or resc9d an      
em]g5cy ord] "u ?is section is ve/$ 9 ! 
,secret>y1 & no consultation "u p>agraph
 7#c7 %all be con/ru$ to condition !    
ex]cise ( su* au?ority on ! concurr5ce (
 ! ,"u ,secret>y4  7c7 ,ord]  7#a7      
,cont5ts ,an em]g5cy ord] %all-- 7,a7   
id5tify ! fronti] develop] subject to ! 
ord] & ! fronti] model or models to :i* 
! ord] applies2  7,b7 describe1 )       
reasonable p>ticul>ity1 ! acts1         
practices1 or circum/ances 9 !          
developm5t1 deploym5t1 or int]nal use ( 
su* model or models f :i* ! imm95t      
cata/rophic risk arises2  7,c7 /ate1 9 !
 case ( a provisional ord]1 ! prelim9>y 
basis = ! ord]1 & 9 ! case ( a f9al     
ord]1 include ! writt5 /atem5t requir$  
by subsection 7b77#a72  7,d7 describe ! 
susp5sions or re/rictions impos$2  7,e7 
include a timel9e = compliance ) ! ord]2
  7,f7 /ate ! crit]ia = rescission ( !  
ord] "u subsection 7g72 &  7,g7 if      
corrective action by ! fronti] develop] 

c\ld cause su* developm5t1 deploym5t1 or
 int]nal use to no long] pres5t an      
imm95t cata/rophic risk1 describe su*   
corrective action4  7#b7 ,rule (        
con/ruction ,! id5tification or         
availability ( corrective action        
describ$ 9 p>agraph 7#a77;,g7 %all n be 
a precondition to ! issuance ( an       
em]g5cy ord]4  7d7 ,effectiv5ess &      
application  7#a7 ,effectiv5ess ,an     
em]g5cy ord] is effective ^u s]vice on !
 fronti] develop] &1 unless set aside1  
limit$1 or susp5d$ "u subsection 7j7 or 
subsection 7k71 rema9s effective &      
en=ceable until x lapses "u subsection  
7e77#c7 or subsection 7f77#b7 or is     
resc9d$ "u subsection 7g74  7#b7 ,p]sons
 b\nd ,an em]g5cy ord] b9ds ! fronti]   
develop] subject to ! ord]1 ea*         
affiliate ( su* develop]1 & ! successors
 & assigns ( su* develop] & its         
affiliates1 & any o!r p]son :o1 ) actual
 notice ( ! ord]1 acts 9 conc]t or      
p>ticipation ) su* develop]1 affiliate1 
successor1 or assignee 9 ! developm5t1  

deploym5t1 or int]nal use susp5d$ or    
re/rict$ by ! ord]4  7#c7 ,modifi$ &    
d]iv$ models  7,a7 ,modifi$ models      
,unless ! ord] provides o!rwise1 an     
em]g5cy ord] applies to any model       
produc$ by modification ( ! weights or  
p>amet]s ( a fronti] model id5tifi$ 9 ! 
ord] "u subsection 7c77#a71 includ+ by  
f9e-tun+1 re9=cem5t le>n+1 quantization1
 prun+1 or m]g+ ) ano!r model4  7,b7    
,d]iv$ models ,unless ! ord] provides   
o!rwise1 an em]g5cy ord] also applies to
 any model develop$ aft] s]vice ( ! ord]
 t is tra9$1 9 sub/antial "p1 on !      
outputs1 weights1 or int]nal            
repres5tations ( a fronti] model        
id5tifi$ 9 ! ord]4  7,c7 ,rule (        
con/ruction ,no?+ 9 ?is p>agraph %all be
 con/ru$ to limit ! au?ority ( !        
,secret>y to id5tify a model 9 an       
em]g5cy ord] "u subsection 7c77#a71 or  
by am5dm5t to su* ord]4  7e7            
,provisional ord]s  7#a7 ,9 g5]al       
,not)/&+ subsection 7a77#a71 ! ,secret>y
 may issue a provisional ord] be=e mak+ 

! f9d+ requir$ by subsection 7a71 ^u a  
prelim9>y det]m9ation t ! fronti]       
develop]'s developm5t1 deploym5t1 or    
int]nal use ( a fronti] model pres5ts an
 imm95t cata/rophic risk4 ,a provisional
 ord] may be issu$ :e!r or n a te*nical 
assessm5t "u subsection 7b77#b7 has be5 
prep>$4  7#b7 ,notice & opportunity to  
cure ,be=e issu+ a provisional ord]1 !  
,secret>y %all provide ! fronti]        
develop] notice & an opportunity to cure
 & to be he>d1 unless ! ,secret>y       
det]m9es t ! imm95ce ( ! cata/rophic    
risk =ecloses su* notice & opportunity1 
9 :i* case ! ,secret>y %all set =? su*  
det]m9ation1 & ! basis !re=1 9 writ+1 & 
s]ve su* det]m9ation ) ! provisional    
ord]4  7#c7 ,lapse  7,a7 ,9 g5]al ,a    
provisional ord] %all lapse ^u ! e>lie/ 
(-- 7i7 ! date t is #de days aft] ! date
 ( s]vice ( ! ord] on ! fronti]         
develop]2  7ii7 if ! fronti] develop]   
has timely appli$ = an exp$it$ he>+ "u  
subsection 7j77#a71 ! date t is #g days 
aft] ! date on :i* ! ,secret>y r5d]s a  

f9al det]m9ation on su* application2 or 
7iii7 ! date on :i* a f9al ord] is issu$
 "u subsection 7f7 susp5d+ or re/rict+ !
 same or sub/antially simil> developm5t1
 deploym5t1 or int]nal use4  7,b7 ,ord]s
 issu$ )\t notice ,if a provisional ord]
 is issu$ )\t notice & an opportunity to
 cure pursuant to a det]m9ation "u      
p>agraph 7#b71 ! ,secret>y %all1        
promptly aft] s]vice ( ! ord]1 provide !
 fronti] develop] an opportunity to     
cure1 & subp>agraph 7,a7 %all apply to !
 ord]4  7#d7 ,successive provisional    
ord]s ,! ,secret>y may n issue a        
provisional ord] to a fronti] develop]  
susp5d+ or re/rict+ ! same or           
sub/antially simil> developm5t1         
deploym5t1 or int]nal use z a prior     
provisional ord]1 except on ! basis (   
facts & circum/ances mat]ially diff]5t f
 ^? on :i* ! prior provisional ord]     
re/$4  7f7 ,f9al ord]s  7#a7 ,9 g5]al ,!
 ,secret>y may issue a f9al ord] if--   
7,a7 a provisional ord] susp5d+ or      
re/rict+ ! same or sub/antially simil>  

developm5t1 deploym5t1 or int]nal use is
 9 effect at ! "t ! ,secret>y issues !  
f9al ord]2  7,b7 ! ,secret>y has made ! 
f9d+ requir$ by subsection 7a71 set =? 9
 ! writt5 /atem5t requir$ by subsection 
7b77#a72 &  7,c7 ei!r--  7i7 ! p]iod to 
apply = an exp$it$ he>+ "u subsection   
7j77#a7 has laps$ )\t an application2 or
  7ii7 ! ,secret>y has r5d]$ a f9al     
det]m9ation on an application "u        
subsection 7j77#a74  7#b7 ,lapse ,a f9al
 ord] %all lapse ^u ! date t is #ij days
 aft] ! date on :i* x is issu$4  7#c7   
,r5ewal ,! ,secret>y may r5ew a f9al    
ord] = "o or m successive p]iods ( n m  
?an #ij days ea* if1 be=e ! ord] lapses1
 ! ,secret>y makes a new f9d+ "u        
subsection 7a71 9 accordance )          
subsection 7b71 bas$ on ! facts z !y    
exi/ at ! "t ( r5ewal4 ,a r5ewal %all be
 treat$ z a f9al ord] = purposes (      
subsection 7k74  7g7 ,rescission  7#a7  
,requir$ rescission ,! ,secret>y %all   
resc9d an em]g5cy ord]1 9 :ole or 9 "p1 
if-- 7,a7 ! crit]ia = rescission /at$ 9 

! ord] "u subsection 7c77#a7 are        
satisfi$2 or  7,b7 ! developm5t1        
deploym5t1 or int]nal use susp5d$ or    
re/rict$ by ! ord] w\ld n pres5t an     
imm95t cata/rophic risk if ! ord] 7     
resc9d$ to t ext5t4  7#b7 ,writt5       
det]m9ation ,a rescission "u ?is        
subsection1 & any d5ial ( an application
 "u p>agraph 7#c71 %all be set =? 9 a   
writt5 det]m9ation /at+ ! basis !re=1   
:i* %all be s]v$ on ! fronti] develop]4 
7#c7 ,application ,a fronti] develop]   
subject to an em]g5cy ord] may apply to 
! ,secret>y = rescission ( ! ord] 9 :ole
 or 9 "p4 ,! ,secret>y %all grant or d5y
 ! application n lat] ?an #ad days aft] 
its receipt4  7#d7 ,successive          
applications ,foll[+ ! d5ial ( an       
application "u p>agraph 7#c71 !         
,secret>y may summ>ily d5y a subsequ5t  
application respect+ ! same ord] t does 
n re/1 9 sub/antial "p1 on facts or     
circum/ances aris+ aft]1 or n reasonably
 available at ! "t (1 ! prior           
application4  7h7 ,publication  7#a7 ,9 

g5]al ,! ,secret>y %all publi% ea* f9al 
ord] issu$ "u subsection 7f71 ea* r5ewal
 ( a f9al ord] "u subsection 7f77#c71 & 
ea* writt5 det]m9ation "u subsection    
7g77#b7 resc9d+ an ord] 9 :ole or 9 "p1 
subject to p>agraph 7#b74  7#b7         
,r$actions ,be=e publi%+ an ord]1       
r5ewal1 or rescission "u p>agraph 7#a71 
! ,secret>y may make a r$action 9 su*   
publication to protect a trade secret1  
risk-prev5tion me*anisms1 or !          
cyb]security1 ( ! fronti] develop]1 to  
protect public safety or ! national     
security ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 or to comply
 ) ,f$]al or ,/ate law4 ,if ! ,secret>y 
makes su* a r$action1 ! ,secret>y %all  
include 9 ! publication in=mation relat+
 to ! "* (1 & a ju/ification =1 su*     
r$action4  7i7 ,congressional           
notification  7#a7 ,notice ( ord]s ,n   
lat] ?an #c days aft] issu+ an em]g5cy  
ord]1 or r5ew+ a f9al ord] "u subsection
 7f77#c71 ! ,secret>y %all submit to !  
appropriate congressional committees--  
7,a7 a copy ( ! ord]2  7,b7 9 ! case ( a

 f9al ord] or r5ewal1 ! writt5 /atem5t  
requir$ by subsection 7b77#a71 & 9 !    
case ( a provisional ord]1 a /atem5t ( !
 prelim9>y basis = ! ord]2  7,c7 any    
te*nical assessm5t prep>$ "u subsection 
7b77#b72 &  7,d7 9 ! case ( a           
provisional ord] issu$ )\t notice & an  
opportunity to cure1 ! ,secret>y's      
writt5 det]m9ation "u subsection        
7e77#b74  7#b7 ,notice ( disposition ,n 
lat] ?an #g days aft] an em]g5cy ord] is
 resc9d$1 lapses1 or is set aside1      
limit$1 susp5d$1 or /ay$ 9 :ole or 9 "p 
by ! ,secret>y or a c\rt1 ! ,secret>y   
%all notify ! appropriate congressional 
committees ( su* disposition & its      
basis4  7#c7 ,=m ,ea* submission "u ?is 
subsection %all be 9 unclassifi$ =m to !
 maximum ext5t practicable1 b may       
include a classifi$ annex4  7#d7        
,p]iodic report ,n less frequ5tly ?an   
semiannually1 ! ,secret>y %all submit to
 ! appropriate congressional committees 
a report on ! ex]cise ( au?ority "u ?is 
section1 includ+ ea* ord] issu$1 r5ew$1 

resc9d$1 or laps$ dur+ ! p]iod2 !       
outcome ( ea* he>+ "u subsection 7j7 &  
ea* action or proce$+ "u subsection 7k71
 subsection 7l77#c71 & subsection 7m72 &
 any *anges to ! me?ods publi%$ by !    
,secret>y be>+ on f9d+s "u ?is section4 
7#e7 ,def9ition ,9 ?is subsection1 ! t]m
 appropriate congressional committees   
means ! ,committee on ,comm]ce1 ,sci5ce1
 & ,transportation ( ! ,s5ate1 !        
,committee on ,en]gy & ,comm]ce ( !     
,h\se ( ,repres5tatives1 & ! ,committee 
on ! ,judici>y ( ea* ,h\se ( ,congress4 
7j7 ,adm9i/rative review  7#a7 ,exp$it$ 
he>+ ,n lat] ?an #aj days aft] ! date on
 :i* a provisional ord] is s]v$ on a    
fronti] develop]1 ! fronti] develop] may
 apply = an exp$it$ he>+ on su* ord]4 ,!
 ,secret>y %all hold su* he>+ & r5d] a  
f9al det]m9ation on su* application n   
lat] ?an #cj days aft] ! application's  
receipt4 ,! he>+ may be conduct$ by a   
he>+ (fic] designat$ by ! ,secret>y4    
7#b7 ,record access & burd5 ,9 a he>+ "u
 p>agraph 7#a71 ! ,secret>y %all make   

available to ! fronti] develop] any     
writt5 det]m9ation "u p>agraph 7e77#b71 
any te*nical assessm5t "u p>agraph      
7b77#b71 & all in=mation on :i* !       
,secret>y reli$ 9 issu+ ! ord]1 & %all  
be> ! burd5 ( demon/rat+ t adequate     
evid5ce supports ! ord]4  7k7 ,judicial 
review  7#a7 ,review ( provisional ord]s
 ,a provisional ord] %all n be deem$    
f9al ag5cy action = purposes ( section  
#gjd ( title #e1 ,unit$ ,/ates ,code4   
,except z provid$ 9 p>agraph 7#g71 no   
c\rt %all h jurisdiction to review1     
enjo91 set aside1 susp5d1 limit1 or /ay 
a provisional ord] be=e a f9al ord] has 
be5 issu$ "u subsection 7f72 !reaft]1 ! 
lawfulness ( ! provisional ord] may be  
review$ only 9 a proce$+ "u p>agraph    
7#b74  7#b7 ,exclusive jurisdiction &   
exp$ition ,not)/&+ any o!r provision (  
law1 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,di/rict ,c\rt = ! 
,di/rict ( ,columbia %all h exclusive   
jurisdiction ov] any civil action seek+ 
judicial review (1 or any ord] enjo9+1  
sett+ aside1 limit+1 susp5d+1 /ay+1 or  

o!rwise affect+ ! effectiv5ess or       
en=cem5t (1 an em]g5cy ord] "u ?is      
section or relief "u p>agraph 7l77#c74  
,! c\rt %all exp$ite ! action to !      
greate/ possible ext5t1 & %all e/abli% a
 s*$ule = ! proce$+ n lat] ?an #aj days 
aft] ! action is fil$4  7#c7 ,no        
automatic /ay ,! fil+ ( a civil action  
ref]5c$ 9 p>agraph 7#b7 %all n op]ate z 
a /ay ( ! em]g5cy ord] unless ! di/rict 
c\rt ord]s o!rwise4  7#d7 ,/&>d ( review
 ,! di/rict c\rt may set aside1 limit1  
susp5d1 or /ay a f9al ord] only if !    
c\rt det]m9es t su* ord] is arbitr>y1   
caprici\s1 an abuse ( discretion1 or    
o!rwise n 9 accordance ) law4  7#e7     
,en=cem5t proce$+s ,! validity ( a f9al 
ord] may n be reexam9$ 9 an action "u   
subsection 7m74  7#f7 ,appeal ,an appeal
 f a f9al judgm5t ( ! di/rict c\rt 9 an 
action ref]5c$ 9 p>agraph 7#b7 may be   
tak5 to ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,c\rt ( ,appeals
 = ! ,di/rict ( ,columbia ,circuit n    
lat] ?an #cj days aft] ! date ( !       
judgm5t4 ,! c\rt ( appeals %all exp$ite 

! appeal to ! greate/ possible ext5t4 ,x
 %all be ! duty ( e c\rt ( ! ,unit$     
,/ates to advance on ! docket & to      
exp$ite ! disposition ( any action or   
appeal "u ?is subsection4  7#g7         
,con/itutional claims ,no?+ 9 ?is       
subsection %all be con/ru$ to preclude !
 jurisdiction ( a c\rt ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates
 ov] a claim t ?is section1 or !        
/ructure or au?ority ( ! ,secret>y "u   
?is ,act1 violates ! ,con/itution ( !   
,unit$ ,/ates4  7l7 ,exclusivity  7#a7  
,exclusive means ,?is section %all be ! 
exclusive means by :i* any dep>tm5t1    
ag5cy1 (fic]1 or employee ( ! ,unit$    
,/ates1 includ+ ! ,presid5t1 may take   
any action t has ! purpose or effect (  
susp5d+1 re/rict+1 condition+1 or       
o!rwise limit+ a fronti] develop]'s     
developm5t1 deploym5t1 or int]nal use ( 
a fronti] model1 & t is tak51 9 :ole or 
9 sub/antial "p1 on ! gr\nd t su*       
developm5t1 deploym5t1 or int]nal use   
pres5ts an imm95t cata/rophic risk4     
7#b7 ,con/ruction ,no o!r provision (   

law %all be con/ru$ z au?oriz+ an action
 describ$ 9 p>agraph 7#a71 unless su*   
provision expressly ref]s to ?is        
section4  7#c7 ,unau?oriz$ actions ,an  
action describ$ 9 p>agraph 7#a7 t is n  
tak5 9 accordance ) ?is section %all be 
un5=ceable1 & a fronti] develop] aga9/  
:i* su* an action is direct$ may br+ a  
civil action "u p>agraph 7k77#b7 =      
decl>atory or injunctive relief4  7m7   
,en=cem5t  7#a7 ,civil p5alty ,a p]son  
b\nd by an em]g5cy ord] "u p>agraph     
7d77#b7 t violates ! ord] %all be       
subject to a civil p5alty ( n m ?an     
#aj1jjj1jjj p] violation4 ,= purposes ( 
?is p>agraph1 ea* day dur+ :i* a        
violation cont9ues con/itutes a sep>ate 
violation4  7#b7 ,action by attorney    
g5]al ,! ,attorney ,g5]al may br+ a     
civil action 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,di/rict 
,c\rt = ! ,di/rict ( ,columbia to en=ce 
an em]g5cy ord]1 to collect a civil     
p5alty "u p>agraph 7#a71 or bo?4 ,9 su* 
an action1 ^u a %[+ t a p]son has       
violat$1 or is ab\t to violate1 an      

em]g5cy ord]1 ! c\rt %all issue an      
injunction1 re/ra9+ ord]1 or o!r ord]   
requir+ compliance1 )\t ! %[+ (         
irrep>able h>m or ! inadequacy ( o!r    
rem$ies at law o!rwise requir$ =        
equitable relief4  7#c7 ,crim9al p5alty 
,a p]son t willfully violates1 or       
willfully directs1 induces1 or procures 
a violation (1 an em]g5cy ord] %all be  
f9$ n m ?an #a1jjj1jjj p] violation1    
imprison$ n m ?an #aj ye>s1 or bo?4  #i4
 ,relation%ip to ,/ate laws  7a7 ,cov]$ 
subject area ,= purposes ( ?is section1 
! t]m ,cov]$ ,subject ,area means any ( 
! foll[+3 7#a7 ,fronti] ai risk         
transp>5cy ,! disclosure by a develop]1 
to any ,/ate1 memb] ( ! public1 or o!r  
p]son1 ( in=mation reg>d+--  7,a7 !     
policies1 proc$ures1 frameworks1 or     
practices us$ by ! develop] to id5tify1 
assess1 manage1 or mitigate cata/rophic 
risks associat$ ) ! developm5t1 tra9+1  
evaluation1 or release ( an ,,ai model2 
7,b7 ! results1 me?odologies1 b5*m>ks1  
or ?re%olds ( te/+1 evaluation1 or      

r$-team+ ( an ,,ai model ) respect to   
cata/rophic risks2 or  7,c7 !           
*>act]i/ics1 capabilities1 tra9+1 or    
deploym5t ( an ,,ai model1 :]e !        
disclosure relates to ! assessm5t1      
monitor+1 communication1 or mitigation (
 cata/rophic risks4  7#b7 ,fronti] ai   
?ird-p>ty audit+ & indep5d5t v]ification
 ,! assessm5t1 audit1 evaluation1       
c]tification1 atte/ation1 or            
v]ification1 by a p]son o!r ?an its     
develop]1 (--  7,a7 activities involv$ 9
 ! developm5t1 tra9+1 evaluation1 or    
deploym5t ( an ,,ai model by su*        
develop] t relate to ! id5tification1   
assessm5t1 managem5t1 or mitigation (   
cata/rophic risks2  7,b7 ! policies1    
proc$ures1 frameworks1 or practices (   
su* develop] relat+ to ! id5tification1 
assessm5t1 managem5t1 or mitigation (   
cata/rophic risks2 or  7,c7 ! compliance
 ( su* develop] ) any requirem5t relat+ 
to ! developm5t1 tra9+1 evaluation1 or  
release ( an ,,ai model1 if su*         
requirem5t relates to ! mitigation (    

cata/rophic risks1 includ+ any          
requirem5t t su* develop] obta9         
c]tification1 atte/ation1 regi/ration1  
accr$itation1 or o!r approval z a       
condition (1 or 9 connection )1 !       
developm5t1 tra9+1 evaluation1 or       
release ( an ,,ai model1 or t su*       
develop] provide access to an ,,ai      
model1 model weights1 tra9+ data1 s\rce 
code1 evaluation results1 or o!r        
te*nical mat]ials = purposes ( any su*  
assessm5t1 audit1 evaluation1 or        
v]ification4  7#c7 ,fronti] ai incid5t  
report+ ,! report+ by a develop] to any 
,/ate1 ag5cy1 regulator1 or o!r         
gov]nm5tal entity (--  7,a7 safety or   
security incid5ts involv+ an ,,ai model1
 includ+ unau?oriz$ access to or        
exfiltration ( model weights1 loss (    
control ov] a deploy$ model1 use ( a    
model to cause or mat]ially contribute  
to cata/rophic h>m1 or mat]ial failure (
 a safety mitigation2 or  7,b7 o!r ev5ts
 involv+ ! developm5t1 tra9+1           
evaluation1 or release ( an ,,ai model t

 be> on ! pot5tial = ! model to cause or
 mat]ially contribute to cata/rophic    
h>m4  7b7 ,preemption ,except z provid$ 
9 subsection 7c71 no ,/ate or political 
subdivision ( a ,/ate may adopt or en=ce
 any law1 regulation1 ord]1 or o!r      
requirem5t t imposes new sub/antive     
obligations on artificial intellig5ce   
develop]s ) respect to any ,cov]$       
,subject ,area4  7c7 ,rule ( con/ruction
 ,no?+ 9 ?is section %all be con/ru$ to 
affect ! au?ority ( a ,/ate or political
 subdivision ( a ,/ate to--  7#a7 adopt 
or en=ce g5]ally applicable laws1       
regulations1 ord]s1 or o!r requirem5ts t
 d n t>get artificial intellig5ce       
develop]s2  7#b7 regulate ! use or      
deploym5t ( ,,ai sy/ems by deploy]s or  
us]s1 includ+ via consum] protection1   
civil rights1 contract1 crim9al1 or     
privacy laws1 provid$ t no sub/antive   
obligations are impos$ on develop]s )   
respect to model developm5t1 tra9+1     
evaluation1 or release2  7#c7 adopt or  
en=ce laws1 regulations1 ord]s1 or o!r  

requirem5ts specifically relat+ to !    
protection ( m9ors f h>ms aris+ f ! use 
( ,,ai sy/ems1 includ+ requirem5ts      
address+ sexually explicit cont5t1      
cont5t promot+ self-h>m1 cont5t         
facilitat+ exploitation1 age            
v]ification1 p>5tal controls1 or simil> 
matt]s2 &  7#d7 adopt or en=ce laws1    
regulations1 ord]s1 or o!r requirem5ts  
gov]n+ ! procurem5t or use ( ,,ai sy/ems
 by ,/ate gov]nm5ts4  7d7 ,def9ition ,9 
?is section1 ! t]m artificial           
intellig5ce develop] means-- 7#a7 an    
entity t builds1 designs1 codes1        
produces1 tra9s1 or owns an artificial  
intellig5ce model or models = int]nal   
use or = use by a ?ird p>ty2 &  7#b7    
does n include an entity t is solely a  
deploy] ( ! artificial intellig5ce      
model4