,i  #aai? ,,congress  #a/ ,session  ,h4 
,r4 #hba  ,,9 ,,! ,,h\se ,,(            
,,repres5tatives  ,janu>y #bh1 #bjbe,mr4
 ,takano 7= himself1 ,mr4 ,fong1 ,ms4   
,tokuda1 ,ms4 ,maloy1 ,ms4 ,matsui1 &   
,mrs4 ,kim7 introduc$ ! foll[+ bill2 :i*
 0 ref]r$ to ! ,committee on ,f9ancial  
,s]vices1 & 9 addition to ! ,committee  
on ,h\se ,adm9i/ration1 = a p]iod to be 
subsequ5tly det]m9$ by ! ,speak]1 9 ea* 
case = consid]ation ( su* provisions z  
fall )9 ! jurisdiction ( ! committee    
conc]n$  ,a ,,bill  ,to aw>d po/hum\sly 
a ,congressional ,gold ,m$al to ,fr$    
,korematsu1 9 recognition ( 8           
contributions to civil rights1 8 loyalty
 & patriotism to ! ,nation1 & 8         
d$ication to ju/ice & equality4  #a4    
,%ort title ,?is ,act may be cit$ z !   
,fr$ ,korematsu ,congressional ,gold    
,m$al ,act ( #bjbe4  #b4 ,f9d+s ,!      
,congress f9ds ! foll[+3  7#a7 ,on      
,janu>y #cj1 #aiai1 ,fr$ ,toyosaburo    
,korematsu 0 born 9 ,oakl&1 ,cali=nia1  
to ,japanese immigrants4  7#b7 ,fr$     

,korematsu graduat$ f ,ca/lemont ,high  
,s*ool 9 #aicg & attempt$ to enli/ 9 !  
milit>y twice b 0 unable to d s because 
8 selective s]vice classification 0     
*ang$ to enemy ali51 ev5 ?\gh ,fr$      
,korematsu 0 a ,unit$ ,/ates citiz54    
7#c7 ,fr$ ,korematsu tra9$ z a weld] &  
work$ z a =eman at ! docks 9 ,oakl&     
until ! date on :i* he & all ,japanese  
,am]icans 7 fir$4  7#d7 ,on ,decemb] #g1
 #aida1 ,japan attack$ ! milit>y base 9 
,pe>l ,h>bor1 ,hawaii1 caus+ ! ,unit$   
,/ates to decl>e w> aga9/ ,japan4  7#e7 
,on ,febru>y #ai1 #aidb1 ,presid5t      
,frankl9 ,d4 ,roosevelt sign$ ,executive
 ,ord] #ijff 7#g ,f$4 ,reg4 #adjg       
7,febru>y #be1 #aidb771 :i* au?oriz$ !  
,secret>y ( ,w> to prescribe milit>y    
areas-- 7,a7 f :i* any or all p c\ld be 
exclud$2 &  7,b7 ) respect to :i*1 ! "r 
( any p]son to ent]1 rema9 91 or leave  
w\ld be subject to any re/riction !     
,milit>y ,comm&] impos$ 9 8 discretion4 
7#f7 ,on ,may #c1 #aidb1 ! ,lieut5ant   
,g5]al ( ! ,we/]n ,comm& ( ! ,army issu$

 ,civilian ,exclusion ,ord] #cd 7,may   
#c1 #aidb7 7ref]r$ to 9 ?is preamble z !
 ,civilian ,exclusion ,ord]7 direct+ t  
all p ( ,japanese ance/ry be remov$ f   
designat$ areas ( ! ,we/ ,coa/ aft] ,may
 #i1 #aidb1 because p ( ,japanese       
ance/ry 9 ! designat$ areas 7 consid]$  
to pose a ?reat to national security4   
7#g7 ,fr$ ,korematsu refus$ to comply ) 
! ,civilian ,exclusion ,ord] & 0 arre/$ 
on ,may #cj1 #aidb4  7#h7 ,aft] 8 arre/1
 ,fr$ ,korematsu--  7,a7 0 held = #b    
mon?s 9 ! ,presidio /ockade 9 ,san      
,francisco1 ,cali=nia2  7,b7 0 convict$ 
on ,septemb] #h1 #aidb1 ( violat+ !     
,civilian ,exclusion ,ord] & s5t5c$ to  
#e ye>s ( probation2 &  7,c7 0 deta9$ at
 ,tan=an ,assembly ,c5t]1 a =m] horse   
racetrack us$ z a hold+ facility =      
,japanese ,am]icans be=e he 0 exil$ ) 8 
family to ! ,topaz inc>c]ation camp 9 ! 
,/ate ( ,utah4  7#i7 ,m ?an #abj1jjj    
,japanese ,am]icans 7 simil>ly deta9$1 )
 no *>ges br\ght & )\t due process1 9   
#aj p]man5t ,w> ,relocation ,au?ority   

camps locat$ 9 isolat$ des]t areas ( !  
,/ates ( ,arizona1 ,arkansas1 ,cali=nia1
 ,colorado1 ,idaho1 ,utah1 & ,wyom+4    
7#aj7 ,! p ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates subject to 
! ,civilian ,exclusion ,ord] lo/ _!     
homes1 livelihoods1 & ! fre$oms gu>ante$
 to all p ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4  7#aa7 ,fr$
 ,korematsu unsuccessfully *all5g$ !    
,civilian ,exclusion ,ord] z x appli$ to
 him & appeal$ ! decision ( ! ,unit$    
,/ates ,di/rict ,c\rt to ! ,unit$ ,/ates
 ,c\rt ( ,appeals = ! ,n9? ,circuit1 :i*
 su/a9$ 8 conviction4  7#ab7 ,fr$       
,korematsu 0 subsequ5tly conf9$ ) 8     
family 9 ! inc>c]ation camp 9 ,topaz1   
,utah1 = #b ye>s1 & dur+ t "t1 ,fr$     
,korematsu appeal$ 8 conviction to !    
,supreme ,c\rt ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4  7#ac7
 ,on ,decemb] #ah1 #aidd1 ! ,supreme    
,c\rt ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates issu$ ,korematsu
 v4 ,unit$ ,/ates1 #cbc ,u4,s4 #bad     
7#aidd71 :i*--  7,a7 upheld ! conviction
 ( ,fr$ ,korematsu by a vote ( #f to #c2
 &  7,b7 conclud$ t ,fr$ ,korematsu 0   
remov$ f 8 home n bas$ on ho/ility t[>d 

him or o!r ,japanese ,am]icans b because
 ! ,unit$ ,/ates 0 at w> ) ,japan & !   
milit>y fe>$ a ,japanese invasion ( !   
,we/ ,coa/4  7#ad7 ,9 8 diss5t+ op9ion 9
 ,korematsu v4 ,unit$ ,/ates1 #cbc      
,u4,s4 #bad 7#aidd71 ,ju/ice ,frank     
,murphy call$ ! ,civilian ,exclusion    
,ord] ! legalization ( racism4  7#ae7   
,two o!r ,supreme ,c\rt ,ju/ices diss5t$
 f ! majority decision 9 ,korematsu v4  
,unit$ ,/ates1 includ+ ,ju/ice ,rob]t   
,h4 ,jackson :o describ$ ! validation ( 
! pr9ciple ( racial discrim9ation z a   
load$ weapon1 ready = ! h& ( any        
au?ority t c br+ =w>d a plausible claim 
( an urg5t ne$4  7#af7 ,fr$ ,korematsu  
cont9u$ to ma9ta9 8 innoc5ce = decades  
foll[+ ,_w ,w> ,,ii1 & 8 conviction     
hamp]$ 8 ability to ga9 employm5t4      
7#ag7 ,9 #aihb1 legal hi/orian ,pet]    
,irons & rese>*] ,aiko ,yo%9aga-,h]zig  
ga9$ access to ,gov]nm5t docum5ts "u    
section #eeb ( title #e1 ,unit$ ,/ates  
,code 7commonly kn[n z ! ,fre$om (      
,in=mation ,act71 t indicate t :ile !   

case ( ,fr$ ,korematsu 0 be=e ! ,supreme
 ,c\rt ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ! ,f$]al      
,gov]nm5t misl$ ! ,supreme ,c\rt ( !    
,unit$ ,/ates & suppress$ f9d+s t       
,japanese ,am]icans on ! ,we/ ,coa/ 7 n 
security ?reats4  7#ah7 ,9 light ( !    
newly discov]$ in=mation1 ,fr$          
,korematsu fil$ a writ ( error coram    
nobis ) ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,di/rict ,c\rt =
 ! ,nor!rn ,di/rict ( ,cali=nia1 & on   
,novemb] #aj1 #aihc1 ,unit$ ,/ates      
,di/rict ,judge ,m>ilyn ,hall ,patel    
issu$ h] decision 9 ,korematsu v4 ,unit$
 ,/ates1 #ehd ,f4 ,supp4 #adjf 7,n4,d4  
,cal4 #aihd71 t-- 7,a7 ov]turn$ ! ,f$]al
 conviction ( ,fr$ ,korematsu2  7,b7    
conclud$ t1 at ! "t t s5ior ,gov]nm5t   
(ficials pres5t$ _! case be=e ! ,supreme
 ,c\rt ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates 9 #aidd1 !     
s5ior ,gov]nm5t (ficials knew !re 0 no  
factual basis = ! claim ( milit>y       
necessity = ! ,civil ,exclusion ,ord]2  
7,c7 ackn[l$g$ t ! gov]nm5t kn[+ly )held
 in=mation f ! c\rts :5 !y 7 consid]+ ! 
critical "q ( milit>y necessity 9 !     

orig9al case2  7,d7 recogniz$ t !re is  
sub/antial support 9 ! record t !       
gov]nm5t delib]ately omitt$ relevant    
in=mation & provid$ mislead+ in=mation 9
 pap]s be=e ! c\rt4 ,! in=mation 0      
critical to ! c\rt's det]m9ation2 &     
7,e7 /at$ t al?\gh ! decision ( !       
,supreme ,c\rt ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates 9      
,korematsu v4 ,unit$ ,/ates1 #cbc ,u4,s4
 #bad 7#aidd71 rema9s on ! pages (      
,unit$ ,/ates legal & political hi/ory1 
as hi/orical prec$5t x /&s z a con/ant  
caution t 9 times ( w> or decl>$ milit>y
 necessity our in/itutions mu/ be       
vigilant 9 protect+ con/itutional       
gu>antees4  7#ai7 ,! ,commission on     
,w>time ,relocation & ,int]nm5t (       
,civilians1 au?oriz$ by ,congress 9     
#aihj to review ! facts & circum/ances  
surr\nd+ ! relocation & inc>c]ation (   
,japanese ,am]icans "u ,executive ,ord] 
#ijff 7#g ,f$4 ,reg4 #adjg 7,febru>y    
#be1 #aidb771 conclud$ t-- 7,a7 !       
decision ( ! ,supreme ,c\rt ( ! ,unit$  
,/ates 9 ,korematsu v4 ,unit$ ,/ates1   

#cbc ,u4,s4 #bad 7#aidd71 is ov]rul$ by 
! c\rt ( hi/ory2  7,b7 a grave p]sonal  
inju/ice 0 done to ! ,unit$ ,/ates      
citiz5s & resid5t ali5s ( ,japanese     
ance/ry :o1 )\t individual review or any
 probative evid5ce aga9/ !m1 7 exclud$1 
remov$1 & deta9$ by ! ,unit$ ,/ates dur+
 ,_w ,w> ,,ii2 &  7,c7 ! exclusion1     
removal1 & det5tion ( ,unit$ ,/ates     
citiz5s & resid5t ali5s ( ,japanese     
ance/ry 0 motivat$ l>gely by racial     
prejudice1 w>time hy/]ia1 & a failure ( 
political lead]%ip4  7#bj7 ,! ov]turn+ (
 ! conviction ( ,fr$ ,korematsu & !     
f9d+s ( ! ,commission on ,w>time        
,relocation & ,int]nm5t ( ,civilians    
influ5c$ ! decision by ,congress to pass
 ! ,civil ,lib]ties ,act ( #aihh 7#ej   
,u4,s4,c4 #dbaa et seq47 to reque/ a    
,presid5tial apology & ! symbolic paym5t
 ( comp5sation to p ( ,japanese ance/ry 
:o lo/ lib]ty or prop]ty due to         
discrim9atory actions ( ! ,f$]al        
,gov]nm5t4  7#ba7 ,on ,augu/ #aj1 #aihh1
 ,presid5t ,reagan sign$ ! ,civil       

,lib]ties ,act ( #aihh 7#ej ,u4,s4,c4   
#dbaa et seq471 /at+1 ,here we admit a  
wrong2 "h we reaffirm our commitm5t z a 
nation to equal ju/ice "u ! law44  7#bb7
 ,on ,janu>y #ae1 #aiih1 ,presid5t      
,cl9ton aw>d$ ! ,presid5tial ,m$al (    
,fre$om1 ! highe/ civilian aw>d ( !     
,unit$ ,/ates1 to ,fr$ ,korematsu1 /at+1
 in ! long hi/ory ( our c\ntry's con/ant
 se>* = ju/ice1 "s names ( ord9>y       
citiz5s /& = millions ( s\ls3 ,plessy1  
,br[n1 ,p>ks4 ,to t di/+ui%$ li/1 today 
we add ! "n ( ,fr$ ,korematsu44  7#bc7  
,fr$ ,korematsu rema9$ a tireless       
advocate = civil lib]ties & ju/ice      
?r\gh\t 8 life by--  7,a7 speak+ out    
aga9/ racial discrim9ation & viol5ce2 & 
7,b7 caution+ ! ,f$]al ,gov]nm5t aga9/  
repeat+ mi/akes ( ! pa/ t s+l$ out      
individuals = height5$ scrut9y on !     
basis ( race1 e?nicity1 nationality1 or 
religion4  7#bd7 ,on ,m>* #cj1 #bjje1   
,fr$ ,korematsu di$ at ! age ( #hf 9    
,m>9 ,c\nty1 ,cali=nia4  7#be7 ,fr$     
,korematsu is a role model = all p ( !  

,unit$ ,/ates :o love ! ,unit$ ,/ates & 
! promises conta9$ 9 ! ,con/itution ( ! 
,unit$ ,/ates1 & ! /r5g? & p]sev]ance ( 
,fr$ ,korematsu s]ve z an inspiration = 
all p :o /rive = equality & ju/ice4  #c4
 ,congressional gold m$al  7a7          
,pres5tation ,au?oriz$ ,! ,speak] ( !   
,h\se ( ,repres5tatives & ! ,presid5t   
pro tempore ( ! ,s5ate %all make        
appropriate arrangem5ts = ! po/hum\s    
pres5tation1 on behalf ( ,congress1 ( a 
gold m$al ( appropriate design 9        
commemoration to ,fr$ ,korematsu1 9     
recognition ( 8 contributions to civil  
rights1 8 loyalty & patriotism to !     
,nation1 & 8 d$ication to ju/ice &      
equality4  7b7 ,design & ,/rik+ ,= !    
purposes ( ! pres5tation ref]r$ to 9    
subsection 7a71 ! ,secret>y ( !         
,treasury 7ref]r$ to 9 ?is ,act z !     
,secret>y7 %all /rike a gold m$al )     
suitable emblems1 devices1 &            
inscriptions to be det]m9$ by !         
,secret>y4 ,! design %all be> an image  
(1 & inscription ( ! "n (1 ,fr$         

,korematsu4  7c7 ,smi?sonian ,in/itution
  7#a7 ,9 g5]al ,foll[+ ! aw>d ( ! gold 
m$al "u subsection 7a71 ! gold m$al %all
 be giv5 to ! ,smi?sonian ,in/itution1  
:]e x %all be available = display z     
appropriate & made available = rese>*4  
7#b7 ,s5se ( ,congress ,x is ! s5se (   
,congress t ! ,smi?sonian ,in/itution   
%\ld make ! gold m$al aw>d$ pursuant to 
?is ,act available = display else:]e1   
p>ticul>ly at ! ,national ,portrait     
,gall]y1 & t pref]5ce %\ld be giv5 to   
locations affiliat$ ) ! ,smi?sonian     
,in/itution4  #d4 ,duplicate m$als ,!   
,secret>y may /rike & sell duplicates 9 
bronze ( ! gold m$al /ruck pursuant to  
section #c1 at a price suffici5t to cov]
 ! co/ !re(1 includ+ labor1 mat]ials1   
dies1 use ( ma*9]y1 & ov]head exp5ses4  
#e4 ,/atus ( m$als  7a7 ,national m$als 
,! m$als /ruck pursuant to ?is ,act are 
national m$als = purposes ( *apt] #ea ( 
title #ca1 ,unit$ ,/ates ,code4  7b7    
,numismatic ,items ,= purposes (        
sections #eacd & #eacf ( title #c1      

,unit$ ,/ates ,code1 all m$als /ruck "u 
?is ,act %all be consid]$ to be         
numismatic items4  #f4 ,au?ority to use 
fund am\nts2 proce$s ( sale  7a7        
,au?ority ,to use fund am\nts ,!re is   
au?oriz$ to be *>g$ aga9/ ! ,unit$      
,/ates ,m9t ,public ,ent]prise ,fund su*
 am\nts z may be necess>y to pay = !    
co/s ( ! m$als /ruck "u ?is ,act4  7b7  
,proce$s ( sale ,am\nts receiv$ f ! sale
 ( duplicate bronze m$als au?oriz$ "u   
section #d %all be deposit$ into !      
,unit$ ,/ates ,m9t ,public ,ent]prise   
,fund4