,i #aaith ,,congress #ast ,session ,h4 ,r4 #fhdf ,,in ,,the ,,house ,,of ,,representatives ,december #ah1 #bjbe,mr4 ,crane 7for himself1 ,mr4 ,garbarino1 ,mr4 ,mc,caul1 ,mr4 ,strong1 and ,mr4 ,ogles7 introduced the following bill2 which was referred to the ,committee on ,homeland ,security ,a ,,bill ,to amend the ,homeland ,security ,act of #bjjb to require the ,secretary of ,homeland ,security to conduct annual assessments on terrorism threats to the ,united ,states relating to the malicious use of unmanned aircraft systems by covered foreign adversaries1 including terrorist organizations1 and for other purposes4 #a4 ,short title ,this ,act may be cited as the ,detecting and ,evaluating ,foreign ,exploitation of ,novel ,drones ,act or the ,,defend ,act4 #b4 ,annual assessment on terrorism threats to the ,united ,states arising from the global proliferation and malicious use of unmanned aircraft systems 7a7 ,in general ,title ,,iii of the ,homeland ,security ,act of #bjjb 7#f ,u4,s4,c4 #bca et seq47 is amended by adding at the end the following new section3 #cbd4 ,annual assessment on terrorism threats to the ,united ,states relating to the use of unmanned aircraft systems by covered foreign adversaries1 including terrorist organizations 7a7 ,in general ,not later than #bgj days after the date of the enactment of this section and annually thereafter for six years1 the ,secretary shall submit to the appropriate congressional committees an assessment of terrorism threats to the ,united ,states relating to the global proliferation and malicious use of covered unmanned aircraft systems by covered foreign adversaries1 including terrorist organizations1 and the resulting implications such activities present for the homeland security of the ,united ,states1 including implications for domestic preparedness for the malicious use of unmanned aircraft systems and the collective response to related terrorism threats4 7b7 ,matters included ,each assessment of terrorism threats under subsection 7a7 shall include the following3 7#a7 ,an analysis of the methods1 trends1 tactics1 and technologies1 as of the date of such assessment1 by which covered foreign adversaries1 including terrorist organizations1 seek to use covered unmanned aircraft systems to surveil1 disrupt1 damage1 or destroy critical infrastructure of the ,united ,states or a foreign country1 target civilian populations1 conduct kinetic strikes or terrorism attacks1 or otherwise undermine public safety or regional stability4 7#b7 ,an evaluation of the risks that such methods1 trends1 tactics1 and technologies may be replicated1 adapted1 or learned from by other covered foreign adversaries1 including terrorist organizations1 or by lone actors or domestic violent extremists1 to carry out similar terrorist attacks within the homeland1 including efforts to compromise border security or port security1 exploit vulnerabilities in the homeland's transportation systems1 soft targets1 mass gathering events1 or other high-risk venues1 or to cause mass casualties or disruption through the use of covered unmanned aircraft systems4 7#c7 ,an assessment of how covered unmanned aircraft systems are employed for intelligence1 surveillance1 or reconnaissance purposes by covered foreign adversaries1 including terrorist organizations1 including the collection1 transmission1 or exploitation of imagery or geospatial data1 and how such data could be leveraged to facilitate espionage1 cross-border operations1 or attacks against critical infrastructure of the ,united ,states4 7#d7 ,an analysis of how covered foreign adversaries1 including terrorist organizations1 acquire1 manufacture1 smuggle1 or divert covered unmanned aircraft systems into conflict zones1 including via ground convoys1 commercial shipping containers1 rail shipments1 small vessels1 fixed- or rotary-wing aircraft1 over-the-road freight transport that may conceal or co-transport other illicit or seemingly innocuous goods1 or any other illicit trafficking networks1 and the applicability of such methods to potential entry into the homeland through seaports1 airports1 or land border crossings4 7#e7 ,an analysis of emerging technologies integrated into covered unmanned aircraft systems that enhance their operational effectiveness1 resilience1 and lethality1 when used by covered foreign adversaries1 including terrorist organizations1 including the use of artificial intelligence1 autonomous navigation and targeting systems1 advanced surveillance sensors1 precision-guided payloads1 encrypted communications links1 physical tethering mechanisms 7such as fiber optic cables that enable uninterrupted command and control in contested environments71 cybersecurity-resilient architectures designed to prevent intrusion or remote exploitation1 or any other adaptations intended to defeat or bypass electronic warfare countermeasures through resistance to jamming1 spoofing1 or signal degradation4 7#f7 ,an evaluation of the use of low-cost1 high-volume swarms of covered unmanned aircraft systems deployed by covered foreign adversaries1 including terrorist organizations1 in any region of active conflict as determined by the ,secretary1 in consultation with the heads of other relevant ,federal departments or agencies the ,secretary determines appropriate1 and the extent to which similar swarm tactics could overwhelm law enforcement within the homeland or overwhelm homeland defense systems1 including the potential to exhaust counter-,,uas systems and associated resources or create mass panic4 7#g7 ,an assessment of the use of covered unmanned aircraft systems by covered foreign adversaries1 including terrorist organizations1 in any region of active conflict as determined by the ,secretary1 in consultation with the heads of other relevant ,federal departments or agencies the ,secretary determines appropriate1 to deliver chemical1 biological1 radiological1 or nuclear payloads or simulants1 including efforts to repurpose agricultural or industrial spraying unmanned aircraft systems for nonconventional attacks1 and whether such scenarios are adequately modeled or prepared for in homeland security planning4 7#h7 ,a review of how covered foreign adversaries1 including terrorist organizations1 in any region of active conflict as determined by the ,secretary1 in consultation with the heads of other relevant ,federal departments or agencies the ,secretary determines appropriate1 have experimented with water-launched unmanned aircraft systems and unmanned aircraft systems deployed from shipping containers or disguised vehicles1 and the implications such tactics may pose for port security1 land border security1 or the security of critical infrastructure of the ,united ,states or a foreign country in proximity to seaports within the homeland4 7#i7 ,an assessment of lessons learned from ongoing and recent global conflicts regarding the utilization1 defense1 and defeat of covered unmanned aircraft systems1 and from the experiences of allied and partner countries in countering unmanned aircraft system-enabled attacks conducted by covered foreign adversaries1 including terrorist organizations1 including an evaluation of the effectiveness of mobile counter-,,uas system platforms1 passive detection and tracking technologies1 airspace management and deconfliction tools1 and regulatory mechanisms 7such as drone zoning laws71 the applicability of such lessons to ,federal1 ,state1 and local homeland security operations1 and the manner in which the ,department has incorporated1 or plans to incorporate1 such lessons into its homeland security planning1 counter-,,uas systems strategy1 and interagency coordination activities4 7#aj7 ,an assessment of the adoption1 adaptation1 and potential operational use of unmanned aircraft systems by transnational criminal organizations1 cartels1 or other illicit groups in the ,western ,hemisphere that are supplied by or emulating covered foreign adversaries1 including terrorist organizations1 including cross-border weaponization trends1 narcotics trafficking1 and surveillance of law enforcement operations4 7#aa7 ,a review of the ,department's research and development efforts to counter emerging threats posed by covered unmanned aircraft systems used by covered foreign adversaries1 including terrorist organizations1 and how such efforts contribute to domestic preparedness for and collective response to terrorism4 7#ab7 ,a description of how the ,secretary has incorporated input1 technology1 and best practices from private sector entities1 including such entities the counter-,,uas systems or detection technologies of which are currently deployed in regions of active conflict as determined by the ,secretary1 in consultation with the heads of other relevant ,federal departments or agencies the ,secretary determines appropriate1 involving covered foreign adversaries1 including terrorist organizations1 in order to strengthen domestic preparedness and accelerate adoption of effective counter-,,uas system capabilities4 7#ac7 ,any other matter relating to covered unmanned aircraft systems the ,secretary determines appropriate4 7c7 ,training and capacity building ,to enhance domestic preparedness against terrorism threats assessed in accordance with subsection 7a71 the ,secretary1 in consultation with the heads of relevant components and offices of the ,department1 as determined by the ,secretary1 shall develop recommendations1 training modules1 and exercises for ,federal1 ,state1 local1 ,tribal1 and territorial law enforcement to recognize1 report1 and respond to malicious use of unmanned aircraft systems by covered foreign adversaries1 including terrorist organizations1 incorporating lessons learned from current and recent global conflicts4 7d7 ,consultation ,the ,secretary shall develop each assessment of terrorism threats under subsection 7a7 in consultation with representatives of the following3 7#a7 ,components and offices of the ,department4 7#b7 ,the ,department of ,defense4 7#c7 ,the ,office of the ,director of ,national ,intelligence4 7#d7 ,any other representatives of ,federal departments or agencies the ,secretary determines appropriate4 7e7 ,collaboration ,in carrying out subsection 7a71 the ,secretary shall seek to collaborate with representatives of private sector entities1 each of whom shall be1 in the determination of the ,secretary1 a highly accomplished leader in the field of counter-,,uas systems with demonstrated experience in developing1 deploying1 or advising on covered unmanned aircraft systems used in regions in which covered foreign adversaries1 including terrorist organizations1 operate1 in order to leverage private-sector expertise and resources for research1 analysis1 and evaluation of emerging threats relating to unmanned aircraft systems4 7f7 ,briefing required ,not later than seven days after the submission of each assessment of terrorism threats under subsection 7a71 the ,secretary shall provide to the appropriate congressional committees a classified briefing on the findings1 conclusions1 and recommendations contained in such assessment4 7g7 ,form ,each assessment of terrorism threats under subsection 7a7 shall be submitted in classified form4 ,the ,secretary shall also prepare an unclassified annex to each such assessment1 which shall be made publicly available on the website of the ,department4 7h7 ,definitions ,in this section3 7#a7 ,appropriate congressional committees ,the term appropriate congressional committees means-- 7,a7 the ,committee on ,homeland ,security of the ,house of ,representatives2 and 7,b7 the ,committee on ,homeland ,security and ,governmental ,affairs of the ,senate4 7#b7 ,counter-,,uas system ,the term counter-,,uas system has the meaning given such term in section #ddhja of title #di1 ,united ,states ,code4 7#c7 ,covered foreign adversary ,the term covered foreign adversary means-- 7,a7 any foreign government1 military1 intelligence service1 or other authority of a covered foreign country acting independently2 or 7,b7 any organization1 group1 or person acting on behalf of1 with the support1 direction1 control1 or influence of1 or trained or supplied by1 such a foreign government1 military1 intelligence service1 or other authority1 including any proxy1 militia1 paramilitary organization1 intelligence or security service1 or other state-sponsored actor that receives material support1 training1 technical assistance1 or operational coordination from a covered foreign country and engages in activities that threaten the national security of the ,united ,states or its allies4 7#d7 ,covered foreign country ,the term covered foreign country means a country that-- 7,a7 the intelligence community 7as such term is defined in section #c7d7 of the ,national ,security ,act of #aidg 7#ej ,u4,s4,c4 #cjjc7d777 has identified as a foreign adversary in its most recent ,annual ,threat ,assessment2 or 7,b7 the ,secretary1 in coordination with the ,director of ,national ,intelligence1 has identified as a foreign adversary that is not included in such ,annual ,threat ,assessment4 7#e7 ,covered unmanned aircraft system ,the term covered unmanned aircraft system means any unmanned aircraft system that-- 7,a7 is manufactured in a covered foreign country or by an entity domiciled in a covered foreign country2 7,b7 uses flight controllers1 radios1 data transmission devices1 cameras1 or gimbals manufactured in a covered foreign country or by an entity domiciled in a covered foreign country2 7,c7 uses a ground control system or operating software developed in a covered foreign country or by an entity domiciled in a covered foreign country2 or 7,d7 uses network connectivity or data storage located in a covered foreign country or administered by an entity domiciled in a covered foreign country4 7#f7 ,homeland ,security ,enterprise ,the term ,homeland ,security ,enterprise has the meaning given such term in section #bbjj4 7#g7 ,terrorist organization ,the term terrorist organization means-- 7,a7 any entity designated as a foreign terrorist organization pursuant to section #bai of the ,immigration and ,nationality ,act 7#h ,u4,s4,c4 #aahi72 or 7,b7 any entity engaged in terrorism1 as such term is defined in section #b7ah74 7#h7 ,unmanned aircraft system ,the term unmanned aircraft system has the meaning given such term in section #ddhja of title #di1 ,united ,states ,code1 except that the requirement relating to safe and efficient operation in the national airspace system shall not apply for purposes of this section4 4 7b7 ,clerical amendment ,the table of contents in section #a7;b7 of the ,homeland ,security ,act of #bjjb is amended by inserting after the item relating to section #cbc the following new item3 ,sec4 #cbd4 ,annual assessment on terrorism threats to the ,united ,states relating to the use of unmanned aircraft systems by covered foreign adversaries1 including terrorist organizations4 4