,i  #aai? ,,congress  #a/ ,session  ,h4 
,r4 #fjhc  ,,9 ,,! ,,h\se ,,(           
,,repres5tatives  ,novemb] #ah1         
#bjbe,mr4 ,espaillat introduc$ ! foll[+ 
bill2 :i* 0 ref]r$ to ! ,committee on   
,=eign ,affairs  ,a ,,bill  ,to e/abli% 
a commission to address ! fundam5tal    
rep]cussions ( misguid$ int]v5tions by !
 ,unit$ ,/ates 9 multiple sov]eign      
,we/]n ,hemisph]e nations ov] ! c\rse ( 
! tw5tie? c5tury1 includ+ to /udy &     
consid] an apology & proposals = !      
repairm5t ( relations & reconciliation )
 ! peoples ( said nations1 & = o!r      
purposes4  #a4 ,%ort title ,?is ,act may
 be cit$ z ! ,commission on ! ,unit$    
,/ates ,occupations 9 ! ,am]icas ,act or
 ! ,la ,comisin de las ,ocupacines      
,am]icanos ,act4  #b4 ,f9d+s ,congress  
f9ds ! foll[+ z x relates to misguid$   
,unit$ ,/ates milit>y int]v5tions 9 !   
foll[+ nations3 7#a7 ,fir/ occupation ( 
,nic>agua ,on ,novemb] #ah1 #aiji1      
,presid5t ,william ,h[>d ,taft s5t      
w>%ips (f ! coa/ ( ,nic>agua to signal  

,unit$ ,/ates support = an upris+ aga9/ 
,nic>aguan ,presid5t ,jos ,santos       
,zelaya1 ^: ,presid5cy 0 view$ z        
unfavorable to ! int]e/s ( ,unit$ ,/ates
 bus9esses op]at+ 9 ,nic>agua4 ,:ile    
,unit$ ,/ates =ces 7 n ord]$ to int]v5e 
directly1 a small gr\p ( ,unit$ ,/ates  
,m>9es nev]!less made l&fall on !       
,nic>aguan coa/ & assi/$ 9 ! successful 
rebellion aga9/ ,presid5t ,zelaya1 :o   
resign$ on ,decemb] #ad1 #aiji1 & lat]  
fl$ ! c\ntry4 ,a new pro-,unit$ ,/ates  
,presid5t ( ,nic>agua1 ,juan ,e/rada1 0 
lat] in/all$ 9 ,augu/ #aiaj1 due 9 l>ge 
"p to ! pressure impos$ by ! cont9ual   
pres5ce ( ,unit$ ,/ates w>%ips (f !     
,nic>aguan coa/4 ,presid5t ,e/rada's    
pro-,unit$ ,/ates /ances prov$ unpopul>1
 & he 0 =c$ to resign 9 ,may ( #aiaa by 
! ,nic>aguan ,m9i/] ( ,w>1 ,luis ,m5a4  
,presid5t ,e/rada 0 replac$ by 8 ,vice  
,presid5t1 ,adolfo ,daz4 ,nev]!less1    
,daz's close connections to ! ,unit$    
,/ates also made him unpopul>1 & 9      
mid-#aiab1 ,nic>agua's ,con/itu5t       

,assembly appo9t$ ,m5a z ! successor to 
! ,presid5cy ov] ,daz4 ,:5 ! ,unit$     
,/ates refus$ to recognize ,m5a's       
,presid5cy z legitimate1 ,m5a's & ,daz's
 =ces cla%$ 9 ,july ( #aiab 9 a         
full-scale civil w>4 ,daz reque/$ !     
,unit$ ,/ates support 9 ! w>4 ,beg9n+ on
 ,augu/ #d1 #aiab1 multiple cont+5ts (  
,unit$ ,/ates ,bluejackets & ,m>9es     
arriv$ 9 ,nic>agua & assi/$ ,daz's =ces1
 result+ 9 ,daz's victory on ,octob] #f1
 #aiab1 :5 8 =ces captur$ ! city (      
,leon1 ,nic>agua4 ,al?\gh only #g memb]s
 ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates milit>y di$ 9 !      
conflict1 ! w> nev]!less result$ 9      
approximately #b1jjj total casualties4  
,! ,unit$ ,/ates )drew mo/ ( its =ces   
t[>d ! end ( ,octob] #aiab4 ,h[ev]1 a   
small] cont+5t ( approximately #ajj     
,m>9es w\ld rema9 9 ,nic>agua's capital 
city ( ,managua = ov] a decade be=e     
ev5tually )draw+ 9 ,augu/ #aibe4  7#b7  
,fir/ occupation ( ,mexico ,on ,april   
#ba1 #aiad1 at ! ord] ( ,presid5t       
,woodr[ ,wilson1 #ejj ,m>9es & #cjj     

,navy p]sonnel invad$ ! port city (     
,v]acruz1 ,mexico1 to seize control ( ! 
city4 ,presid5t ,wilson's pretext = ?is 
op]ation 0 to en=ce a ,unit$ ,/ates arms
 emb>go aga9/ ,mexico & prev5t ! arrival
 ( an arms %ipm5t 9 ,v]acruz t _h be5   
ord]$ by ,mexican ,presid5t ,victoriano 
,hu]ta1 :o 0 view$ z an enemy ( ! ,unit$
 ,/ates at t "t4 ,! ensu+ fight+ saw    
,unit$ ,/ates =ces de/roy mo/ ( !       
,mexican ,naval ,academy 9 ,v]acruz4 ,! 
,unit$ ,/ates milit>y 0 ev5tually able  
to take full control ( ,v]acruz by      
,april #bd1 #aiad1 beg9n+ a #f-mon?     
occupation by ! ,unit$ ,/ates ( ! city4 
,! ,unit$ ,/ates milit>y suff]$ j %y (  
#ajj casualties :ile approximately #eej 
,mexican soldi]s & civilians di$ :ile   
def5d+ ! city4 ,unit$ ,/ates =ces       
ev5tually )drew f ,v]acruz on ,novemb]  
#bc1 #aiad4 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates occupation 
( ,v]acruz _h broad negative consequ5ces
 = ! favorability ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates     
among/ ,mexican citiz5s & increas$      
anti-,am]ican s5tim5t ?r\gh\t ,mexico & 

,lat9 ,am]ica = decades to come4  7#c7  
,second occupation ( ,mexico ,f ,m>*    
#af1 #aiaf1 ?r\gh ,febru>y #ad1 #aiag1  
an exp$ition>y =ce ( m ?an #ad1jjj      
,unit$ ,/ates ,army troops 0 s5t into   
nor!rn ,mexico4 ,^! =ces 7 in/ruct$ to  
engage 9 ! s+ul> pursuit ( captur+      
,mexican revolution>y ,francisco ,pan*o 
,villa4 ,presid5t ,woodr[ ,wilson ord]$ 
?is exp$ition 9 response to ,villa's    
army's raid ( ,colombus1 ,new ,mexico1  
on ,m>* #i1 #aiaf1 :i* kill$ #ag ,unit$ 
,/ates citiz5s4 ,ov] ! c\rse ( ! next   
#aa mon?s1 multiple battles occurr$ 9   
,mexico betwe5 ,pan*o ,villa's =ces &   
,unit$ ,/ates =ces1 leav+ a total #ae   
,unit$ ,/ates citiz5s & #bea ,mexicans  
dead4 ,mexican ,presid5t ,v5u/iano      
,c>ranza view$ ! ,unit$ ,/ates exp$ition
 9 pursuit ( ,villa z a cle> violation (
 ,mexican sov]eignty4 ,! exp$ition end$ 
be=e ,villa 0 ev] captur$1 & ,unit$     
,/ates =ces ev5tually )drew f ,mexico on
 ,febru>y #ad1 #aiag1 9 ord] to         
consolidate =ces to fight 9 ,_w ,w> ,i 9

 ,europe4  7#d7 ,fir/ occupation ( !    
,dom9ican ,republic ,on ,may #ac1 #aiaf1
 a cont+5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,m>9e      
,corps l&$ on ! %ores ( ! ,dom9ican     
,republic ) ! goal ( milit>ily occupy+ !
 isl& nation due to conc]ns ab\t !      
possible ,g]man use ( ! ,dom9ican       
,republic z a base = attacks on ! ,unit$
 ,/ates dur+ ,_w ,w> ,i4 ,aft] #b mon?s 
( fight+1 ! ,unit$ ,/ates milit>y took  
control ( ! nation1 e/abli%$ a gov]nm5t1
 & cont9u$ to occupy ! isl& = #h ye>s   
be=e )draw+ on ,septemb] #ah1 #aibd4 ,by
 ! "t ,unit$ ,/ates =ces )drew1 #add    
m>9es _h di$ & #ej 7 injur$4 ,! #h-ye>  
occupation also result$ 9 #iej ,dom9ican
 casualties betwe5 ^? :o di$ & ^? :o 7  
injur$ 9 ! conflict4  7#e7 ,second      
occupation ( ,nic>agua ,on ,janu>y #bd1 
#aibg1 :5 ,nic>agua 0 embroil$ 9 ano!r  
civil w> t ?reat5$ ,unit$ ,/ates bus9ess
 & diplomatic int]e/s 9 ! region1 #c1jjj
 ,unit$ ,/ates ,m>9es 7 deploy$ to      
,nic>agua by ,presid5t ,calv9 ,coolidge 
) ! goal ( dis>m+ rebel gr\ps1 sup]vis+ 

! highly cont5ti\s #aibh ,presid5tial   
election1 & develop+ & tra9+ ! ,gu>dia  
,nacional de ,nic>agua 7,nic>aguan      
,national ,gu>d74 ,:ile ! ,m>9es 7      
successful 9 dis>m+ v>i\s rebel gr\ps   
?r\gh\t ! c\ntry1 ,nic>aguan rebel lead]
 ,cs> ,augu/o ,s&9o & 8 =ces resi/$ due 
to ,s&9o's ideological opposition to    
,unit$ ,/ates int]v5tionism 9 8 c\ntry4 
,s&9o's army & ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,m>9es   
engag$ 9 a #f-ye>-long milit>y conflict 
?r\gh #aicc4 ,a total #acf ,m>9es di$ & 
e/imates ( ,nic>aguan casualties1 al?\gh
 imprecise1 7 ev5 l>g]4 ,s&9o's         
will+ness to /& up to ,unit$ ,/ates =ces
 attract$ sympa?y & galvaniz$           
anti-,am]ican s5tim5t bo? 9 ,nic>agua & 
?r\gh\t ! ,we/]n ,hemisph]e4 ,despite   
,s&9o's resi/ance1 ! ,unit$ ,/ates      
successfully sup]vis$ ,nic>agua's       
,novemb] #aibh elections1 :i* saw       
,presid5t ,jos ,m>a ,moncada asc5d to   
p[]4 ,aft] ! election1 ,presid5t ,h]b]t 
,hoov]1 sl[ly )drew troops f ,nic>agua  
until ! la/ ,m>9es left ,nic>agua on    

,janu>y #b1 #aicc4 ,s&9o's rebel =ces   
cont9u$ to engage 9 p]iodic gu]illa     
w>f>e aga9/ ,unit$ ,/ates troops until  
^! la/ ,m>9es 7 evacuat$4 ,today1 ,s&9o 
is a popul> folk h]o among/ ! ,nic>aguan
 political left & 8 "n provides !       
inspiration = ! mod]n-day ,s&9i/a       
political p>ty t rules ,nic>agua4  7#f7 
,second occupation ( ! ,dom9ican        
,republic ,on ,april #bh1 #aife1 !      
second int]v5tion & occupation ( !      
,dom9ican ,republic by ! ,unit$ ,/ates  
,arm$ ,=ces1 call$ ,op]ation ,p[] ,pack1
 comm5c$ & provid$ ,unit$ ,/ates air &  
gr\nd troops to assi/ future ,dom9ican  
,presid5t ,donal ,reid ,cabral's army 9 
! ,dom9ican #aife civil w>4 ,op]ation   
,p[] ,pack took place betwe5 #aife &    
#aiff1 aft] a p]iod ( political         
in/ability & milit>y c\p foll[+ !       
assass9ation ( =m] ,dom9ican dictator   
,rafael ,lenidas ,trujillo 9 #aifa4 ,9  
#aifb1 sociali/ politician ,juan ,bos*  
became ! elect$ ,presid5t ( ! ,dom9ican 
,republic be=e be+ ov]?r[n 9 a sep>ate  

c\p 9 #aifc4 ,f #aifc ?r\gh ,april      
#aife1 a #c-man milit>y junta ( ,g5]al  
,antonio ,imb]t ,b>r]a1 ,g5]al ,luis    
,amiamo ,ti1 & ,g5]al ,victor ,elby ,viz
 ,romn held p[] be=e gr[+               
dissatisfaction l$ to ano!r rebellion on
 ,april #bd1 #aife4 ,f\r days lat]1     
,presid5t ,lyndon ,johnson s5t a total (
 #db1jjj ,unit$ ,/ates troops f multiple
 bran*es ( ! milit>y to ! isl&1         
supplem5t$ by an ,int]-,am]ican ,peace  
,=ce ( #b1jjj troops1 to assi/ rebels l$
 by ,donald ,reid ,cabral4 ,9 :at is n[ 
kn[n z ! #aife ,dom9ican ,civil ,w> or  
,la ,revolucin del #fe ,cabral's =ces   
prevail$ due to ! ,unit$ ,/ates milit>y 
back+4 ,%ortly aft] ! w> end$1 on ,july 
#a1 #aiff1 democratically que/ionable   
elections 7 held 9 ! ,dom9ican ,republic
 :i* result$ 9 ! election ( ,joaqun     
,balagu] z ,presid5t4 ,unit$ ,/ates     
troops )drew f ! isl& nation !reaft] on 
,septemb] #ba1 #aiff4 ,9 total1 #dd     
,unit$ ,/ates combatants 7 kill$ 9 !    
conflict1 alongside ov] #b1jjj          

,dom9icans1 r\ghly half ( :om 7         
civilians4 ,foll[+ ! )drawal ( ,unit$   
,/ates troops1 ,presid5t ,balagu]1 a    
previ\s memb] ( ! ,trujillo-l$ gov]nm5t1
 rul$ ! ,dom9ican ,republic = a #ab-ye> 
p]iod *>act]iz$ by turmoil1 !           
disappe>ances ( ,balagu]'s political    
oppon5ts1 & ! dea?s ( hundr$s ( "y      
political & social activi/s4 ,9 ?is     
mann]1 ! ,unit$ ,/ates int]v5tion dur+  
,op]ation ,p[] ,pack play$ a key role 9 
depriv+ ,dom9ican citiz5s ( a free &    
sov]eign gov]nm5t = at lea/ #ab         
additional ye>s ?r\gh #aigh4  7#g7      
,guatemala air occupation ,on ,june #ah1
 #aied1 ?r\gh ,june #bg1 #aied1 z "p (  
,op]ation ,p,b,success1 ! ,unit$ ,/ates 
,c5tral ,intellig5ce ,ag5cy 7,,cia7     
plann$1 design$1 & l$ a successful c\p 9
 ,guatemala1 ov]?r[+ ! pr$om9antly      
capitali/ gov]nm5t ( ,presid5t ,jacobo  
rb5z1 co9cid+ 9 "t ) ,presid5t ,arb5z's 
plans to r$i/ribute l& own$ by ! ,unit$ 
,fruit ,company1 a prosp]\s ,unit$      
,/ates-bas$ fruit company :i* controll$ 

#db p]c5t ( all l& 9 ,guatemala at t "t4
 ,9 ju/ification = ,op]ation            
,p,b,success1 ! ,unit$ ,/ates spuri\sly 
alleg$ t ,presid5t rb5z's gov]nm5t _h   
be5 infiltrat$ by anti-,am]ican         
communi/s4 ,! ,,cia provid$ bo? supplies
 & a small fleet ( combat troops = !    
rebellion1 dur+ :i* ,unit$ ,/ates pilots
 bomb$ =tresses & o!r areas ( ,guatemala
 ,city4 ,op]ation ,p,b,success 0        
successful1 & on ,june #bg1 #aied1      
,presid5t rb5z fl$ ,guatemala4 ,! #aied 
c\p is widely view$ by hi/orians z u%]+ 
9 an unprec$5t$ era ( civil w> 9        
,guatemala t la/$ until #aiif & claim$ !
 lives ( ov] #bjj1jjj ,guatemalans1 _m (
 :i* 7 lo/ 9 connection ) v>i\s         
additional cov]t ,,cia op]ations t      
op]at$ 9 ! nation dur+ ?is "t p]iod4    
7#h7 ,gr5ada occupation ,f ,octob] #be1 
#aihc1 ?r\gh ,octob] #bi1 #aihc1 !      
,unit$ ,/ates conduct$ ,op]ation ,urg5t 
,fury1 a full-scale milit>y invasion (  
,gr5ada 9 :i* ?\s&s ( troops f ! ,unit$ 
,/ates ,army1 ,m>9es1 ,navy1 & ,air ,=ce

 7 deploy$ to ,gr5ada & p>ticipat$ 9    
active combat aga9/ native ,gr5adians & 
,cuban fight]s4 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates        
invasion 0 au?oriz$ by ,presid5t ,ronald
 ,reagan bas$ on ! ass]t$ ne$ to prev5t 
a milit>y c\p & communi/ takeov] ( !    
small isl& nation1 9 addition to ! ne$  
to protect ! approximately #a1jjj ,unit$
 ,/ates citiz5s :o resid$ on ! isl& at t
 "t4 ,unit$ ,/ates =ces a*iev$ a swift  
victory 9 j #d days1 b ! fight+ result$ 
9 ! dea?s ( #de ,gr5adian combatants1   
#be ,cuban combatants1 & #ai ,unit$     
,/ates combatants4 ,! la/ ,unit$ ,/ates 
troops ev5tually exit$ ,gr5ada on ,june 
#ac1 #aihe4  7#i7 ,panama occupation ,on
 ,decemb] #bj1 #aihi1 approximately     
#bg1jjj ,unit$ ,/ates troops invad$     
,panama at ! ord] ( ,presid5t ,george   
,bu% "u ! ignom9i\sly nam$ ,op]ation ,j 
,cause4 ,! purpose ( ,op]ation ,j ,cause
 0 to remove ,g5]al ,manuel ,noriega1 ! 
c\ntry's dictatorial rul]1 f p[] &      
secure 8 extradition to ! ,unit$ ,/ates1
 :]e ,noriega 0 want$ on *>ges ( drug   

traffick+ & money laund]+ 7he 0 lat]    
f\nd guilty on ^! *>ges ^u 8 successful 
extradition74 ,relations betwe5 ! ,unit$
 ,/ates & ,panama's ,gov]nm5t s\r$ ov] !
 c\rse ( #aihh & #aihi due to ,noriega's
 antidemocratic behavior &              
monopolization ( p[]1 ,noriega's #aihh  
indictm5t 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates on drug     
smuggl+ *>ges1 notably escalat+ t5sions 
betwe5 ,panamanian troops & ,unit$      
,/ates troops /ation$ 9 ! ,panama ,canal
 ,zone1 & ,unit$ ,/ates conc]ns ab\t    
ma9ta9+ physical control ( ! ,panama    
,canal ,zone4 ,t5sions boil$ ov] on     
,decemb] #ae1 #aihi1 :5 ! ,noriega-l$   
,panamanian ,assembly decl>$ ,panama to 
be 9 a /ate ( w> ) ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,on 
,decemb] #af1 an (f-duty ,unit$ ,/ates  
,m>9e 0 %ot & kill$ by ,panamanian      
soldi]s1 prompt+ ,presid5t ,george ,bu% 
to ord] ,op]ation ,j ,cause 9 ! aft]ma? 
( ?is incid5t4 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates w\ld w9 
! ensu+ gr\nd conflict1 ga9 control ( ! 
,panama ,canal1 & =ce ,noriega's surr5d]
 on ,janu>y #c1 #aiij4 ,h[ev]1 ?is      

op]ation came at a great co/1 z accord+ 
to ! ,p5tagon's (ficial tally1 #bc      
,unit$ ,/ates soldi]s1 #cjj ,panamanian 
soldi]s1 & #bad ,panamanian civilians 7 
kill$ dur+ ! ,unit$ ,/ates invasion4 ,"s
 human rights gr\ps also e/imate ! dea? 
toll among/ ,panamanian civilians to be 
f> high]4 ,fur!rmore1 ! ,unit$ ,/ates   
repeat$ bomb+ ( ! impov]i%$ ,panama     
,city neighborhood ,el ,*urillo dur+    
,op]ation ,j ,cause de/roy$             
approximately #d1jjj homes & displac$   
?\s&s m civilians1 result+ 9            
,panamanians nicknam+ ! neighborhood    
,little ,hiro%ima foll[+ ! w>4  #c4     
,e/abli%m5t & duties  7a7 ,e/abli%m5t   
,!re is e/abli%$ a ,commission to ,/udy 
& ,develop ,reconciliation ,proposals = 
,misguid$ ,int]v5tions 9 ! ,am]icas 79  
?is ,act ref]r$ to z ! ,commission74    
7b7 ,duties ,! ,commission %all be      
responsible = ! foll[+ duties3 7#a7     
,id5tify+1 docum5t+1 exam9+1 compil+1 & 
syn!siz+ ! relevant body ( evid5ti>y    
docum5tation relat+ to ! ,unit$ ,/ates  

int]e/ 9 int]v5+ 9-- 7,a7 ! #i conflicts
 9 ,nic>agua1 ,mexico1 ! ,dom9ican      
,republic1 ,guatemala1 ,gr5ada1 &       
,panama discuss$ 9 section #b ( ?is     
,act2 &  7,b7 any additional ,unit$     
,/ates milit>y involvem5t 9 nations 9 ! 
,c>ibbean1 ,lat9 ,am]ica1 or ,s\?       
,am]ica t ! ,commission1 via a majority 
vote at any meet+ ( ! ,commission       
conta9+ a quorum1 id5tifies z misguid$ &
 believes m]its inve/igation & action by
 ! ,commission4  7#b7 ,id5tify+1        
docum5t+1 exam9+1 compil+1 & syn!siz+ ! 
relevant corpus ( evid5ti>y docum5tation
 relat+ to ! ,unit$ ,/ates milit>y      
occupations id5tifi$ 9 p>agraph 7#a7 (  
?is subsection1 z x p]ta9s to-- 7,a7 !  
,unit$ ,/ates involvem5t 9 ^! nations   
int]nal affairs & its f9ancial & milit>y
 support to diff]5t rebellions & regime 
*anges 9 ^! nations2  7,b7 ! treatm5t ( 
! native p]sons by bo? ! ,unit$ ,/ates  
milit>y & "u ! regimes u%]$ 9 a result (
 ,unit$ ,/ates milit>y action1 includ+  
any repressions ( basic rights & fre$oms

 by ,unit$ ,/ates-support$ gov]nm5ts2 & 
7,c7 ! l+]+ negative effects ( ^! ,unit$
 ,/ates-support$ regimes on ea*         
individual nation's citiz5s1 collective 
psy*e1 & society4  7#c7 ,recomm5d+      
appropriate ways to educate ! ,unit$    
,/ates public on ! ,commission's f9d+s4 
7#d7 ,recomm5d+ appropriate rem$ies 9   
consid]ation ( ! ,commission's f9d+s on 
! diff]5t ,unit$ ,/ates milit>y         
occupations describ$ 9 p>agraphs 7#a7 & 
7#b7 ( ?is subsection4 ,9 mak+ su*      
recomm5dations1 ! ,commission %all      
address among o!r issues1 ! foll[+      
que/ions3 7,a7 ,h[ su* recomm5dations   
comport ) int]national /&>ds ( rem$y =  
wrongs & injuries caus$ by ! ,unit$     
,/ates ,gov]nm5t1 includ+ repair &      
reconciliation ef=ts1 z und]/ood by     
v>i\s relevant int]national protocols1  
laws1 & f9d+s4  7,b7 ,h[ ! ,unit$ ,/ates
 ,gov]nm5t may (f] a =mal apology on    
behalf ( ! p ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates = !      
invasions & occupations /udi$ by !      
,commission = ^? occupations :i* !      

,commission deems wor?y ( an apology4   
7,c7 ,h[ ! rep]cussions result+ f matt]s
 describ$ 9 p>agraphs 7#a7 & 7#b7 ( ?is 
subsection may be rev]s$ & provide      
appropriate policies1 programs1         
projects1 & recomm5dations = ! purpose (
 rev]s+ ! effects ( ! invasions &       
occupations4  7c7 ,report to congress ,n
 lat] ?an #d ye>s aft] ! date ( enactm5t
 ( ?is ,act1 ! ,commission %all submit  
to ,congress a writt5 report ( its f9d+s
 & recomm5dations "u ?is section4  7d7  
,memb]%ip  7#a7 ,9 g5]al  7,a7 ,/at$    
memb]s ,! foll[+ %all be memb]s ( !     
,commission3 7i7 ,! ,"u ,secret>y =     
,we/]n ,hemisph]e ,affairs ( ! ,dep>tm5t
 ( ,/ate4  7ii7 ,! curr5t ,unit$ ,/ates 
,ambassadors to ea* ( ! sov]eign nations
 /udi$ by ! ,commission4  7,b7 ,appo9t$ 
memb]s ,n lat] ?an #ij days aft] ! date 
( enactm5t ( ?is ,act1 ! foll[+ %all be 
memb]s ( ! ,commission1 appo9t$ z       
foll[s3 7i7 ,"o memb] %all be appo9t$ by
 ! ,presid5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4  7ii7   
,two memb]s %all be appo9t$ by ! ,speak]

 ( ! ,h\se ( ,repres5tatives1 9         
consultation ) ! m9ority lead]4  7iii7  
,two memb]s %all be appo9t$ by !        
majority lead] ( ! ,s5ate1 9            
consultation ) ! m9ority lead]4  7,c7   
,memb]s "u int]national coop]ation ,!   
,presid5t %all seek to negotiate ) !    
gov]nm5ts ( previ\sly occupi$ nations to
 seek1 to ! ext5t practicable1 ! foll[+ 
z memb]s ( ! ,commission3 7i7 ,!        
,ambassador to ! ,unit$ ,/ates = ea*    
sov]eign nation be+ /udi$ by !          
,commission pursuant to subsection      
7b77#a74  7ii7 ,! ,ambassador1 ,p]man5t 
,repres5tative to ! ,organization (     
,am]ican ,/ates = ea* sov]eign nation   
be+ /udi$ by ! ,commission pursuant to  
subsection 7b77#a74  7#b7               
,qualifications ,all memb]s ( !         
,commission %all be p]sons :o are       
especially qualifi$ to s]ve on !        
,commission by virtue ( _! education1   
tra9+1 activism1 or exp]i5ce1 p>ticul>ly
 9 ! fields ( ,we/]n ,hemisph]e         
relations or rep>atory ju/ice4  7#c7    

,t]ms ,! t]m ( (fice = memb]s %all be = 
! life ( ! ,commission4 ,a vacancy 9 !  
,commission %all n affect ! p[]s ( !    
,commission & %all be fill$ 9 ! same    
mann] 9 :i* ! orig9al appo9tm5t 0 made4 
7#d7 ,meet+s ,! ,commission %all conduct
 its initial meet+ n lat] ?an #cfe days 
aft] ! date ( enactm5t ( ?is ,act4 ,!   
,commission %all e/abli% rules (        
proc$ure at su* meet+4 ,all meet+s ( !  
,commission %all be public4 ,!          
,commission %\ld meet n less (t5 ?an #d 
times p] ye>1 includ+ virtual meet+s    
call$ to ord] by ei!r ! entire          
,commission or any memb] !re(4  7#e7    
,quorum ,m ?an half ( ! total memb]s ( !
 ,commission %all con/itute a quorum = !
 purposes ( hold+ a meet+ 9 compliance )
 subsection 7d77#d71 b a less] numb] may
 hold he>+s4  7#f7 ,*air & vice *air ,! 
,commission %all elect a ,*air & ,vice  
,*air f among its memb]s4 ,! t]m ( (fice
 ( ea* %all be = ! life ( ! ,commission4
  7#g7 ,comp5sation ,ea* memb] ( !      
,commission :o is n an (fic] or employee

 ( ! ,f$]al ,gov]nm5t %all be comp5sat$ 
at a rate equal to ! daily equival5t ( !
 annual rate ( basic pay prescrib$ =    
level ,,iv ( ! ,executive ,s*$ule "u    
section #ecae ( title #e1 ,unit$ ,/ates 
,code1 = ea* day 7includ+ travel "t7    
dur+ :i* su* memb] is engag$ 9 !        
p]=mance ( ! duties ( ! ,commission4    
,all memb]s ( ! ,commission :o are      
(fic]s or employees ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates   
%all s]ve )\t comp5sation 9 addition to 
t receiv$ = _! s]vices z (fic]s or      
employees ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4  7#h7      
,travel exp5ses ,! memb]s ( !           
,commission %all be all[$ travel        
exp5ses1 includ+ p] diem 9 lieu (       
subsi/5ce1 at rates au?oriz$ = employees
 ( ag5cies "u sub*apt] ,i ( *apt] #eg ( 
title #e1 ,unit$ ,/ates ,code1 :ile away
 f _! homes or regul> places ( bus9ess 9
 ! p]=mance ( ! duties ( ! ,commission4 
7e7 ,p[]s ( ! commission  7#a7 ,he>+s & 
sessions ,! ,commission may1 = ! purpose
 ( c>ry+ out ! provisions ( ?is section1
 hold su* he>+s & sit & act at su* times

 & at su* places 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 &   
reque/ ! att5dance & te/imony ( su*     
witnesses & ! production ( su* books1   
records1 correspond5ce1 memor&a1 pap]s1 
& docum5ts1 z ! ,commission consid]s    
appropriate4 ,! ,commission may invoke !
 aid ( an appropriate ,unit$ ,/ates     
di/rict c\rt to require1 by subpo5a or  
o!rwise1 su* att5dance1 te/imony1 or    
production4  7#b7 ,p[]s ( memb]s ,any   
memb] ( ! ,commission may1 if au?oriz$  
by ! ,commission1 take any action :i* ! 
,commission is au?oriz$ to take by ?is  
subsection4  7#c7 ,obta9+ (ficial data  
,! ,commission may acquire directly f ! 
head ( any dep>tm5t1 ag5cy1 or          
in/rum5tality ( ! executive bran* ( !   
,unit$ ,/ates ,gov]nm5t1 available      
in=mation :i* ! ,commission consid]s    
useful 9 ! dis*>ge ( its duties4 ,all   
dep>tm5ts1 ag5cies1 & in/rum5talities ( 
! executive bran* ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates     
,gov]nm5t %all coop]ate ) ! ,commission 
) respect to su* in=mation & %all furni%
 all in=mation reque/$ by ! ,commission 

to ! ext5t p]mitt$ by law4  7f7         
,t]m9ation ,! ,commission %all t]m9ate  
#ij days aft] ! date on :i* !           
,commission submits its report to       
,congress "u subsection 7c74  7g7       
,au?orization ( appropriations  7#a7 ,9 
g5]al ,!re is au?oriz$ to be appropriat$
 #bj1jjj1jjj to c>ry out ?is ,act4  7#b7
 ,availability ,am\nts appropriat$      
pursuant to ! au?orization "u p>agraph  
7#a7 are au?oriz$ to rema9 available    
until ! t]m9ation ( ! ,commission 9     
accordance ) subsection 7f74