,i  #aai? ,,congress  #a/ ,session  ,h4 
,r4 #dfcb  ,,9 ,,! ,,h\se ,,(           
,,repres5tatives  ,july #bc1 #bjbe,mr4  
,bey] 7= himself1 ,mr4 ,rask91 ,mr4     
,pet]s1 ,mr4 ,mc,govern1 & ,mr4 ,khanna7
 introduc$ ! foll[+ bill2 :i* 0 ref]r$  
to ! ,committee on ! ,judici>y1 & 9     
addition to ! ,committee on ,h\se       
,adm9i/ration1 = a p]iod to be          
subsequ5tly det]m9$ by ! ,speak]1 9 ea* 
case = consid]ation ( su* provisions z  
fall )9 ! jurisdiction ( ! committee    
conc]n$  ,a ,,bill  ,to e/abli% ! use ( 
rank$ *oice vot+ 9 elections = ,s5ators 
& ,repres5tatives 9 ,congress1 to       
require ea* ,/ate ) m ?an "o            
,repres5tative to e/abli% multi-memb]   
congressional di/ricts1 to require      
,/ates to conduct congressional         
r$i/rict+ accord+ to nonp>tisan crit]ia1
 & = o!r purposes4  #a4 ,%ort title2    
table ( cont5ts  7a7 ,%ort title ,?is   
,act may be cit$ z ! ,fair              
,repres5tation ,act4  7b7 ,table (      
cont5ts ,! table ( cont5ts ( ?is ,act is

 z foll[s3  ,sec4 #a4 ,%ort title2 table
 ( cont5ts4 ,sec4 #b4 ,f9d+ (           
con/itutional au?ority4 ,title          
,i--,rank$ ,*oice ,vot+ ,sec4 #aja4     
,requir+ rank$ *oice vot+ = election (  
,s5ators & ,repres5tatives4 ,sec4 #ajb4 
,applicability ( en=cem5t provisions (  
,help ,am]ica ,vote ,act ( #bjjb4 ,sec4 
#ajc4 ,effective date4 ,title           
,,ii--,multi-memb] ,di/ricts ,sec4 #bja4
 ,requir+ use ( multi-memb] di/ricts 9  
c]ta9 ,/ates4 ,sec4 #bjb4 ,election (   
repres5tatives at l>ge 9 c]ta9 ,/ates4  
,sec4 #bjc4 ,e/abli%+ m9imum numb] (    
c&idates 9 g5]al election4 ,sec4 #bjd4  
,con=m+ am5dm5ts4 ,sec4 #bje4           
,prohibition on w9n]-take-all elections4
 ,sec4 #bjf4 ,exception = ,/ates 9 :i*  
use ( multi-memb] or at l>ge di/ricts w 
result 9 dim9i%m5t ( vot+ rights4 ,sec4 
#bjg4 ,effective date4 ,title           
,,iii--,nonp>tisan ,r$i/rict+ ,re=m     
,sec4 #cja4 ,requir+ congressional      
r$i/rict+ plans to comply ) nonp>tisan  
crit]ia4 ,sec4 #cjb4 ,ban on mid-decade 

r$i/rict+4 ,sec4 #cjc4 ,crit]ia =       
r$i/rict+4 ,sec4 #cjd4 ,developm5t (    
plan4 ,sec4 #cje4 ,failure by ,/ate to  
enact plan4 ,sec4 #cjf4 ,civil en=cem5t4
 ,sec4 #cjg4 ,effective date4 ,title    
,,iv--,g5]al ,provisions ,sec4 #dja4 ,no
 effect on elections = ,/ate & local    
(fice4 ,sec4 #djb4 ,sev]ability4  #b4   
,f9d+ ( con/itutional au?ority ,congress
 f9ds t x has ! au?ority to e/abli% !   
t]ms & conditions ,/ates mu/ foll[ 9    
c>ry+ out congressional r$i/rict+ aft]  
an apportionm5t ( ,memb]s ( ! ,h\se (   
,repres5tatives & 9 adm9i/]+ elections =
 ! ,s5ate & ,h\se ( ,repres5tatives     
because-- 7#a7 ! au?ority grant$ to     
,congress "u article ,i1 section #d ( ! 
,con/itution ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates gives    
,congress ! p[] to enact laws gov]n+ !  
"t1 place1 & mann] ( elections =        
,s5ators & ,memb]s ( ! ,h\se (          
,repres5tatives2  7#b7 ! au?ority grant$
 to ,congress "u section #e ( ! ,f\rte5?
 ,am5dm5t to ! ,con/itution gives       
,congress ! p[] to enact laws to en=ce  

section #b ( su* am5dm5t1 :i* requires  
,repres5tatives to be apportion$ among !
 sev]al ,/ates accord+ to _! numb]2 &   
7#c7 ! au?ority grant$ to ,congress "u  
section #e ( ! ,f\rte5? ,am5dm5t to !   
,con/itution gives ,congress ! p[] to   
enact laws to en=ce section #a ( su*    
am5dm5t1 includ+ protections aga9/      
excessive p>tisan g]rym&]+ t ,f$]al     
c\rts h n en=c$ because !y und]/& su*   
en=cem5t to be committ$ to ,congress by 
! ,con/itution4  ,i ,rank$ ,*oice ,vot+ 
#aja4 ,requir+ rank$ *oice vot+ =       
election ( ,s5ators & ,repres5tatives   
7a7 ,9 g5]al ,title ,,iii ( ! ,help     
,am]ica ,vote ,act ( #bjja 7#eb         
,u4,s4,c4 #bajha et seq47 is am5d$ by   
add+ at ! end ! foll[+ new subtitle3  ,c
 ,rank$ ,*oice ,vot+  #a ,requir+ ,rank$
 ,*oice ,vot+ = ,election ( ,s5ators &  
,repres5tatives  #cba4 ,requir+ rank$   
*oice vot+ = election ( ,s5ators &      
,repres5tatives  7a7 ,rank$ *oice vot+  
,except z provid$ 9 section #bje ( !    
,fair ,repres5tation ,act1 ea* ,/ate    

%all c>ry out elections = ! (fice (     
,s5ator & ! (fice ( ,repres5tative 9    
,congress us+ rank$ *oice vot+1 a sy/em 
"u :i* ea* vot] may rank ! c&idates = ! 
(fice 9 ! ord] ( ! vot]'s pref]5ce1 &   
ballots are tabulat$1 9 accordance ) !  
foll[+3  7#a7 ,9 any s+le-seat election 
& any election = ! (fice ( ,s5ator1 !   
,/ate %all c>ry out ! election us+      
s+le-seat rank$ *oice vot+ z describ$ 9 
section #cbb7;a74  7#b7 ,9 any          
multi-seat election1 ! ,/ate %all c>ry  
out ! election us+ multi-seat rank$     
*oice vot+ z describ$ 9 section         
#cbb7;b74  7b7 ,ballot design  7#a7 ,9  
g5]al ,ea* ,/ate %all ensure t ! ballot 
us$ 9 an rank$ *oice vot+ election "u   
?is title meets ea* ( ! foll[+          
requirem5ts3 7,a7 ,! ballot %all all[   
vot]s to rank c&idates 9 ord] ( *oice4  
7,b7 ,! numb] ( c&idates :om a vot] may 
rank 9 ! election1 z det]m9$ "u p>agraph
 7#b71 %all be uni=m = all vot]s 9 !    
election )9 ! ,/ate4  7,c7 ,! ballot    
%all include all qualifi$ c&idates = !  

election & 7to ! ext5t p]mitt$ "u ,/ate 
law7 options = vot]s to select write-9  
c&idates4  7,d7 ,! ballot %all include  
su* in/ructions z ! ,/ate consid]s      
necess>y to enable ! vot] to rank       
c&idates & successfully ca/ ! ballot "u 
! sy/em4  7#b7 ,det]m9ation ( numb] (   
c&idates vot] may rank ,! numb] (       
c&idates a vot] may rank 9 a rank$ *oice
 vot+ election %all be det]m9$ z foll[s3
  7,a7 ,if feasible1 ! ballot %all p]mit
 vot]s to rank a numb] ( c&idates 9 !   
election :i* is n few] ?an ! numb] (    
seats 9 ! election plus #d4  7,b7 ,if ! 
numb] ( c&idates 9 ! election is less   
?an ! numb] ( rank+ provid$ "u          
subp>agraph 7,a71 ! ballot %all p]mit   
vot]s to rank a numb] ( c&idates :i* is 
n few] ?an ! numb] ( c&idates 9 !       
election1 includ+ write-9 c&idates4     
7,c7 ,if x is n feasible = ! ballot to  
p]mit vot]s to rank z _m c&idates z     
requir$ "u subp>agraphs 7,a7 or 7,b71 ! 
,/ate may limit ! numb] ( c&idates :o   
may be rank$ = ea* election on ! ballot 

to a maximum feasible numb] e/abli%$ by 
! ,/ate1 except t su* numb] may n be    
less ?an #e = any election on ! ballot4 
#cbb4 ,tabulation ( ballots  7a7        
,tabulation = s+le-,seat congressional  
elections  7#a7 ,process = tabulation ,9
 ! case ( a s+le-seat election1 ea*     
ballot ca/ 9 ! election %all c\nt z "o  
vote = ! highe/-rank$ active c&idate on 
! ballot4 ,tabulation %all proce$ 9     
r\nds z describ$ 9 p>agraphs 7#b7 &     
7#c74  7#b7 ,elim9ation ( c&idates dur+ 
tabulation ,if !re are m ?an two active 
c&idates1 ! active c&idate ) ! fewe/    
votes is elim9at$1 ea* vote ca/ on a    
ballot = ! elim9at$ c&idate %all be     
c\nt$ = ! next-rank$ active c&idate on !
 ballot1 & a new r\nd %all beg94  7#c7  
,completion ( tabulation2 election (    
c&idate ,:5 !re are two or few] active  
c&idates--  7,a7 tabulation is complete2
 &  7,b7 ! c&idate receiv+ ! greate/    
numb] ( votes %all be elect$ to ! (fice 
( ,s5ator or ,repres5tative 9 ,congress 
7or1 9 ! case ( a prim>y election1 %all 

advance to ! g5]al election = su* (fice 
z provid$ "u ! law ( ! ,/ate involv$74  
7b7 ,tabulation = multi-,seat           
congressional elections -- 7#a7 ,process
 = tabulation ,9 ! case ( a multi-seat  
election1 ea* ballot ca/ 9 ! election   
%all c\nt at its curr5t transf] value = 
! highe/-rank$ active c&idate on !      
ballot4 ,tabulation %all proce$ z       
describ$ 9 p>agraphs 7#b71 7#c71 & 7#d74
  7#b7 ,election ( c&idates dur+        
tabulation2 surplus-transf] r\nd ,if any
 active c&idate has a numb] ( votes     
great] ?an or equal to ! election       
?re%old1 t c&idate %all be designat$ z  
elect$1 & ! surplus votes %all be       
transf]r$ to o!r c&idates z foll[s3 7,a7
 ,unless p>agraph 7#d7 applies1 ea*     
ballot c\nt+ = an elect$ c&idate %all be
 assign$ a new transf] value by         
multiply+ ! ballot's curr5t transf]     
value by ! surplus fraction = ! elect$  
c&idate1 truncat$ aft] #d decimal       
places4  7,b7 ,ea* c&idate elect$ "u ?is
 p>agraph %all be deem$ to h a numb] (  

votes equal to ! election ?re%old = !   
conte/ 9 all future r\nds1 ea* ballot   
c\nt+ t[>ds ! elect$ c&idate %all be    
transf]r$ at its new transf] value to   
its next-rank$ active c&idate1 & a new  
r\nd %all beg94  7,c7 ,if two or m      
c&idates h a numb] ( votes great] ?an ! 
election ?re%old1 ! surpluses %all be   
di/ribut$ simultane\sly 9 ! same r\nd4  
7#c7 ,elim9ation ( c&idates dur+        
tabulation2 elim9ation r\nd ,unless     
p>agraph 7#b7 or p>agraph 7#d7 applies1 
! active c&idate ) ! fewe/ votes is     
elim9at$1 ea* vote ca/ on a ballot = !  
elim9at$ c&idate %all be c\nt$ = !      
next-rank$ active c&idate on ! ballot1 &
 a new r\nd %all beg94  7#d7 ,completion
 ( tabulation ,tabulation 9 a multi-seat
 election is complete if--  7,a7 ! numb]
 ( elect$ c&idates is equal to ! numb] (
 seats to be fill$ & any rema9+ votes 9 
excess ( ! election ?re%old h be5 c\nt$ 
= ea* ballot's next-rank$ active        
c&idate2 or  7,b7 ! sum ( ! numb] (     
elect$ c&idates & ! numb] ( active      

c&idates is less ?an or equal to ! numb]
 ( seats to be fill$ at any "t4  7c7    
,treatm5t ( c]ta9 ballots  7#a7         
,treatm5t ( und]votes ,a ballot :i* is  
an und]vote %all n be c\nt$ 9 any r\nd (
 tabulation ( ballots 9 an election "u  
?is section4 ,= purposes ( ?is p>agraph1
 an und]vote is a ballot = :i* ! vot]   
does n rank any ( ! c&idates 9 !        
election4  7#b7 ,treatm5t ( inactive    
ballots  7,a7 ,9 g5]al ,a ballot :i*    
becomes an inactive ballot %all no long]
 c\nt = any c&idate = ! rema9d] ( !     
tabulation ( ballots 9 an election "u   
?is section aft] ! ballot becomes       
inactive4  7,b7 ,inactive ballot def9$  
,= purposes ( ?is p>agraph1 an inactive 
ballot is a ballot on :i*-- 7i7 all ( ! 
rank$ c&idates on ! ballot h become     
inactive2 or  7ii7 ! vot] ranks m ?an "o
 c&idate at ! same rank+ & all c&idates 
at a high] rank+ h become inactive4     
7#c7 ,treatm5t ( skipp$ or repeat$      
rank+s  7,a7 ,9 g5]al ,a ballot :i*     
includes any skipp$ or repeat$ rank+    

%all rema9 active & cont9ue to be c\nt$ 
= ! highe/-rank$ active c&idate 9 an    
election "u ?is section4  7,b7 ,skipp$ &
 repeat$ rank+s def9$ ,= purposes ( ?is 
p>agraph-- 7i7 a skipp$ rank+ is a rank+
 a vot] does n assign to any c&idate    
:ile assign+ a subsequ5t rank+ to a     
c&idate2 &  7ii7 a repeat$ rank+ is a   
rank+ = :i* ! vot] has assign$ ! same   
c&idate t ! vot] assign$ to ano!r rank+4
  #cbc4 ,treatm5t ( ties betwe5 c&idates
  7a7 ,resolution by lot ,if a tie      
occurs betwe5 c&idates ) ! greate/ numb]
 ( votes or ! fewe/ numb] ( votes at any
 po9t 9 ! tabulation ( ballots "u ?is "p
 & ! tabulation _c proce$ until ! tie is
 resolv$1 ! tie %all be resolv$ by lot  
or by su* o!r me?od z may be provid$ "u 
,/ate law4  7b7 ,resolution prior to    
tabulation ,prior to tabulation1 ! *ief 
election (ficial ( ! ,/ate may resolve  
prospective ties betwe5 c&idates by lot 
or accord+ to ! me?od provid$ "u ,/ate  
law1 z describ$ 9 subsection 7a74  7c7  
,use dur+ rec\nt ,! result ( !          

resolution ( any tie %all be record$ &  
reus$ = purposes ( any rec\nt "u ,/ate  
law4  #cbd4 ,def9itions ,9 ?is "p1 !    
foll[+ def9itions apply3 7#a7 ,! t]m    
active c&idate means1 ) respect to any  
r\nd ( tabulation "u ?is "p1 a c&idate  
:o has n be5 elect$ or elim9at$1 & :o is
 n a )drawn c&idate4  7#b7 ,! t]m       
election ?re%old means ! numb] ( votes  
suffici5t = a c&idate to be elect$ 9 a  
multi-seat election4 ,su* numb] is equal
 to ! total votes c\nt$ = active        
c&idates 9 ! fir/ r\nd ( tabulation1    
divid$ by ! sum ( "o plus ! numb] (     
seats to be fill$1 !n increas$ by "o1   
disreg>d+ any fractions4  7#c7 ,! t]m   
highe/-rank$ active c&idate means !     
active c&idate assign$ to a high] rank+ 
?an any o!r active c&idate4  7#d7 ,! t]m
 multi-seat election means any prim>y   
election 9 :i* m ?an "o c&idate 9 !     
prim>y election w advance to ! g5]al    
election1 any special election = m ?an  
"o seat1 & any g5]al election 9 :i* m   
?an "o ,repres5tative is elect$ at l>ge 

or 9 a multi-memb] di/rict4  7#e7 ,! t]m
 rank+ means ! numb] available to be    
assign$ by a vot] to a c&idate to       
express ! vot]'s *oice = t c&idate1 ) #a
 z ! highe/ rank+ & ea* succe$+ positive
 numb] z ! next highe/ rank+4  7#f7 ,!  
t]m s+le-seat election means any prim>y 
election 9 :i* exactly "o c&idate 9 !   
prim>y election w advance to ! g5]al    
election1 any special election = exactly
 "o seat1 any g5]al election = ! (fice (
 ,s5ator1 & any g5]al election 9 :i*    
only "o ,repres5tative is elect$ at     
l>ge4  7#g7 ,! t]m surplus fraction     
means1 ) respect to an elect$ c&idate z 
describ$ 9 section #cbb7;b77#a71 ! numb]
 obta9$ by subtract+ ! election ?re%old 
f ! c&idate's vote total1 !n divid+ t   
numb] by ! c&idate's vote total1        
truncat$ aft] f\r decimal places4  7#h7 
,! t]m transf] value means ! proportion 
( a vote t a ballot w contribute to its 
highe/-rank$ active c&idate4 ,ea* ballot
 beg9s ) a transf] value ( #a4 ,if a    
ballot contributes to ! election ( a    

c&idate "u section #cbb7;b77#a71 !      
transf] value %all be ! new transf]     
value assign$ "u su* section4  7#i7 ,!  
t]m vote total means1 ) respect to a    
c&idate 9 a r\nd ( c\nt+1 ! total       
transf] value ( all ballots c\nt+ = !   
c&idate 9 ! r\nd4  7#aj7 ,! t]m )drawn  
c&idate means a c&idate :o1 prior to !  
date ( ! election1 files or has an      
au?oriz$ designee file a sign$ lett] (  
)drawal f ! election1 9 accordance ) su*
 rules z ! *ief election (ficial ( !    
,/ate may e/abli%4  #b ,paym5ts to      
,/ates to ,implem5t ,rank$ ,*oice ,vot+ 
#cca4 ,paym5ts to ,/ates to implem5t    
rank$ *oice vot+  7a7 ,paym5ts describ$ 
7#a7 ,paym5ts ,n lat] ?an ,june #a1     
#bjbf1 ! ,commission %all make a paym5t 
to ea* ,/ate 9 ! am\nt det]m9$ ) respect
 to ! ,/ate "u p>agraph 7#b74  7#b7     
,am\nt det]m9$ on basis ( numb] (       
regi/]$ vot]s  7,a7 ,9 g5]al ,! am\nt   
det]m9$ "u ?is p>agraph is ! product (--
 7i7 ! numb] ( individuals regi/]$ to   
vote 9 elections = ,f$]al (fice 9 !     

,/ate1 bas$ on ! mo/ rec5tly available  
in=mation on vot] regi/ration 9 ! ,/ate1
 z provid$ to ! ,commission by ! ,/ate2 
&  7ii7 ! p] capita am\nt e/abli%$ by ! 
,commission "u subp>agraph 7,b74  7,b7  
,p] capita am\nt ,= purposes ( ?is      
p>agraph1 ! ,commission %all e/abli% a  
sep>ate1 appropriate p] capita paym5t   
am\nt = ea* ,/ate t may be no less ?an  
#d & no m ?an #h1 tak+ into acc\nt any  
reasonable demon/rat$ or e/imat$ co/s   
associat$ ) ! use ( rank$ *oice vot+1   
includ+ co/s relat$ to vot+ equipm5t    
updates2 election setup lic5s+ co/s2    
programm+2 ballot design & pr9t+2 tra9+2
 process+1 canvass+1 c5tralization1 &   
tabulation2 prelim9>y & f9al results    
report+ & display+2 po/-election audits 
& rec\nts2 & vot] in=mation1 education1 
& engagem5t4  7b7 ,use ( funds ,a ,/ate 
%all use ! paym5t made "u subsection 7a7
 to implem5t rank$ *oice vot+ "u ?is    
subtitle1 includ+ educat+ vot]s ab\t    
rank$ *oice vot+1 & to o!rwise c>ry out 
elections = ,f$]al (fice 9 ! ,/ate4  7c7

 ,no effect on requirem5ts paym5ts ,!   
receipt or use ( ! paym5t made "u ?is   
section %all n affect a ,/ate's         
eligibility = or use ( a requirem5ts    
paym5t made "u "p #a ( subtitle ,d (    
title ,,ii4  7d7 ,au?orization (        
appropriations ,!re are au?oriz$ to be  
appropriat$ su* sums z may be necess>y =
 paym5ts "u ?is section4  #c ,g5]al     
,provisions  #cda4 ,treatm5t ( ,/ates n 
hold+ prim>y elections prior to date (  
g5]al election ,no?+ 9 ?is subtitle %all
 be con/ru$ to require a ,/ate to hold a
 prim>y election = ! (fice ( ,s5ator or 
,repres5tative 9 ,congress prior to !   
date e/abli%$ "u section #be ( ! ,revis$
 ,/atutes ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates 7#b         
,u4,s4,c4 #g7 = ! regul>ly s*$ul$ g5]al 
election = su* (fice1 s long z !        
det]m9ation ( ! c&idates :o are elect$  
to su* (fice is bas$ solely on ! votes  
ca/ ) respect to ! election held on su* 
date1 z det]m9$ 9 accordance ) ! sy/em (
 rank$ *oice vot+ "u ?is title4  #cdb4  
,application to ,di/rict ( ,columbia &  

t]ritories  7a7 ,election ( delegates & 
resid5t commission] ,9 ?is subtitle1 !  
t]m ,repres5tative includes a ,delegate 
or ,resid5t ,commission] to ! ,congress4
  7b7 ,application to ,nor!rn ,m>iana   
,isl&s ,?is subtitle %all apply )       
respect to ! ,commonweal? ( ! ,nor!rn   
,m>iana ,isl&s 9 ! same mann] z ?is     
subtitle applies to a ,/ate4  4  7b7    
,cl]ical am5dm5t ,! table ( cont5ts (   
su* ,act is am5d$ by add+ at ! end ( !  
item relat+ to title ,,iii ! foll[+3    
,subtitle ,c--,rank$ ,*oice ,vot+ ,"p   
#a--,requir+ ,rank$ ,*oice ,vot+ =      
,election ( ,s5ators & ,repres5tatives  
,sec4 #cba4 ,requir+ rank$ *oice vot+ = 
election ( ,s5ators & ,repres5tatives4  
,sec4 #cbb4 ,tabulation ( ballots4 ,sec4
 #cbc4 ,treatm5t ( ties betwe5 c&idates4
 ,sec4 #cbd4 ,def9itions4 ,"p           
#b--,paym5ts to ,/ates ,to ,implem5t    
,rank$ ,*oice ,vot+ ,sec4 #cca4 ,paym5ts
 to ,/ates to implem5t rank$ *oice vot+4
 ,"p #c--;,g5]al ,provisions ,sec4 #cda4
 ,treatm5t ( ,/ates n hold+ prim>y      

elections prior to date ( g5]al         
election4 ,sec4 #cdb4 ,application to   
,di/rict ( ,columbia & t]ritories4      
#ajb4 ,applicability ( en=cem5t         
provisions ( ,help ,am]ica ,vote ,act ( 
#bjjb ,section #dja ( ! ,help ,am]ica   
,vote ,act ( #bjjb 7#eb ,u4,s4,c4       
#baaaa7 is am5d$ by /rik+ sections #cja1
 #cjb1 & #cjc & ins]t+ title ,,iii4     
#ajc4 ,effective date ,?is title & !    
am5dm5ts made by ?is title %all apply ) 
respect to-- 7#a7 elections = ! (fice ( 
,s5ator :i* are held dur+ #bjbf or any  
succe$+ ye>2 &  7#b7 elections = ! (fice
 ( ,repres5tative :i* are held pursuant 
to ! reapportionm5t ( ,repres5tatives   
result+ f ! regul> dec5nial c5sus       
conduct$ dur+ #bjcj & all subsequ5t     
elections4  ,,ii ,multi-memb] ,di/ricts 
#bja4 ,requir+ use ( multi-memb]        
di/ricts 9 c]ta9 ,/ates  7a7 ,rules =   
,/ates ) six or m repres5tatives ,except
 z provid$ 9 section #bjb7;b71 if a     
,/ate is entitl$ to six or m            
,repres5tatives 9 ,congress "u an       

apportionm5t made "u section #bb7;a7 ( !
 ,act entitl$ ,an ,act to provide = !   
fifte5? & subsequ5t dec5nial c5suses &  
to provide = an apportionm5t (          
,repres5tatives 9 ,congress1 approv$    
,june #ah1 #aibi 7#b ,u4,s4,c4 #b;a7a771
 ! ,/ate %all e/abli% a numb] ( di/ricts
 = ! election ( ,repres5tatives 9 !     
,/ate t is less ?an ! numb] (           
,repres5tatives to :i* ! ,/ate is       
entitl$1 & ,repres5tatives %all be      
elect$ only f di/ricts s e/abli%$4  7b7 
,crit]ia = numb] ( di/ricts ,9 e/abli%+ 
! numb] ( di/ricts = ! ,/ate "u         
subsection 7a71 ! ,/ate %all foll[ !    
foll[+ crit]ia3 7#a7 ,! ,/ate %all      
ensure t di/ricts %all ea* h equal      
population p] ,repres5tative z ne>ly z  
practicable1 9 accordance ) !           
,con/itution ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4  7#b7 ,!
 numb] ( ,repres5tatives to be elect$ f 
any di/rict may n be few] ?an ?ree or   
great] ?an five4  #bjb4 ,election (     
repres5tatives at l>ge 9 c]ta9 ,/ates   
7a7 ,m&atory elections at l>ge ,if a    

,/ate is entitl$ to five or few]        
,repres5tatives 9 ,congress "u an       
apportionm5t made "u section #bb7;a7 ( !
 ,act entitl$ ,an ,act to provide = !   
fifte5? & subsequ5t dec5nial c5suses &  
to provide = an apportionm5t (          
,repres5tatives 9 ,congress1 approv$    
,june #ah1 #aibi 7#b ,u4,s4,c4 #b;a7a771
 ! ,/ate %all elect all su*             
,repres5tatives at l>ge4  7b7  ,optional
 elections at l>ge  ,if a ,/ate is      
entitl$ to six or sev5 ,repres5tatives 9
 ,congress "u an apportionm5t made "u   
section #bb7;a7 ( ! ,act entitl$ ,an    
,act to provide = ! fifte5? & subsequ5t 
dec5nial c5suses & to provide = an      
apportionm5t ( ,repres5tatives 9        
,congress1 approv$ ,june #ah1 #aibi 7#b 
,u4,s4,c4 #b;a7a771 ! ,/ate may1 at its 
option1 elect all su* ,repres5tatives at
 l>ge4  #bjc4 ,e/abli%+ m9imum numb] (  
c&idates 9 g5]al election  7a7 ,/ates ) 
p>tisan nom9at+ prim>ies  7#a7 ,9 g5]al 
,if1 9 a prim>y election = ! (fice (    
,repres5tative1 ! c&idates t advance to 

! g5]al election d s by w9n+ ! nom9ation
 ( a political p>ty 7)\t reg>d to :e!r  
or n ! election is op5 or clos$ to vot]s
 on ! basis ( political p>ty pref]5ce71 
! ,/ate %all ensure t ! numb] ( c&idates
 to be nom9at$ by ea* political p>ty is 
equal to ! less] (-- 7,a7 ! numb] (     
,repres5tatives :o w be elect$ f !      
di/rict involv$2 or  7,b7 ! numb] (     
c&idates 9 ! prim>y election4  7#b7     
,au?ority ( political p>ties to det]m9e 
numb] ( c&idates advanc+ 9 multi-seat   
elections ,not)/&+ p>agraph 7#a71 9 !   
case ( a prim>y election describ$ 9 su* 
p>agraph :i* is a multi-seat prim>y     
election1 a ,/ate may p]mit a political 
p>ty to adopt a rule t provides = su*   
numb] ( nom9ees ( t political p>ty to   
advance to ! g5]al election z ! p>ty    
consid]s appropriate4  7#c7 ,multi-seat 
prim>y election def9$ ,9 ?is subsection1
 ! t]m multi-seat prim>y election means 
a prim>y election held to select !      
c&idates = a g5]al election 9 :i* m ?an 
"o ,repres5tative %all be elect$4  7b7  

,/ates ) nonp>tisan blanket prim>ies    
7#a7 ,numb] ( c&idates ,if a ,/ate uses 
a nonp>tisan blanket prim>y election to 
det]m9e :i* c&idates w advance to !     
g5]al election = ! (fice (              
,repres5tative1 ! ,/ate %all ensure t ! 
numb] ( c&idates :o advance to ! g5]al  
election = ! (fice is n less ?an !      
great] (--  7,a7 five2  7,b7 twice !    
numb] ( ,repres5tatives :o w be elect$ f
 ! di/rict involv$2 or  7,c7 su* great] 
numb] z ! ,/ate may e/abli% by law4     
7#b7 ,nonp>tisan blanket prim>y election
 def9$ ,9 ?is subsection1 a nonp>tisan  
blanket prim>y election is a prim>y     
election = ! (fice ( ,repres5tative     
conduct$ prior to ! date e/abli%$ "u    
section #be ( ! ,revis$ ,/atutes ( !    
,unit$ ,/ates 7#b ,u4,s4,c4 #g7 = !     
regul>ly s*$ul$ g5]al election = su*    
(fice1 "u :i*--  7,a7 ea* c&idate = su* 
(fice1 reg>dless ( ! c&idate's political
 p>ty pref]5ce or lack !re(1 %all appe> 
on a s+le ballot2  7,b7 ea* vot] 9 !    
,/ate :o is eligible to vote 9 elections

 = ,f$]al (fice 9 ! di/rict involv$ may 
ca/ a ballot 9 ! election1 reg>dless ( !
 vot]'s political p>ty pref]5ce or lack 
!re(2 &  7,c7 ! id5tification & numb] ( 
c&idates :o advance to ! g5]al election 
= ! (fice is det]m9$ )\t reg>d to !     
c&idates' political p>ty pref]5ces or   
lack !re(4  7c7 ,exception = /ates n    
hold+ prim>y elections prior to date (  
regul>ly s*$ul$ g5]al election ,9 ! case
 ( a ,/ate t does n hold prim>y         
elections = ! (fice ( ,repres5tative    
prior to ! date e/abli%$ "u section #be 
( ! ,revis$ ,/atutes ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates  
7#b ,u4,s4,c4 #g7 = ! regul>ly s*$ul$   
g5]al election = su* (fices1 all seats  
%all be elect$ at ! election tak+ place 
on su* date4  #bjd4 ,con=m+ am5dm5ts    
7a7  ,election ( ,repres5tatives prior  
to reapportionm5t  ,section #bb7;c7 ( ! 
,act entitl$ ,an ,act to provide = !    
fifte5? & subsequ5t dec5nial c5suses &  
to provide = an apportionm5t (          
,repres5tatives 9 ,congress1 approv$    
,june #ah1 #aibi 7#b ,u4,s4,c4 #b;a7c771

 is am5d$ by /rik+ ,until a ,/ate &     
ins]t+ ,except z provid$ 9 title ,,ii ( 
! ,fair ,repres5tation ,act1 until a    
,/ate4  7b7  ,numb] ( ,repres5tatives   
,section #bb7;b7 ( ! ,act entitl$ ,an   
,act to provide = apportion+            
,repres5tatives 9 ,congress among !     
sev]al ,/ates by ! equal proportions    
me?od1 approv$ ,novemb] #ae1 #aida 7#b  
,u4,s4,c4 #b;b71 is am5d$ by /rik+ ,ea* 
,/ate & ins]t+ ,except z provid$ 9 title
 ,,ii ( ! ,fair ,repres5tation ,act1 ea*
 ,/ate4  7c7  ,numb] ( ,repres5tatives f
 ea* di/rict  ,! ,act entitl$ ,an ,act =
 ! relief ( ,doctor ,ric>do ,vallejo    
,samala & to provide = congressional    
r$i/rict+1 approv$ ,decemb] #ad1 #aifg  
7#b ,u4,s4,c4 #b;c71 is am5d$ by /rik+  
,9 ea* ,/ate & ins]t+ ,except z provid$ 
9 title ,,ii ( ! ,fair ,repres5tation   
,act1 9 ea* ,/ate4  7d7  ,nom9ation =   
,repres5tatives at l>ge  ,section #e ( !
 ,act entitl$ ,an ,act ,= ! apportionm5t
 ( ,repres5tatives 9 ,congress among !  
sev]al ,/ates "u ! ,?irte5? ,c5sus1     

approv$ ,augu/ #h1 #aiaa 7#b ,u4,s4,c4  
#e71 is am5d$ by /rik+ ,c&idates =      
,repres5tative & ins]t+ ,except z       
provid$ 9 title ,,ii ( ! ,fair          
,repres5tation ,act1 c&idates =         
,repres5tative4  #bje4 ,prohibition on  
w9n]-take-all elections ,if1 = any      
reason1 a ,/ate _c use rank$ *oice vot+ 
"u subtitle ,c ( title ,,iii ( ! ,help  
,am]ica ,vote ,act ( #bjjb1 z add$ by   
section #aja1 !n 9 any election held at 
l>ge or 9 a multi-w9n] di/rict 9 :i* m  
?an "o ,repres5tative w be elect$1 all  
,repres5tatives %all be elect$ us+ an   
election me?od t ensures ! election (   
any c&idate or any p>ty or slate (      
c&idates :o e>ns a numb] ( votes equal  
to or great] ?an ! total votes c\nt$ =  
all c&idates1 divid$ by ! sum ( "o plus 
! numb] ( seats to be fill$1 !n increas$
 by "o1 disreg>d+ any fractions44  #bjf4
 ,exception = ,/ates 9 :i* use (        
multi-memb] or at l>ge di/ricts w result
 9 dim9i%m5t ( vot+ rights  7a7         
,exception ,if1 9 an action br\ght "u   

section #cjf1 ! c\rt det]m9es t ! use ( 
multi-memb] or at l>ge di/ricts by a    
,/ate1 z set =? 9 ! congressional       
r$i/rict+ plan ( a ,/ate ) respect to ! 
apportionm5t ( ,repres5tatives result+ f
 a dec5nial c5sus1 indicates t !        
r$i/rict+ plan w d5y or abridge ! "r to 
vote by hav+ ! effect ( dim9i%+ !       
ability ( any citiz5s ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates 
on acc\nt ( race or color1 or 9         
contrav5tion ( ! gu>antees set =? 9     
section #d7;f77#b7 ( ! ,vot+ ,rights    
,act ( #aife 7#eb ,u4,s4,c4             
#ajcjc7;f77#b771 to elect _! pref]r$    
c&idates ( *oice--  7#a7 ?is title %all 
n apply ) respect to any election held 9
 ! ,/ate :i* is bas$ on ! apportionm5t (
 ,repres5tatives to :i* su* r$i/rict+   
plan w\ld apply2 &  7#b7 subject to     
section #cjf7;c71 ! c\rt %all develop & 
publi% a r$i/rict+ plan = ! ,/ate :i*   
meets ! requirem5ts ( title ,,iii & "u  
:i* !re are no multi-memb] di/ricts 9 ! 
,/ate4  7b7 ,no effect on o!r           
requirem5ts ,no?+ 9 ?is section %all be 

con/ru$ to waive ! application ( any ( !
 o!r titles ( ?is ,act or ! am5dm5ts    
made by any ( ! o!r titles ( ?is ,act to
 a ,/ate = :i* !re are no multi-memb]   
di/ricts z a result ( ?is section1      
includ+ ! requirem5t to use rank$ *oice 
vot+ z set =? 9 title ,i or ! requirem5t
 t ! congressional r$i/rict+ plan ( a   
,/ate meet ! requirem5ts ( title ,,iii4 
#bjg4 ,effective date ,?is title & !    
am5dm5ts made by ?is title %all apply ) 
respect to ! ,"o ,hundr$ ,tw5ty-,?ird   
,congress & ea* subsequ5t ,congress4    
,,iii ,nonp>tisan ,r$i/rict+ ,re=m      
#cja4 ,requir+ congressional r$i/rict+  
plans to comply ) nonp>tisan crit]ia ,a 
,/ate may n use a congressional         
r$i/rict+ plan enact$ if su* plan is n 9
 compliance ) section #cjc4  #cjb4 ,ban 
on mid-decade r$i/rict+ ,a ,/ate t has  
be5 r$i/rict$ 9 accordance ) ?is title  
may n be r$i/rict$ aga9 until aft] !    
next apportionm5t ( ,repres5tatives "u  
section #bb7;a7 ( ! ,act entitl$ ,an    
,act to provide = ! fifte5? & subsequ5t 

dec5nial c5suses & to provide = an      
apportionm5t ( ,repres5tatives 9        
,congress1 approv$ ,june #ah1 #aibi 7#b 
,u4,s4,c4 #b;a71 unless a c\rt requires 
! ,/ate to conduct su* subsequ5t        
r$i/rict+ to comply ) ! ,con/itution ( !
 ,unit$ ,/ates1 ! ,vot+ ,rights ,act (  
#aife 7#eb ,u4,s4,c4 #ajcja et seq471 or
 ! t]ms or conditions ( ?is title4      
#cjc4 ,crit]ia = r$i/rict+  7a7 ,rank$  
crit]ia ,! r$i/rict+ plan ( a ,/ate %all
 be develop$ 9 accordance ) ! foll[+    
crit]ia1 z set =? 9 ! foll[+ ord] (     
priority3 7#a7 ,di/ricts %all comply ) !
 ,con/itution ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 includ+
 ! requirem5t t !y sub/antially equalize
 total population1 )\t reg>d to age1    
citiz5%ip /atus1 or immigration /atus4  
7#b7 ,di/ricts %all comply ) ! ,vot+    
,rights ,act ( #aife 7#eb ,u4,s4,c4     
#ajcja et seq471 & all applicable ,f$]al
 laws4  7#c7 7,a7 ,di/ricts %all be     
drawn1 to ! ext5t t ! totality ( !      
circum/ances w>rant1 to ensure !        
practical ability ( a gr\p protect$ "u !

 ,vot+ ,rights ,act ( #aife 7#eb        
,u4,s4,c4 #ajcja et seq471 :e!r alone or
 9 coalition ) o!rs1 to p>ticipate 9 !  
political process & to nom9ate c&idates 
& to elect repres5tatives ( *oice is n  
dilut$ or dim9i%$4  7,b7 ,= purposes (  
subp>agraph 7,a71 ! assessm5t ( :e!r a  
protect$ gr\p has ! practical ability to
 nom9ate c&idates & to elect            
repres5tatives ( *oice %all require !   
consid]ation ( ! foll[+ factors3 7i7    
,:e!r ! gr\p is politically cohesive4   
7ii7 ,:e!r !re is racially pol>iz$ vot+ 
9 ! relevant geographic region4  7iii7  
,if !re is racially pol>iz$ vot+ 9 !    
relevant geographic region1 :e!r !      
pref]r$ c&idates ( ! gr\p nev]!less     
receive a suffici5t am\nt ( consi/5t    
crossov] support f o!r vot]s su* t !    
gr\p has a real opportunity to bo?      
nom9ate c&idates & elect repres5tatives 
( *oice4  7#d7 ,to ! ext5t practicable1 
di/ricts %all reflect ! div]sity (      
political op9ion 9 ! ,/ate su* t no     
di/rict 9 ! ,/ate-- 7,a7 elects exactly 

#c ,repres5tatives & ! nom9ee ( "o      
political p>ty = ,presid5t receiv$ at   
lea/ #ge p]c5t ( ! votes ca/ 9 !        
geographic area cov]$ by ! di/rict 9 #b 
( ! #c mo/ rec5t ,presid5tial elections2
  7,b7 elects exactly #d ,repres5tatives
 & ! nom9ee ( "o political p>ty =       
,presid5t receiv$ at lea/ #hj p]c5t ( ! 
votes ca/ 9 ! geographic area cov]$ by !
 di/rict 9 #b ( ! #c mo/ rec5t          
,presid5tial elections2 or  7,c7 elects 
exactly #e ,repres5tatives & ! nom9ee ( 
"o political p>ty = ,presid5t receiv$ at
 lea/ #hc p]c5t ( ! votes ca/ 9 !       
geographic area cov]$ by ! di/rict 9 #b 
( ! #c mo/ rec5t ,presid5tial elections4
  7#e7 ,to ! greate/ ext5t practicable !
 ,/ate %all m9imize ! numb] ( di/ricts  
elect+ #d ,repres5tatives4  7#f7 ,to !  
greate/ ext5t practicable ! ,/ate %all  
maximize ! numb] ( di/ricts elect+ #e   
,repres5tatives4  7#g7  7,a7 ,di/ricts  
%all be drawn to repres5t communities ( 
int]e/ & neighborhoods to ! ext5t       
practicable aft] compliance ) !         

requirem5ts ( p>agraphs 7#a7 ?r\gh 7#f74
 ,a community ( int]e/ is def9$ z an    
area = :i* ! record be=e ! entity       
responsible = develop+ & adopt+ !       
r$i/rict+ plan demon/rates ! exi/5ce (  
broadly %>$ int]e/s & repres5tational   
ne$s1 includ+ %>$ int]e/s &             
repres5tational ne$s root$ 9 common     
e?nic1 racial1 economic1 ,indian1       
social1 cultural1 geographic1 or hi/oric
 id5tities1 or aris+ f simil>           
socioeconomic conditions4 ,! t]m        
communities ( int]e/ may1 if ! record   
w>rants1 include political subdivisions 
su* z c\nties1 municipalities1 ,indian  
l&s1 or s*ool di/ricts1 b %all n include
 common relation%ips ) political p>ties 
or political c&idates4  7,b7 ,= purposes
 ( subp>agraph 7,a71 9 consid]+ ! ne$s (
 multiple1 ov]lapp+ communities (       
int]e/1 ! entity responsible = develop+ 
& adopt+ ! r$i/rict+ plan %all give     
great] weight to ^? communities ( int]e/
 ^: repres5tational ne$s w\ld mo/ b5efit
 f ! community's inclusion 9 a s+le     

congressional di/rict4  7b7 ,no favor+  
or disfavor+ ( political p>ties  7#a7   
,prohibition ,a ,/ate may n use a       
r$i/rict+ plan to conduct an election if
 ! plan's congressional di/ricts1 :5    
consid]$ cumulatively on a /atewide     
basis1 h be5 drawn ) ! int5t or h !     
effect ( mat]ially favor+ or disfavor+  
any political p>ty4  7#b7 ,det]m9ation (
 effect ,! det]m9ation ( :e!r a         
r$i/rict+ plan has ! effect ( mat]ially 
favor+ or disfavor+ a political p>ty    
%all be bas$ on an evaluation ( !       
totality ( circum/ances :i*1 at a       
m9imum1 %all involve consid]ation ( ea* 
( ! foll[+ factors3  7,a7 ,comput]      
model+ bas$ on relevant /atewide g5]al  
elections = ,f$]al (fice held ov] ! #h  
ye>s prec$+ ! adoption ( ! r$i/rict+    
plan sett+ =? ! probable electoral      
outcomes = ! plan "u a range (          
reasonably =eseeable conditions4  7,b7  
,an analysis ( :e!r ! r$i/rict+ plan is 
/ati/ically likely to result 9 p>tisan  
advantage or disadvantage on a /atewide 

basis1 ! degree ( any su* advantage or  
disadvantage1 & :e!r su* advantage or   
disadvantage is likely to be pres5t "u a
 range ( reasonably =eseeable electoral 
conditions4  7,c7 ,a comp>ison ( !      
model$ electoral outcomes = ! r$i/rict+ 
plan to ! model$ electoral outcomes =   
alt]native plans t demon/rably comply ) 
! requirem5ts ( p>agraphs 7#a7 ?r\gh    
7#f7 ( subsection 7a7 9 ord] to det]m9e 
:e!r reasonable alt]natives exi/ t w\ld 
result 9 mat]ially l[] levels ( p>tisan 
advantage or disadvantage on a /atewide 
basis4 ,= purposes ( ?is subp>agraph1   
alt]native plans consid]$ may include   
bo? actual plans propos$ dur+ !         
r$i/rict+ process & o!r plans prep>$ =  
purposes ( comp>ison4  7,d7 ,any o!r    
relevant in=mation1 includ+ h[ broad    
support = ! r$i/rict+ plan 0 among      
memb]s ( ! entity responsible = develop+
 & adopt+ ! plan & :e!r ! processes     
lead+ to ! developm5t & adoption ( !    
plan 7 transp>5t & equally op5 to all   
memb]s ( ! entity & to ! public4  7#c7  

,det]m9ation ( int5t ,a c\rt may rely on
 all available evid5ce :5 det]m9+ :e!r a
 r$i/rict+ plan 0 drawn ) ! int5t to    
mat]ially favor or disfavor a political 
p>ty1 includ+ evid5ce ( ! p>tisan       
effects ( a plan1 ! degree ( support !  
plan receiv$ f memb]s ( ! entity        
responsible = develop+ & adopt+ ! plan1 
& :e!r ! processes lead+ to developm5t &
 adoption ( ! plan 7 transp>5t & equally
 op5 to all memb]s ( ! entity & to !    
public4  7#d7 ,no violation bas$ on     
c]ta9 crit]ia ,no r$i/rict+ plan %all be
 f\nd to be 9 violation ( p>agraph 7#a7 
because ( ! prop] application ( !       
crit]ia set =? 9 p>agraphs 7#a7 ?r\gh   
7#f7 ( subsection 7a71 unless "o or m   
alt]native plans c\ld h compli$ ) su*   
p>agraphs )\t hav+ ! effect ( mat]ially 
favor+ or disfavor+ a political p>ty4   
7c7 ,factors prohibit$ f consid]ation ,9
 develop+ ! r$i/rict+ plan = ! ,/ate1 ! 
,/ate may n take into consid]ation any (
 ! foll[+ factors1 except z necess>y to 
comply ) ! crit]ia describ$ 9 p>agraphs 

7#a7 ?r\gh 7#f7 ( subsection 7a71 to    
a*ieve p>tisan fairness & comply )      
subsection 7b71 & to enable ! r$i/rict+ 
plan to be measur$ aga9/ ! ext]nal      
metrics describ$ 9 section #cjd7;c73    
7#a7 ,! resid5ce ( any ,memb] ( ! ,h\se 
( ,repres5tatives1 c&idate1 or any o!r  
individual :o is eligible to s]ve z a   
,memb] ( ! ,h\se ( ,repres5tatives f !  
,/ate4  7#b7 ,! political p>ty          
affiliation or vot+ hi/ory ( !          
population ( a di/rict4  7d7 ,additional
 crit]ia ,a ,/ate may n rely ^u crit]ia1
 di/rict+ pr9ciples1 or o!r policies ( !
 ,/ate :i* are n set =? 9 ?is section to
 ju/ify non-compliance ) ! requirem5ts (
 ?is section4  7e7 ,applicability  7#a7 
,9 g5]al ,?is section applies to any    
au?ority1 :e!r appo9t$1 elect$1         
judicial1 or o!rwise1 responsible =     
enact+ ! congressional r$i/rict+ plan ( 
a ,/ate4  7#b7 ,date ( enactm5t ,?is    
section applies to any congressional    
r$i/rict+ plan enact$ foll[+ ! regul>   
dec5nial c5sus conduct$ dur+ #bjcj4  7f7

 ,sev]ability ( crit]ia ,if any         
provision ( ?is section1 or !           
application ( any su* provision to any  
p]son or circum/ance1 is held to be     
uncon/itutional1 ! rema9d] ( ?is        
section1 & ! application ( su* provision
 to any o!r p]son or circum/ance1 %all n
 be affect$ by ! hold+4  #cjd4          
,developm5t ( plan  7a7 ,public notice &
 input  7#a7 ,use ( op5 & transp>5t     
process ,! entity responsible = develop+
 & adopt+ ! congressional r$i/rict+ plan
 ( a ,/ate %all solicit & take into     
consid]ation comm5ts f ! public ?r\gh\t 
! process ( develop+ ! plan1 & %all c>ry
 out its duties 9 an op5 & transp>5t    
mann] :i* provides = ! wide/ public     
dissem9ation reasonably possible ( its  
propos$ & f9al r$i/rict+ plans4  7#b7   
,website  7,a7 ,features ,! entity %all 
ma9ta9 a public int]net site :i* is n   
affiliat$ ) or ma9ta9$ by ! (fice ( any 
elect$ (ficial & :i* includes ! foll[+  
features3 7i7 ,all propos$ r$i/rict+    
plans & ! f9al r$i/rict+ plan1 includ+ !

 accompany+ writt5 evaluation "u        
subsection 7c74  7ii7 ,all comm5ts      
receiv$ f ! public submitt$ "u p>agraph 
7#a74  7iii7 ,access 9 an easily usable 
=mat to ! demographic & o!r data us$ by 
! entity to develop & analyze ! propos$ 
r$i/rict+ plans1 toge!r ) any reports   
analyz+ & evaluat+ su* plans & access to
 s(tw>e t memb]s ( ! public may use to  
draw maps ( propos$ di/ricts4  7iv7 ,a  
me?od by :i* memb]s ( ! public may      
submit comm5ts directly to ! entity4    
7,b7 ,se>*able =mat ,! entity %all      
ensure t all in=mation po/$ & ma9ta9$ on
 ! site "u ?is p>agraph1 includ+        
in=mation & propos$ maps submitt$ by !  
public1 %all be ma9ta9$ 9 an easily     
se>*able =mat4  7#c7 ,multiple language 
requirem5ts = all notices ,! entity     
responsible = develop+ & adopt+ ! plan  
%all make ea* notice :i* is requir$ to  
be po/$ & publi%$ "u ?is section        
available 9 any language 9 :i* ! ,/ate  
7or any jurisdiction 9 ! ,/ate7 is      
requir$ to provide election mat]ials "u 

section #bjc ( ! ,vot+ ,rights ,act (   
#aife 7#eb ,u4,s4,c4 #ajejc74  7b7      
,developm5t ( plan  7#a7 ,he>+s ,!      
entity responsible = develop+ & adopt+ !
 congressional r$i/rict+ plan %all hold 
he>+s bo? be=e & aft] releas+ propos$   
plans 9 ord] to solicit public input on 
! cont5t ( su* plans4 ,^! he>+s %all--  
7,a7 be held 9 diff]5t regions ( ! ,/ate
 & /ream$ live on ! public int]net site 
ma9ta9$ "u subsection 7a77#b72 &  7,b7  
be suffici5t 9 numb]1 s*$ul$ at times & 
places1 & notic$ & conduct$ 9 a mann] to
 ensure t all memb]s ( ! public1 includ+
 memb]s ( racial1 e?nic1 & language     
m9orities protect$ "u ! ,vot+ ,rights   
,act ( #aife1 h a mean+ful opportunity  
to att5d & provide input bo? be=e & aft]
 ! entity releases propos$ plans4  7#b7 
,po/+ ( maps ,! entity responsible =    
develop+ & adopt+ ! congressional       
r$i/rict+ plan %all make propos$ plans1 
am5dm5ts to propos$ plans1 & ! data ne$$
 to analyze su* plans = compliance ) !  
crit]ia ( ?is title available = public  

review1 includ+ on ! public int]net site
 requir$ "u subsection 7a77#b71 = a     
p]iod ( n less ?an #e days be=e any vote
 or he>+ is held on any su* plan or any 
am5dm5t to su* a plan4  7c7 ,release (  
writt5 evaluation ( plan aga9/ ext]nal  
metrics requir$ prior ,to vote ,! entity
 responsible = develop+ & adopt+ !      
congressional r$i/rict+ plan = a ,/ate  
may n hold a vote on a propos$ r$i/rict+
 plan1 includ+ a vote 9 a committee1    
unless at lea/ #dh h\rs prior to hold+ !
 vote ! ,/ate has releas$ a writt5      
evaluation t measures ea* su* plan aga9/
 ext]nal metrics :i* cov] ! crit]ia set 
=? 9 section #cjc7;b71 includ+ ! impact 
( ! plan on ! ability ( memb]s ( a class
 ( citiz5s protect$ by ! ,vot+ ,rights  
,act ( #aife 7#eb ,u4,s4,c4 #ajcja et   
seq47 to elect c&idates ( *oice1 !      
degree to :i* ! plan pres]ves or divides
 communities ( int]e/1 & any analysis   
us$ by ! ,/ate to assess compliance ) ! 
requirem5ts ( section #cjc7;a7 & 7b74   
7d7 ,public input & comm5ts ,! entity   

responsible = develop+ & adopt+ !       
congressional r$i/rict+ plan = a ,/ate  
%all make all public comm5ts receiv$    
ab\t pot5tial plans1 includ+ alt]native 
plans1 available to ! public on !       
int]net site requir$ "u subsection      
7a77#b71 at no co/1 n lat] ?an #bd h\rs 
prior to hold+ a vote on f9al adoption (
 a plan4  #cje4 ,failure by ,/ate to    
enact plan  7a7 ,deadl9e = enactm5t (   
plan ,except z provid$ 9 p>agraph 7#b71 
ea* ,/ate %all enact a f9al             
congressional r$i/rict+ plan foll[+     
transmission ( a notice ( apportionm5t  
to ! ,presid5t by ! e>lie/ (-- 7#a7 !   
deadl9e set =? 9 ,/ate law1 includ+ any 
ext5sion to ! deadl9e provid$ 9         
accordance ) ,/ate law2  7#b7 ,febru>y  
#ae ( ! ye> 9 :i* regul>ly s*$ul$ g5]al 
elections = ,f$]al (fice are held 9 !   
,/ate2 or  7#c7 #ij days be=e ! date ( !
 next regul>ly s*$ul$ prim>y election = 
,f$]al (fice held 9 ! ,/ate4  7b7       
,developm5t ( plan by c\rt 9 case (     
miss$ deadl9e ,if a ,/ate has n enact$ a

 f9al congressional r$i/rict+ plan by ! 
applicable deadl9e "u subsection 7a71 or
 x appe>s reasonably likely t a ,/ate w 
fail to enact a f9al congressional      
r$i/rict+ plan by su* deadl9e-- 7#a7 any
 citiz5 ( ! ,/ate may file an action 9 !
 ,unit$ ,/ates di/rict c\rt = !         
applicable v5ue ask+ ! di/rict c\rt to  
assume jurisdiction2  7#b7 ! ,unit$     
,/ates di/rict c\rt = ! applicable v5ue1
 act+ ?r\gh a #c-;judge c\rt conv5$     
pursuant to section #bbhd ( title #bh1  
,unit$ ,/ates ,code1 %all h ! exclusive 
au?ority to develop & publi% !          
congressional r$i/rict+ plan = ! ,/ate2 
&  7#c7 ! f9al congressional r$i/rict+  
plan develop$ & publi%$ by ! c\rt "u ?is
 section %all be deem$ to be enact$ on !
 date on :i* ! c\rt publi%es ! f9al     
congressional r$i/rict+ plan1 z describ$
 9 subsection 7e74  7c7 ,applicable v5ue
 ,= purposes ( ?is section1 ! applicable
 v5ue ) respect to a ,/ate is ! ,di/rict
 ( ,columbia or ! judicial di/rict 9 :i*
 ! ,capital ( ! ,/ate is locat$1 z      

select$ by ! fir/ p>ty to file ) ! c\rt 
suffici5t evid5ce t a ,/ate has fail$   
to1 or is reasonably likely to fail to1 
enact a f9al r$i/rict+ plan = ! ,/ate   
prior to ! expiration ( ! applicable    
deadl9e set =? 9 subsection 7a74  7d7   
,proc$ures = ,developm5t ( ,plan  7#a7  
,crit]ia ,9 develop+ a r$i/rict+ plan = 
a ,/ate "u ?is section1 ! c\rt %all     
adh]e to ! same t]ms & conditions t     
appli$ 7or t w\ld h appli$1 z ! case may
 be7 to ! developm5t ( a plan by ! ,/ate
 "u section #cjc4  7#b7 ,access to      
in=mation & records ,! c\rt %all h      
access to any in=mation1 data1 s(tw>e1  
or o!r records & mat]ial t 0 us$ 7or t  
w\ld h be5 us$1 z ! case may be7 by !   
,/ate 9 c>ry+ out its duties "u ?is     
title4  7#c7 ,he>+2 public p>ticipation 
,9 develop+ a r$i/rict+ plan = a ,/ate1 
! c\rt %all--  7,a7 hold "o or m        
evid5ti>y he>+s at :i* int]e/$ memb]s ( 
! public may appe> & be he>d & pres5t   
te/imony1 includ+ exp]t te/imony1 9     
accordance ) ! rules ( ! c\rt2 &  7,b7  

consid] o!r submissions & comm5ts by !  
public1 includ+ proposals = r$i/rict+   
plans to cov] ! entire ,/ate or any     
portion ( ! ,/ate4  7#d7 ,use ( special 
ma/] ,to assi/ 9 ! developm5t &         
publication ( a r$i/rict+ plan = a ,/ate
 "u ?is section1 ! c\rt %all appo9t a   
special ma/] to make recomm5dations to !
 c\rt on possible plans = ! ,/ate4  7e7 
,publication ( plan  7#a7 ,public       
availability ( initial plan ,^u complet+
 ! developm5t ( "o or m initial         
r$i/rict+ plans1 ! c\rt %all make !     
plans available to ! public at no co/1 &
 %all also make available ! und]ly+ data
 us$ to develop ! plans & a writt5      
evaluation ( ! plans aga9/ ext]nal      
metrics 7z describ$ 9 section #cjd7;c774
  7#b7 ,publication ( f9al plan ,at any 
"t aft] ! expiration ( ! #ad-;day p]iod 
:i* beg9s on ! date ! c\rt makes ! plans
 available to ! public "u p>agraph 7#a71
 & tak+ into consid]ation any           
submissions & comm5ts by ! public :i*   
are receiv$ dur+ su* p]iod1 ! c\rt %all 

develop & publi% ! f9al r$i/rict+ plan =
 ! ,/ate4  7f7 ,use ( int]im plan ,9 !  
ev5t t ! c\rt is n able to develop &    
publi% a f9al r$i/rict+ plan = ! ,/ate )
 suffici5t "t = an upcom+ election to   
proce$1 ! c\rt may develop & publi% an  
int]im r$i/rict+ plan :i* %all s]ve z ! 
r$i/rict+ plan = ! ,/ate until ! c\rt   
develops & publi%es a f9al plan 9       
accordance ) ?is section4 ,no?+ 9 ?is   
subsection may be con/ru$ to limit or   
o!rwise affect ! au?ority or discretion 
( ! c\rt to develop & publi% ! f9al     
r$i/rict+ plan1 includ+ ! discretion to 
make any *anges ! c\rt deems necess>y to
 an int]im r$i/rict+ plan4  7g7 ,appeals
 ,review on appeal ( any f9al or int]im 
plan adopt$ by ! c\rt 9 accordance ) ?is
 section %all be gov]n$ by ! appellate  
process 9 section #cjf4  7h7 ,/ay (     
,/ate proce$+s ,! fil+ ( an action "u   
?is section %all act z a /ay ( any      
proce$+s 9 ,/ate c\rt ) respect to !    
,/ate's congressional r$i/rict+ plan    
unless o!rwise ord]$ by ! c\rt4  #cjf4  

,civil en=cem5t  7a7 ,civil ,en=cem5t   
7#a7 ,actions by ,attorney ,g5]al ,!    
,attorney ,g5]al may br+ a civil action 
= su* relief z may be appropriate to    
c>ry out ?is title4  7#b7 ,availability 
( private "r ( action  7,a7 ,9 g5]al    
,any p]son resid+ or domicil$ 9 a ,/ate 
:o is aggriev$ by ! failure ( ! ,/ate to
 meet ! requirem5ts ( ! ,con/itution or 
,f$]al law1 includ+ ?is title1 ) respect
 to ! ,/ate's congressional r$i/rict+1  
may br+ a civil action 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates
 di/rict c\rt = ! applicable v5ue = su* 
relief z may be appropriate to rem$y !  
failure4  7,b7 ,special rule = claims   
relat+ to p>tisan advantage ,= purposes 
( subp>agraph 7,a71 a p]son :o is       
aggriev$ by ! failure ( a ,/ate to meet 
! requirem5ts ( section #cjc7;b7 may    
include-- 7i7 any political p>ty or     
committee 9 ! ,/ate2 &  7ii7 any regi/]$
 vot] 9 ! ,/ate :o resides 9 a          
congressional di/rict t ! vot] alleges 0
 drawn 9 a mann] t contributes to a     
violation ( su* section4  7,c7 ,no aw>d+

 ( damages to prevail+ p>ty ,except = an
 aw>d ( attorney's fees "u subsection   
7d71 a c\rt 9 a civil action "u ?is     
section %all n aw>d ! prevail+ p>ty any 
monet>y damages1 comp5satory1 punitive1 
or o!rwise4  7#c7 ,deliv]y ( compla9t to
 ,h\se & ,s5ate ,9 any action br\ght "u 
?is section1 a copy ( ! compla9t %all be
 deliv]$ promptly to ! ,cl]k ( ! ,h\se (
 ,repres5tatives & ! ,secret>y ( !      
,s5ate4  7#d7 ,exclusive jurisdiction & 
applicable v5ue ,! di/rict c\rts ( !    
,unit$ ,/ates %all h exclusive          
jurisdiction to he> & det]m9e claims    
ass]t+ t a congressional r$i/rict+ plan 
violates ! requirem5ts ( ! ,con/itution 
or ,f$]al law1 includ+ ?is title4 ,!    
applicable v5ue = su* an action %all be 
! ,unit$ ,/ates ,di/rict ,c\rt = !      
,di/rict ( ,columbia or = ! judicial    
di/rict 9 :i* ! ,capital ( ! ,/ate is   
locat$1 z select$ by ! p]son br++ !     
action4 ,9 a civil action t includes a  
claim t a r$i/rict+ plan is 9 violation 
( subsection 7a7 or 7b7 ( section #cjc1 

! ,unit$ ,/ates ,di/rict ,c\rt = !      
,di/rict ( ,columbia %all h jurisdiction
 ov] any def5dant :o has be5 s]v$ 9 any 
,unit$ ,/ates judicial di/rict 9 :i* !  
def5dant resides1 is f\nd1 or has an    
ag5t1 or 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates judicial     
di/rict 9 :i* ! ,capital ( ! ,/ate is   
locat$4 ,process may be s]v$ 9 any      
,unit$ ,/ates judicial di/rict :]e a    
def5dant resides1 is f\nd1 or has an    
ag5t1 or 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates judicial     
di/rict 9 :i* ! ,capital ( ! ,/ate is   
locat$4  7#e7 ,use ( #c-;judge c\rt ,if 
an action "u ?is section raises /atewide
 claims "u ! ,con/itution or ?is title1 
! action %all be he>d by a #c-;judge    
c\rt conv5$ pursuant to section #bbhd ( 
title #bh1 ,unit$ ,/ates ,code4  7#f7   
,review ( f9al decision ,a f9al decision
 9 an action br\ght "u ?is section %all 
be reviewable on appeal by ! ,unit$     
,/ates ,c\rt ( ,appeals = ! ,di/rict (  
,columbia ,circuit1 :i* %all he> ! matt]
 sitt+ en banc4 ,!re %all be no "r (    
appeal 9 su* proce$+s to any o!r c\rt ( 

appeals4 ,su* appeal %all be tak5 by !  
fil+ ( a notice ( appeal )9 #aj days ( !
 entry ( ! f9al decision4 ,a f9al       
decision by ! ,c\rt ( ,appeals may be   
review$ by ! ,supreme ,c\rt ( ! ,unit$  
,/ates by writ ( c]tior>i4  7b7 ,exp$it$
 ,consid]ation ,9 any action br\ght "u  
?is section1 x %all be ! duty ( !       
di/rict c\rt1 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,c\rt (   
,appeals = ! ,di/rict ( ,columbia       
,circuit1 & ! ,supreme ,c\rt ( ! ,unit$ 
,/ates 7if x *ooses to he> ! action7 to 
advance on ! docket & to exp$ite to !   
greate/ possible ext5t ! disposition ( !
 action & appeal4  7c7 ,rem$ies  7#a7   
,adoption ( replacem5t plan  7,a7 ,9    
g5]al ,if ! di/rict c\rt 9 an action "u 
?is section f9ds t ! congressional      
r$i/rict+ plan ( a ,/ate violates1 9    
:ole or 9 "p1 ! requirem5ts ( ?is       
title--  7i7 ! c\rt %all adopt a        
replacem5t congressional r$i/rict+ plan 
= ! ,/ate 9 accordance ) ! process set  
=? 9 section #cje2 or  7ii7 if          
circum/ances w>rant & no delay to an    

upcom+ regul>ly s*$ul$ election = !     
,h\se ( ,repres5tatives 9 ! ,/ate w\ld  
result1 ! di/rict c\rt1 9 its           
discretion1 may all[ a ,/ate to develop 
& propose a rem$ial congressional       
r$i/rict+ plan = review by ! c\rt to    
det]m9e :e!r ! plan is 9 compliance )   
?is title1 except t--  7,i7 ! ,/ate may 
n develop & propose a rem$ial plan "u   
?is clause if ! c\rt det]m9es t !       
congressional r$i/rict+ plan ( ! ,/ate 0
 enact$ ) discrim9atory int5t 9         
violation ( ! ,con/itution or section   
#cjc7;b72 &  7,,ii7 no?+ 9 ?is clause   
may be con/ru$ to p]mit a ,/ate to use  
su* a rem$ial plan :i* has n be5 approv$
 by ! c\rt4  7,b7 ,prohibit+ use ( plans
 9 violation ( requirem5ts ,no c\rt %all
 ord] a ,/ate to use a congressional    
r$i/rict+ plan :i* violates1 9 :ole or 9
 "p1 ! requirem5ts ( ?is title1 or to   
conduct an election "u t]ms & conditions
 :i* violate1 9 :ole or 9 "p1 !         
requirem5ts ( ?is title4  7,c7 ,special 
rule 9 case f9al adjudication n expect$ 

)9 #c mon?s ( election  7i7 ,duty ( c\rt
 ,if f9al adjudication ( an action "u   
?is section is n reasonably expect$ to  
be complet$ at lea/ #c mon?s prior to ! 
next regul>ly s*$ul$ prim>y election = !
 ,h\se ( ,repres5tatives 9 ! ,/ate1 !   
di/rict c\rt %all--  7,i7 develop1      
adopt1 & ord] ! use ( an int]im         
congressional r$i/rict+ plan 9          
accordance ) section #cje7;f7 to address
 any claims "u ?is title = :i* a p>ty   
seek+ relief has demon/rat$ a sub/antial
 likelihood ( success2 or  7,,ii7 ord]  
adju/m5ts to ! tim+ ( prim>y elections =
 ! ,h\se ( ,repres5tatives & o!r relat$ 
deadl9es1 z ne$$1 to all[ suffici5t     
opportunity = adjudication ( ! matt] &  
adoption ( a rem$ial or replacem5t plan 
= use 9 ! next regul>ly s*$ul$ g5]al    
elections = ! ,h\se ( ,repres5tatives4  
7ii7 ,prohibit+ failure to act on gr\nds
 ( p5d5cy ( election ,! c\rt may n      
refuse to take any action describ$ 9    
clause 7i7 on ! gr\nds ( ! p5d5cy ( !   
next election held 9 ! ,/ate or !       

pot5tial = disruption1 confusion1 or    
additional burd5s ) respect to !        
adm9i/ration ( ! election 9 ! ,/ate4    
7#b7 ,no /ay p5d+ appeal ,not)/&+ !     
appeal ( an ord] f9d+ t a congressional 
r$i/rict+ plan ( a ,/ate violates1 9    
:ole or 9 "p1 ! requirem5ts ( ?is title1
 no /ay %all issue :i* %all b> !        
developm5t or adoption ( a replacem5t or
 rem$ial plan "u ?is subsection1 z may  
be direct$ by ! di/rict c\rt1 p5d+ su*  
appeal4 ,if su* a replacem5t or rem$ial 
plan has be5 adopt$1 no appellate c\rt  
may /ay or o!rwise enjo9 ! use ( su*    
plan dur+ ! p5d5cy ( an appeal1 except  
^u an ord] hold+1 bas$ on ! record1 t   
adoption ( su* plan 0 an abuse (        
discretion4  7#c7 ,special au?ority (   
,c\rt ( ,appeals  7,a7 ,ord]+ ( new     
rem$ial plan ,if1 ^u consid]ation ( an  
appeal "u ?is title1 ! ,c\rt ( ,appeals 
det]m9es t a plan does n comply ) !     
requirem5ts ( ?is title1 x %all direct t
 ! ,di/rict ,c\rt promptly develop a new
 rem$ial plan ) assi/ance ( a special   

ma/] = consid]ation by ! ,c\rt (        
,appeals4  7,b7 ,failure ( di/rict c\rt 
to take timely action ,if1 at any po9t  
dur+ ! p5d5cy ( an action "u ?is        
section1 ! ,di/rict ,c\rt fails to take 
action necess>y to p]mit resolution ( ! 
case prior to ! next regul>ly s*$ul$    
election = ! ,h\se ( ,repres5tatives 9 !
 ,/ate or fails to grant ! relief       
describ$ 9 p>agraph 7#a77;,c71 any p>ty 
may seek a writ ( m&amus f ! ,c\rt (    
,appeals = ! ,di/rict ( ,columbia       
,circuit4 ,! ,c\rt ( ,appeals %all h    
jurisdiction ov] ! motion = a writ (    
m&amus & %all e/abli% an exp$it$ brief+ 
& he>+ s*$ule = resolution ( ! motion4  
,if ! ,c\rt ( ,appeals det]m9es t a writ
 %\ld be grant$1 ! ,c\rt ( ,appeals %all
 take any action necess>y1 includ+      
develop+ a congressional r$i/rict+ plan 
) assi/ance ( a special ma/] to ensure t
 a rem$ial plan is adopt$ 9 "t = use 9 !
 next regul>ly s*$ul$ election = ! ,h\se
 ( ,repres5tatives 9 ! ,/ate4  7#d7     
,effect ( enactm5t ( replacem5t plan ,a 

,/ate's enactm5t ( a r$i/rict+ plan :i* 
replaces a plan :i* is ! subject ( an   
action "u ?is section %all n be con/ru$ 
to limit or o!rwise affect ! au?ority ( 
! c\rt to adjudicate or grant relief )  
respect to any claims or issues n       
address$ by ! replacem5t plan1 includ+  
claims t ! plan :i* is ! subject ( !    
action 0 enact$1 9 :ole or 9 "p1 )      
discrim9atory int5t1 or claims to       
consid] :e!r relief %\ld be grant$ "u   
section #c7;c7 ( ! ,vot+ ,rights ,act ( 
#aife 7#eb ,u4,s4,c4 #ajcjb7;c77 bas$ on
 ! plan :i* is ! subject ( ! action4    
7d7 ,attorney's ,fees ,9 a civil action 
"u ?is section1 ! c\rt may all[ !       
prevail+ p>ty 7o!r ?an ! ,unit$ ,/ates7 
reasonable attorney fees1 includ+       
litigation exp5ses1 & co/s4  7e7        
,relation to ,o!r ,laws  7#a7 ,rights & 
rem$ies additional to o!r rights &      
rem$ies ,! rights & rem$ies e/abli%$ by 
?is section are 9 addition to all o!r   
rights & rem$ies provid$ by law1 & nei!r
 ! rights & rem$ies e/abli%$ by ?is     

section nor any o!r provision ( ?is     
title %all sup]s$e1 re/rict1 or limit ! 
application ( ! ,vot+ ,rights ,act (    
#aife 7#eb ,u4,s4,c4 #ajcja et seq474   
7#b7 ,vot+ ,rights ,act ( #aife ,no?+ 9 
?is title au?orizes or requires conduct 
t is prohibit$ by ! ,vot+ ,rights ,act (
 #aife 7#eb ,u4,s4,c4 #ajcja et seq474  
7f7 ,legislative privilege ,no p]son1   
legislature1 or ,/ate may claim         
legislative privilege "u ei!r ,/ate or  
,f$]al law 9 a civil action br\ght "u   
?is section or 9 any o!r legal *all5ge1 
"u ei!r ,/ate or ,f$]al law1 to a       
r$i/rict+ plan enact$ "u ?is title4  7g7
 ,removal  7#a7 ,9 g5]al ,at any "t1 a  
civil action br\ght 9 a ,/ate c\rt :i*  
ass]ts a claim = :i* ! di/rict c\rts ( !
 ,unit$ ,/ates h exclusive jurisdiction 
"u ?is title may be remov$ by any p>ty 9
 ! case1 includ+ an int]v5or1 by fil+1 9
 ! di/rict c\rt = an applicable v5ue "u 
?is section1 a notice ( removal sign$   
pursuant to ,rule #aa ( ! ,f$]al ,rules 
( ,civil ,proc$ure conta9+ a %ort & pla9

 /atem5t ( ! gr\nds = removal4 ,cons5t (
 p>ties %all n be requir$ = removal4    
7#b7 ,claims n )9 ! orig9al or          
supplem5tal jurisdiction ,if a civil    
action remov$ 9 accordance ) p>agraph   
7#a7 conta9s claims n )9 ! orig9al or   
supplem5tal jurisdiction ( ! di/rict    
c\rt1 ! di/rict c\rt %all sev] all su*  
claims & rem& !m to ! ,/ate c\rt f :i* !
 action 0 remov$4  #cjg4 ,effective date
 ,?is title & ! am5dm5ts made by su*    
title %all apply ) respect to r$i/rict+ 
c>ri$ out pursuant to ! dec5nial c5sus  
conduct$ dur+ #bjcj or any succe$+      
dec5nial c5sus4  ,,iv ,g5]al ,provisions
  #dja4 ,no effect on elections = ,/ate 
& local (fice ,no?+ 9 ?is ,act or 9 any 
am5dm5t made by ?is ,act may be con/ru$ 
to affect ! mann] 9 :i* a ,/ate c>ries  
out elections = ,/ate or local (fice1   
includ+ ! process by :i* a ,/ate        
e/abli%es ! di/ricts us$ 9 su*          
elections4  #djb4 ,sev]ability ,if any  
provision ( ?is ,act or any am5dm5t made
 by ?is ,act1 or ! application ( a      

provision ( ?is ,act or an am5dm5t made 
by ?is ,act to any p]son or circum/ance1
 is held to be uncon/itutional1 !       
rema9d] ( ?is ,act1 & ! application ( ! 
provisions to any p]son or circum/ance1 
%all n be affect$ by ! hold+4