,i  #aai? ,,congress  #a/ ,session  ,h4 
,r4 #cded  ,,9 ,,! ,,h\se ,,(           
,,repres5tatives  ,may #ae1 #bjbe,mr4   
,licc>do 7= himself1 ,mr4 ,m91 ,mr4     
,v9dman1 ,mr4 ,rask91 ,mr4 ,nadl]1 ,mr4 
,fields1 ,ms4 ,ans>i1 ,ms4 ,br[nley1    
,mr4 ,johnson ( ,georgia1 ,mrs4 ,beatty1
 ,mr4 ,soto1 ,mr4 ,coh51 ,mr4 ,cleav]1  
,mr4 ,%]man1 ,mr4 ,khanna1 ,mr4         
,h]nndez1 ,mr4 ,huffman1 ,mr4 ,ruiz1    
,mr4 ,lyn*1 ,ms4 ,tlaib1 ,mr4 ,mull91   
,mr4 ,swalwell1 ,mrs4 ,watson ,coleman1 
,mr4 ,c>t] ( ,l\isiana1 ,ms4 ,lee (     
,nevada1 ,mr4 ,goldman ( ,new ,york1    
,mr4 ,c>bajal1 ,mrs4 ,mc,clain ,delaney1
 ,ms4 ,johnson ( ,texas1 ,ms4 ,jacobs1  
,mr4 ,subramanyam1 ,mr4 ,k5n$y ( ,new   
,york1 ,ms4 ,crockett1 ,ms4 ,/rickl&1   
,mr4 ,s*neid]1 & ,mr4 ,amo7 introduc$ ! 
foll[+ bill2 :i* 0 ref]r$ to !          
,committee on ! ,budget1 & 9 addition to
 ! ,committee on ,rules1 = a p]iod to be
 subsequ5tly det]m9$ by ! ,speak]1 9 ea*
 case = consid]ation ( su* provisions z 
fall )9 ! jurisdiction ( ! committee    

conc]n$  ,a ,,bill  ,to am5d !          
,congressional ,budget & ,imp\ndm5t     
,control ,act ( #aigd to provide a      
private "r ( action ) respect to        
violations ( su* ,act1 & = o!r purposes4
  #a4 ,%ort title  ,?is ,act may be cit$
 z ! ,protect+ ,our ,con/itution &      
,communities ,act4  #b4 ,f9d+s & int5t (
 ,congress ) respect to ,congressional  
,budget & ,imp\ndm5t ,control ,act (    
#aigd ,section #ajja ( ! ,congressional 
,budget & ,imp\ndm5t ,control ,act (    
#aigd 7#b ,u4,s4,c4 #fha7 is am5d$ to   
read z foll[s3  #ajja4 ,f9d+s & int5t ( 
,congress  7a7 ,f9d+s ,congress f9ds !  
foll[+3  7#a7 ,article ,i ( !           
,con/itution ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ve/s !   
legislative p[]1 & p>ticul>ly !         
exclusive p[] ( ! purse1 9 ,congress4   
7#b7 ,article ,,ii1 ,section #c ( !     
,con/itution ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ve/s !   
executive p[] 9 ! ,presid5t subject to !
 express obligation t ! ,presid5t take  
c>e t ! laws be fai?fully execut$1      
includ+ ^? laws by :i* ,congress        

ex]cises its ,article ,i p[] ( ! purse4 
7#c7 ,congress alone has ! con/itutional
 p[] to appropriate funds1 & ! ,presid5t
 has ! obligation to fai?fully execute  
^? laws & to obligate z well z exp5d    
funds t h be5 lawfully appropriat$4     
7#d7 ,con/itutional s*ol>s &            
practition]s agree t appropriations     
place bo? a ceil+ & a floor on executive
 sp5d+4 ,z lat] ,*ief ,ju/ice1          
!n-,assi/ant ,attorney ,g5]al ( ! ,(fice
 ( ,legal ,c\nsel1 ,william ,h4         
,rehnqui/ affirm$1 !re is nei!r reason  
nor prec$5t = ! ,presid5t to h a        
con/itutional p[] to decl9e to sp5d     
appropriat$ funds4 ,w4,h4 ,rehnqui/1    
,presid5tial ,au?ority to ,imp\nd ,funds
 ,appropriat$ = ,assi/ance to ,f$]ally  
,impact$ ,s*ools1 #a ,op4 ,o4,l4,c4     
#cjccji 7#aifi74 ,:ile s]v+ z ,associate
 ,:ite ,h\se ,c\nsel1 curr5t ,*ief      
,ju/ice ,john ,rob]ts1 ,jr4 ackn[l$g$ t 
no area seems m cle>ly ! prov9ce (      
,congress ?an ! p[] ( ! purse4 ,memor&um
 f ,john ,g4 ,rob]ts1 ,jr41 = ,fr$ ,f4  

,field+ on ,imp\ndm5t ,au?ority 7,augu/ 
#ae1 #aihe74  7#e7 ,?is und]/&+ 0       
demon/rat$ by ! ,congressional ,budget &
 ,imp\ndm5t ,control ,act ( #aigd1 :i* 0
 enact$ z soon z claims ( con/itutional 
au?ority = imp\ndm5t ?reat5$ to upset   
hi/orical practice4  7#f7 ,?is ,act     
!reby codifies ! long/&+                
sep>ation-(-p[]s pr9ciple t ! ,presid5t 
has no con/itutional au?ority to imp\nd 
funds t ,congress has already           
appropriat$ = a p>ticul> policy purpose4
 ,aft] ! ,presid5t sign$ ! ,act into    
law1 subsequ5t practice has cont9u$ to  
confirm ?is sep>ation-(-p[]s und]/&+    
among ! bran*es4  7#g7 ,! ,u4,s4        
,supreme ,c\rt has /at$1 to cont5d t !  
obligation impos$ on ! ,presid5t to see 
! laws fai?fully execut$ implies a p[]  
to =bid _! execution is a novel         
con/ruction ( ! ,con/itution1 & entirely
 inadmissible4 ,k5dall v4 ,unit$ ,/ates 
ex ,rel4 ,/okes1 #cg ,u4,s4 #ebd1 #ebe  
7#ahch74 ,m rec5tly1 ! ,u4,s4 ,supreme  
,c\rt confirm$ t :]e legislation 0      

int5d$ to provide a firm commitm5t (    
sub/antial sums 4 4 4 4 we _c believe t 
,congress 4 4 4 scuttl$ ! entire ef=t by
 provid+ ! ,executive ) ! seem+ly       
limitless p[] to )hold funds f allotm5t 
& obligation4 ,tra9 v4 ,city ( ,new     
,york1 #dbj ,u4,s4 #ce1 #de 7#aige74 ,z 
lat] ,ju/ice1 !n-,judge ,brett          
,kavanaugh wrote 9 ,9 re ,aik5 ,c\nty1  
#gbe ,f4#c;d #bee1 #bfa n4#a 7,d4,c4    
,cir4 #bjac71 ev5 ! presid5t does n h   
unilat]al au?ority to refuse to sp5d !  
funds44  7#h7 ,:5 tak+ measures t are   
incompatible ) ! w ( ,congress1 !       
,presid5t's p[] is at its l[e/ ebb 9 an 
area :]e ! ,presid5t has no pl5>y       
con/itutional p[]s1 & ,congress' p[]s   
are pl5>y4 ,y\ng/[n ,%eet  ,tube ,co4 v4
 ,sawy]1 #cdc ,u4,s4 #egi1 #fgc 7#aieb7 
7,jackson1 ,j4 concurr+74 ,! ,presid5t  
!re=e has no con/itutional au?ority to  
imp\nd appropriat$ funds contr>y to !   
express w ( ,congress4  7#i7            
,int]pretation ( ?is ,act & compliance )
 its provisions is a legal "q )9 !      

purview ( ,article ,,iii c\rts & n a    
political "q4  7#aj7 ,:5 ! ,executive   
fails to release funds foll[+ a lawful  
)hold+ "u ! ,imp\ndm5t ,control ,act (  
#aigd or fails to obligate or exp5d     
funds t h be5 appropriat$ by ,congress1 
private p>ties exp]i5ce a p>ticul>iz$ & 
imm$iate injury4  7b7 ,disclaim] ,no?+  
conta9$ 9 ?is ,act1 or 9 any am5dm5ts   
made by ?is ,act1 %all be con/ru$ z--   
7#a7 ass]t+ or conc$+ ! con/itutional   
p[]s or limitations ( ei!r ! ,congress  
or ! ,presid5t2  7#b7 ratify+ or approv+
 any imp\ndm5t h]et(ore or h]eaft]      
execut$ or approv$ by ! ,presid5t or any
 o!r ,f$]al (fic] or employee1 except   
ins(> z pursuant to /atutory            
au?orization !n 9 effect2  7#c7 sup]s$+ 
any provision ( law :i* requires !      
obligation ( budget au?ority or ! mak+ (
 outlays !reund]2 or  7#d7 to prev5t    
adjudication on ! m]its by ,article     
,,iii c\rts ( claims relat$ to failures 
to obligate or exp5d budget au?ority4   
7c7 ,s5se ( ,congress ,x is ! s5se (    

,congress t ! only me*anisms by :i* !   
,presid5t is all[$ to fail to obligate  
or exp5d funds provid$ by law are ^?    
provid$ "u sections #ajab & #ajac ( ?is 
,act4  4  #c4 ,cl>ification ) respect to
 def9ition ( cont+5cies ,section #ajaa (
 ! ,congressional ,budget & ,imp\ndm5t  
,control ,act ( #aigd 7#b ,u4,s4,c4     
#fhb7 is am5d$-- 7#a7 9 p>agraph 7#d71  
by /rik+ & at ! end2  7#b7 9 p>agraph   
7#e71 by /rik+ ! p]iod at ! end & ins]t+
 2 &2 &  7#c7 by add+ at ! end ! foll[+ 
new p>agraph3  7#f7 cont+5cies means    
un=ese5 ev5ts or circum/ances t c\ld n h
 be5 reasonably anticipat$1 :i*         
necessitate imm$iate & tempor>y         
adju/m5ts due to urg5t & demon/rable    
ne$s1 :]e su* action is consi/5t )      
/atutory & con/itutional limitations on 
executive budget>y au?ority4  4  #d4    
,au?ority ( ,comptroll] ,g5]al ,section 
#ajae ( ! ,congressional ,budget &      
,imp\ndm5t ,control ,act ( #aigd 7#b    
,u4,s4,c4 #fhf7 is am5d$ by add+ at !   
end ! foll[+ new subsections3  7c7      

,legal int]pretation ( ,comptroll]      
,g5]al ,9 any det]m9ation reg>d+        
applicability or en=cem5t ( sections    
#ajja ?r\gh #ajae1 ! legal int]pretation
 ( ! ,comptroll] ,g5]al ( ! ,unit$      
,/ates1 act+ ?r\gh ! ,gov]nm5t          
,acc\ntability ,(fice1 %all be accord$  
sub/antial def]5ce4  7d7 ,executive     
,bran* assi/ance ,! ,executive ,bran*   
%all provide timely access to all       
necess>y & appropriate records &        
in=mation to facilitate ! ,comptroll]   
,g5]al's review ( pot5tial violations ( 
! ,act4  7e7 ,reports to ,congress ,any 
failure to comply ) ! ,comptroll]       
,g5]al's det]m9ation reg>d+ an imp\ndm5t
 %all be report$ to ,congress =         
appropriate legislative or judicial     
action4  4  #e4 ,rem$y 9 ! case (       
violations ( ,congressional ,budget &   
,imp\ndm5t ,control ,act ( #aigd  7a7 ,9
 g5]al ,! ,congressional ,budget &      
,imp\ndm5t ,control ,act ( #aigd 7#b    
,u4,s4,c4 #fba et seq47 is am5d$ by add+
 at ! end ! foll[+ new title3  ,,xi ,"r 

( ,action = ,violations  #aaja4 ,private
 "r ( action  7a7 ,9 g5]al ,any p]son   
aggriev$ by a violation ( title ,x )    
respect to ! )hold+ ( budget au?ority t 
is requir$ to be made available "u su*  
title may in/itute a civil action 9 a   
,unit$ ,/ates di/rict c\rt aga9/ !      
,unit$ ,/ates & any ,f$]al employee =   
prev5tive relief1 includ+ an application
 9 a ,unit$ ,/ates di/rict c\rt = a     
p]man5t or tempor>y injunction1 re/ra9+ 
ord]1 or o!r ord]4  7b7 ,damages  7#a7  
,9 g5]al ,any p]son aggriev$ by a       
violation "u subsection 7a7 may recov]  
equitable & legal relief 7includ+       
comp5satory & punitive damages71        
reasonable attorney's fees 7includ+     
exp]t fees71 & co/s4 ,damages %all am\nt
 to ! sum ( comp5satory & punitive      
damages or #a1jjj p] h>m$ p]son p]      
violation1 :i*ev] is great]4  7#b7      
,treble damages ,if a c\rt f9ds t a     
violation "u subsection 7a7 occurr$ 9   
bad fai?1 ! c\rt %all aw>d damages 9 an 
am\nt equal to #c times ! am\nt o!rwise 

to be aw>d$ "u p>agraph 7#a74  7#c7     
,p]sonal liability ,a ,f$]al employee   
%all be p]sonally liable = ! paym5t (   
any damages aw>d$ 9 an action "u ?is    
section 9 ! case ( a kn[+ violation (   
?is ,act4  7#d7 ,waiv] ( immunity ,a    
,f$]al employee :o violates ?is ,act    
%all n be immune "u ! ,t5? ,am5dm5t to !
 ,con/itution ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 !      
,elev5? ,am5dm5t to ! ,con/itution ( !  
,unit$ ,/ates1 ! doctr9e ( sov]eign     
immunity1 ! doctr9e ( qualifi$ immunity1
 or any o!r s\rce ( law f an action 9 a 
,unit$ ,/ates di/rict c\rt ( compet5t   
jurisdiction *all5g+ su* violation4     
#aajb4 ,"r ( action ( ,/ates & local    
ag5cies  7a7 ,9 g5]al ,any ,/ate1 c\nty1
 city1 di/rict1 special di/rict1 ,tribal
 gov]nm5t1 or unit ( local gov]nm5t 7or 
any dep>tm5t or ag5cy ( any ,/ate1      
c\nty1 city1 di/rict1 special di/rict1  
,tribal gov]nm5t1 or unit ( local       
gov]nm5t7 aggriev$ by a violation (     
title ,x ) respect to ! )hold+ ( budget 
au?ority t is requir$ to be made        

available "u su* title may in/itute a   
civil action 9 a ,unit$ ,/ates di/rict  
c\rt aga9/ ! ,unit$ ,/ates & any ,f$]al 
employee = prev5tive relief1 includ+ an 
application 9 a ,unit$ ,/ates di/rict   
c\rt = a p]man5t or tempor>y injunction1
 re/ra9+ ord]1 or o!r ord]4  7b7        
,damages  7#a7 ,9 g5]al ,any ,/ate1     
c\nty1 city1 di/rict1 special di/rict1  
,tribal gov]nm5t1 or unit ( local       
gov]nm5t 7or any dep>tm5t or ag5cy ( any
 ,/ate1 c\nty1 city1 di/rict1 special   
di/rict1 ,tribal gov]nm5t1 or unit (    
local gov]nm5t7 aggriev$ by a violation 
"u subsection 7a7 may recov] equitable &
 legal relief 7includ+ comp5satory &    
punitive damages71 reasonable attorney's
 fees 7includ+ exp]t fees71 & co/s4     
7#b7 ,treble damages ,if a c\rt f9ds t a
 violation "u subsection 7a7 occurr$ 9  
bad fai?1 ! c\rt %all aw>d damages 9 an 
am\nt equal to #c times ! am\nt o!rwise 
to be aw>d$ "u p>agraph 7#a74  7#c7     
,p]sonal liability ,a ,f$]al employee   
%all be p]sonally liable = ! paym5t (   

any damages aw>d$ 9 an action "u ?is    
section 9 ! case ( a kn[+ violation (   
?is ,act4  7#d7 ,waiv] ( immunity ,a    
,f$]al employee :o violates ?is ,act    
%all n be immune "u ! ,t5? ,am5dm5t to !
 ,con/itution ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 !      
,elev5? ,am5dm5t to ! ,con/itution ( !  
,unit$ ,/ates1 ! doctr9e ( sov]eign     
immunity1 ! doctr9e ( qualifi$ immunity1
 or any o!r s\rce ( law f an action 9 a 
,unit$ ,/ates di/rict c\rt ( compet5t   
jurisdiction *all5g+ su* violation4  7c7
 ,/ate def9$ ,9 ?is section1 ! t]m ,/ate
 includes ! ,di/rict ( ,columbia1 !     
,commonweal? ( ,pu]to ,rico1 ,guam1     
,am]ican ,samoa1 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,virg9 
,isl&s1 & ! ,commonweal? ( ! ,nor!rn    
,m>iana ,isl&s4  #aajc4 ,def9itions ,=  
purposes ( ?is title1 ! foll[+          
def9itions apply3  7#a7 ,f$]al employee 
,! t]m ,f$]al employee means-- 7,a7 a   
political appo9tee2 or  7,b7 a special  
,gov]nm5t employee z def9$ by section   
#bjb ( title #ah1 ,unit$ ,/ates ,code4  
7#b7 ,political appo9tee ,! t]m         

political appo9tee means an individual  
:o is--  7,a7 employ$ 9 a position      
describ$ "u sections #ecab ?r\gh #ecaf (
 title #e 7relat+ to ! ,executive       
,s*$ule72 or  7,b7 a limit$ t]m         
appo9tee1 limit$ em]g5cy appo9tee1 or   
nonc>e] appo9tee 9 ! ,s5ior ,executive  
,s]vice1 z def9$ "u p>agraphs 7#e71     
7#f71 & 7#g71 respectively1 ( section   
#cacb7;a7 ( title #e4  4  7b7 ,cl]ical  
am5dm5t ,! table ( cont5ts 9 section    
#a7;b7 ( ! ,congressional ,budget &     
,imp\ndm5t ,control ,act ( #aigd 7#b    
,u4,s4,c4 #fba note7 is am5d$ by add+ at
 ! end ! foll[+ new items3  ,title      
,,xi--,"r ( ,action = ,violations ,sec4 
#aaja4 ,private "r ( action4 ,sec4      
#aajb4 ,"r ( action ( ,/ates & local    
ag5cies4 ,sec4 #aajc4 ,def9itions4  4   
#f4 ,ju/iciability & sev]ability  7a7 ,9
 g5]al ,title ,x ( ! ,congressional     
,budget & ,imp\ndm5t ,control ,act (    
#aigd 7#b ,u4,s4,c4 #fhf7 is am5d$ by   
ins]t+ aft] section #ajag ! foll[+ new  
section3  #ajah4 ,ju/iciability  7a7 ,9 

g5]al ,if1 "u ?is "p1 budget au?ority is
 requir$ to be made available =         
obligation or exp5diture & su* budget   
au?ority is n made available =          
obligation or exp5diture1 su* action or 
failure to take action %all con/itute   
f9al ag5cy action )9 ! mean+ ( section  
#gjd ( title #e1 ,unit$ ,/ates ,code4   
,su* action or failure to act is n      
committ$ to ag5cy discretion by law )9 !
 mean+ ( section #gja ( title #e1 ,unit$
 ,/ates ,code4  7b7 ,rule ( con/ruction 
,?is section %all n be con/ru$ to prev5t
 ! ,presid5t f propos+ budget au?ority =
 def]ral or rescission "u section #ajab 
or #ajac4  #ajai4 ,sev]ability ,if any  
provision ( ?is ,act1 or ! application  
!re(1 is held invalid1 ! validity ( !   
rema9d] ( ?is ,act & its application to 
o!r circum/ances %all n be affect$      
!reby4  4  7b7 ,cl]ical am5dm5t ,! table
 ( cont5ts 9 section #a7;b7 ( !         
,congressional ,budget & ,imp\ndm5t     
,control ,act ( #aigd 7#b ,u4,s4,c4 #fba
 note7 is am5d$ by ins]t+ aft] ! item   

relat+ to section #ajag ! foll[+ new    
items3  ,sec4 #ajah4 ,ju/iciability4    
,sec4 #ajai4 ,sev]ability4  4