,,iii  #aah? ,,congress  #b;d ,session  
,s4 ,,res4 #hcc  ,,9 ,,! ,,s5ate ,,( ,,!
 ,,unit$ ,,/ates  ,septemb] #ai1        
#bjbd,mr4 ,lujn 7= himself1 ,mr4 ,c>d91 
,mr4 ,ka9e1 ,mr4 ,b5net1 ,mr4 ,kelly1   
,mr4 ,w>n]1 & ,mr4 ,murphy7 submitt$ !  
foll[+ resolution2 :i* 0 ref]r$ to !    
,committee on ,=eign ,relations         
,,resolution  ,c\nt]+ dis9=mation1      
propag&a1 & mis9=mation 9 ,lat9 ,am]ica 
& ! ,c>ibbean1 & call+ = multi-/akehold]
 ef=ts to address ! significant         
detrim5tal effects t ! rise 9           
dis9=mation1 propag&a1 & mis9=mation 9  
regional in=mation environm5ts has on   
democratic gov]nance1 human rights1 &   
,unit$ ,/ates national int]e/s4  ,:]eas 
! rights to fre$om ( expression & fre$om
 ( ! press are core pill>s ( democratic 
gov]nance ?r\gh\t ,lat9 ,am]ica & !     
,c>ibbean1 z recogniz$ 9 !              
,int]-,am]ican ,democratic ,*>t]1 done  
at ,lima ,septemb] #aa1 #bjja2 ,:]eas ! 
vuln]ability ( exi/+ in=mation          
environm5ts 9 ,lat9 ,am]ica & !         

,c>ibbean & ! gr[+ spread ( inaccurate  
or false news ?r\gh dis9=mation &       
mis9=mation activities pose s]i\s ?reats
 to democratic gov]nance & human rights 
9 ! ,am]icas1 :i* are likely to be fur!r
 exac]bat$ by ! rise ( dis9=mation      
g5]at$ & enhanc$ by artificial          
intellig5ce2 ,:]eas dis9=mation &       
mis9=mation activities 9 ,lat9 ,am]ican 
& ! ,c>ibbean h-- 7#a7 promot$ h>mful1  
false n>ratives spread by ! ,p's        
,republic ( ,*9a & ! ,russian ,f$]ation1
 accord+ to rese>* by ,global ,am]icans 
& ! ,equis ,in/itute1 includ+ ) respect 
to ! ,,covid-#ai p&emic & ! unju/ifi$   
invasion ( ,ukra9e by ! ,russian        
,f$]ation2  7#b7 pos$ risks to !        
integrity ( electoral processes ?r\gh\t 
! region1 includ+ 9 ,brazil1 ,colombia1 
& ,mexico1 accord+ to a report entitl$  
,dis9=mation 9 ,democracies3 ,/r5g!n+   
,digital ,resili5ce 9 ,lat9 ,am]ica     
issu$ 9 ,m>* #bjai by ! ,atlantic       
,c\ncil2  7#c7 contribut$ to prote/s 9  
,bolivia1 ,*ile1 ,colombia1 & ,ecuador1 

(t5times amplifi$ by op]ations l9k$ to !
 ,russian ,f$]ation1 accord+ to report+ 
by ! ,new ,york ,times2  7#d7 contribut$
 to ! exploitation ( migrants by human  
smuggl+ networks t drive irregul>       
migration1 accord+ to multiple          
inve/igations by ! ,te* ,transp>5cy     
,project2 &  7#e7 contribut$ to a rise 9
 x5ophobic viol5ce aga9/ migrants &     
refugees1 accord+ to multiple s\rces1   
includ+ ! ,digital ,=5sic ,rese>* ,lab2 
,:]eas in=mation environm5ts are closely
 int]connect$ betwe5 ! ,unit$ ,/ates &  
,lat9 ,am]ica & ! ,c>ibbean1 su* t      
dis9=mation & mis9=mation fl[s betwe5   
,lat9o populations 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates &  
populations 9 ,lat9 ,am]ica & !         
,c>ibbean1 accord+ to a report entitl$  
,lat9os & a ,gr[+ ,crisis ( ,tru/ issu$ 
9 ,june #bjbb by ! ,equis ,in/itute2    
,:]eas1 accord+ to ! report entitl$     
,measur+ ! ,impact ( ,mis9=mation1      
,dis9=mation1 & ,propag&a 9 ,lat9       
,am]ica issu$ 9 ,octob] #bjba by ,global
 ,am]icans 7ref]r$ to 9 ?is preamble z !

 ,global ,am]icans ,report71 intra- &   
extra-regional actors op]ate indep5d5tly
 & 9 t&em to create & spread dis9=mation
 9 ,lat9 ,am]ica & ! ,c>ibbean on bo?   
traditional & digital m$ia plat=ms1     
includ+ ,you,tube1 ,twitt]1 ,facebook1  
,tik,tok1 ,whats,app1 & ,telegram1 :]e  
su* activities are amplifi$ ?r\gh       
coord9at$ inau!ntic behavior1 su* z !   
use ( bots1 trolls1 & cyb] troops2      
,:]eas political actors ?r\gh\t ,lat9   
,am]ica & ! ,c>ibbean h manipulat$      
dome/ic in=mation environm5ts by t>get+ 
citiz5s ?r\gh dis9=mation activities1   
includ+ 9-- 7#a7 ,brazil1 :]e =m]       
,presid5t ,jair ,bolson>o _h a direct   
role 9 spread+ electoral dis9=mation1   
accord+ to ! ,sup]ior ,electoral ,c\rt (
 ,brazil & ! ,f$]al ,police ( ,brazil2  
7#b7 ,el ,salvador1 :]e ,presid5t ,nayib
 ,bukele uses coord9at$ inau!ntic       
networks to attack political oppon5ts & 
bol/] ! p]ception ( support = 8         
policies1 accord+ to report+ by ,reut]s2
  7#c7 ,guatemala1 :]e malici\s actors )

 l9ks to ! !n rul+ p>ty ( =m] ,presid5t 
,alej&ro ,giammattei c>ri$ out in=mation
 op]ations to artificially amplify      
n>ratives erod+ tru/ 9 ! c\ntry's #bjbc 
electoral process & t>get+ n[ ,presid5t 
,b]n>do ,arevalo & 8 political p>ty     
,semilla1 accord+ to rese>* by !        
,digital ,=5sic ,rese>* ,lab2  7#d7     
,honduras1 :]e actors l9k$ to =m]       
,presid5t ,juan ,orl&o ,h]n&ez develop$ 
coord9at$ inau!ntic networks to spread  
falsehoods ab\t1 & und]m9e support =1   
opposition p>ty c&idates1 accord+ to    
report+ by ,"t2  7#e7 ,mexico1 :]e      
,presid5t ,&rs ,manuel ,lpez ,obrador   
spreads false & mislead+ n>ratives aga9/
 ! m$ia & o!r indep5d5t in/itutions1    
accord+ to rese>* by ! ,digital ,=5sic  
,rese>* ,lab2 &  7#f7 ,v5ezuela1 :]e    
actors l9k$ to ! regime ( ,nicols       
,maduro h engag$ 9 a su/a9$ & syn*roniz$
 campaign ( dis9=mation to und]m9e !    
c\ntry's #bjbc-bjbd electoral process1  
invalidate ! results ( su* elections1 & 
attack ,m>ia ,cor9a ,ma*ado & o!r       

opposition lead]s1 accord+ to multiple  
s\rces1 includ+ ! ,digital ,=5sic       
,rese>* ,lab2 ,:]eas1 9 addition to     
spread+ & amplify+ dis9=mation aga9/ _! 
own populations1 au?orit>ian regimes 9  
,cuba1 ,nic>agua1 & ,v5ezuela h also    
engag$ 9 su* activities aga9/ o!r       
c\ntries 9 ! region = purposes ( und]m9+
 democratic values & spread+ n>ratives  
contr>y to ! int]e/s ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates &
 its allies1 includ+ ?r\gh coord9at$    
ef=ts ) extra-regional actors1 su* z    
publi%+ & amplify+ false n>ratives by   
,russian /ate-controll$ m$ia outlets2   
,:]eas1 accord+ to ! ,global ,am]icans  
,report1 ! ,gov]nm5ts ( ! ,p's ,republic
 ( ,*9a1 ! ,russian ,f$]ation1 & !      
,islamic ,republic ( ,iran h engag$ 9   
dis9=mation & propag&a op]ations aim$ at
 und]m9+ ! influ5ce & int]e/s ( ! ,unit$
 ,/ates 9 ,lat9 ,am]ica & ! ,c>ibbean1  
p>ticul>ly ?r\gh ! use ( /ate-affiliat$ 
m$ia networks t>get+ ,spani%-speak+     
audi5ces1 su* z ,,cgtn ,,tv & ,x9hua    
,news1 ,,rt & ,sputnik1 & ,hispan,t,v2  

,:]eas1 accord+ to a public /atem5t by !
 ,dep>tm5t ( ,/ate on ,novemb] #g1      
#bjbc1 ! ,russian ,f$]ation is curr5tly 
f9anc+ an on-go+1 well-fund$ dis9=mation
 campaign across ,lat9 ,am]ica1 includ+ 
9 ,arg5t9a1 ,bolivia1 ,*ile1 ,colombia1 
,cuba1 ,mexico1 ,v5ezuela1 ,brazil1     
,ecuador1 ,panama1 ,p>aguay1 ,p]u1 &    
,uruguay2 ,:]eas1 accord+ to ! ,digital 
,=5sic ,rese>* ,lab & ,e,uvs,disinfo1 ! 
,russian ,f$]ation consid]s social m$ia 
outrea* to ,spani%-speak+ &             
,portuguese-speak+ audi5ces an important
 compon5t ( its /ate-sponsor$ m$ia      
/rategy1 & ! ,spani%-language social    
m$ia acc\nts ( ,kreml9-controll$ m$ia   
,,rt & ,sputnik h m foll[]s & engagem5t 
?an _! ,engli%- & ,russian-language     
c\nt]p>ts & comp>able programm+ f !     
,unit$ ,/ates ,ag5cy = ,global ,m$ia2   
,:]eas in=mation environm5ts 9 ,lat9    
,am]ica & ! ,c>ibbean are fur!r di/ort$ 
by ! rise 9 ! practice ( dis9=mation =  
hire1 by :i* political actors outs\rce  
in=mation op]ations to regional &       

extra-regional public relations firms t 
imp]sonate local news outlets1 civic    
organizations1 & o!r entities ?r\gh fake
 social m$ia acc\nts & engage 9 o!r     
deceptive practices to create & amplify 
dis9=mation = pr(it2 ,:]eas ! ?reats &  
effects ( dis9=mation & mis9=mation 9   
,lat9 ,am]ica & ! ,c>ibbean are         
exac]bat$ by-- 7#a7 ! widespread use (  
social m$ia & clos$ messag+ plat=ms1 :]e
 dis9=mation & mis9=mation is spread    
fa/] & f>!r1 z prim>y communication &   
news s\rces1 z indicat$ by ! ,reut]s    
,in/itute ,digital ,news ,report #bjbb2 
7#b7 high b>ri]s ( access to o!r =ms (  
indep5d5t m$ia & l[ m$ia & digital      
lit]acy rates t lead to ! un9t5tional   
spread ( dis9=mation & mis9=mation2     
7#c7 gr[+ levels ( di/ru/ 9 public      
in/itutions1 z indicat$ by rec5t        
,americas,barometer surveys by ! ,lat9  
,am]ican ,public ,op9ion ,project2 &    
7#d7 l[ levels ( transnational          
coord9ation among relevant /akehold]s )9
 ! region2 ,:]eas1 on ,m>* #c1 #bjag1 ! 

,unit$ ,nations ,special ,rapporteur on 
,fre$om ( ,op9ion & ,expression1 !      
,organization = ,security & ,co-op]ation
 9 ,europe 7,,osce7 ,repres5tative on   
,fre$om ( ! ,m$ia1 ! ,organization (    
,am]ican ,/ates 7,,oas7 ,special        
,rapporteur on ,fre$om ( ,expression1 & 
! ,african ,commission on ,human &      
,peoples' ,rights ,special ,rapporteur  
on ,fre$om ( ,expression & ,access to   
,in=mation issu$ a decl>ation entitl$   
,jo9t ,decl>ation on ,fre$om (          
,expression & ,fake ,news1 ,dis9=mation 
& ,propag&a1 :i* caution$ aga9/ !       
crim9alization & regulation (           
dis9=mation & mis9=mation activities &  
call$ in/ead = jo9t ef=ts by relevant   
/akehold]s2 ,:]eas "s curr5t ef=ts by   
gov]nm5ts 9 ,lat9 ,am]ican & ! ,c>ibbean
 to c\nt] dis9=mation raise s]i\s fre$om
 ( expression conc]ns t run c\nt] to !  
recomm5dations made 9 ! ,jo9t           
,decl>ation on ,fre$om ( ,expression &  
,fake ,news1 ,dis9=mation & ,propag&a2  
,:]eas gov]nm5t & political actors 9 "s 

,lat9 ,am]ican & ,c>ibbean c\ntries h   
und]tak5 notable ef=ts to address !     
?reat ( dis9=mation 9 ways consi/5t ) ! 
protection ( fre$oms ( expression & !   
press1 includ+-- 7#a7 political p>ties 9
 ,uruguay1 :i* sign$ an e?ics pact 9    
,april #bjai pl$g+ to n g5]ate or       
promote dis9=mation aga9/ political     
adv]s>ies2 &  7#b7 ! national electoral 
in/itution ( ,panama1 :i* engag$ 9 jo9t 
work%ops ) ! electoral in/itutions (    
,arg5t9a 9 ,june #bjai & ,co/a ,rica 9  
,septemb] #bjba to %>e be/ practices on 
monitor+ & c\nt]+ in=mation op]ations on
 social m$ia2 ,:]eas1 despite disc]nible
 progress 9 tak+ d[n acc\nts us$ by     
prom95t1 (t5 =eign-back$1 dis9=mation   
networks to engage 9 coord9at$ inau!ntic
 activity & p>tn]+ ) regional           
/akehold]s1 ef=ts by social m$ia        
companies1 includ+ ,facebook & ,twitt]1 
to address dis9=mation & mis9=mation 9  
,lat9 ,am]ica & ! ,c>ibbean cont9ue to  
be hamp]$ by-- 7#a7 insuffici5t res\rces
 & att5tion devot$ to c\nt]+ su*        

activities 9 l[- & middle-income        
c\ntries1 z docum5t$ by multiple s\rces1
 includ+ ! ,facebook ,pap]s2  7#b7      
significant gaps 9 ! detection &        
en=cem5t ( ,spani%-language dis9=mation 
& mis9=mation relative to su*           
,engli%-language activities2  7#c7      
endur+ b>ri]s to transp>5cy & access =  
social m$ia datasets & algori?ms t are  
critical to indep5d5t dis9=mation &     
mis9=mation rese>*2 &  7#d7 limit$      
coop]ation among social m$ia companies  
on plans & be/ practices to mitigate    
dis9=mation networks op]at+ across      
plat=ms2 ,:]eas indep5d5t m$ia1 civil   
society1 & academic gr\ps h laun*$      
sev]al initiatives to address           
dis9=mation & mis9=mation on social m$ia
 & clos$ messag+ plat=ms 9 ,lat9 ,am]ica
 & ! ,c>ibbean ?r\gh fact-*eck+1 m$ia & 
digital lit]acy1 & in=mation %>+        
s]vices1 includ+ ,*equeado1 ,comprova1  
,v]ificado1 & ,cazadores de ,fake ,news2
 & ,:]eas ! ,unit$ ,/ates has pursu$    
ef=ts to support ! /r5g!n+ ( in=mation  

environm5ts1 promote indep5d5t m$ia1 &  
c\nt] dis9=mation activities 9 ,lat9    
,am]ica & ! ,c>ibbean1 includ+ ?r\gh    
initiatives l$ by ! ,global ,engagem5t  
,c5t]1 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,ag5cy =         
,int]national ,developm5t1 ! ,unit$     
,/ates ,ag5cy = ,global ,m$ia1 & ,unit$ 
,/ates embassies 9 ! region3 ,n[1 !re=e1
 be x ,t ! ,s5ate-- 7#a7 recognizes !   
s]i\s ?reats ! di/ortion ( in=mation    
environm5ts ?r\gh ! creation &          
amplification ( dis9=mation &           
mis9=mation on traditional & digital    
m$ia plat=ms poses to democratic        
gov]nance & human rights 9 ,lat9 ,am]ica
 & ! ,c>ibbean2  7#b7 d5\nces indep5d5t 
& coord9at$ ef=ts by malici\s actors to 
create & amplify dis9=mation 9 ! ,we/]n 
,hemisph]e1 includ+ =eign in=mation     
op]ations l$ by ! ,gov]nm5ts ( ! ,p's   
,republic ( ,*9a1 ! ,russian ,f$]ation1 
! ,islamic ,republic ( ,iran1 ,cuba1 &  
,nic>agua & ! ,maduro regime 9          
,v5ezuela2  7#c7 urges social m$ia      
companies to take additional /eps to    

address h[ social m$ia plat=ms are us$  
to facilitate malici\s activities1      
includ+ dis9=mation1 9 ,lat9 ,am]ica & !
 ,c>ibbean1 includ+ by-- 7,a7 devot+    
significantly m res\rces to monitor+ h[ 
su* plat=ms are be+ exploit$ to spread  
false news1 incite viol5ce1 & int]f]e ) 
democratic electoral processes 9 !      
region2  7,b7 /r5g!n+ detection &       
removal en=cem5t capabilities aga9/     
s\rces ( ,spani%-language & o!r         
non-,engli% dis9=mation cont5t2  7,c7   
improv+ transp>5cy ov] regional cont5t  
mod]ation ef=ts to c\nt] dis9=mation1 ! 
tra9+ & audit+ ( social m$ia algori?ms =
 ,spani%-language & o!r non-,engli%     
cont5t1 & datasets critical =           
dis9=mation & mis9=mation rese>*2  7,d7 
exp&+ & /r5g!n+ p>tn]%ips ) local       
actors1 includ+ initiatives ) ?ird-p>ty 
fact *eck]s & indep5d5t1 democratic     
electoral in/itutions2  7,e7 inve/+ 9   
m$ia & digital lit]acy education 9 !    
region2 &  7,f7 /r5g!n+ coord9ation ) "o
 ano!r on plans & be/ practices to help 

limit ! spread ( dis9=mation cont5t     
onl9e2  7#d7 calls on gov]nm5ts 9 ,lat9 
,am]ica & ! ,c>ibbean to c\nt]          
dis9=mation activities & /r5g!n         
in=mation environm5ts by-- 7,a7 bol/]+  
regional me*anisms to coord9ate         
responses & %>e be/ practices on c\nt]+ 
dis9=mation2  7,b7 advanc+ ef=ts by     
political p>ties & o!r actors to        
publicly commit to refra9 f g5]at+ or   
amplify+ dis9=mation cont5t ?r\gh       
coord9at$ inau!ntic behavior or outs\rc+
 su* activities to public relations     
firms2 &  7,c7 safegu>d+ & /r5g!n+ free 
& indep5d5t m$ia1 promot+ fact-*eck+1   
increas+ use ( digital =5sics1 & boo/+  
m$ia lit]acy ef=ts by civil society1    
j\rnali/s1 & academia2 &  7#e7 calls on 
! ,presid5t & ! heads ( all relevant    
,f$]al ag5cies & dep>tm5ts to /r5g!n !  
role ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates 9 c\nt]+ !       
creation & amplification ( dis9=mation 9
 ,lat9 ,am]ica & ! ,c>ibbean & bol/]+   
regional in=mation environm5ts1 includ+ 
by-- 7,a7 increas+ support = !          

activities describ$ 9 p>agraph 7#d72    
7,b7 ensur+ /rong support = &           
coord9ation ( concurr5t ef=ts betwe5 all
 relevant bureaus & (fices ( ! ,dep>tm5t
 ( ,/ate & ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,ag5cy =     
,int]national ,developm5t2  7,c7 ensur+ 
/rong support = relevant ef=ts )9 !     
,unit$ ,/ates ,ag5cy = ,global ,m$ia2   
7,d7 conv5+ regional =a1 ) p>ticipation 
f all relevant /akehold]s1 to discuss & 
develop me?ods to promote a /rong1      
indep5d5t m$ia & c\nt] ! spread &       
amplification ( dis9=mation1 includ+    
?r\gh a high-level summit & a ,global   
,engagem5t ,c5t] ,te* ,*all5ge2  7,e7   
pursu+ measures--su* z public           
id5tification1 t>get$ sanctions1 &      
in=mation %>+ & coord9ation ) social    
m$ia companies 9 id5tify+ acc\nts       
spread+ dis9=mation--to det] & hold     
acc\ntable gov]nm5t (ficials 9 ,lat9    
,am]ica & ! ,c>ibbean :o und]m9e        
democratic gov]nance by t>get+ indep5d5t
 m$ia or engag+ 9 activities to create &
 amplify dis9=mation2 &  7,f7 /r5g!n+ ! 

capacity ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,gov]nm5t to 
mitigate ! impact & influ5ce ( local    
/ate-affiliat$ m$ia outlets ( malici\s  
extra-regional actors by (f]+ objective1
 reliable1 & accurate in=mation1 includ+
 ?r\gh-- 7i7 increas$ inve/m5t 9 public 
diplomacy programm+ by ! ,unit$ ,/ates 9
 ,lat9 ,am]ica & ! ,c>ibbean1 p>ticul>ly
 programm+ aim$ at engag+ ) local       
audi5ces ?r\gh social m$ia & messag+    
plat=ms2 &  7ii7 increas$ res\rces &    
programm+ f ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,ag5cy =    
,global ,m$ia tailor$ to audi5ces 9     
,lat9 ,am]ica & ! ,c>ibbean4