,,iii  #aah? ,,congress  #b;d ,session  
,s4 ,,res4 #eei  ,,9 ,,! ,,s5ate ,,( ,,!
 ,,unit$ ,,/ates  ,febru>y #ab1         
#bjbd,mr4 ,ris* 7= himself1 ,mr4 ,c>d91 
,mr4 ,scott ( ,s\? ,c>ol9a1 & ,mr4      
,book]7 submitt$ ! foll[+ resolution2   
:i* 0 ref]r$ to ! ,committee on ,=eign  
,relations  ,,resolution  ,recogniz+ !  
actions ( ! ,rapid ,support ,=ces &     
alli$ militia 9 ! ,d>fur region ( ,sudan
 aga9/ non-,arab e?nic communities z    
acts ( g5ocide4  ,:]eas ,article ,,ii ( 
! ,conv5tion on ! ,prev5tion & ,puni%m5t
 ( ! ,crime ( ,g5ocide 79 ?is preamble  
ref]r$ to z ! 8,g5ocide ,conv5tion071   
adopt$ at ,p>is ,decemb] #i1 #aidh1     
def9es g5ocide z any ( ! foll[+ acts    
committ$ ) int5t to de/roy1 9 :ole or 9 
"p1 a national1 e?nical1 racial or      
religi\s gr\p1 z su*3 7a7 ,kill+ memb]s 
( ! gr\p2 7b7 ,caus+ s]i\s bodily or    
m5tal h>m to memb]s ( ! gr\p2 7c7       
,delib]ately inflict+ on ! gr\p         
conditions ( life calculat$ to br+ ab\t 
its physical de/ruction 9 :ole or 9 "p2 

7d7 ,impos+ measures int5d$ to prev5t   
bir?s )9 ! gr\p2 7e7 ,=cibly transf]r+  
*ildr5 ( ! gr\p to ano!r gr\p2 ,:]eas ! 
g5ocide t began 9 #bjjc 9 ,d>fur        
p]petrat$ by ! ,gov]nm5t ( ,sudan & its 
proxy ,janjawe$ militia--explicitly     
t>get+ ! ,fur1 ,zaghawa1 & ,masalit     
e?nic communities ?r\gh mass kill+s1 =c$
 displacem5t1 ! raz+ ( villages &       
cropl&1 widespread rape1 a]ial bomb+s ( 
civilians1 & ! block+ ( humanit>ian     
assi/ance--kill$ at lea/ #bjj1jjj       
civilians & displac$ #b1jjj1jjj p2      
,:]eas ,congress decl>$ on ,july #bb1   
#bjjd1 ) ! passage ( ,s5ate ,concurr5t  
,resolution #acc 7#ajh? ,congress7 &    
,h\se ,concurr5t ,resolution #dfg 7#ajh?
 ,congress7 t atrocities occurr+ 9      
,d>fur 7 g5ocide1 & ! adm9i/ration (    
,presid5t ,george ,w4 ,bu% decl>$       
g5ocide 9 ,d>fur on ,septemb] #i1 #bjjd2
 ,:]eas1 9 #bjac1 ! ,gov]nm5t ( ,sudan1 
"u ! adm9i/ration ( ! ,national         
,intellig5ce & ,security ,s]vice        
7,,niss7 & ! comm& ( ! ,sudanese ,arm$  

,=ces 7,,saf71 =m$ ! ,rapid ,support    
,=ces 7,,rsf71 a =mal p>amilit>y =ce    
compos$ prim>ily ( ,janjawe$ militia2   
,:]eas ,moham$ ,hamdan ,dagalo 7commonly
 kn[n z ,hem$ti71 a ,janjawe$ militia   
lead] dur+ ! g5ocide 9 ,d>fur t began 9 
#bjjc1 s]v$ z head ( ! ,,rsf & became ! 
deputy head ( ! ,transitional ,milit>y  
,c\ncil1 :i* took p[] f ,presid5t (     
,sudan ,om> al-,ba%ir 9 #bjai1 & !      
deputy *airman ( ! successor ,sov]eign  
,c\ncil2 ,:]eas ! und]ly+ conditions t  
enabl$ ! g5ocide 9 ,d>fur t began 9     
#bjjc 7 nev] fully address$ or resolv$1 
& ! elevation ( individuals :o s]v$ 9   
lead]%ip ( ! p>ties responsible = su*   
g5ocide1 includ+ ,hem$ti & ,g5]al ,abdel
 ,fattah al-,burhan ( ! ,,saf1 into     
lead]%ip roles 9 ! transition gov]nm5t 9
 #bjai only height5$ ! risk ( atrocities
 across ,sudan1 includ+ g5ocide 9       
,d>fur2 ,:]eas fight+ betwe5 ! ,,saf & !
 ,,rsf broke out 9 ,kh>t\m on ,april    
#ae1 #bjbc1 & quickly spread to ,d>fur1 
:]e ! ,,rsf has tak5 control ( f\r (    

five regional capitals 9 ,d>fur--,nyala1
 ,g5e9a1 ,zal+ei1 & ,el ,dae92 ,:]eas ! 
reports1 includ+ a ,july #ad1 #bjbc1    
assessm5t1 by ! ,sudan ,conflict        
,obs]vatory1 :i* is fund$ by ! ,unit$   
,/ates1 reveal t actions by ! ,,rsf 9   
,d>fur1 includ+ besieg+ cities1 de/roy+ 
villages1 & committ+ extrajudicial      
det5tions1 kill+s1 & sexual viol5ce     
aga9/ ,masalit1 ,fur1 & ,zaghawa e?nic  
gr\ps1 mirror ! atrocities committ$ by !
 ,gov]nm5t ( ,sudan & ! ,janjawe$       
militias betwe5 #bjjc & #bjjd2 ,:]eas1  
on ,augu/ #af1 #bjbc1 ,,cnn issu$ an    
inve/igative report on ! ,june #ae1     
#bjbc1 atrocity 9 ,el ,g5e9a1 ! capital 
( ,we/ ,d>fur1 describ+ ! atrocity z "o 
( ! mo/ viol5t incid5ts 9 !             
g5ocide-sc>r$ ,sudanese region's hi/ory1
 expla9+ h[ ! p[]ful p>amilit>y ,rapid  
,support ,=ces & its alli$ militias     
hunt$ d[n non-,arab p 9 v>i\s p>ts ( !  
city ''' reviv+ a g5ocidal playbook1 & 9
 :i* survivors report$ t id5tify+ z     
,masalit 0 a dea? s5t5ce2 ,:]eas1 on    

,novemb] #c1 #bjbc1 ! ,(fice ( ! ,unit$ 
,nations ,high ,commission] = ,human    
,rights /at$1 8,we are deeply al>m$ by  
reports t wom5 & girls are be+ abduct$ &
 held 9 inhuman1 degrad+ slave-l        
conditions 9 areas controll$ by ! ,rapid
 ,support ,=ces 7,,rsf7 9 ,d>fur02      
,:]eas1 on ,novemb] #ad1 #bjbc1 ! ,unit$
 ,nations ,special ,advis] on !         
,prev5tion ( ,g5ocide1 ,alice ,wairimu  
,nd]itu1 express$ extreme conc]n ) !    
s]i\s allegations ( mass kill+s 9       
,ardamata1 :i* may con/itute acts (     
g5ocide1 cit+ reports t ! viol5ce kill$ 
m ?an #hjj p & displac$ #h1jjj ,sudanese
 individuals to ,*ad2 ,:]eas1 on        
,decemb] #f1 #bjbc1 ,secret>y ( ,/ate   
,an?ony ,bl9k5 det]m9$ t1 s9ce ! fight+ 
betwe5 ! ,,saf & ! ,,rsf began on ,april
 #ae1 #bjbc1 ,sudan has exp]i5c$ w>     
crimes1 crimes aga9/ humanity1 & e?nic  
cleans+ 9 haunt+ e*oes ( ! g5ocide t    
began almo/ #bj ye>s ago 9 ,d>fur1      
includ+ ,masalit civilians be+ hunt$ d[n
 & left = dead 9 ! /reets1 _! homes set 

on fire1 & told t !re is no place 9     
,sudan = !m2 ,:]eas a ,decemb] #ae1     
#bjbc1 ,reut]s special inve/igative     
report detail$ ! t>get$ kill+ ( ,masalit
 m5 & boys by ! ,,rsf1 ab\t :i* an      
em]g5cy protection (fic] = ! ,unit$     
,nations ,high ,commission] = ,refugees 
expla9$ t ! objective ( ! kill+s seems  
to be ! elim9ation ( future fight]s z   
well z ! l9e ( ance/ry ( a specific     
e?nic gr\p1 ref]r+ to ! ,masalit p2     
,:]eas ! ,,rsf has kill$ ,masalit       
political & traditional lead]s 9        
,el-,g5e9a1 ,we/ ,d>fur1 includ+ ,khamis
 ,abdullah ,abbak>1 ! ,gov]nor ( ,we/   
,d>fur1 & ,f>%a ,moham$ ,arbab1 a       
prom95t lead] ( ! ,masalit ,sultanate2  
,:]eas !re is significant evid5ce (     
widespread1 sy/ematic actions aga9/ !   
non-,arab e?nic communities ( ,d>fur1   
includ+ ! ,masalit p1 committ$ by !     
,,rsf & alli$ militia t meet "o or m ( !
 crit]ia "u ,article ,,ii ( ! ,g5ocide  
,conv5tion1 includ+-- 7#a7 kill+ memb]s 
( ! non-,arab e?nic communities 9 ,d>fur

 9 mass kill+s ( civilians1 includ+     
summ>y executions 9 ! /reets & %oot+s ( 
civilians flee+ across ! ,wadi ,kaja    
riv] & to ! ,*ad bord]1 t>get$ kill+s ( 
m5 & boys1 t>get$ kill+s ( ,masalit     
lead]s1 & burials 9 mass graves2  7#b7  
caus+ s]i\s bodily or m5tal h>m to      
memb]s ( su* communities1 includ+ ?r\gh 
extrajudicial det5tion1 torture &       
beat+s1 extortion1 sexual & g5d]-bas$   
viol5ce1 mass rape1 sexual slav]y1 & =c$
 displacem5t2 &  7#c7 delib]ately       
inflict+ on su* communities conditions (
 life calculat$ to br+ ab\t _! physical 
de/ruction 9 :ole or 9 "p1 includ+ !    
annihilation ( villages1 t>get$ attacks 
on m>ketplaces & s*ools1 widespread     
de/ruction ( civilian infra/ructure &   
telecommunication1 ! loot+ ( homes &    
hospitals1 assaults on camps = displac$ 
p]sons1 ! de/ruction ( humanit>ian      
facilities1 ! kill+ ( aid work]s1 &     
re/rictions on humanit>ian aid & access2
 & ,:]eas cr$ible descriptions ( !      
,,rsf's objective ( elim9ation ( ! l9e (

 ance/ry ( ! non-,arab tribes ( ,d>fur1 
survivors' /atem5ts t id5tify+ z        
,masalit is a dea? s5t5ce1 & reports t !
 ,,rsf made cle> t !re is no place 9    
,sudan = ! ,masalit1 aga9/ ! backdrop ( 
! prior g5ocide 9 ,d>fur1 ev9ce a       
specific int5t on ! "p ( ! ,,rsf to     
de/roy ! ,masalit & o!r non-,arab e?nic 
gr\ps 9 ,d>fur 9 :ole or 9 sub/antial   
"p3 ,n[1 !re=e1 be x ,t ! ,s5ate-- 7#a7 
condemns atrocities1 includ+ ^? t am\nt 
to ! g5ocide1 be+ committ$ by ! ,rapid  
,support ,=ces 7,,rsf7 & alli$ militias 
aga9/ ! ,masalit p & o!r non-,arab e?nic
 gr\ps 9 ,d>fur1 & ! roles ( ! ,,rsf &  
,sudanese ,arm$ ,=ces 7,,saf7 9         
p]petrat+ atrocities1 humanit>ian       
cata/rophe1 & ! de/ruction ( ,sudan2    
7#b7 calls = an imm$iate end to ! w> &  
all viol5ce & atrocities 9 ,sudan2  7#c7
 urges ! ,gov]nm5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates--  
7,a7 to take urg5t /eps "w ) !          
int]national community1 includ+ ?r\gh   
multilat]al =a1 to e/abli% means to     
protect civilians1 includ+ by e/abli%+  

safe zones & humanit>ian corridors1     
en=c+ ! ,unit$ ,nations ,security       
,c\ncil arms emb>go on ,d>fur1 & brok]+ 
a compreh5sive ceasefire & dis>mam5t ( !
 w>r+ p>ties 9 ,sudan2  7,b7 to support 
! consi/5t & transp>5t docum5tation (   
atrocities & g5ocidal acts 9 ,sudan by  
in/itut+ a me*anism t w1 to ! greate/   
ext5t possible1 publicly release su*    
docum5tation on a consi/5t & regul>     
basis2  7,c7 to imm$iately id5tify      
me*anisms ?r\gh :i* to fund local1      
community-bas$ organizations t are      
curr5tly provid+ humanit>ian assi/ance  
to ! ,sudanese p 9 conflict affect$     
areas t traditional implem5t+ p>tn]s _c 
rea*1 includ+ = ! deliv]y ( food1 m$ical
 aid1 & %elt] to individuals impact$ by 
! w> 9 ,sudan2 &  7,d7 to regul>ly      
review & update ! atrocities det]m9ation
 = ,sudan2  7#d7 supports tribunals &   
int]national crim9al inve/igations to   
hold ! ,,rsf & alli$ militias acc\ntable
 = w> crimes1 crimes aga9/ humanity1 &  
g5ocide2 &  7#e7 calls on ! ,atrocity   

,prev5tion ,task ,=ce to conduct a      
compreh5sive review ( its ef=ts to      
prev5t1 analyze1 & respond to atrocities
 9 ,sudan1 9 alignm5t ) ! #bjbb ,unit$  
,/ates ,/rategy to ,anticipate1 ,prev5t1
 & ,respond to ,atrocities4