,,iii  #aah? ,,congress  #a/ ,session   
,s4 ,,res4 #ajg  ,,9 ,,! ,,s5ate ,,( ,,!
 ,,unit$ ,,/ates  ,m>* #ae1 #bjbc,mrs4  
,hyde-,smi? 7= h]self1 ,mr4 ,lank=d1    
,mr4 ,cruz1 ,mr4 ,cotton1 ,mr4 ,mull91  
,mr4 ,vance1 ,mr4 ,cassidy1 ,mr4        
,ricketts1 ,mr4 ,rubio1 ,mr4 ,boozman1  
,mr4 ,k5n$y1 & ,mr4 ,lee7 submitt$ !    
foll[+ resolution2 :i* 0 ref]r$ to !    
,committee on ! ,judici>y  ,,resolution 
,recogniz+ ! expiration ( ! ,equal      
,rights ,am5dm5t propos$ by ,congress 9 
,m>* #aigb1 & obs]v+ t ,congress has no 
au?ority to modify a resolution propos+ 
a con/itutional am5dm5t aft] ! am5dm5t  
has be5 submitt$ to ! ,/ates or aft] !  
am5dm5t has expir$4  ,:]eas article ,v (
 ! ,con/itution ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates gives 
two-?irds ( ! ,s5ate & two-?irds ( !    
,h\se ( ,repres5tatives ! p[] to propose
 con/itutional am5dm5ts & _! mode (     
ratification by ! ,/ates2 ,:]eas !      
,supreme ,c\rt ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates 9      
,dillon v4 ,gloss1 #bef ,u4,s4 #cfh     
7#aiba7 unanim\sly held t ,congress may1

 9 propos+ a con/itutional am5dm5t1     
incorporate a def9ite p]iod =           
ratification t %all be fix$1 s t all may
 "k :at x is & speculation on :at is a  
reasonable "t may be avoid$ '''2 ,:]eas 
! ,supreme ,c\rt 9 ! ,dillon v4 ,gloss  
decision held t :e!r ,congress uses its 
p[] to include su* a def9ite deadl9e 0  
8a matt] ( detail :i* ,congress may     
det]m9e z an incid5t ( its p[] to       
designate ! mode ( ratification0 ( an   
am5dm5t1 :i* mode ,congress has always  
dictat$ 9 ! propos+ clause ( a          
resolution2 ,:]eas ,h\se ,jo9t          
,resolution #bjh1 #ibnd ,congress1      
ref]r$ to 9 ?is resolution z ! ,equal   
,rights ,am5dm5t ,resolution conta9$ a  
ratification deadl9e ( #g ye>s 9 !      
propos+ clause ( ! resolution1 z has e  
con/itutional am5dm5t submitt$ by       
,congress to ! ,/ates s9ce #aifj1 &     
propos$ an am5dm5t ref]r$ to 9 ?is      
resolution z ! ,equal ,rights ,am5dm5t2 
,:]eas1 9 ,ill9ois v4 ,f]ri]o1 ,no4     
#ba-ejif 7,d4,c4 ,cir4 #bjbc71 a        

unanim\s rul+ issu$ on ,febru>y #bh1    
#bjbc1 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,c\rt ( ,appeals 
= ! ,di/rict ( ,columbia ,circuit       
reject$ ! claim ( ! ,attorneys ,g5]al ( 
,ill9ois & ,nevada t a deadl9e 9 a      
propos+ clause is n effective1 ) ! c\rt 
call+ t claim unp]suasive & obs]v+ t if 
t 7 ! case1 !n ! specification ( ! mode 
( ratification 9 e am5dm5t 9 our        
,nation's hi/ory w\ld also be           
inop]ative2 ,:]eas1 9 ! same unanim\s   
rul+1 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,c\rt ( ,appeals =
 ! ,di/rict ( ,columbia ,circuit not$ t 
! ,supreme ,c\rt has affirm$ ! au?ority 
( ,congress to set a b9d+ ratification  
deadl9e1 & ! c\rt ( appeals refus$ to   
ord] ! ,ar*ivi/ to c]tify ! ,equal      
,rights ,am5dm5t z "p ( ! ,con/itution &
 dismiss$ ! lawsuit br\ght by ,ill9ois &
 ,nevada2 ,:]eas ,repres5tative ,m>?a   
,griffi?s1 ! sponsor ( ! ,equal ,rights 
,am5dm5t ,resolution1 said 9 #aiga1     
speak+ ( ! deadl9e = ! ,equal ,rights   
,am5dm5t1 ,i ?9k x is p]fectly prop] to 
h ! #g-ye> /atute s t x %\ld n be hang+ 

ov] our heads =ev]42 ,:]eas1 "u article 
,v ( ! ,con/itution1 a propos$ am5dm5t  
does n become "p ( ! ,con/itution unless
 x is ei!r ratifi$ by ! ,legislatures ( 
?ree f\r?s ( ! sev]al ,/ates1 or by     
,conv5tions 9 ?ree f\r?s !re( ) "o or ! 
o!r mode ( ratification be+ dictat$ by  
,congress 9 ! propos+ clause ( a        
resolution2 ,:]eas only #ce ,/ates      
ratifi$ ! ,equal ,rights ,am5dm5t be=e  
its #g-ye> deadl9e1 result+ 9 few] ?an !
 #ch ,/ate ratifications necess>y =     
adoption "u article ,v ( ! ,con/itution2
 ,:]eas1 be=e ! orig9al deadl9e = !     
,equal ,rights ,am5dm5t expir$1 #d ( !  
#ce ,/ates t vot$ to ratify vot$ to     
resc9d _! ratifications2 ,:]eas ,ju/ice 
,ru? ,bad] ,g9sburg 9 #bjbj obs]v$1 :5  
expla9+ :y %e ?\ght ! ,equal ,rights    
,am5dm5t ne$$ to />t ov]1 ,if y c\nt a  
latecom] on ! plus side1 h[ c y disreg>d
 ,/ates t said we've *ang$ our m9ds82   
,:]eas1 9 ,idaho v4 ,freeman1 #ebi ,f4  
,supp4 #aajg 7,d4 ,idaho #aiha71 ,judge 
,m>ion ,calli/] ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates       

,di/rict ,c\rt = ! ,di/rict ( ,idaho    
held t article ,v ( ! ,con/itution did n
 p]mit ,congress to ext5d a ratification
 deadl9e1 writ+1 ,once ! proposal has   
be5 =mulat$ & s5t to ! ,/ates1 ! "t     
p]iod c\ld n be *ang$ any m ?an ! entity
 designat$ to ratify c\ld be *ang$ f !  
,/ate legislature to a ,/ate conv5tion  
or vice v]sa4 ,once ! proposal is made1 
,congress is n at lib]ty to *ange x42   
,:]eas1 on ,m>* #e1 #bjba1 ,judge       
,rudolph ,contr]as ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates    
,di/rict ,c\rt = ! ,di/rict ( ,columbia 
held 9 ,virg9ia v4 ,f]ri]o1 #ebe ,f4    
,supp4 #c;d #cf 7#bjba7 t ! deadl9e     
conta9$ 9 ! ,equal ,rights ,am5dm5t     
,resolution 0 con/itutionally valid & t 
! legislative actions ( #c ,/ate        
legislatures 9 #bjag ?r\gh #bjbj1       
purport+ to ratify ! ,equal ,rights     
,am5dm5t1 came too late to c\nt2 ,:]eas 
,judge ,contr]as not$1 ,inclusion ( a   
deadl9e 0 a compromise t help$ ,congress
 successfully propose ! ,,era :]e       
previ\s attempts to pass a proposal _h  

fail$42 ,:]eas1 :ile ,judge ,contr]as   
f\nd x unnecess>y to rea* ! "q ( :e!r   
,congress c\ld retroactively alt] a     
deadl9e1 he did obs]ve t ! effect ( a   
ratification deadl9e is n ! k9d ( "q t  
ought to v>y f political mom5t to       
political mom5t ''' ,yet leav+ !        
efficacy ( ratification deadl9es up to !
 political bran*es w\ld d j t42 ,:]eas1 
on ,janu>y #f1 #bjbj1 ! ,dep>tm5t (     
,ju/ice ,(fice ( ,legal ,c\nsel issu$ a 
legal op9ion /at+1 ,we d n believe1     
h[ev]1 t ,congress 9 #bjbj may *ange !  
t]ms ^u :i* ! #aigb ,congress propos$ ! 
,,era = ! ,/ates' consid]ation4 ,article
 ,v does n expressly or implicitly grant
 ,congress su* au?ority4 ,to ! contr>y1 
! text contemplates no role = ,congress 
9 ! ratification process aft] x proposes
 an am5dm5t4 ,moreov]1 su* a            
congressional p[] f9ds no support 9     
,supreme ,c\rt prec$5t42 ,:]eas ! #bjbj 
,(fice ( ,legal ,c\nsel op9ion also     
obs]v$1 ,because ,congress & ! ,/ate    
legislatures are di/9ct actors 9 !      

con/itutional am5dm5t process1 ! #aaf?  
,congress may n revise ! t]ms "u :i*    
two-?irds ( bo? ,h\ses propos$ ! ,,era  
,resolution & "u :i* #ce ,/ate          
legislatures initially ratifi$ x4 ,su*  
an action by ?is ,congress w\ld seem    
tantam\nt to ask+ ! #aaf? ,congress to  
ov]ride a veto t ,presid5t ,c>t] _h     
return$ dur+ ! #ibnd ,congress1 a p[]   
?is ,congress pla9ly does n h42 & ,:]eas
 9 oral argum5t be=e ! ,unit$ ,/ates    
,c\rt ( ,appeals = ! ,di/rict (         
,columbia ,circuit 9 ! ,virg9ia v4      
,f]ri]o case on ,septemb] #bh1 #bjbb1   
,judge ,rob]t ,wilk9s ( t ,c\rt ask$    
,deputy ,assi/ant ,attorney ,g5]al ,s>ah
 ,h>r+ton1 ,:y %\ldn't ! ,ar*ivi/ j     
c]tify & publi% ! ,equal ,rights        
,am5dm5t & let ,congress decide :e!r !  
deadl9e %\ld be en=c$ '''81 & ,ms4      
,h>r+ton answ]$1 8,! ,con/itution       
doesn't contemplate any role = ,congress
 at ! back end4 ,congress proposes !    
am5dm5t1 x goes out into ! _w1 & !      
,/ates d :at !y're go+ to d03 ,n[1      

!re=e1 be x ,t ! ,s5ate-- 7#a7          
recognizes t1 "u article ,v ( !         
,con/itution1 ! legitimate con/itutional
 role ( ,congress 9 ! con/itutional     
am5dm5t process = ! ,equal ,rights      
,am5dm5t end$ :5 ,congress propos$ &    
submitt$ ! ,equal ,rights ,am5dm5t to ! 
,/ates on ,m>* #bb1 #aigb2  7#b7        
recognizes t ! ,equal ,rights ,am5dm5t  
expir$ :5 its ratification deadl9e pass$
 ) few] ?an ?ree-f\r?s ( ! ,/ates       
ratify+2  7#c7 recognizes t ,congress   
has no p[] to modify a resolution       
propos+ a con/itutional am5dm5t aft] !  
am5dm5t has be5 submitt$ to ! ,/ates1 or
 aft] ! am5dm5t has expir$2 &  7#d7     
recognizes t ! only legitimate way = !  
,equal ,rights ,am5dm5t to become "p ( !
 ,con/itution is provid$ 9 article ,v ( 
! ,con/itution1 & requires re9troduction
 ( ! same or modifi$ language address+ !
 same subject1 ?r\gh approval ( a new   
jo9t resolution by ! requir$ two-?irds  
votes 9 ea* h\se ( ,congress4