,,iia  #aah? ,,congress  #a/ ,session   
,s4 ,j4 ,,res4 #ci  ,,9 ,,! ,,s5ate ,,( 
,,! ,,unit$ ,,/ates  ,july #bg1 #bjbc   
,mrs4 ,gillibr& 7= h]self1 ,mr4 ,c>d91  
,mr4 ,padilla1 ,mr4 ,s&]s1 ,mrs4        
,murray1 ,ms4 ,baldw91 ,mr4 ,blum5?al1  
,mr4 ,book]1 ,mr4 ,br[n1 ,ms4 ,duckwor?1
 ,mrs4 ,fe9/e91 ,mr4 ,he9ri*1 ,ms4      
,hirono1 ,mr4 ,m>key1 ,mr4 ,m]kley1 ,mr4
 ,van ,holl51 ,mr4 ,wel*1 ,mr4 ,wyd51   
,mr4 ,ka9e1 ,mr4 ,m55dez1 & ,ms4 ,w>r57 
introduc$ ! foll[+ jo9t resolution2 :i* 
0 read twice & ref]r$ to ! ,committee on
 ! ,judici>y  ,,jo9t ,,resolution       
,express+ ! s5se ( ,congress t ! article
 ( am5dm5t commonly kn[n z ! ,equal     
,rights ,am5dm5t has be5 validly ratifi$
 & is en=ceable z ! #bh? ,am5dm5t to !  
,con/itution ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & !     
,ar*ivi/ ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates mu/ c]tify & 
publi% ! ,equal ,rights ,am5dm5t z !    
#bh? ,am5dm5t )\t delay4  ,:]eas !      
,equal ,rights ,am5dm5t provides an     
explicit con/itutional basis = combat+  
sex discrim9ation & provides ,congress )

 au?ority to enact /rong] laws to ensure
 sex equality by add+ ! foll[+ language 
to ! ,con/itution3  #a4 ,equality (     
rights "u ! law %all n be d5i$ or       
abridg$ by ! ,unit$ ,/ates or by any    
,/ate on acc\nt ( sex4  #b4 ,! ,congress
 %all h ! p[] to en=ce1 by appropriate  
legislation1 ! provisions ( ?is article4
  #c4 ,?is am5dm5t %all take effect two 
ye>s aft] ! date ( ratification4  2     
,:]eas article ,v ( ! ,con/itution      
provides two requirem5ts = am5d+ !      
,con/itution1 includ+-- 7#a7 passage 9  
bo? ,h\ses ( ,congress by two-?irds (   
ea* body2 &  7#b7 ratification by       
?ree-f\r?s ( ! ,/ates2 ,:]eas ! ,h\se ( 
,repres5tatives pass$ ! ,equal ,rights  
,am5dm5t on ,octob] #ab1 #aiga1 ) a vote
 ( #ced yeas & #bd nays 7) #ea n vot+71 
! ,s5ate pass$ ! ,equal ,rights ,am5dm5t
 on ,m>* #bb1 #aigb1 by a vote ( #hd    
yeas & #h nays 7) #g n vot+71 & !       
am5dm5t 0 s5t to ! ,/ates =             
ratification2 ,:]eas ?ree-f\r?s ( !     
,/ates h ratifi$ ! ,equal ,rights       

,am5dm5t1 ! f9al ,/ate necess>y1        
,virg9ia1 hav+ ratifi$ on ,janu>y #bg1  
#bjbj1 includ+-- 7#a7 ,hawaii 7,m>* #bb1
 #aigb72  7#b7 ,new ,hamp%ire 7,m>* #bc1
 #aigb72  7#c7 ,delaw>e 7,m>* #bc1      
#aigb72  7#d7 ,i[a 7,m>* #bd1 #aigb72   
7#e7 ,idaho 7,m>* #bd1 #aigb72  7#f7    
,kansas 7,m>* #bh1 #aigb72  7#g7        
,nebraska 7,m>* #bi1 #aigb72  7#h7      
,texas 7,m>* #cj1 #aigb72  7#i7         
,t5nessee 7,april #d1 #aigb72  7#aj7    
,alaska 7,april #e1 #aigb72  7#aa7      
,rhode ,isl& 7,april #ad1 #aigb72  7#ab7
 ,new ,j]sey 7,april #ag1 #aigb72  7#ac7
 ,colorado 7,april #ba1 #aigb72  7#ad7  
,we/ ,virg9ia 7,april #bb1 #aigb72      
7#ae7 ,wiscons9 7,april #bf1 #aigb72    
7#af7 ,new ,york 7,may #ah1 #aigb72     
7#ag7 ,mi*igan 7,may #bb1 #aigb72  7#ah7
 ,m>yl& 7,may #bf1 #aigb72  7#ai7       
,massa*usetts 7,june #ba1 #aigb72  7#bj7
 ,k5tucky 7,june #bg1 #aigb72  7#ba7    
,p5nsylvania 7,septemb] #bg1 #aigb72    
7#bb7 ,cali=nia 7,novemb] #ac1 #aigb72  
7#bc7 ,wyom+ 7,janu>y #bf1 #aigc72      

7#bd7 ,s\? ,dakota 7,febru>y #e1 #aigc72
  7#be7 ,oregon 7,febru>y #h1 #aigc72   
7#bf7 ,m9nesota 7,febru>y #h1 #aigc72   
7#bg7 ,new ,mexico 7,febru>y #bh1       
#aigc72  7#bh7 ,v]mont 7,m>* #a1 #aigc72
  7#bi7 ,connecticut 7,m>* #ae1 #aigc72 
7#cj7 ,wa%+ton 7,m>* #bb1 #aigc72  7#ca7
 ,ma9e 7,janu>y #ah1 #aigd72  7#cb7     
,montana 7,janu>y #be1 #aigd72  7#cc7   
,ohio 7,febru>y #g1 #aigd72  7#cd7 ,nor?
 ,dakota 7,febru>y #c1 #aige72  7#ce7   
,indiana 7,janu>y #ah1 #aigg72  7#cf7   
,nevada 7,m>* #bb1 #bjag72  7#cg7       
,ill9ois 7,may #cj1 #bjah72 &  7#ch7    
,virg9ia 7,janu>y #bg1 #bjbj72 ,:]eas   
article ,v ( ! ,con/itution does n      
impose a deadl9e = ! ratification ( an  
article ( am5dm5t2 ,:]eas ! #bg?        
,am5dm5t to ! ,con/itution 0 approv$ by 
two-?irds ( ea* ,h\se ( ,congress & #bjc
 ye>s lat] x 0 f9ally ratifi$ by        
?ree-f\r?s ( ! ,/ates2 ,:]eas ! #bg?    
,am5dm5t to ! ,con/itution 0 c]tifi$ &  
publi%$ by ! ,adm9i/ration ( ,george ,h4
 ,w4 ,bu% z "p ( ! ,con/itution2 ,:]eas1

 foll[+ publication ( ! #bg? ,am5dm5t1  
,congress mov$ to affirm x z "p ( !     
,con/itution2 ,:]eas ! #ad? ,am5dm5t to 
! ,con/itution 0 c]tifi$ & publi%$ z "p 
( ! ,con/itution 9 #ahfh despite #b     
,/ates purport+ to resc9d _!            
ratifications2 ,:]eas ! ,/ates t        
purport$ to resc9d _! ratifications ( ! 
#ad? ,am5dm5t 7,ohio & ,new ,j]sey7 7   
c\nt$ among ! ratify+ ,/ates2 ,:]eas    
,t5nessee attempt$ to resc9d its        
ratification ( ! #ai? ,am5dm5t to !     
,con/itution b its attempt 0 ignor$ & ! 
#ai? ,am5dm5t 0 c]tifi$ & publi%$ on    
,augu/ #bf1 #aibj2 & ,:]eas ! ,ar*ivi/ (
 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 once a propos$ am5dm5t
 has be5 adopt$ accord+ to ! provisions 
( ! ,con/itution1 has a /atutory duty "u
 section #ajf;b ( title #a1 ,unit$      
,/ates ,code1 to c]tify t ! propos$     
am5dm5t has become valid1 to all int5ts 
& purposes1 z a "p ( ! ,con/itution &   
publi% ! propos$ am5dm5t 9 ! ,f$]al     
,regi/]3 ,n[1 !re=e1 be x ,t x is ! s5se
 ( ,congress t--  7#a7 ! article (      

am5dm5t to ! ,con/itution ( ! ,unit$    
,/ates commonly kn[n z ! ,equal ,rights 
,am5dm5t has be5 duly propos$ by        
two-?irds ( ea* ,h\se ( ! ,congress &   
ratifi$ by m ?an ?ree-f\r?s ( ! sev]al  
,/ates1 & ?us has met ! requirem5ts ( ! 
,con/itution "u article ,v ( !          
,con/itution & is en=ceable z ! #bh?    
,am5dm5t to ! ,con/itution1 effective   
,janu>y #bg1 #bjbj2 &  7#b7 ! curr5t    
,ar*ivi/ ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates %\ld proce$  
to fulfill _! m9i/]ial duty "u section  
#ajf;b ( title #a1 ,unit$ ,/ates ,code1 
to c]tify & publi% ! #bh? ,am5dm5t to ! 
,con/itution1 )\t delay4