,,ii ,cal5d> ,no4 #did #aah? ,,congress 
#b;d ,session  ,s4 #digc  ,,9 ,,!       
,,s5ate ,,( ,,! ,,unit$ ,,/ates  ,augu/ 
#a1 #bjbd,mr4 ,s*um] 7= himself1 ,ms4   
,hirono1 ,mr4 ,s*atz1 ,mr4 ,lujn1 ,mr4  
,re$1 ,mr4 ,blum5?al1 ,mr4 ,c>p]1 ,mr4  
,wel*1 ,mr4 ,hick5loop]1 ,mr4 ,casey1   
,mr4 ,coons1 ,mrs4 ,%ahe51 ,ms4 ,baldw91
 ,mr4 ,m]kley1 ,mr4 ,c>d91 ,mr4 ,durb91 
,ms4 ,w>r51 ,mrs4 ,murray1 ,mr4 ,van    
,holl51 ,mr4 ,m>key1 ,ms4 ,duckwor?1    
,ms4 ,klobu*>1 ,ms4 ,butl]1 ,mr4        
,:iteh\se1 ,mr4 ,s&]s1 ,mr4 ,book]1     
,mrs4 ,gillibr&1 ,mr4 ,wyd51 ,mr4 ,k+1  
,mr4 ,he9ri*1 ,ms4 ,/ab5[1 ,mr4         
,padilla1 ,mr4 ,pet]s1 ,mr4 ,w>nock1    
,ms4 ,smi?1 ,mr4 ,kelly1 & ,ms4         
,cantwell7 introduc$ ! foll[+ bill2 :i* 
0 read ! fir/ "t  ,septemb] #i1         
#bjbd,read ! second "t & plac$ on !     
cal5d>  ,a ,,bill  ,to reass]t !        
con/itutional au?ority ( ,congress to   
det]m9e ! g5]al applicability ( !       
crim9al laws ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & = o!r 
purposes4  #a4 ,%ort title ,?is ,act may

 be cit$ z ! ,no ,k+s ,act4  #b4 ,f9d+s 
& purposes  7a7 ,f9d+s ,congress f9ds   
t-- 7#a7 no p]son1 includ+ any          
,presid5t1 is above ! law2  7#b7        
,congress1 "u ! ,necess>y & ,prop]      
,clause ( section #h ( article ,i ( !   
,con/itution ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 has !   
au?ority to det]m9e to :i* p]sons !     
crim9al laws ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates %all     
apply1 includ+ any ,presid5t2  7#c7 !   
,con/itution ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates does n   
grant to any ,presid5t any =m ( immunity
 7:e!r absolute1 presumptive1 or        
o!rwise7 f crim9al prosecution1 includ+ 
= actions committ$ :ile s]v+ z          
,presid5t2  7#d7 9 ,! ,f$]ali/ ,no4 #fi1
 ,alex&] ,hamilton wrote t !re mu/ be a 
diff]5ce betwe5 ! sacr$ & inviolable k+ 
( ,great ,brita9 & ! ,presid5t ( !      
,unit$ ,/ates1 :o w\ld be am5able to    
p]sonal puni%m5t & disgrace %\ld 8      
actions violate ! laws ( ! ,unit$       
,/ates2  7#e7 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,di/rict  
,c\rt = ! ,di/rict ( ,columbia correctly
 conclud$ 9 ,unit$ ,/ates v4 ,trump1    

,no4 #bc-beg 7,,tsc71 #bjbc ,,wl        
#hceihcc 7,d4,d4,c4 ,decemb] #a1 #bjbc7 
t =m] ,presid5ts d n possess absolute   
f$]al crim9al immunity = any acts       
committ$ :ile 9 (fice1 t =m] ,presid5ts 
may be subject to f$]al inve/igation1   
indictm5t1 prosecution1 conviction1 &   
puni%m5t = any crim9al acts und]tak5    
:ile 9 (fice1 & t a f\r-ye> s]vice z    
,comm&] 9 ,*ief does n be/[ on a        
,presid5t ! div9e "r ( k+s to evade !   
crim9al acc\ntability t gov]ns 8 fell[  
citiz5s2  7#f7 simil>ly1 ! ,unit$ ,/ates
 ,c\rt ( ,appeals = ! ,di/rict (        
,columbia ,circuit correctly affirm$ 9  
,unit$ ,/ates v4 ,trump1 #ia ,f4#d?     
#aagc 7,d4,c4 ,cir4 #bjbd7 t sep>ation (
 p[]s doctr9e does n immunize =m]       
,presid5ts f f$]al crim9al liability =  
_! (ficial actions t alleg$ly violat$   
g5]ally applicable crim9al laws &       
ackn[l$g$ t ! ,f\nd+ ,fa!rs /ressed t ! 
,presid5t mu/ be unlike ! k+ ( ,great   
,brita91 :o 0 sacr$ & inviolable4 ,!    
,f$]ali/ ,no4 #fi1 at #ccg-ch2  7#g7 !  

,supreme ,c\rt ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 h[ev]1
 vacat$ ! judgm5t ( ! c\rt ( appeals &  
incorrectly decl>$ 9 ,trump v4 ,unit$   
,/ates1 ,no4 #bc-ici1 #bjbd ,,wl        
#cbcgfjc 7,u4,s4 ,july #a1 #bjbd7 t !   
,presid5t is absolutely immune f crim9al
 prosecution = conduct )9 8 exclusive   
sph]e ( con/itutional au?ority & t a    
,presid5t is entitl$1 at a m9imum1 to a 
presumptive immunity f prosecution = all
 8 (ficial acts1 ass]tions at odds ) !  
pla9 text ( ! ,con/itution ( ! ,unit$   
,/ates2 &  7#h7 ,congress has explicit &
 broad au?ority to make exceptions &    
regulations to ! appellate jurisdiction 
( ! ,supreme ,c\rt ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates "u 
clause #b ( section #b ( article ,,iii (
 ! ,con/itution ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4  7b7 
,purposes ,! purposes ( ?is ,act are    
to-- 7#a7 reass]t ! con/itutional       
au?ority ( ,congress to det]m9e ! g5]al 
applicability ( ! crim9al laws ( !      
,unit$ ,/ates1 includ+ to ,presid5ts &  
,vice ,presid5ts2  7#b7 cl>ify t a      
,presid5t or ,vice ,presid5t is n       

entitl$ to any =m ( immunity f crim9al  
prosecution = violations ( ! crim9al    
laws ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates unless specifi$  
by ,congress2 &  7#c7 impose c]ta9      
limitations on ! appellate jurisdiction 
( ! ,supreme ,c\rt ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates to 
decide que/ions relat$ to crim9al       
immunity = ,presid5ts & ,vice           
,presid5ts4  #c4 ,no presid5tial        
immunity = crimes  7a7 ,9 g5]al  7#a7   
,no immunity ,a ,presid5t1 =m]          
,presid5t1 ,vice ,presid5t1 or =m] ,vice
 ,presid5t %all n be entitl$ to any =m (
 immunity 7:e!r absolute1 presumptive1  
or o!rwise7 f crim9al prosecution =     
alleg$ violations ( ! crim9al laws ( !  
,unit$ ,/ates unless specifi$ by        
,congress4  7#b7 ,consid]ations ,a c\rt 
( ! ,unit$ ,/ates may n consid] :e!r an 
alleg$ violation ( ! crim9al laws ( !   
,unit$ ,/ates committ$ by a ,presid5t or
 ,vice ,presid5t 0 )9 ! conclusive or   
preclusive con/itutional au?ority ( a   
,presid5t or ,vice ,presid5t or 0 relat$
 to ! (ficial duties ( a ,presid5t or   

,vice ,presid5t unless direct$ by       
,congress4  7b7 ,rule ( con/ruction     
,no?+ 9 ?is section %all be con/ru$ to  
immunize a ,presid5t1 =m] ,presid5t1    
,vice ,presid5t1 or =m] ,vice ,presid5t 
f crim9al prosecution = alleg$          
violations ( ! crim9al laws ( ! ,/ates4 
#d4 ,judicial review  7a7 ,crim9al      
proce$+s ,not)/&+ any o!r provision (   
law1 = any crim9al proce$+ comm5c$ by ! 
,unit$ ,/ates aga9/ a ,presid5t1 =m]    
,presid5t1 ,vice ,presid5t1 or =m] ,vice
 ,presid5t = alleg$ violations ( !      
crim9al laws ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ! foll[+
 rules %all apply3 7#a7 ,! action %all  
be fil$ 9 ! applicable di/rict c\rt ( ! 
,unit$ ,/ates or ! ,unit$ ,/ates        
,di/rict ,c\rt = ! ,di/rict ( ,columbia4
  7#b7 ,! ,supreme ,c\rt ( ! ,unit$     
,/ates %all h no appellate jurisdiction1
 on ! basis t an alleg$ crim9al act 0 )9
 ! conclusive or preclusive             
con/itutional au?ority ( a ,presid5t or 
,vice ,presid5t or on ! basis t an      
alleg$ crim9al act 0 relat$ to ! (ficial

 duties ( a ,presid5t or ,vice          
,presid5t1 to 7or direct ano!r c\rt ( ! 
,unit$ ,/ates to7-- 7,a7 dismiss an     
indictm5t or any o!r *>g+ in/rum5t2     
7,b7 grant acquittal or dismiss or      
o!rwise t]m9ate a crim9al proce$+2  7,c7
 halt1 susp5d1 disb&1 or o!rwise imp$e !
 functions ( any gr& jury2  7,d7 grant a
 motion to suppress or b> evid5ce or    
te/imony1 or o!rwise exclude in=mation f
 a crim9al proce$+2  7,e7 grant a writ (
 habeas corpus1 a writ ( coram nobis1 a 
motion to set aside a v]dict or judgm5t1
 or any o!r =m ( po/-conviction or      
collat]al relief2  7,f7 ov]turn a       
conviction2  7,g7 decl>e a crim9al      
proce$+ uncon/itutional2 or  7,h7 enjo9 
or re/ra9 ! en=cem5t or application ( a 
law4  7b7 ,con/itutional *all5ges       
,not)/&+ any o!r provision ( law1 = any 
civil action br\ght = decl>atory1       
injunctive1 or o!r relief to adjudge !  
con/itutionality1 :e!r facially or      
z-appli$1 ( any provision ( ?is ,act    
7includ+ ?is section71 or to b> or      

re/ra9 ! en=cem5t or application ( any  
provision ( ?is ,act 7includ+ ?is       
section7 on ! gr\nd ( its               
uncon/itutionality1 ! foll[+ rules %all 
apply3 7#a7 ,a pla9tiff may br+ a civil 
action "u ?is subsection1 & !re %all be 
no o!r cause ( action available4  7#b7  
,only a ,presid5t1 =m] ,presid5t1 ,vice 
,presid5t1 or =m] ,vice ,presid5t %all h
 /&+ to br+ a civil action "u ?is       
subsection4  7#c7 ,a facial *all5ge to !
 con/itutionality ( any provision ( ?is 
,act 7includ+ ?is section7 may only be  
br\ght n lat] ?an #ahj days aft] ! date 
( enactm5t ( ?is ,act4 ,an z-appli$     
*all5ge to ! con/itutionality ( !       
en=cem5t or application ( any provision 
( ?is ,act 7includ+ ?is section7 may    
only be br\ght n lat] ?an #ij days aft] 
! date ( su* en=cem5t or application4   
7#d7 ,a c\rt ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates %all     
presume t a provision ( ?is ,act        
7includ+ ?is section7 or ! en=cem5t or  
application ( any su* provision is      
con/itutional unless x is demon/rat$ by 

cle> & conv9c+ evid5ce t su* provision  
or its en=cem5t or application is       
uncon/itutional4  7#e7 ,! civil action  
%all be fil$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,di/rict 
,c\rt = ! ,di/rict ( ,columbia1 :i* %all
 h exclusive jurisdiction ( a civil     
action "u ?is subsection4 ,an appeal may
 be tak5 f ! di/rict c\rt to ! ,unit$   
,/ates ,c\rt ( ,appeals = ! ,di/rict (  
,columbia ,circuit1 :i* %all h exclusive
 jurisdiction to he> an appeal 9 a civil
 action "u ?is subsection4  7#f7 ,9 a   
civil action "u ?is subsection1 a       
decision ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,c\rt (      
,appeals = ! ,di/rict ( ,columbia       
,circuit %all be f9al & n appealable to 
! ,supreme ,c\rt ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4     
7#g7 ,! ,supreme ,c\rt ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates
 %all h no appellate jurisdiction to    
decl>e any provision ( ?is ,act 7includ+
 ?is section7 uncon/itutional or to b>  
or re/ra9 ! en=cem5t or application (   
any provision ( ?is ,act 7includ+ ?is   
section7 on ! gr\nd ( its               
uncon/itutionality4  7c7 ,cl>ify+ scope 

( jurisdiction  7#a7 ,9 g5]al ,if an    
action at ! "t ( its comm5cem5t is n    
subject to subsection 7a7 or 7b71 b an  
am5dm5t1 c\nt]claim1 cross-claim1       
affirmative def5se1 or any o!r plead+ or
 motion is fil$ su* t ! action w\ld be  
subject to subsection 7a7 or 7b71 !     
action %all !reaft] be conduct$ pursuant
 to subsection 7a7 or 7b71 z applicable4
  7#b7 ,/ate c\rts ,an action subject to
 subsection 7a7 or 7b7 may n be he>d 9  
any ,/ate c\rt4  7#c7 ,sua sponte relief
 ,no c\rt may issue relief sua sponte on
 ! gr\nd t a provision ( ?is ,act       
7includ+ ?is section71 or its en=cem5t  
or application1 is uncon/itutional4  #e4
 ,sev]ability ,if any provision ( ?is   
,act1 or application ( su* provision to 
any p]son or circum/ance1 is held to be 
uncon/itutional1 ! rema9d] ( ?is ,act1 &
 ! application ( ! provisions ( ?is ,act
 to any p]son or circum/ance %all n be  
affect$ !reby4  ,septemb] #i1 #bjbd,read
 ! second "t & plac$ on ! cal5d>