,,ii  #aah? ,,congress  #b;d ,session   
,s4 #cgej  ,,9 ,,! ,,s5ate ,,( ,,!      
,,unit$ ,,/ates  ,febru>y #g1 #bjbd,ms4 
,klobu*> 7= h]self & ,ms4 ,butl]7       
introduc$ ! foll[+ bill2 :i* 0 read     
twice & ref]r$ to ! ,committee on !     
,judici>y  ,a ,,bill  ,to re=m !        
congressional r$i/rict+ process1 & = o!r
 purposes4  #a4 ,%ort title ,?is ,act   
may be cit$ z ! ,r$i/rict+ ,re=m ,act ( 
#bjbd4  #b4 ,f9d+ ( con/itutional       
au?ority ,congress f9ds t x has !       
au?ority to e/abli% ! t]ms & conditions 
,/ates mu/ foll[ 9 c>ry+ out            
congressional r$i/rict+ aft] an         
apportionm5t ( ,memb]s ( ! ,h\se (      
,repres5tatives because-- 7#a7 !        
au?ority grant$ to ,congress "u article 
,i1 section #d ( ! ,con/itution ( !     
,unit$ ,/ates gives ,congress ! p[] to  
enact laws gov]n+ ! "t1 place1 & mann] (
 elections = ,memb]s ( ! ,h\se (        
,repres5tatives2  7#b7 ! au?ority grant$
 to ,congress "u section #e ( ! #ad?    
,am5dm5t to ! ,con/itution gives        

,congress ! p[] to enact laws to en=ce  
section #b ( su* am5dm5t1 :i* requires  
,repres5tatives to be apportion$ among !
 sev]al ,/ates accord+ to _! numb]2     
7#c7 ! au?ority grant$ to ,congress "u  
section #e ( ! #ad? ,am5dm5t to !       
,con/itution gives ,congress ! p[] to   
enact laws to en=ce section #a ( su*    
am5dm5t1 includ+ protections aga9/      
excessive p>tisan g]rym&]+ t ,f$]al     
c\rts h n en=c$ because !y und]/& su*   
en=cem5t to be committ$ to ,congress by 
! ,con/itution2  7#d7 ( ! au?ority      
grant$ to ,congress to en=ce article    
,,iv1 section #d1 ( ! ,con/itution1 & ! 
gu>antee ( a ,republican ,=m ( ,gov]nm5t
 to e ,/ate1 :i* ,f$]al c\rts h n en=c$ 
because !y und]/& su* en=cem5t to be    
committ$ to ,congress by ! ,con/itution2
  7#e7 requir+ ,/ates to use uni=m      
r$i/rict+ crit]ia is an appropriate &   
important ex]cise ( su* au?ority2 &     
7#f7 p>tisan g]rym&]+ dilutes citiz5s'  
votes because p>tisan g]rym&]+ injures  
vot]s & political p>ties by infr++ on _!

 ,fir/ ,am5dm5t "r to associate freely &
 _! ,f\rte5? ,am5dm5t "r to equal       
protection ( ! laws4  #c4 ,ban on       
mid-decade r$i/rict+ ,a ,/ate t has be5 
r$i/rict$ 9 accordance ) ?is ,act may n 
be r$i/rict$ aga9 until aft] ! next     
apportionm5t ( ,repres5tatives "u       
section #bb7;a7 ( ! ,act entitl$ ,an    
,act to provide = ! fifte5? & subsequ5t 
dec5nial c5suses & to provide = an      
apportionm5t ( ,repres5tatives 9        
,congress1 approv$ ,june #ah1 #aibi 7#b 
,u4,s4,c4 #b;a71 unless a c\rt requires 
! ,/ate to conduct su* subsequ5t        
r$i/rict+ to comply ) ! ,con/itution ( !
 ,unit$ ,/ates1 ! ,vot+ ,rights ,act (  
#aife 7#eb ,u4,s4,c4 #ajcja et seq471 ! 
t]ms or conditions ( ?is ,act1 or       
applicable ,/ate law4  #d4 ,crit]ia =   
r$i/rict+  7a7 ,requir+ plans ,to meet  
crit]ia ,a ,/ate may n use a            
congressional r$i/rict+ plan t is n 9   
compliance ) ?is section4  7b7 ,rank$   
crit]ia ,"u ! r$i/rict+ plan ( a ,/ate1 
!re %all be e/abli%$ s+le-memb]         

congressional di/ricts us+ ! foll[+     
crit]ia z set =? 9 ! foll[+ ord] (      
priority3 7#a7 ,di/ricts %all comply ) !
 ,unit$ ,/ates ,con/itution1 includ+ !  
requirem5t t !y sub/antially equalize   
total population1 )\t reg>d to age1     
citiz5%ip /atus1 or immigration /atus4  
7#b7 ,di/ricts %all comply ) ! ,vot+    
,rights ,act ( #aife 7#eb ,u4,s4,c4     
#ajcja et seq471 includ+ by creat+ any  
di/ricts :]e1 if bas$ ^u ! totality ( ! 
circum/ances1 #b or m politically       
cohesive gr\ps protect$ by su* ,act are 
able to elect repres5tatives ( *oice 9  
coalition ) "o ano!r1 & all o!r         
applicable ,f$]al laws4  7#c7 7,a7      
,di/ricts %all be drawn1 to ! ext5t t ! 
totality ( ! circum/ances w>rant1 to    
ensure ! practical ability ( a gr\p     
protect$ "u ! ,vot+ ,rights ,act ( #aife
 7#eb ,u4,s4,c4 #ajcja et seq47 to      
p>ticipate 9 ! political process & to   
nom9ate c&idates & to elect             
repres5tatives ( *oice is n dilut$ or   
dim9i%$1 reg>dless ( :e!r or n su*      

protect$ gr\p con/itutes a majority ( a 
di/rict's population1 vot+ age          
population1 or citiz5 vot+ age          
population4  7,b7 ,= purposes (         
subp>agraph 7,a71 ! assessm5t ( :e!r a  
protect$ gr\p has ! practical ability to
 nom9ate c&idates & to elect            
repres5tatives ( *oice %all require !   
consid]ation ( ! foll[+ factors3 7i7    
,:e!r ! gr\p is politically cohesive4   
7ii7 ,:e!r !re is racially pol>iz$ vot+ 
9 ! relevant geographic region4  7iii7  
,if !re is racially pol>iz$ vot+ 9 !    
relevant geographic region1 :e!r !      
pref]r$ c&idates ( ! gr\p nev]!less     
receive a suffici5t am\nt ( consi/5t    
crossov] support f o!r vot]s su* t !    
gr\p is a functional majority ) !       
ability to bo? nom9ate c&idates & elect 
repres5tatives ( *oice4  7#d7 7,a7      
,di/ricts %all be drawn to repres5t     
communities ( int]e/ & neighborhoods to 
! ext5t practicable aft] compliance ) ! 
requirem5ts ( p>agraphs 7#a7 ?r\gh 7#c74
  7,b7 ,= purposes ( ?is p>agraph1 ! t]m

 community ( int]e/-- 7i7 means an area 
= :i* ! record be=e ! entity responsible
 = develop+ & adopt+ ! r$i/rict+ plan   
demon/rates ! exi/5ce ( broadly %>$     
int]e/s & repres5tational ne$s1 includ+ 
%>$ int]e/s & repres5tational ne$s root$
 9 common e?nic1 racial1 economic1      
,indian1 social1 cultural1 geographic1  
or hi/oric id5tities1 or aris+ f simil> 
socioeconomic conditions2 &  7ii7 may1  
if ! record w>rants1 include political  
subdivisions su* z c\nties1             
municipalities1 ,indian l&s1 or s*ool   
di/ricts1 b %all n include common       
relation%ips ) political p>ties or      
political c&idates4  7,c7 ,= purposes ( 
subp>agraph 7,a71 9 consid]+ ! ne$s (   
multiple1 ov]lapp+ communities ( int]e/1
 ! entity responsible = develop+ &      
adopt+ ! r$i/rict+ plan %all give great]
 weight to ^? communities ( int]e/ ^:   
repres5tational ne$s w\ld mo/ b5efit f !
 community's inclusion 9 a s+le         
congressional di/rict4  7c7 ,no favor+  
or disfavor+ ( political p>ties  7#a7   

,prohibition ,a ,/ate may n use a       
r$i/rict+ plan to conduct an election if
 ! plan's congressional di/ricts1 :5    
consid]$ cumulatively on a /atewide     
basis1 h be5 drawn ) ! int5t1 or h !    
effect (1 mat]ially favor+ or disfavor+ 
any political p>ty4  7#b7 ,det]m9ation (
 effect ,! det]m9ation ( :e!r a         
r$i/rict+ plan has ! effect ( mat]ially 
favor+ or disfavor+ a political p>ty    
%all be bas$ on an evaluation ( !       
totality ( circum/ances :i*1 at a       
m9imum1 %all involve consid]ation ( ea* 
( ! foll[+ factors3 7,a7 ,comput] model+
 bas$ on relevant /atewide g5]al        
elections = ,f$]al (fice held ov] ! #h  
ye>s prec$+ ! adoption ( ! r$i/rict+    
plan sett+ =? ! probable electoral      
outcomes = ! plan "u a range (          
reasonably =eseeable conditions4  7,b7  
,an analysis ( :e!r ! r$i/rict+ plan is 
/ati/ically likely to result 9 p>tisan  
advantage or disadvantage on a /atewide 
basis1 ! degree ( any su* advantage or  
disadvantage1 & :e!r su* advantage or   

disadvantage is likely to be pres5t "u a
 range ( reasonably =eseeable electoral 
conditions4  7,c7 ,a comp>ison ( !      
model$ electoral outcomes = ! r$i/rict+ 
plan to ! model$ electoral outcomes =   
alt]native plans t demon/rably comply ) 
! requirem5ts ( p>agraphs 7#a71 7#b71 & 
7#c7 ( subsection 7b7 9 ord] to det]m9e 
:e!r reasonable alt]natives exi/ t w\ld 
result 9 mat]ially l[] levels ( p>tisan 
advantage or disadvantage on a /atewide 
basis4 ,= purposes ( ?is subp>agraph1   
alt]native plans consid]$ may include   
bo? actual plans propos$ dur+ !         
r$i/rict+ process & o!r plans prep>$ =  
purposes ( comp>ison4  7,d7 ,any o!r    
relevant in=mation1 includ+ h[ broad    
support = ! r$i/rict+ plan 0 among      
memb]s ( ! entity responsible = develop+
 & adopt+ ! plan & :e!r ! processes     
lead+ to ! developm5t & adoption ( !    
plan 7 transp>5t & equally op5 to all   
memb]s ( ! entity & to ! public4  7#c7  
,rebuttable presumption  7,a7 ,trigg] ,9
 any civil action br\ght "u section #g 9

 :i* a p>ty ass]ts a claim t a ,/ate has
 enact$ a r$i/rict+ plan :i* is 9       
violation ( ?is subsection1 a p>ty may  
file a motion n lat] ?an #cj days aft] !
 enactm5t ( ! plan 7or1 9 ! case ( a    
plan enact$ be=e ! date ( enactm5t ( ?is
 ,act1 n lat] ?an #cj days aft] ! date (
 enactm5t ( ?is ,act7 reque/+ t ! c\rt  
det]m9e :e!r a presumption ( su* a      
violation exi/s4 ,if su* a motion is    
timely fil$1 ! c\rt %all hold a he>+ n  
lat] ?an #ae days aft] ! date ! motion  
is fil$ to assess :e!r a presumption (  
su* a violation exi/s4  7,b7 ,assessm5t 
,to conduct ! assessm5t requir$ "u      
subp>agraph 7,a71 ! c\rt %all d !       
foll[+3 7i7 ,det]m9e ! numb] (          
congressional di/ricts "u ! plan t w\ld 
h be5 c>ri$ by ea* political p>ty's     
c&idates = ! (fice ( ,presid5t & ! (fice
 ( ,s5ator 9 ! #b mo/ rec5t g5]al       
elections = ! (fice ( ,presid5t & ! #b  
mo/ rec5t g5]al elections = ! (fice (   
,s5ator 7o!r ?an special g5]al          
elections7 imm$iately prec$+ ! enactm5t 

( ! plan1 except t if a ,/ate conducts a
 prim>y election = ! (fice ( ,s5ator :i*
 is op5 to c&idates ( all political     
p>ties1 ! prim>y election %all be us$   
in/ead ( ! g5]al election & ! numb] (   
di/ricts c>ri$ by a p>ty's c&idates = ! 
(fice ( ,s5ator %all be det]m9$ on !    
basis ( ! comb9$ vote %>e ( all c&idates
 9 ! election :o are affiliat$ ) su*    
p>ty4  7ii7 ,det]m9e1 = ea* ( ! #d      
elections assess$ "u clause 7i71 :e!r ! 
numb] ( di/ricts t w\ld h be5 c>ri$ by  
any p>ty's c&idate z det]m9$ "u clause  
7i7 results 9 p>tisan advantage or      
disadvantage 9 excess ( ! applicable    
?re%old describ$ 9 subp>agraph 7,c74 ,! 
degree ( p>tisan advantage or           
disadvantage %all be det]m9$ by "o or m 
/&>d quantitative measures ( p>tisan    
fairness t-- 7,i7 use a p>ty's %>e ( !  
/atewide vote to calculate a correspond+
 b5*m>k %>e ( seats2 &  7,,ii7 measure !
 am\nt by :i* ! %>e ( seats ! p>ty's    
c&idate w\ld h won 9 ! election involv$ 
exce$s ! b5*m>k %>e ( seats4  7,c7      

,applicable ?re%old describ$ ,!         
applicable ?re%old describ$ 9 ?is       
subp>agraph is1 ) respect to a ,/ate & a
 numb] ( seats1 ! great] (-- 7i7 an     
am\nt equal to #g p]c5t ( ! numb] (     
congressional di/ricts 9 ! ,/ate2 or    
7ii7 "o congressional di/rict4  7,d7    
,description ( quantitative measures2   
prohibit+ r\nd+ ,9 c>ry+ out ?is        
subsection-- 7i7 ! /&>d quantitative    
measures ( p>tisan fairness us$ by !    
c\rt may include ! simplifi$ effici5cy  
gap b may n include /rict               
proportionality2 &  7ii7 ! c\rt may n   
r\nd any numb]4  7,e7 ,presumption (    
violation ,a plan is presum$ to violate 
p>agraph 7#a7 if1 on ! basis ( at lea/  
"o /&>d quantitative measure ( p>tisan  
fairness1 x exce$s ! applicable ?re%old 
describ$ 9 subp>agraph 7,c7 ) respect to
 #b or m ( ! #d elections assess$ "u    
subp>agraph 7,b74  7,f7 ,/ay ( use (    
plan ,not)/&+ any o!r provision ( ?is   
,act1 9 any action "u ?is p>agraph1 !   
foll[+ rules %all apply3 7i7 ,^u fil+ ( 

a motion "u subp>agraph 7,a71 a ,/ate's 
use ( ! plan :i* is ! subject ( ! motion
 %all be automatically /ay$ p5d+        
resolution ( su* motion4  7ii7 ,if aft] 
consid]+ ! motion1 ! c\rt rules t ! plan
 is presum$ "u subp>agraph 7,e7 to      
violate p>agraph 7#a71 a ,/ate may n use
 su* plan until & unless ! c\rt :i* is  
c>ry+ out ! det]m9ation ( ! effect ( !  
plan "u p>agraph 7#b7 det]m9es t1       
not)/&+ ! presumptive violation1 ! plan 
does n violate p>agraph 7#a74  7,g7 ,no 
effect on o!r assessm5ts ,! abs5ce ( a  
presumption ( a violation ) respect to a
 r$i/rict+ plan z det]m9$ "u ?is        
p>agraph %all n affect ! det]m9ation ( !
 effect or int5t ( ! plan "u ?is        
section4  7#d7 ,det]m9ation ( int5t ,a  
c\rt may rely on all available evid5ce  
:5 det]m9+ :e!r a r$i/rict+ plan 0 drawn
 ) ! int5t to mat]ially favor or        
disfavor a political p>ty1 includ+      
evid5ce ( ! p>tisan effects ( a plan1 ! 
degree ( support ! plan receiv$ f memb]s
 ( ! entity responsible = develop+ &    

adopt+ ! plan1 & :e!r ! processes lead+ 
to developm5t & adoption ( ! plan 7     
transp>5t & equally op5 to all memb]s ( 
! entity & to ! public4  7#e7 ,no       
violation bas$ on c]ta9 crit]ia ,no     
r$i/rict+ plan %all be f\nd to be 9     
violation ( p>agraph 7#a7 because ( !   
prop] application ( ! crit]ia set =? 9  
p>agraph 7#a71 7#b71 or 7#c7 (          
subsection 7b71 unless "o or m          
alt]native plans c\ld h compli$ ) su*   
p>agraphs )\t hav+ ! effect ( mat]ially 
favor+ or disfavor+ a political p>ty4   
7d7 ,factors prohibit$ f consid]ation ,9
 develop+ ! r$i/rict+ plan = ! ,/ate1 ! 
,/ate may n1 except z necess>y to comply
 ) ! crit]ia describ$ 9 p>agraphs 7#a7  
?r\gh 7#c7 ( subsection 7b71 to a*ieve  
p>tisan fairness & comply ) subsection  
7b71 & to enable ! r$i/rict+ plan to be 
measur$ aga9/ ! ext]nal metrics describ$
 9 section #e7;c71 take into            
consid]ation any ( ! foll[+ factors3    
7#a7 ,! resid5ce ( any ,memb] ( ! ,h\se 
( ,repres5tatives or c&idate4  7#b7 ,!  

political p>ty affiliation or vot+      
hi/ory ( ! population ( a di/rict4  7e7 
,additional crit]ia ,a ,/ate may n rely 
^u crit]ia1 di/rict+ pr9ciples1 or o!r  
policies ( ! ,/ate :i* are n set =? 9   
?is section to ju/ify non-compliance ) !
 requirem5ts ( ?is section4  7f7        
,applicability  7#a7 ,9 g5]al ,?is      
section applies to any au?ority1 :e!r   
appo9t$1 elect$1 judicial1 or o!rwise1  
responsible = enact+ ! congressional    
r$i/rict+ plan ( a ,/ate4  7#b7 ,date ( 
enactm5t ,?is section applies to any    
congressional r$i/rict+ plan t w\ld be1 
or is1 9 effect aft] ! date ( enactm5t (
 ?is ,act1 reg>dless ( ! date ( enactm5t
 by ! ,/ate ( ! congressional r$i/rict+ 
plan4  7g7 ,sev]ability ( crit]ia ,if   
any provision ( ?is section1 or !       
application ( any su* provision to any  
p]son or circum/ance1 is held to be     
uncon/itutional1 ! rema9d] ( ?is        
section1 & ! application ( su* provision
 to any o!r p]son or circum/ance1 %all n
 be affect$ by ! hold+4  #e4 ,developm5t

 ( plan  7a7 ,public notice & input     
7#a7 ,use ( op5 & transp>5t process ,!  
entity responsible = develop+ & adopt+ !
 congressional r$i/rict+ plan ( a ,/ate 
%all solicit & take into consid]ation   
comm5ts f ! public ?r\gh\t ! process (  
develop+ ! plan1 & %all c>ry out its    
duties 9 an op5 & transp>5t mann] :i*   
provides = ! wide/ public dissem9ation  
reasonably possible ( its propos$ & f9al
 r$i/rict+ plans4  7#b7 ,website  7,a7  
,features ,! entity describ$ 9 p>agraph 
7#a7 %all ma9ta9 a public int]net site  
:i* is n affiliat$ ) or ma9ta9$ by !    
(fice ( any elect$ (ficial & :i*        
includes ! foll[+ features3 7i7 ,all    
propos$ r$i/rict+ plans & ! f9al        
r$i/rict+ plan1 includ+ ! accompany+    
writt5 evaluation "u subsection 7c74    
7ii7 ,all comm5ts receiv$ f ! public    
submitt$ "u p>agraph 7#a74  7iii7       
,access 9 an easily usable =mat to !    
demographic & o!r data us$ by ! entity  
to develop & analyze ! propos$ r$i/rict+
 plans1 toge!r ) any reports analyz+ &  

evaluat+ su* plans & access to s(tw>e t 
memb]s ( ! public may use to draw maps (
 propos$ di/ricts4  7iv7 ,a me?od by :i*
 memb]s ( ! public may submit comm5ts   
directly to ! entity4  7,b7 ,se>*able   
=mat ,! entity describ$ 9 p>agraph 7#a7 
%all ensure t all in=mation po/$ &      
ma9ta9$ on ! site "u ?is p>agraph1      
includ+ in=mation & propos$ maps        
submitt$ by ! public1 %all be ma9ta9$ 9 
an easily se>*able =mat4  7#c7 ,multiple
 language requirem5ts = all notices ,!  
entity describ$ 9 p>agraph 7#a7 %all    
make ea* notice :i* is requir$ to be    
po/$ & publi%$ "u ?is section available 
9 any language 9 :i* ! ,/ate 7or any    
jurisdiction 9 ! ,/ate7 is requir$ to   
provide election mat]ials "u section    
#bjc ( ! ,vot+ ,rights ,act ( #aife 7#eb
 ,u4,s4,c4 #ajejc74  7b7 ,developm5t (  
plan  7#a7 ,he>+s ,! entity responsible 
= develop+ & adopt+ ! congressional     
r$i/rict+ plan %all hold he>+s bo? be=e 
& aft] releas+ propos$ plans 9 ord] to  
solicit public input on ! cont5t ( su*  

plans4 ,^! he>+s %all-- 7,a7 be held 9  
diff]5t regions ( ! ,/ate & /ream$ live 
on ! public int]net site ma9ta9$ "u     
subsection 7a77#b72 &  7,b7 be suffici5t
 9 numb]1 s*$ul$ at times & places1 &   
notic$ & conduct$ 9 a mann] to ensure t 
all memb]s ( ! public1 includ+ memb]s ( 
racial1 e?nic1 & language m9orities     
protect$ "u ! ,vot+ ,rights ,act (      
#aife1 h a mean+ful opportunity to att5d
 & provide input bo? be=e & aft] !      
entity releases propos$ plans4  7#b7    
,po/+ ( maps ,! entity describ$ 9       
p>agraph 7#a7 %all make propos$ plans1  
am5dm5ts to propos$ plans1 & ! data ne$$
 to analyze su* plans = compliance ) !  
crit]ia ( ?is ,act available = public   
review1 includ+ on ! public int]net site
 requir$ "u subsection 7a77#b71 = a     
p]iod ( n less ?an #e days be=e any vote
 or he>+ is held on any su* plan or any 
am5dm5t to su* a plan4  7c7 ,release (  
writt5 evaluation ( plan aga9/ ext]nal  
metrics requir$ prior to vote ,! entity 
responsible = develop+ & adopt+ !       

congressional r$i/rict+ plan = a ,/ate  
may n hold a vote on a propos$ r$i/rict+
 plan1 includ+ a vote 9 a committee1    
unless at lea/ #dh h\rs prior to hold+ !
 vote ! ,/ate has releas$ a writt5      
evaluation t measures ea* su* plan aga9/
 ext]nal metrics :i* cov] ! crit]ia set 
=? 9 section #d7;b71 includ+ ! impact ( 
! plan on ! ability ( memb]s ( a class (
 citiz5s protect$ by ! ,vot+ ,rights    
,act ( #aife 7#eb ,u4,s4,c4 #ajcja et   
seq47 to elect c&idates ( *oice1 !      
degree to :i* ! plan pres]ves or divides
 communities ( int]e/1 & any analysis   
us$ by ! ,/ate to assess compliance ) ! 
requirem5ts ( subsections 7b7 & 7c7 (   
section #d4  7d7 ,public input & comm5ts
 ,! entity responsible = develop+ &     
adopt+ ! congressional r$i/rict+ plan = 
a ,/ate %all make all public comm5ts    
receiv$ ab\t pot5tial plans1 includ+    
alt]native plans1 available to ! public 
on ! int]net site requir$ "u subsection 
7a77#b71 at no co/1 n lat] ?an #bd h\rs 
prior to hold+ a vote on f9al adoption (

 a plan4  #f4 ,failure by ,/ate to enact
 plan  7a7 ,deadl9e = enactm5t ( plan   
7#a7 ,9 g5]al ,except z provid$ 9       
p>agraph 7#b71 ea* ,/ate %all enact a   
f9al congressional r$i/rict+ plan foll[+
 transmission ( a notice ( apportionm5t 
to ! ,presid5t by ! e>lie/ (-- 7,a7 !   
deadl9e set =? 9 ,/ate law1 includ+ any 
ext5sion to ! deadl9e provid$ 9         
accordance ) ,/ate law2  7,b7 ,febru>y  
#ae ( ! ye> 9 :i* regul>ly s*$ul$ g5]al 
elections = ,f$]al (fice are held 9 !   
,/ate2 or  7,c7 #ij days be=e ! date ( !
 next regul>ly s*$ul$ prim>y election = 
,f$]al (fice held 9 ! ,/ate4  7#b7      
,special rule = plans enact$ prior to   
date ( enactm5t ( ,act ,if a ,/ate      
enact$ a f9al congressional r$i/rict+   
plan prior to ! date ( enactm5t ( ?is   
,act & ! plan is n 9 compliance ) !     
requirem5ts ( ?is ,act1 ! ,/ate %all    
enact a f9al r$i/rict+ plan :i* is 9    
compliance ) ! requirem5ts ( ?is ,act n 
lat] ?an #de days aft] ! date ( enactm5t
 ( ?is ,act4  7b7 ,developm5t ( plan by 

c\rt 9 case ( miss$ deadl9e ,if a ,/ate 
has n enact$ a f9al congressional       
r$i/rict+ plan by ! applicable deadl9e  
"u subsection 7a71 or x appe>s          
reasonably likely t a ,/ate w fail to   
enact a f9al congressional r$i/rict+    
plan by su* deadl9e-- 7#a7 any citiz5 ( 
! ,/ate may file an action 9 ! ,unit$   
,/ates di/rict c\rt = ! applicable v5ue 
ask+ ! di/rict c\rt to assume           
jurisdiction2  7#b7 ! ,unit$ ,/ates     
di/rict c\rt = ! applicable v5ue1 act+  
?r\gh a #c-;judge c\rt conv5$ pursuant  
to section #bbhd ( title #bh1 ,unit$    
,/ates ,code1 %all h ! exclusive        
au?ority to develop & publi% !          
congressional r$i/rict+ plan = ! ,/ate2 
&  7#c7 ! f9al congressional r$i/rict+  
plan develop$ & publi%$ by ! c\rt "u ?is
 section %all be deem$ to be enact$ on !
 date on :i* ! c\rt publi%es ! f9al     
congressional r$i/rict+ plan1 z describ$
 9 subsection 7e74  7c7 ,applicable v5ue
 ,= purposes ( ?is section1 ! t]m       
applicable v5ue ) respect to a ,/ate is 

! ,di/rict ( ,columbia or ! judicial    
di/rict 9 :i* ! capital ( ! ,/ate is    
locat$1 z select$ by ! fir/ p>ty to file
 ) ! c\rt suffici5t evid5ce t a ,/ate   
has fail$ to1 or is reasonably likely to
 fail to1 enact a f9al r$i/rict+ plan = 
! ,/ate prior to ! expiration ( !       
applicable deadl9e set =? 9 subsection  
7a74  7d7 ,proc$ures = ,developm5t (    
,plan  7#a7 ,crit]ia ,9 develop+ a      
r$i/rict+ plan = a ,/ate "u ?is section1
 ! c\rt %all adh]e to ! same t]ms &     
conditions t appli$ 7or t w\ld h appli$1
 z ! case may be7 to ! developm5t ( a   
plan by ! ,/ate "u section #d4  7#b7    
,access to in=mation & records ,! c\rt  
%all h access to any in=mation1 data1   
s(tw>e1 or o!r records & mat]ial t 0 us$
 7or t w\ld h be5 us$1 z ! case may be7 
by ! ,/ate 9 c>ry+ out its duties "u ?is
 ,act4  7#c7 ,he>+2 public p>ticipation 
,9 develop+ a r$i/rict+ plan = a ,/ate1 
! c\rt %all-- 7,a7 hold "o or m         
evid5ti>y he>+s at :i* int]e/$ memb]s ( 
! public may appe> & be he>d & pres5t   

te/imony1 includ+ exp]t te/imony1 9     
accordance ) ! rules ( ! c\rt2 &  7,b7  
consid] o!r submissions & comm5ts by !  
public1 includ+ proposals = r$i/rict+   
plans to cov] ! entire ,/ate or any     
portion ( ! ,/ate4  7#d7 ,use ( special 
ma/] ,to assi/ 9 ! developm5t &         
publication ( a r$i/rict+ plan = a ,/ate
 "u ?is section1 ! c\rt may appo9t a    
special ma/] to make recomm5dations to !
 c\rt on possible plans = ! ,/ate4  7e7 
,publication ( plan  7#a7 ,public       
availability ( initial plan ,^u complet+
 ! developm5t ( "o or m initial         
r$i/rict+ plans1 ! c\rt %all make !     
plans available to ! public at no co/1 &
 %all also make available ! und]ly+ data
 us$ to develop ! plans & a writt5      
evaluation ( ! plans aga9/ ext]nal      
metrics 7z describ$ 9 section #e7;c774  
7#b7 ,publication ( f9al plan ,at any "t
 aft] ! expiration ( ! #ad-;day p]iod   
:i* beg9s on ! date ! c\rt makes ! plans
 available to ! public "u p>agraph 7#a71
 & tak+ into consid]ation any           

submissions & comm5ts by ! public :i*   
are receiv$ dur+ su* p]iod1 ! c\rt %all 
develop & publi% ! f9al r$i/rict+ plan =
 ! ,/ate4  7f7 ,use ( int]im plan ,9 !  
ev5t t ! c\rt is n able to develop &    
publi% a f9al r$i/rict+ plan = ! ,/ate )
 suffici5t "t = an upcom+ election to   
proce$1 ! c\rt may develop & publi% an  
int]im r$i/rict+ plan :i* %all s]ve z ! 
r$i/rict+ plan = ! ,/ate until ! c\rt   
develops & publi%es a f9al plan 9       
accordance ) ?is section4 ,no?+ 9 ?is   
subsection may be con/ru$ to limit or   
o!rwise affect ! au?ority or discretion 
( ! c\rt to develop & publi% ! f9al     
r$i/rict+ plan1 includ+ ! discretion to 
make any *anges ! c\rt deems necess>y to
 an int]im r$i/rict+ plan4  7g7 ,appeals
 ,review on appeal ( any f9al or int]im 
plan adopt$ by ! c\rt 9 accordance ) ?is
 section %all be gov]n$ by ! appellate  
process 9 section #g4  7h7 ,/ay ( ,/ate 
proce$+s ,! fil+ ( an action "u ?is     
section %all act z a /ay ( any proce$+s 
9 ,/ate c\rt ) respect to ! ,/ate's     

congressional r$i/rict+ plan unless     
o!rwise ord]$ by ! c\rt4  #g4 ,civil    
en=cem5t  7a7 ,civil ,en=cem5t  7#a7    
,actions by ,attorney ,g5]al ,!         
,attorney ,g5]al may br+ a civil action 
= su* relief z may be appropriate to    
c>ry out ?is ,act4  7#b7 ,availability (
 private "r ( action  7,a7 ,9 g5]al ,any
 p]son resid+ or domicil$ 9 a ,/ate :o  
is aggriev$ by ! failure ( ! ,/ate to   
meet ! requirem5ts ( ! ,con/itution or  
,f$]al law1 includ+ ?is ,act1 ) respect 
to ! ,/ate's congressional r$i/rict+1   
may br+ a civil action 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates
 di/rict c\rt = ! applicable v5ue = su* 
relief z may be appropriate to rem$y !  
failure4  7,b7 ,special rule = claims   
relat+ to p>tisan advantage ,= purposes 
( subp>agraph 7,a71 a p]son :o is       
aggriev$ by ! failure ( a ,/ate to meet 
! requirem5ts ( section #d7;c7 may      
include-- 7i7 any political p>ty or     
committee 9 ! ,/ate2 &  7ii7 any regi/]$
 vot] 9 ! ,/ate :o resides 9 a          
congressional di/rict t ! vot] alleges 0

 drawn 9 a mann] t contributes to a     
violation ( su* section4  7,c7 ,no aw>d+
 ( damages to prevail+ p>ty ,except = an
 aw>d ( attorney's fees "u subsection   
7d71 a c\rt 9 a civil action "u ?is     
section %all n aw>d ! prevail+ p>ty any 
monet>y damages1 comp5satory1 punitive1 
or o!rwise4  7#c7 ,deliv]y ( compla9t to
 ,h\se & ,s5ate ,9 any action br\ght "u 
?is section1 a copy ( ! compla9t %all be
 deliv]$ promptly to ! ,cl]k ( ! ,h\se (
 ,repres5tatives & ! ,secret>y ( !      
,s5ate4  7#d7 ,exclusive jurisdiction & 
applicable v5ue ,! di/rict c\rts ( !    
,unit$ ,/ates %all h exclusive          
jurisdiction to he> & det]m9e claims    
ass]t+ t a congressional r$i/rict+ plan 
violates ! requirem5ts ( ! ,con/itution 
or ,f$]al law1 includ+ ?is ,act4 ,!     
applicable v5ue = su* an action %all be 
! ,unit$ ,/ates ,di/rict ,c\rt = !      
,di/rict ( ,columbia or = ! judicial    
di/rict 9 :i* ! capital ( ! ,/ate is    
locat$1 z select$ by ! p]son br++ !     
action4 ,9 a civil action t includes a  

claim t a r$i/rict+ plan is 9 violation 
( subsection 7b7 or 7c7 ( section #d1 ! 
,unit$ ,/ates ,di/rict ,c\rt = !        
,di/rict ( ,columbia %all h jurisdiction
 ov] any def5dant :o has be5 s]v$ 9 any 
,unit$ ,/ates judicial di/rict 9 :i* !  
def5dant resides1 is f\nd1 or has an    
ag5t1 or 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates judicial     
di/rict 9 :i* ! capital ( ! ,/ate is    
locat$4 ,process may be s]v$ 9 any      
,unit$ ,/ates judicial di/rict :]e a    
def5dant resides1 is f\nd1 or has an    
ag5t1 or 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates judicial     
di/rict 9 :i* ! capital ( ! ,/ate is    
locat$4  7#e7 ,use ( #c-;judge c\rt ,if 
an action "u ?is section raises /atewide
 claims "u ! ,con/itution or ?is ,act1 !
 action %all be he>d by a #c-;judge c\rt
 conv5$ pursuant to section #bbhd (     
title #bh1 ,unit$ ,/ates ,code4  7#f7   
,review ( f9al decision ,a f9al decision
 9 an action br\ght "u ?is section %all 
be reviewable on appeal by ! ,unit$     
,/ates ,c\rt ( ,appeals = ! ,di/rict (  
,columbia ,circuit1 :i* %all he> ! matt]

 sitt+ en banc4 ,!re %all be no "r (    
appeal 9 su* proce$+s to any o!r c\rt ( 
appeals4 ,su* appeal %all be tak5 by !  
fil+ ( a notice ( appeal )9 #aj days ( !
 entry ( ! f9al decision4 ,a f9al       
decision by ! ,c\rt ( ,appeals may be   
review$ by ! ,supreme ,c\rt ( ! ,unit$  
,/ates by writ ( c]tior>i4  7b7 ,exp$it$
 ,consid]ation ,9 any action br\ght "u  
?is section1 x %all be ! duty ( !       
di/rict c\rt1 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,c\rt (   
,appeals = ! ,di/rict ( ,columbia       
,circuit1 & ! ,supreme ,c\rt ( ! ,unit$ 
,/ates 7if x *ooses to he> ! action7 to 
advance on ! docket & to exp$ite to !   
greate/ possible ext5t ! disposition ( !
 action & appeal4  7c7 ,rem$ies  7#a7   
,adoption ( replacem5t plan  7,a7 ,9    
g5]al ,if ! di/rict c\rt 9 an action "u 
?is section f9ds t ! congressional      
r$i/rict+ plan ( a ,/ate violates1 9    
:ole or 9 "p1 ! requirem5ts ( ?is ,act--
 7i7 ! c\rt %all adopt a replacem5t     
congressional r$i/rict+ plan = ! ,/ate 9
 accordance ) ! process set =? 9 section

 #f2 or  7ii7 if circum/ances w>rant &  
no delay to an upcom+ regul>ly s*$ul$   
election = ! ,h\se ( ,repres5tatives 9 !
 ,/ate w\ld result1 ! di/rict c\rt1 9   
its discretion1 may all[ a ,/ate to     
develop & propose a rem$ial             
congressional r$i/rict+ plan = review by
 ! c\rt to det]m9e :e!r ! plan is 9     
compliance ) ?is ,act1 except t-- 7,i7 !
 ,/ate may n develop & propose a rem$ial
 plan "u ?is clause if ! c\rt det]m9es t
 ! congressional r$i/rict+ plan ( !     
,/ate 0 enact$ ) discrim9atory int5t 9  
violation ( ! ,con/itution or section   
#d7;b72 &  7,,ii7 no?+ 9 ?is clause may 
be con/ru$ to p]mit a ,/ate to use su* a
 rem$ial plan :i* has n be5 approv$ by !
 c\rt4  7,b7 ,prohibit+ use ( plans 9   
violation ( requirem5ts ,no c\rt %all   
ord] a ,/ate to use a congressional     
r$i/rict+ plan :i* violates1 9 :ole or 9
 "p1 ! requirem5ts ( ?is ,act1 or to    
conduct an election "u t]ms & conditions
 :i* violate1 9 :ole or 9 "p1 !         
requirem5ts ( ?is ,act4  7,c7 ,special  

rule 9 case f9al adjudication n expect$ 
)9 #c mon?s ( election  7i7 ,duty ( c\rt
 ,if f9al adjudication ( an action "u   
?is section is n reasonably expect$ to  
be complet$ at lea/ #c mon?s prior to ! 
next regul>ly s*$ul$ prim>y election = !
 ,h\se ( ,repres5tatives 9 ! ,/ate1 !   
di/rict c\rt %all-- 7,i7 develop1 adopt1
 & ord] ! use ( an int]im congressional 
r$i/rict+ plan 9 accordance ) section   
#f7;f7 to address any claims "u ?is ,act
 = :i* a p>ty seek+ relief has          
demon/rat$ a sub/antial likelihood (    
success2 or  7,,ii7 ord] adju/m5ts to ! 
tim+ ( prim>y elections = ! ,h\se (     
,repres5tatives & o!r relat$ deadl9es1 z
 ne$$1 to all[ suffici5t opportunity =  
adjudication ( ! matt] & adoption ( a   
rem$ial or replacem5t plan = use 9 !    
next regul>ly s*$ul$ g5]al elections = !
 ,h\se ( ,repres5tatives4  7ii7         
,prohibit+ failure to act on gr\nds (   
p5d5cy ( election ,! c\rt may n refuse  
to take any action describ$ 9 clause 7i7
 on ! gr\nds ( ! p5d5cy ( ! next        

election held 9 ! ,/ate or ! pot5tial = 
disruption1 confusion1 or additional    
burd5s ) respect to ! adm9i/ration ( !  
election 9 ! ,/ate4  7#b7 ,no /ay p5d+  
appeal ,not)/&+ ! appeal ( an ord] f9d+ 
t a congressional r$i/rict+ plan ( a    
,/ate violates1 9 :ole or 9 "p1 !       
requirem5ts ( ?is ,act1 no /ay %all     
issue :i* %all b> ! developm5t or       
adoption ( a replacem5t or rem$ial plan 
"u ?is subsection1 z may be direct$ by !
 di/rict c\rt1 p5d+ su* appeal4 ,if su* 
a replacem5t or rem$ial plan has be5    
adopt$1 no appellate c\rt may /ay or    
o!rwise enjo9 ! use ( su* plan dur+ !   
p5d5cy ( an appeal1 except ^u an ord]   
hold+1 bas$ on ! record1 t adoption (   
su* plan 0 an abuse ( discretion4  7#c7 
,special au?ority ( ,c\rt ( ,appeals    
7,a7 ,ord]+ ( new rem$ial plan ,if1 ^u  
consid]ation ( an appeal "u ?is ,act1 ! 
,c\rt ( ,appeals det]m9es t a plan does 
n comply ) ! requirem5ts ( ?is ,act1 x  
%all direct t ! ,di/rict ,c\rt promptly 
develop a new rem$ial plan ) assi/ance (

 a special ma/] = consid]ation by !     
,c\rt ( ,appeals4  7,b7 ,failure (      
di/rict c\rt to take timely action ,if1 
at any po9t dur+ ! p5d5cy ( an action "u
 ?is section1 ! ,di/rict ,c\rt fails to 
take action necess>y to p]mit resolution
 ( ! case prior to ! next regul>ly      
s*$ul$ election = ! ,h\se (             
,repres5tatives 9 ! ,/ate or fails to   
grant ! relief describ$ 9 p>agraph      
7#a77;,c71 any p>ty may seek a writ (   
m&amus f ! ,c\rt ( ,appeals = ! ,di/rict
 ( ,columbia ,circuit4 ,! ,c\rt (       
,appeals %all h jurisdiction ov] !      
motion = a writ ( m&amus & %all e/abli% 
an exp$it$ brief+ & he>+ s*$ule =       
resolution ( ! motion4 ,if ! ,c\rt (    
,appeals det]m9es t a writ %\ld be      
grant$1 ! ,c\rt ( ,appeals %all take any
 action necess>y1 includ+ develop+ a    
congressional r$i/rict+ plan ) assi/ance
 ( a special ma/] to ensure t a rem$ial 
plan is adopt$ 9 "t = use 9 ! next      
regul>ly s*$ul$ election = ! ,h\se (    
,repres5tatives 9 ! ,/ate4  7#d7 ,effect

 ( enactm5t ( replacem5t plan ,a ,/ate's
 enactm5t ( a r$i/rict+ plan :i*        
replaces a plan :i* is ! subject ( an   
action "u ?is section %all n be con/ru$ 
to limit or o!rwise affect ! au?ority ( 
! c\rt to adjudicate or grant relief )  
respect to any claims or issues n       
address$ by ! replacem5t plan1 includ+  
claims t ! plan :i* is ! subject ( !    
action 0 enact$1 9 :ole or 9 "p1 )      
discrim9atory int5t1 or claims to       
consid] :e!r relief %\ld be grant$ "u   
section #c7;c7 ( ! ,vot+ ,rights ,act ( 
#aife 7#eb ,u4,s4,c4 #ajcjb7;c77 bas$ on
 ! plan :i* is ! subject ( ! action4    
7d7 ,attorney's ,fees ,9 a civil action 
"u ?is section1 ! c\rt may all[ !       
prevail+ p>ty 7o!r ?an ! ,unit$ ,/ates7 
reasonable attorney fees1 includ+       
litigation exp5ses1 & co/s4  7e7        
,relation to ,o!r ,laws  7#a7 ,rights & 
rem$ies additional to o!r rights &      
rem$ies ,! rights & rem$ies e/abli%$ by 
?is section are 9 addition to all o!r   
rights & rem$ies provid$ by law1 & nei!r

 ! rights & rem$ies e/abli%$ by ?is     
section nor any o!r provision ( ?is ,act
 %all sup]s$e1 re/rict1 or limit !      
application ( ! ,vot+ ,rights ,act (    
#aife 7#eb ,u4,s4,c4 #ajcja et seq474   
7#b7 ,vot+ ,rights ,act ( #aife ,no?+ 9 
?is ,act au?orizes or requires conduct t
 is prohibit$ by ! ,vot+ ,rights ,act ( 
#aife 7#eb ,u4,s4,c4 #ajcja et seq474   
7f7 ,legislative privilege ,no p]son1   
legislature1 or ,/ate may claim         
legislative privilege "u ei!r ,/ate or  
,f$]al law 9 a civil action br\ght "u   
?is section or 9 any o!r legal *all5ge1 
"u ei!r ,/ate or ,f$]al law1 to a       
r$i/rict+ plan enact$ "u ?is ,act4  7g7 
,removal  7#a7 ,9 g5]al ,at any "t1 a   
civil action br\ght 9 a ,/ate c\rt :i*  
ass]ts a claim = :i* ! di/rict c\rts ( !
 ,unit$ ,/ates h exclusive jurisdiction 
"u ?is ,act may be remov$ by any p>ty 9 
! case1 includ+ an int]v5or1 by fil+1 9 
! di/rict c\rt = an applicable v5ue "u  
?is section1 a notice ( removal sign$   
pursuant to ,rule #aa ( ! ,f$]al ,rules 

( ,civil ,proc$ure conta9+ a %ort & pla9
 /atem5t ( ! gr\nds = removal4 ,cons5t (
 p>ties %all n be requir$ = removal4    
7#b7 ,claims n )9 ! orig9al or          
supplem5tal jurisdiction ,if a civil    
action remov$ 9 accordance ) p>agraph   
7#a7 conta9s claims n )9 ! orig9al or   
supplem5tal jurisdiction ( ! di/rict    
c\rt1 ! di/rict c\rt %all sev] all su*  
claims & rem& !m to ! ,/ate c\rt f :i* !
 action 0 remov$4  #h4 ,no effect on    
elections = ,/ate & local (fice ,no?+ 9 
?is ,act may be con/ru$ to affect !     
mann] 9 :i* a ,/ate c>ries out elections
 = ,/ate or local (fice1 includ+ !      
process by :i* a ,/ate e/abli%es !      
di/ricts us$ 9 su* elections4  #i4      
,effective date ,?is ,act %all apply on 
! date ( enactm5t ( ?is ,act4