,,ii  #aah? ,,congress  #a/ ,session    
,s4 #bhab  ,,9 ,,! ,,s5ate ,,( ,,!      
,,unit$ ,,/ates  ,septemb] #ad1         
#bjbc,mr4 ,s*atz 7= himself1 ,mr4       
,b5net1 ,mr4 ,coons1 ,mr4 ,he9ri*1 ,mr4 
,hick5loop]1 ,mr4 ,lujn1 ,ms4 ,smi?1    
,mr4 ,:iteh\se1 & ,mr4 ,wel*7 introduc$ 
! foll[+ bill2 :i* 0 read twice & ref]r$
 to ! ,committee on ,heal?1 ,education1 
,labor1 & ,p5sions  ,a ,,bill  ,to      
support c>bon dioxide removal rese>* &  
developm5t1 & = o!r purposes4  #a4 ,%ort
 title2 table ( cont5ts  7a7 ,%ort title
 ,?is ,act may be cit$ z ! ,c>bon       
,dioxide ,removal ,rese>* & ,developm5t 
,act ( #bjbc4  7b7 ,table ( cont5ts ,!  
table ( cont5ts = ?is ,act is z foll[s3 
,sec4 #a4 ,%ort title2 table (          
cont5ts4,sec4 #b4 ,def9itions4,,title   
,i--,dep>tm5t ( ,energy,sec4 #aja4      
,fossil en]gy & c>bon managem5t4,sec4   
#ajb4 ,en]gy effici5cy & r5ewable       
en]gy4,sec4 #ajc4 ,(fice ( ,sci5ce4,sec4
 #ajd4 ,dep>tm5t-wide                   
consid]ations4,,title ,,ii--,dep>tm5t ( 

,agriculture,sec4 #bja4                 
,def9itions4,sec4 #bjb4 ,objectives &   
organization4,sec4 #bjc4 ,agriculture   
advanc$ rese>* & developm5t             
au?ority4,sec4 #bjd4 ,national ,in/itute
 ( ,food & ,agriculture4,sec4 #bje4     
,agricultural ,rese>* ,s]vice4,sec4     
#bjf4 ,natural ,res\rces ,cons]vation   
,s]vice4,sec4 #bjg4 ,=e/ ,s]vice4,,title
 ,,iii--,dep>tm5t ( ,commerce,sec4 #cja4
 ,national ,oceanic & ,atmosph]ic       
,adm9i/ration4,sec4 #cjb4 ,national     
,in/itute ( ,/&>ds & ,te*nology4,,title 
,,iv--,dep>tm5t ( ,defense,sec4 #dja4   
,corps ( ,eng9e]s4,,title ,v--,dep>tm5t 
( ! ,interior,sec4 #eja4 ,unit$ ,/ates  
,geological ,survey4,sec4 #ejb4 ,l& &   
m9]als managem5t4,,title ,,vi--,dep>tm5t
 ( ,transportation,sec4 #fja4 ,f$]al    
,highway ,adm9i/ration4,,title          
,,vii--,environm5tal ,protection        
,agency,sec4 #gja4 ,(fice ( rese>* &    
developm5t4,,title ,,viii--,national    
,a]onautics & ,space                    
,administration,sec4 #hja4 ,e>? sci5ce  

division program4,,title ,,ix--,national
 ,sci5ce ,foundation,sec4 #ija4         
,directorate = biological sci5ces4,sec4 
#ijb4 ,directorate = eng9e]+4,sec4 #ijc4
 ,directorate = geosci5ces4,sec4 #ijd4  
,directorate = ma!matical & physical    
sci5ces4,sec4 #ije4 ,directorate =      
social1 behavioral1 & economic          
sci5ces4,sec4 #ijf4 ,division ( social &
 economic sci5ces4,,title ,x--,o!r      
matters,sec4 #ajja4 ,plan = int]national
 collaboration4  #b4 ,def9itions ,9 ?is 
,act3 7#a7 ,c>bon dioxide removal ,! t]m
 c>bon dioxide removal means-- 7,a7 !   
int5tional capture ( c>bon dioxide      
directly f ! ambi5t air or upp]         
hydrosph]e1 comb9$ ) ! /orage ( t c>bon 
dioxide1 :i* results 9 a net removal (  
c>bon dioxide f ! atmosph]e1 z measur$  
on a lifecycle basis1 includ+1 at a     
m9imum1 ?r\gh-- 7i7 direct air capture &
 /orage2  7ii7 enhanc$ c>bon            
m9]alization2  7iii7 biomass-bas$ c>bon 
dioxide removal2  7iv7 =e/ re/oration2  
7v7 soil c>bon managem5t2 &  7vi7       

ocean-bas$ c>bon removal4  7#b7         
,t]re/rial & biological c>bon dioxide   
removal ,! t]m t]re/rial & biological   
c>bon dioxide removal means c>bon       
dioxide removal :i* uses liv+ biomass or
 soils to capture &_/or /ore c>bon      
dioxide4  ,i ,dep>tm5t ( ,en]gy  #aja4  
,fossil en]gy & c>bon managem5t  7a7    
,(fice ( ,fossil ,en]gy & ,c>bon        
,managem5t  7#a7 ,9 g5]al ,title ,,ii ( 
! ,dep>tm5t ( ,en]gy ,organization ,act 
7#db ,u4,s4,c4 #gaca et seq47 is am5d$  
by add+ at ! end ! foll[+3  #bah4 ,(fice
 ( ,fossil ,en]gy & ,c>bon ,managem5t   
7a7 ,e/abli%m5t ,!re is e/abli%$ )9 !   
,dep>tm5t an ,(fice ( ,fossil ,en]gy &  
,c>bon ,managem5t 7ref]r$ to 9 ?is      
section z ! ,(fice74  7b7 ,assi/ant     
,secret>y = ,fossil ,en]gy & ,c>bon     
,managem5t  7#a7 ,9 g5]al ,! ,(fice %all
 be head$ by ! ,assi/ant ,secret>y =    
,fossil ,en]gy & ,c>bon ,managem5t      
7ref]r$ to 9 ?is section z ! ,assi/ant  
,secret>y71 :o %all be appo9t$ by !     
,presid5t 9 accordance ) section #bjc4  

7#b7 ,duties ( (fice ,9 c>ry+ out       
rese>*1 developm5t1 & demon/ration      
relat+ to c>bon dioxide removal1 !      
,assi/ant ,secret>y %all-- 7,a7         
incorporate be/ practices f ! exi/+     
c>bon capture & /orage rese>* programs  
)9 ! ,dep>tm5t ( ,en]gy into ! ,(fice2  
7,b7 be responsible = crosscut          
coord9ation ( plann+ & budget = all     
rese>*1 developm5t1 & demon/ration      
programs ( ! ,dep>tm5t ( ,en]gy relat+  
to c>bon dioxide removal 7z def9$ 9     
section #b ( ! ,c>bon ,dioxide ,removal 
,rese>* & ,developm5t ,act ( #bjbc72    
7,c7 s]ve z ! prim>y po9t ( contact =   
any relevant int]ag5cy plann+ &         
coord9ation ef=ts2  7,d7 conduct        
analyses & te*nology assessm5ts ( c>bon 
dioxide removal sy/ems1 developm5t1 &   
demon/ration programs1 includ+ by engag+
 ) ! ,national ,laboratories 7z def9$ 9 
section #b ( ! ,en]gy ,policy ,act (    
#bjje 7#db ,u4,s4,c4 #aehja77 to assess 
lifecycle p]=mance ( c>bon dioxide      
removal sy/ems2 &  7,e7 provide project 

managem5t s]vices = all                 
demon/ration-scale projects em]g+ f !   
te*nological c>bon dioxide removal      
rese>*1 developm5t1 & demon/ration      
portfolio4  7c7 ,mission ,! mission ( ! 
,(fice %all include ! rese>*1           
developm5t1 & demon/ration ( direct air 
capture & c>bon m9]alization            
te*nologies4  7d7 ,lead (fice ,!        
,national ,en]gy ,te*nology ,laboratory 
%all h ! lead responsibility )9 !       
,dep>tm5t ( ,en]gy = plann+ & manag+    
rese>*1 developm5t1 & demon/ration      
activities relat+ to direct air capture 
& c>bon /orage1 ) ! goal ( e/abli%+ &   
driv+ d[n te*nology-specific co/ t>gets4
  7e7 ,project managem5t requirem5ts    
,all projects c>ri$ out by ! ,(fice %all
 be subject to rigor\s project managem5t
 requirem5ts & proc$ures model$ on      
,dep>tm5t ,ord] #dac4c;b 7relat+ to     
program & project managem5t = !         
acquisition ( capital assets7 7or a     
successor ord]74  4  7#b7 ,cl]ical      
am5dm5t ,! table ( cont5ts = ! ,dep>tm5t

 ( ,en]gy ,organization ,act 7,public   
,law #ie-ia2 #ia ,/at4 #efe2 #aai ,/at4 
#gfd7 is am5d$ by add+ at ! end ( !     
items relat+ to title ,,ii ! foll[+3    
,sec4 #bah4 ,(fice ( ,fossil ,en]gy &   
,c>bon ,managem5t4  4  7#c7 ,ref]5ces 9 
law ,any ref]5ce 9 a law1 regulation1   
docum5t1 pap]1 or o!r record to ! ,(fice
 ( ,fossil ,en]gy %all be deem$ to be a 
ref]5ce to ! ,(fice ( ,fossil ,en]gy &  
,c>bon ,managem5t4  7b7 ,c>bon dioxide  
removal rese>*1 developm5t1 &           
demon/ration ,section #ifi;,d ( ! ,en]gy
 ,policy ,act ( #bjje 7#db ,u4,s4,c4    
#afbih;d7 is am5d$-- 7#a7 9 subsection  
7c71 by /rik+ p>agraph 7#e7 & ins]t+ !  
foll[+3  7#e7 ecologically s\nd1        
resili5ce-ori5t$1 & c>bon-seque/]+ =e/  
managem5t te*niques1 =e/ re/oration1    
urban tree plant+ & managem5t1 &        
re=e/ation su* t negative l&-use *ange  
impacts1 su* z endang]+ food security & 
biodiv]sity loss1 c be avoid$2 &  2     
7#b7 by r$esignat+ subsections 7d71 7e71
 7f71 7g71 7h71 7i71 7j71 & 7k7 z       

subsections 7e71 7f71 7g71 7i71 7j71    
7k71 7l71 & 7m71 respectively2  7#c7 by 
ins]t+ aft] subsection 7c7 ! foll[+3    
7d7 ,program focus areas  7#a7 ,direct  
air capture & /orage te*nologies ,9     
c>ry+ out subsection 7c77#a71 !         
,secret>y %all consid] c>ry+ out        
activities relat+ to-- 7,a7 contactor   
design2  7,b7 l[- & z]o-c>bon heat2     
7,c7 advanc$ or unconv5tional sy/ems &  
compon5ts2  7,d7 scale-up /udies & pilot
 plants2  7,e7 op]ational data          
collection2  7,f7 eng9e]+ design support
 = l>ge-scale projects2  7,g7 ext]nal   
te*no-economic analyses2 &  7,h7        
monitor+1 report+1 & v]ification        
capabilities4  7#b7 ,bio5]gy ) c>bon    
capture & /orage ,9 c>ry+ out subsection
 7c77#b71 ! ,secret>y %all consid] c>ry+
 out activities relat+ to advanc$       
biomass-to-p[] conv]sion4  7#c7 ,enhanc$
 geological wea!r+ ,9 c>ry+ out         
subsection 7c77#c71 ! ,secret>y %all    
consid] c>ry+ out activities relat+ to--
 7,a7 alkal9ity res\rce assessm5ts2     

7,b7 pilot /udies ( ex situ             
m9]alization2 &  7,c7 pilot /udies ( 9  
situ m9]alization = c>bon /orage4  7#d7 
,c>bon utilization ,9 c>ry+ out c>bon   
utilization activities "u ! program1 !  
,secret>y %all consid] c>ry+ out        
activities relat+ to ! integration (    
c>bonation ) c>bon dioxide capture      
processes4  7#e7 ,crosscutt+ activities 
,9 c>ry+ out cross-cutt+ activities "u !
 program1 ! ,secret>y %all consid] c>ry+
 out activities relat+ to-- 7,a7 c>bon  
dioxide removal data collection &       
publication2  7,b7 te*nology co/ &      
p]=mance2  7,c7 integrat$ c>bon sy/ems  
model+2 &  7,d7 decision sci5ce4  2     
7#d7 by ins]t+ aft] subsection 7g7 7z s 
r$esignat$7 ! foll[+3  7h7 ,competitive 
demon/ration aw>ds  7#a7 ,9 g5]al ,n    
lat] ?an #b ye>s aft] ! date ( enactm5t 
( ?is subsection ! ,secret>y %all make  
competitive aw>ds = a portfolio ( c>bon 
dioxide removal demon/ration projects   
describ$ 9 p>agraph 7#b74  7#b7         
,eligibility ,subject to subsection 7e71

 to be eligible = an aw>d "u p>agraph   
7#a71 a c>bon dioxide removal           
demon/ration project %all-- 7,a7 use #a 
or m te*nologies & /rategies describ$ 9 
subsection 7c71 includ+ activities      
describ$ 9 subsection 7i72  7,b7 h a    
total co/ ( n less ?an #aj1jjj1jjj2     
7,c7 be locat$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates or1 9 !
 case ( ocean-bas$ projects1 )9 !       
t]ritorial sea or exclusive economic    
zone ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates2  7,d7 h !       
pot5tial = l>ge-scale1 co/-effective    
replication2 &  7,e7 meet su* o!r       
provisions z may be e/abli%$ by !       
,secret>y consi/5t ) ! purposes ( ?is   
section4  7#c7 ,allocation ,9 mak+ aw>ds
 "u p>agraph 7#a71 out ( ! funds provid$
 "u subsection 7m77#a71 ! ,secret>y %all
 allocate-- 7,a7 #ejj1jjj1jjj to        
projects ) total co/s ( n less ?an      
#aj1jjj1jjj & n m ?an #ajj1jjj1jjj2     
7,b7 #gej1jjj1jjj to projects-- 7i7 ) a 
total co/ ( m ?an #ajj1jjj1jjj2 &  7ii7 
"u :i* all captur$ c>bon dioxide is     
dispos$ ( 9 geologic /orage 9 sal9e     

aquif]s2 &  7,c7 #gej1jjj1jjj to        
projects ) a total co/ ( m ?an          
#ajj1jjj1jjj1 )\t reg>d to ! type (     
/orage4  7#d7 ,co/-%>e  7,a7 ,9 g5]al   
,except z provid$ 9 subp>agraph 7,b71 ) 
respect to a project receiv+ an aw>d "u 
p>agraph 7#a71 ! ,secret>y %all require 
t-- 7i7 9 ! case ( a project t disposes 
( c>bon dioxide 9 geologic /orage 9 an  
op]at+ oil & gas field1 n less ?an #ej  
p]c5t ( ! total project co/ %all be     
provid$ by a non-,f$]al s\rce2 &  7ii7 9
 ! case ( a project t is n describ$ 9   
clause 7i71 n less ?an #bj p]c5t ( !    
total project co/ %all be provid$ by a  
non-,f$]al s\rce4  7,b7 ,exclusion !    
,f$]al %>e ( ! co/ ( a project receiv+  
an aw>d "u p>agraph 7#a7 ) a total co/ (
 n less ?an #aj1jjj1jjj & n m ?an       
#ajj1jjj1jjj may be up to #ajj p]c5t4  2
 &  7#e7 9 subsection 7m7 7z s          
r$esignat$71 by /rik+ p>agraphs 7#a7    
?r\gh 7#e7 & ins]t+ ! foll[+3  7#a7     
#b1jhi1jjj1jjj = fiscal ye> #bjbd1 ( :i*
 #b1jjj1jjj1jjj %all be us$ to c>ry out 

subsection 7h71 to rema9 available until
 exp5d$2  7#b7 #bag1jjj1jjj = fiscal ye>
 #bjbe2  7#c7 #cab1jjj1jjj = fiscal ye> 
#bjbf2  7#d7 #cfj1jjj1jjj = fiscal ye>  
#bjbg2  7#e7 #ddj1jjj1jjj = fiscal ye>  
#bjbh2  7#f7 #dda1jjj1jjj = fiscal ye>  
#bjbi2  7#g7 #dea1jjj1jjj = fiscal ye>  
#bjcj2  7#h7 #dbd1jjj1jjj = fiscal ye>  
#bjca2  7#i7 #chj1jjj1jjj = fiscal ye>  
#bjcb2 &  7#aj7 #ccg1jjj1jjj = fiscal   
ye> #bjcc4  4  #ajb4 ,en]gy effici5cy & 
r5ewable en]gy  7a7 ,advanc$ mat]ials & 
manufactur+ te*nologies (fice  7#a7 ,9  
g5]al ,! ,secret>y ( ,en]gy %all e/abli%
 direct air capture z a rese>* priority 
( ! ,advanc$ ,mat]ials & ,manufactur+   
,te*nologies ,(fice1 ) a focus on       
improv$ te*niques = l[-co/ manufactur+ (
 direct air capture compon5ts &         
mat]ials4  7#b7 ,coord9ation ,! ,advanc$
 ,mat]ials & ,manufactur+ ,te*nologies  
,(fice %all c>ry out rese>* relat+ to   
direct air capture "u p>agraph 7#a7 9   
coord9ation ) ! ,(fice ( ,fossil ,en]gy 
& ,c>bon ,managem5t4  7#c7 ,rese>*1     

developm5t1 & demon/ration ,! ,secret>y 
( ,en]gy1 act+ ?r\gh ! ,assi/ant        
,secret>y = ,en]gy ,effici5cy &         
,r5ewable ,en]gy 7ref]r$ to 9 ?is       
section z ! ,assi/ant ,secret>y71 %all  
c>ry out rese>*1 developm5t1 &          
demon/ration activities 9 ! areas       
describ$ 9 ?is p>agraph4 7,a7 ,sy/ems   
eng9e]+ & process design ,! ,assi/ant   
,secret>y %all c>ry out rese>*1         
developm5t1 & demon/ration activities   
relat+ to integrat$ cataly/ reactor     
design optimiz$ = c>bon dioxide removal 
& utilization4  7,b7 ,alkal9ity s\rce   
pa?ways  7i7 ,9 g5]al ,! ,assi/ant      
,secret>y %all c>ry out rese>*1         
developm5t1 & demon/ration activities   
relat+ to developm5t ( new1 l[-emissions
 s\rces ( alkal9ity = c>bon             
m9]alization4  7ii7 ,collaboration ,!   
,assi/ant ,secret>y %all c>ry out !     
activities 9 clause 7i7 9 collaboration 
) ! ,director ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates         
,geological ,survey4  7,c7 ,contactor   
design ,! ,assi/ant ,secret>y %all c>ry 

out rese>*1 developm5t1 & demon/ration  
activities relat+ to design ( air       
contactors = direct air capture ) l[    
pressure drop1 high surface area1 & high
 longevity4  7,d7 ,manufactur+          
improvem5t ,! ,assi/ant ,secret>y %all  
c>ry out rese>*1 developm5t1 &          
demon/ration activities relat+ to l[-co/
 manufactur+ ( direct air capture       
compon5ts & mat]ials4  7,e7 ,o!r        
activities ,! ,assi/ant ,secret>y %all  
c>ry out o!r c>bon dioxide removal      
rese>*1 developm5t1 & demon/ration      
activities1 z det]m9$ by ! ,secret>y (  
,en]gy4  7b7 ,bio5]gy ,te*nologies      
,(fice  7#a7 ,9 g5]al ,! ,secret>y (    
,en]gy %all e/abli% t]re/rial &         
biological c>bon dioxide removal z a    
rese>* objective 9 ! biomass en]gy      
program ( ! ,bio5]gy ,te*nologies       
,(fice4  7#b7 ,objective ,9 c>ry+ out   
rese>*1 developm5t1 & demon/ration      
describ$ 9 p>agraph 7#e71 ! ,secret>y ( 
,en]gy %all seek to advance c>bon       
dioxide removal approa*es t g5]ate      

net-negative emissions bas$ on full     
lifecycle analysis4  7#c7 ,consid]ations
 ,9 c>ry+ out ! full lifecycle analysis 
describ$ 9 p>agraph 7#b71 ! ,bio5]gy    
,te*nologies ,(fice %all consid]-- 7,a7 
! emissions impacts ( biomass h>ve/ &   
process+1 includ+-- 7i7 un9t5d$         
di/urbances to ecosy/em c>bon /ocks2    
7ii7 indirect l&-use *ange2 &  7iii7    
alt]native fates ( biomass us$2  7,b7 ! 
risk ( impacts on biodiv]sity & food    
security2 &  7,c7 ! social impacts ( any
 air pollutants4  7#d7 ,risk            
consid]ations ,9 c>ry+ out rese>*1      
developm5t1 & demon/ration describ$ 9   
p>agraph 7#e71 ! ,bio5]gy ,te*nologies  
,(fice %all-- 7,a7 conduct risk         
assessm5t ( species cultivat$ or utiliz$
 = t]re/rial & biological c>bon dioxide 
removal2 &  7,b7 take all feasible &    
prud5t measures to m9imize risk (       
economic1 environm5tal1 & social h>m    
caus$ by invasive species4  7#e7        
,rese>*1 developm5t1 & demon/ration     
7,a7 ,9 g5]al ,! ,secret>y ( ,en]gy1    

act+ ?r\gh ! ,assi/ant ,secret>y1 %all  
c>ry out rese>*1 developm5t1 &          
demon/ration activities 9 ! areas       
describ$ 9 subp>agraphs 7,b7 ?r\gh 7,i74
  7,b7 ,algal biomass capture ,!        
,assi/ant ,secret>y %all c>ry out       
rese>*1 developm5t1 & demon/ration      
activities relat+ to microalgae gr[?1   
dewat]+1 & conv]sion1 includ+ pa?ways   
su* z bioreactors & non-photosyn!tic    
pa?ways4  7,c7 ,biomass supply1         
logi/ics1 & pre-treatm5t  7i7 ,9 g5]al  
,! ,assi/ant ,secret>y1 9 collaboration 
) ! ,director ( ! ,national ,in/itute ( 
,food & ,agriculture1 %all e/abli% #a or
 m te/ facilities to conduct innovative 
approa*es = treat+ biomass = use 9 fuels
 & electricity g5]ation1 includ+ model+ 
& analysis ( optimiz+ biomass ga!r+1    
upgrad+1 & supply4  7ii7 ,te/ facility  
consid]ations ,9 select+ facilities to  
be e/abli%$ z te/ facilities "u clause  
7i71 ! ,assi/ant ,secret>y %all-- 7,i7  
consid] :e!r ! facility has ! capability
 = small-scale & mobile applications2 & 

7,,ii7 prioritize facilities t use wa/e 
fe$/ocks f manag$ ecosy/ems1 urban      
areas1 & areas damag$ by sev]e wea!r    
ev5ts4  7,d7 ,biomass conv]sion to fuels
 ) bio*>  7i7 ,9 g5]al ,! ,assi/ant     
,secret>y %all c>ry out rese>*1         
developm5t1 & demon/ration activities   
relat+ to-- 7,i7 rese>* on conv]sion    
pa?ways1 includ+ fa/ pyrolysis2  7,,ii7 
developm5t (-- 7aa7 mobile process+     
units2 &  7bb7 pollutant emissions      
control te*nology2 &  7,,iii7 assessm5ts
 ( ov]all c>bon dioxide removal         
pot5tial4  7ii7 ,collaboration ,!       
,assi/ant ,secret>y %all c>ry out !     
activities "u clause 7i7 9 collaboration
 ) ! ,director ( ! ,national ,in/itute (
 ,food & ,agriculture4  7,e7 ,biomass to
 fuel ) c>bon capture & /orage  7i7 ,9  
g5]al ,! ,assi/ant ,secret>y %all c>ry  
out rese>*1 developm5t1 & demon/ration  
activities relat+ to biomass to advanc$ 
cellulosic e?anol ) c>bon capture &     
/orage1 tak+ into consid]ation direct & 
indirect l&-use impacts f biomass       

fe$/ocks4  7ii7 ,collaboration ,!       
,assi/ant ,secret>y %all c>ry out !     
activities "u clause 7i7 9 collaboration
 ) ! ,assi/ant ,secret>y = ,(fice (     
,fossil ,en]gy & ,c>bon ,managem5t4     
7,f7 ,aquatic biomass cultivation  7i7  
,9 g5]al ,! ,assi/ant ,secret>y %all    
c>ry out rese>*1 developm5t1 &          
demon/ration activities relat+ to       
managem5t be/ practices & ph5otype      
selection = aquatic macroalgae biomass  
production optimiz$ = c>bon dioxide     
removal1 includ+ limit$-scale exp]im5ts 
at sea1 design$ & monitor$ to avoid     
impacts beyond ! zone ( ! exp]im5t4     
7ii7 ,collaboration ,! ,assi/ant        
,secret>y %all c>ry out ! activities "u 
clause 7i7 9 collaboration ) !          
,adm9i/rator ( ! ,national ,oceanic &   
,atmosph]ic ,adm9i/ration4  7,g7        
,aquatic biomass en]gy conv]sion ,!     
,assi/ant ,secret>y %all c>ry out       
rese>*1 developm5t1 & demon/ration      
activities relat+ to te*nology          
developm5t & pilots = aquatic biomass   

conv]sion & c>bon capture1 includ+      
possible l>ge-scale ocean-bas$          
exp]im5ts4  7,h7 ,new mat]ials          
developm5t & applications  7i7 ,9 g5]al 
,! ,assi/ant ,secret>y %all c>ry out    
rese>*1 developm5t1 & demon/ration      
activities relat+ to developm5t ( new   
c>bon dioxide utilization products4     
7ii7 ,collaboration ,! ,assi/ant        
,secret>y %all c>ry out ! activities "u 
clause 7i7 9 collaboration )-- 7,i7 !   
,assi/ant ,secret>y = ,fossil ,en]gy &  
,c>bon ,managem5t2 &  7,,ii7 !          
,adm9i/rator ( ! ,agricultural ,rese>*  
,s]vice4  7,i7 ,o!r activities ,!       
,assi/ant ,secret>y %all c>ry out       
rese>*1 developm5t1 & demon/ration      
activities relat+ to o!r t]re/rial &    
biological c>bon dioxide removal rese>*1
 developm5t1 & demon/ration activities n
 describ$ 9 subp>agraphs 7,b7 ?r\gh     
7,h71 z det]m9$ by ! ,secret>y4  7c7    
,build+ ,te*nologies ,(fice  7#a7       
,rese>*1 developm5t1 & demon/ration ,!  
,secret>y ( ,en]gy1 act+ ?r\gh ! ,build+

 ,te*nologies ,(fice1 %all c>ry out     
rese>*1 developm5t1 & demon/ration      
activities 9 ea* ( ! areas describ$ 9   
?is subsection4  7#b7 ,con/ruction      
mat]ials  7,a7 ,9 g5]al ,! ,build+      
,te*nologies ,(fice %all c>ry out       
rese>*1 developm5t1 & demon/ration      
activities relat+ to developm5t1 te/+1 &
 c]tification ( c>bonate mat]ials =     
con/ruction mat]ials4  7,b7             
,collaboration ,! ,build+ ,te*nologies  
,(fice %all c>ry out activities "u      
clause 7i7 9 collaboration ) ! ,national
 ,in/itute ( ,/&>ds & ,te*nology4  7#c7 
,o!r activities ,! ,build+ ,te*nologies 
,(fice %all c>ry out o!r c>bon dioxide  
removal rese>*1 developm5t1 &           
demon/ration activities1 z det]m9$ by ! 
,secret>y ( ,en]gy4  7d7 ,au?orization (
 appropriations ,!re are au?oriz$ to be 
appropriat$ to ! ,secret>y ( ,en]gy to  
c>ry out ?is section-- 7#a7 #bf1jjj1jjj 
= fiscal ye> #bjbd2  7#b7 #ed1jjj1jjj = 
fiscal ye> #bjbe2  7#c7 #hc1jjj1jjj =   
fiscal ye> #bjbf2  7#d7 #ic1jjj1jjj =   

fiscal ye> #bjbg2  7#e7 #ic1jjj1jjj =   
fiscal ye> #bjbh2  7#f7 #hh1jjj1jjj =   
fiscal ye> #bjbi2  7#g7 #hc1jjj1jjj =   
fiscal ye> #bjcj2  7#h7 #gc1jjj1jjj =   
fiscal ye> #bjca2  7#i7 #ec1jjj1jjj =   
fiscal ye> #bjcb2 &  7#aj7 #db1jjj1jjj =
 fiscal ye> #bjcc4  #ajc4 ,(fice (      
,sci5ce  7a7 ,rese>*  7#a7 ,9 g5]al ,!  
,secret>y ( ,en]gy1 act+ ?r\gh !        
,director ( ! ,(fice ( ,sci5ce 7ref]r$  
to 9 ?is section z ! ,director71 %all   
c>ry out use-inspir$ fundam5tal rese>*  
activities 9 ea* ( ! areas describ$ 9   
?is subsection4  7#b7 ,dep>tm5t ( ,en]gy
 fronti] rese>* c5t]s ,! ,director %all 
c>ry out rese>* activities relat+ to !  
e/abli%m5t ( new en]gy fronti] rese>*   
c5t]s focus$ on mat]ials rese>* &       
e>ly-/age application ( sorb5ts1        
solv5ts1 membranes1 & relat$ direct air 
capture compon5ts4  7#c7 ,grants &      
coop]ative agreem5ts ,! ,director %all  
make grants & ent] into coop]ative      
agreem5ts to c>ry out mat]ials rese>*   
relat+ to sorb5ts1 solv5ts1 membranes1 &

 relat$ direct air capture compon5ts4   
7#d7 ,soil c>bon  7,a7 ,9 g5]al ,!      
,director %all c>ry out rese>*          
activities relat+ to plant-root-fungi   
int]actions1 deep inv]sion ( soils1 &   
o!r topics4  7,b7 ,collaboration ,!     
,director %all c>ry out ! activities "u 
subp>agraph 7,a7 9 collaboration )-- 7i7
 ! ,director ( ! ,national ,sci5ce      
,f\ndation2 &  7ii7 ! ,director ( !     
,agricultural ,rese>* ,s]vice4  7#e7    
,algal biomass capture ,! ,director %all
 c>ry out rese>* activities relat+ to-- 
7,a7 microalgae gr[?2  7,b7 dewat]+2 &  
7,c7 conv]sion1 includ+ bioreactors &   
nonphotosyn!tic pa?ways4  7#f7 ,c>bon   
m9]alization  7,a7 ,9 g5]al ,! ,director
 %all c>ry out rese>* activities relat+ 
to-- 7i7 m9]alization k9etics2  7ii7    
geome*anics2  7iii7 rock physics2  7iv7 
utilization-ori5t$ c>bonation2 &  7v7   
o!r topics4  7,b7 ,collaboration ,!     
,director %all c>ry out ! activities "u 
subp>agraph 7,a7 9 collaboration ) !    
,director ( ! ,national ,sci5ce         

,f\ndation4  7#g7 ,ocean alkal9ity  7,a7
 ,9 g5]al ,! ,director %all c>ry out    
rese>* activities relat+ to te*niques = 
& ecological impacts ( artificial       
modification ( ocean alkal9ity4  7,b7   
,collaboration ,! ,director %all c>ry   
out ! activities "u subp>agraph 7,a7 9  
collaboration ) ! ,director ( !         
,national ,sci5ce ,f\ndation4  7#h7     
,c>bon cycle  7,a7 ,9 g5]al ,! ,director
 %all c>ry rese>* activities & model+   
relat+ to-- 7i7 ! effectiv5ess &        
ecological impacts ( ocean iron         
f]tilization2 &  7ii7 nitrog5 &         
phosphor\s f]tilization4  7,b7          
,collaboration ,! ,director %all c>ry   
out ! activities "u subp>agraph 7,a7 9  
collaboration )-- 7i7 ! ,director ( !   
,national ,sci5ce ,f\ndation2 &  7ii7 ! 
,adm9i/rator ( ! ,national ,oceanic &   
,atmosph]ic ,adm9i/ration4  7#i7 ,c>bon 
dioxide impacts & fate 9 oceans  7,a7 ,9
 g5]al ,! ,director %all c>ry out       
monitor+1 rese>*1 & model+ on ecological
 impacts ( ocean c>bon dioxide removal  

te*niques4  7,b7 ,collaboration ,!      
,director %all c>ry out ! activities "u 
subp>agraph 7,a7 9 collaboration ) !    
,adm9i/rator ( ! ,national ,oceanic &   
,atmosph]ic ,adm9i/ration4  7#aj7       
,c>bonation  7,a7 ,9 g5]al ,! ,director 
%all c>ry out rese>* activities relat+  
to-- 7i7 me?ods to control c>bonation   
reactions2  7ii7 me?ods to accel]ate    
c>bonation2 &  7iii7 rese>* to und]/&   
/ructure-prop]ty relation%ips4  7,b7    
,collaboration ,! ,director %all c>ry   
out ! activities "u subp>agraph 7,a7 9  
collaboration ) ! ,director ( !         
,national ,sci5ce ,f\ndation4  7#aa7    
,cataly/s  7,a7 ,9 g5]al ,! ,director   
%all c>ry out rese>* activities relat+  
to-- 7i7 impurity-tol]ant cataly/       
developm5t2  7ii7 c\pl$ r$uction &      
oxidation reactions2 &  7iii7 r$uc$     
additives4  7,b7 ,collaboration ,!      
,director %all c>ry out ! activities "u 
subp>agraph 7,a7 9 collaboration ) !    
,director ( ! ,national ,sci5ce         
,f\ndation4  7#ab7 ,new mat]ials        

developm5t & applications  7,a7 ,9 g5]al
 ,! ,director %all c>ry out rese>*      
activities relat+ to developm5t ( new   
mat]ials = captur+ & utiliz+ c>bon      
dioxide1 includ+ mat]ials ) c>bon-c>bon 
bonds4  7,b7 ,collaboration ,! ,director
 %all c>ry out ! activities "u          
subp>agraph 7,a7 9 collaboration ) !    
,director ( ! ,national ,sci5ce         
,f\ndation4  7#ac7 ,g5etic model+ &     
tools  7,a7 ,9 g5]al ,! ,director %all  
c>ry out rese>*1 developm5t1 &          
demon/ration ( te*nologies to improve   
c>bon dioxide uptake1 conv]sion1 &      
product accumulation ?r\gh g5etic       
manipulation ( biological organisms =   
c>bon dioxide removal & utilization4    
7,b7 ,collaboration ,! ,director %all   
c>ry out ! activities "u subp>agraph    
7,a7 9 collaboration ) ! ,director ( !  
,national ,sci5ce ,f\ndation4  7#ad7    
,bioprospect+  7,a7 ,9 g5]al ,!         
,director %all c>ry out rese>*          
activities relat+ to developm5t ( tools 
& high-?r\ghput scre5+ = organisms )    

unique attributes relat+ to c>bon       
dioxide conv]sion4  7,b7 ,collaboration 
,! ,director %all c>ry out ! activities 
"u subp>agraph 7,a7 9 collaboration ) ! 
,adm9i/rator ( ! ,agricultural ,rese>*  
,s]vice4  7#ae7 ,o!r rese>* ,! ,director
 %all c>ry out o!r rese>* on c>bon      
dioxide removal1 z det]m9$ by !         
,secret>y4  7b7 ,coord9ation ,!         
,director %all c>ry out ?is section 9   
coord9ation ) ! ,assi/ant ,secret>y =   
,fossil ,en]gy & ,c>bon ,managem5t4  7c7
 ,au?orization ( appropriations ,!re are
 au?oriz$ to be appropriat$ to !        
,secret>y ( ,en]gy to c>ry out ?is      
section-- 7#a7 #cj1jjj1jjj = fiscal ye> 
#bjbd2  7#b7 #fe1jjj1jjj = fiscal ye>   
#bjbe2  7#c7 #gi1jjj1jjj = fiscal ye>   
#bjbf2  7#d7 #hc1jjj1jjj = fiscal ye>   
#bjbg2  7#e7 #hh1jjj1jjj = fiscal ye>   
#bjbh2  7#f7 #hd1jjj1jjj = fiscal ye>   
#bjbi2  7#g7 #ha1jjj1jjj = fiscal ye>   
#bjcj2  7#h7 #gj1jjj1jjj = fiscal ye>   
#bjca2  7#i7 #gj1jjj1jjj = fiscal ye>   
#bjcb2 &  7#aj7 #fg1jjj1jjj = fiscal ye>

 #bjcc4  #ajd4 ,dep>tm5t-wide           
consid]ations  7a7 ,lifecycle analyses  
,9 c>ry+ out rese>*1 developm5t1 &      
demon/ration "u ?is title1 ! ,secret>y (
 ,en]gy1 9 collaboration ) ! heads ( o!r
 appropriate ,f$]al ag5cies1 %all       
conduct full-sy/em lifecycle analyses ( 
emissions & o!r environm5tal impacts f  
c>bon dioxide removal te*nologies &     
me?ods4  7b7 ,environm5tal ju/ice       
analyses ,9 c>ry+ out rese>*1           
developm5t1 & demon/ration "u ?is title1
 ! ,secret>y ( ,en]gy %all conduct      
environm5tal ju/ice analyses ( c>bon    
dioxide removal te*nologies1 me?ods1 &  
sit+1 includ+ impacts on local &        
regional conv5tional air pollution4     
,,ii ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture  #bja4    
,def9itions ,9 ?is title3 7#a7 ,dep>tm5t
 ,! t]m ,dep>tm5t means ! ,dep>tm5t (   
,agriculture4  7#b7 ,l&-grant colleges &
 univ]sities  7,a7 ,9 g5]al ,! t]m      
l&-grant colleges & univ]sities has !   
mean+ giv5 ! t]m 9 section #adjd ( !    
,national ,agricultural ,rese>*1        

,ext5sion1 & ,tea*+ ,policy ,act ( #aigg
 7#g ,u4,s4,c4 #cajc74  7,b7 ,inclusion 
,! t]m l&-grant colleges & univ]sities  
includes a #aiid ,in/itution 7z def9$ 9 
section #ecb ( ! ,equity 9 ,educational 
,l&-,grant ,/atus ,act ( #aiid 7#g      
,u4,s4,c4 #cja note2 ,public ,law       
#ajc-chb774  7#c7 ,secret>y ,! t]m      
,secret>y means ! ,secret>y (           
,agriculture4  #bjb4 ,objectives &      
organization  7a7 ,dep>tm5tal mission ,!
 ,secret>y %all incorporate t]re/rial & 
biological c>bon dioxide removal mission
 responsibilities into ! ,/rategic ,plan
 ( ! ,dep>tm5t to complem5t ! food &    
fib] mission responsibilities ( !       
,dep>tm5t4  7b7 ,"u ,secret>y = ,rese>*1
 ,education1 & ,economics  7#a7 ,9 g5]al
 ,! ,"u ,secret>y = ,rese>*1 ,education1
 & ,economics 7ref]r$ to 9 ?is section z
 ! ,"u ,secret>y7 %all-- 7,a7 coord9ate 
all c>bon dioxide removal rese>*1       
developm5t1 & demon/ration activities )9
 ! ,dep>tm5t2 &  7,b7 9 c>ry+ out       
subp>agraph 7,a71 collaborate ) o!r     

s5ior ,dep>tm5t (ficials ) relat$       
responsibilities1 includ+ ! ,*ief       
,economi/4  7#b7 ,review & advise ,! ,"u
 ,secret>y %all-- 7,a7 review & advise !
 ,secret>y on all budget proposals      
relat+ to c>bon dioxide removal rese>*1 
developm5t1 & demon/ration "u ,dep>tm5t 
programs2 &  7,b7 provide ov]sight &    
evaluation ( c>bon dioxide removal      
rese>*1 developm5t1 & demon/ration      
initiatives & projects ( ! ,dep>tm5t4   
7#c7 ,rese>* /rategies ,9 c>ry+ out ?is 
subsection1 ! ,"u ,secret>y %all pursue 
rese>* /rategies t build on             
well-e/abli%$ agriculture rese>*        
infra/ructure to pursue c>bon dioxide   
removal rese>*1 developm5t1 &           
demon/ration objectives ?r\gh new rese>*
 models4  7#d7 ,rese>*1 developm5t1 &   
demon/ration programs ,! ,"u ,secret>y  
%all incorporate t]re/rial & biological 
c>bon dioxide removal rese>*1           
developm5t1 & demon/ration programs &   
projects-- 7,a7 across ! ,dep>tm5t1     
includ+ at-- 7i7 ! ,agricultural ,rese>*

 ,s]vice2  7ii7 ! ,=e/ ,s]vice2  7iii7 !
 ,natural ,res\rces ,cons]vation        
,s]vice2  7iv7 ! ,national ,in/itute (  
,food & ,agriculture2 &  7v7 o!r        
,dep>tm5t ag5cies & (fices2 &  7,b7 9   
rese>* portfolios ( l&-grant colleges & 
univ]sities4  7c7 ,dep>tm5t-,wide       
consid]ations  7#a7 ,objective ,9 c>ry+ 
out rese>*1 developm5t1 & demon/ration  
"u ?is title1 ! ,secret>y %all seek to  
advance c>bon dioxide removal approa*es 
t g5]ate net-negative emissions bas$ on 
full lifecycle analysis4  7#b7          
,consid]ations ,9 c>ry+ out ?is title1 !
 ,secret>y %all consid]1 9 addition to  
emissions describ$ 9 p>agraph 7#a71 !   
risk ( impacts on biodiv]sity & food    
security1 social impacts1 & su* o!r     
impacts z ! ,secret>y det]m9es to be    
appropriate4  7#c7 ,risk consid]ations  
,9 c>ry+ out ?is title1 ! ,secret>y     
%all-- 7,a7 conduct risk assessm5t (    
species cultivat$ or utiliz$ = t]re/rial
 & biological c>bon dioxide removal2 &  
7,b7 take all feasible & prud5t measures

 to m9imize risk ( economic1            
environm5tal1 & social h>m caus$ by     
invasive species4  7#d7 ,memor&um (     
und]/&+ ,! ,secret>y %all ent] into a   
memor&um ( und]/&+ ) ! ,secret>y (      
,en]gy to incorporate c>bon dioxide     
removal sci5tific objectives into-- 7,a7
 curr5t jo9t rese>* on g5omics & syn!tic
 biology2 &  7,b7 new & exp&$ jo9t      
rese>* initiatives betwe5 ! ,national   
,laboratories 7z def9$ 9 section #b ( ! 
,en]gy ,policy ,act ( #bjje 7#db        
,u4,s4,c4 #aehja77 & l&-grant colleges &
 univ]sities4  #bjc4 ,agriculture       
advanc$ rese>* & developm5t au?ority    
,section #adgc;,h ( ! ,national         
,agricultural ,rese>*1 ,ext5sion1 &     
,tea*+ ,policy ,act ( #aigg 7#g         
,u4,s4,c4 #ccaik7 is am5d$-- 7#a7 9     
subsection 7b77#b7-- 7,a7 9 subp>agraph 
7,c71 by /rik+ & at ! end2  7,b7 9      
subp>agraph 7,d71 by /rik+ ! p]iod at ! 
end & ins]t+ 2 &2 &  7,c7 by add+ at !  
end ! foll[+3  7,e7 to advance          
te*nologies & me?ods relat+ to t]re/rial

 & biological c>bon dioxide removal 7z  
def9$ 9 section #b ( ! ,c>bon ,dioxide  
,removal ,rese>* & ,developm5t ,act (   
#bjbc74  2 &  7#b7 9 subsection 7d71 by 
add+ at ! end ! foll[+3  7#d7           
,au?orization ( appropriations = c>bon  
dioxide removal activities ,9 addition  
to am\nts o!rwise made available "u ?is 
subsection1 !re are au?oriz$ to be      
appropriat$ to c>ry out subsection      
7b77#b77;,e71 #aj1jjj1jjj = ea* ( fiscal
 ye>s #bjbd ?r\gh #bjcc1 to rema9       
available until exp5d$4  4  #bjd4       
,national ,in/itute ( ,food &           
,agriculture  7a7 ,rese>*1 developm5t1 &
 demon/ration  7#a7 ,9 g5]al ,!         
,secret>y1 act+ ?r\gh ! ,national       
,in/itute ( ,food & ,agriculture1 %all  
c>ry out rese>*1 developm5t1 &          
demon/ration activities 9 ea* ( ! areas 
describ$ 9 ?is subsection4  7#b7        
,biomass supply1 logi/ics1 &            
pre-treatm5t  7,a7 ,9 g5]al ,! ,secret>y
 %all e/abli% #a or m te/ facilities =  
innovative approa*es = treat+ biomass = 

use 9 fuels & electricity g5]ation1     
includ+ model+ & analysis ( optimiz+    
biomass ga!r+1 upgrad+1 & supply4  7,b7 
,consid]ation2 priority ,9 c>ry+ out    
subp>agraph 7,a71 ! ,secret>y %all-- 7i7
 consid] facilities ) ! capability =    
small-scale & mobile applications2 &    
7ii7 prioritize wa/e fe$/ocks f manag$  
ecosy/ems1 urban areas1 & areas damag$  
by sev]e wea!r ev5ts4  7#c7 ,biomass    
conv]sion to fuels ) bio*> ,! ,secret>y 
%all-- 7,a7 rese>* pa?ways = ! conv]sion
 ( biomass to fuels ) bio*>1 includ+ fa/
 pyrolysis1 developm5t ( mobile process+
 units1 & pollution emissions control   
te*nology2 &  7,b7 conduct relevant     
assessm5ts ( ov]all c>bon dioxide       
removal pot5tial4  7#d7 ,o!r activities 
,! ,secret>y %all c>ry out o!r c>bon    
dioxide removal rese>*1 developm5t1 &   
demon/ration activities1 z det]m9$ by ! 
,secret>y4  7b7 ,collaboration ,9 c>ry+ 
out ! activities "u subsection 7a71 !   
,secret>y %all collaborate ) ! ,assi/ant
 ,secret>y = ,en]gy ,effici5cy &        

,r5ewable ,en]gy4  7c7 ,consid]ation ,9 
c>ry+ out rese>*1 developm5t1 &         
demon/ration on biomass z a fe$/ock1 !  
,secret>y %all consid]-- 7#a7 !         
emissions impacts ( biomass h>ve/ &     
process+2  7#b7 un9t5d$ di/urbances to  
ecosy/em c>bon /ocks2  7#c7 indirect    
l&-use *ange2  7#d7 alt]native fates (  
biomass us$2 &  7#e7 ! social impacts ( 
any air pollutants4  7d7 ,au?orization (
 appropriations ,!re are au?oriz$ to be 
appropriat$ to ! ,secret>y to c>ry out  
?is section-- 7#a7 #f1jjj1jjj = fiscal  
ye> #bjbd2  7#b7 #ae1jjj1jjj = fiscal   
ye> #bjbe2  7#c7 #be1jjj1jjj = fiscal   
ye> #bjbf2  7#d7 #cj1jjj1jjj = ea* (    
fiscal ye>s #bjbg ?r\gh #bjcj2  7#e7    
#be1jjj1jjj = fiscal ye> #bjca2  7#f7   
#ah1jjj1jjj = fiscal ye> #bjcb2 &  7#g7 
#ae1jjj1jjj = fiscal ye> #bjcc4  #bje4  
,agricultural ,rese>* ,s]vice  7a7      
,rese>*1 developm5t1 & demon/ration     
7#a7 ,9 g5]al ,! ,secret>y1 act+ ?r\gh !
 ,agricultural ,rese>* ,s]vice1 %all    
c>ry out rese>*1 developm5t1 &          

demon/ration activities 9 ea* ( ! areas 
describ$ 9 ?is subsection4  7#b7 ,soil  
c>bon  7,a7 ,9 g5]al ,! ,secret>y %all  
c>ry out fundam5tal rese>* on           
plant-root-fungi int]actions1 deep      
inv]sion ( soils1 & o!r topics ) !      
pot5tial to advance c>bon dioxide       
removal4  7,b7 ,collaboration ,!        
,secret>y %all c>ry out ! activities "u 
subp>agraph 7,a7 9 collaboration )-- 7i7
 ! ,director ( ! ,(fice ( ,sci5ce ( !   
,dep>tm5t ( ,en]gy2 &  7ii7 ! ,director 
( ! ,national ,sci5ce ,f\ndation4  7#c7 
,high-c>bon-input crop ph5otypes  7,a7  
,9 g5]al ,! ,secret>y %all c>ry out     
developm5t ( advanc$ cultiv>s & =e/ry   
crops ) enhanc$ c>bon uptake & ret5tion4
  7,b7 ,collaboration ,! ,secret>y %all 
c>ry out ! activities "u subp>agraph    
7,a7 9 collaboration ) ! ,*ief ( ! ,=e/ 
,s]vice4  7#d7 ,cultivation sy/em       
optimization  7,a7 ,9 g5]al ,! ,secret>y
 %all c>ry out rese>* on regionally     
specific be/ practices = soil heal? &   
c>bon ret5tion at n few] ?an #aj sites1 

includ+ at lea/ #a site 9 a tropical    
region4  7,b7 ,consid]ation ,! ,secret>y
 %all consid] co-locat+ sites describ$ 9
 subp>agraph 7,a7 ) sites us$ by !      
,national ,res\rce ,inv5tory ( !        
,natural ,res\rces ,cons]vation ,s]vice1
 ! ,long ,t]m ,ecological ,rese>*       
,network1 ! ,national ,ecological       
,obs]vatory ,network1 & ! ,=e/ ,inv5tory
 & ,analysis ,program4  7#e7 ,agr(ore/ry
 ,! ,secret>y %all c>ry out rese>* on   
integrat+ regionally appropriate trees &
 %rubs into crop & animal f>m+ sy/ems z 
a c>bon dioxide removal practice at no  
few] ?an #e geographically div]se te/   
sites4  7#f7 ,p]5nial plants & m>g9al   
l&s ,! ,secret>y %all c>ry out rese>*   
into ! use ( p]5nial plants = c>bon     
dioxide removal1 includ+ rese>* on--    
7,a7 g5etic traits2  7,b7 improv$ soil  
c>bon seque/ration model+2  7,c7        
p]5nialization ( useful annual crops2 & 
7,d7 great] use on m>g9al l&4  7#g7     
,soil am5dm5ts impact /udies ,!         
,secret>y %all c>ry out rese>* & field  

/udies on ! longevity & impact ( soil   
am5dm5ts1 su* z bio*> & reactive m9]als1
 on productivity1 soil c>bon ret5tion1  
nutri5t & wat] use1 alb$o1 & o!r        
factors4  7#h7 ,measurem5t1 model+1 &   
pr$ictive tool developm5t  7,a7 ,9 g5]al
 ,! ,secret>y %all c>ry out rese>* to   
improve exi/+ c>bon seque/ration        
measurem5t & model+ tools & ! developm5t
 ( simulation-bas$ tools to pr$ict &    
quantify soil c>bon seque/ration4  7,b7 
,collaboration ,! ,secret>y %all c>ry   
out ! activities "u subp>agraph 7,a7 9  
collaboration ) ! ,director ( !         
,national ,sci5ce ,f\ndation4  7#i7     
,climate hubs  7,a7 ,9 g5]al ,!         
,secret>y %all c>ry out activities      
relat+ to increas+ ! capacity (         
,dep>tm5t climate hubs & o!r rese>*     
units to deliv] climate- & c>bon dioxide
 removal-relat$ sci5ce & tools to f>m]s1
 ran*]s1 & =e/ plann]s & manag]s4  7,b7 
,collaboration ,! ,secret>y %all c>ry   
out ! activities "u subp>agraph 7,a7 9  
collaboration ) ! ,*ief ( ! ,=e/        

,s]vice4  7#aj7 ,bioprospect+  7,a7 ,9  
g5]al ,! ,secret>y %all c>ry out        
activities relat+ to ! developm5t (     
tools & high-?r\ghput scre5+ = organisms
 ) unique attributes relat+ to c>bon    
dioxide conv]sion4  7,b7 ,collaboration 
,! ,secret>y %all c>ry out ! activities 
"u subp>agraph 7,a7 9 collaboration ) ! 
,director ( ! ,(fice ( ,sci5ce ( !      
,dep>tm5t ( ,en]gy4  7#aa7 ,new mat]ials
 developm5t & applications  7,a7 ,9     
g5]al ,! ,secret>y %all c>ry out        
activities relat+ to developm5t ( new   
c>bon dioxide utilization products4     
7,b7 ,collaboration ,! ,secret>y %all   
c>ry out ! activities "u subp>agraph    
7,a7 9 collaboration ) ! ,assi/ant      
,secret>y = ,(fice ( ,en]gy ,effici5cy &
 ,r5ewable ,en]gy ( ! ,dep>tm5t (       
,en]gy4  7#ab7 ,o!r activities ,!       
,secret>y %all c>ry out o!r c>bon       
dioxide removal rese>*1 developm5t1 &   
demon/ration activities1 z det]m9$ by ! 
,secret>y4  7b7 ,au?orization (         
appropriations ,!re are au?oriz$ to be  

appropriat$ to ! ,secret>y to c>ry out  
?is section-- 7#a7 #de1jjj1jjj = fiscal 
ye> #bjbd2  7#b7 #eb1jjj1jjj = fiscal   
ye> #bjbe2  7#c7 #fa1jjj1jjj = fiscal   
ye> #bjbf2  7#d7 #gb1jjj1jjj = ea* (    
fiscal ye>s #bjbg & #bjbh2 &  7#e7      
#fh1jjj1jjj = ea* ( fiscal ye>s #bjbi   
?r\gh #bjcc4  #bjf4 ,natural ,res\rces  
,cons]vation ,s]vice  7a7 ,rese>*1      
developm5t1 & demon/ration  7#a7 ,9     
g5]al ,! ,secret>y1 act+ ?r\gh !        
,natural ,res\rces ,cons]vation ,s]vice1
 %all c>ry out rese>*1 developm5t1 &    
demon/ration activities 9 ea* ( ! areas 
describ$ 9 ?is subsection4  7#b7        
,enhanc$ soil monitor+  7,a7 ,9 g5]al ,!
 ,secret>y %all c>ry out revisions to ! 
,national ,res\rces ,inv5tory sy/em ( ! 
,national ,res\rces ,cons]vation        
,s]vice-- 7i7 to include measur+        
gre5h\se gasses1 includ+ c>bon /ocks &  
fluxes2  7ii7 to include additional     
sites2 &  7iii7 to exp& remote s5s+ to  
increase frequ5cy & geospatial          
resolution4  7,b7 ,collaboration ,!     

,secret>y %all c>ry out ! activities "u 
subp>agraph 7,a7 9 collaboration ) !    
,adm9i/rator ( ! ,national ,a]onautics &
 ,space ,adm9i/ration4  7#c7            
,cons]vation practices data collection  
,! ,secret>y %all c>ry out revisions to 
! ,cons]vation ,effects ,assessm5t      
,project ( ! ,natural ,res\rces         
,cons]vation ,s]vice to collect m       
frequ5t & robu/ data on h[ cons]vation  
practices impact gre5h\se gas fluxes4   
7#d7 ,ext5sion ( agricultural c>bon     
seque/ration practices ,! ,secret>y %all
 c>ry out-- 7,a7 projects to id5tify    
b>ri]s to adoption ( agricultural c>bon 
seque/ration te*nologies2 &  7,b7       
ext5sion ( tools & practices1 & rese>*  
to promote uptake us+ exi/+ cons]vation 
programs ( ! ,dep>tm5t4  7#e7 ,social   
sci5ce rese>*  7,a7 ,9 g5]al ,!         
,secret>y %all c>ry out social sci5ce   
rese>* on uptake ( agricultural c>bon   
seque/ration te*nologies & practices to 
in=m outrea*4  7,b7 ,consultation ,!    
,secret>y %all c>ry out ! activities "u 

subp>agraph 7,a7 9 consultation ) !     
,adm9i/rator ( ! ,economic ,rese>*      
,s]vice4  7#f7 ,o!r activities ,!       
,secret>y %all c>ry out o!r c>bon       
dioxide removal rese>*1 developm5t1 &   
demon/ration activities1 z det]m9$ by ! 
,secret>y4  7b7 ,au?orization (         
appropriations ,!re are au?oriz$ to be  
appropriat$ to ! ,secret>y to c>ry out  
?is section-- 7#a7 #f1jjj1jjj = ea* (   
fiscal ye>s #bjbd ?r\gh #bjbf2  7#b7    
#aj1jjj1jjj = ea* ( fiscal ye>s #bjbg & 
#bjbh2 &  7#c7 #f1jjj1jjj = ea* ( fiscal
 ye>s #bjbi ?r\gh #bjcc4  #bjg4 ,=e/    
,s]vice  7a7 ,rese>*1 developm5t1 &     
demon/ration  7#a7 ,9 g5]al ,!          
,secret>y1 act+ ?r\gh ! ,*ief ( ! ,=e/  
,s]vice1 %all c>ry out rese>*1          
developm5t1 & demon/ration activities 9 
at ea* ( ! areas describ$ 9 ?is         
subsection4  7#b7 ,enhanc$ =e/ /ock     
monitor+  7,a7 ,9 g5]al ,! ,secret>y    
%all c>ry out activities relat+ to      
improv+-- 7i7 capacity ( ! ,=e/         
,inv5tory & ,analysis program to monitor

 =e/ c>bon1 includ+ ?r\gh remote s5s+ to
 increase frequ5cy & geospatial         
resolution2 &  7ii7 =e/ c>bon measurem5t
 & monitor+ te*nologies1 includ+        
satellite & remote s5s+ te*nologies4    
7,b7 ,collaboration ,! ,secret>y %all   
c>ry out ! activities "u subp>agraph    
7,a7 9 collaboration ) ! ,adm9i/rator ( 
! ,national ,a]onautics & ,space        
,adm9i/ration4  7#c7 ,integrat$         
assessm5t model & grassl&s & =e/ impacts
 model+  7,a7 ,9 g5]al ,! ,secret>y %all
 c>ry out activities relat+ to te*nical1
 economic1 & social model+ ( impacts on 
l& use f avoid$ conv]sion ( grassl&s &  
=e/s1 re=e/ation1 cons]vation1          
af=e/ation1 & =e/ managem5t *anges4     
7,b7 ,collaboration ,! ,secret>y %all   
c>ry out ! activities "u subp>agraph    
7,a7 9 collaboration ) ! ,director ( !  
,national ,sci5ce ,f\ndation4  7#d7 ,=e/
 c>bon managem5t demon/ration  7,a7 ,9  
g5]al ,! ,secret>y %all c>ry out        
activities1 at n few] ?an #e            
geographically div]se sites1 relat+ to  

conduct+ l>ge-scale field exp]im5ts (   
be/ practices = =e/ managem5t &         
re/oration t optimize c>bon dioxide     
removal :ile ma9ta9+ & enhanc+          
ecosy/ems4  7,b7 ,collaboration ,!      
,secret>y %all c>ry out ! activities "u 
subp>agraph 7,a7 9 collaboration ) !    
,assi/ant ,adm9i/rator = ,rese>* &      
,developm5t ( ! ,environm5tal           
,protection ,ag5cy4  7#e7 ,climate      
resili5ce ,! ,secret>y %all c>ry out    
rese>* & field exp]im5ts on enhancem5ts 
to =e/ managem5t practices = c>bon      
dioxide removal to reflect em]g+ ne$s   
due to ! impact ( climate *ange on =e/s 
ov] "t4  7#f7 ,pres]vation ( h>ve/$ wood
  7,a7 ,9 g5]al ,! ,secret>y %all c>ry  
out activities relat+ to ! design &     
demon/ration ( l&fills = woody biomass  
disposal & c>bon /orage4  7,b7          
,collaboration ,! ,secret>y %all c>ry   
out ! activities "u subp>agraph 7,a7 9  
collaboration ) ! ,assi/ant ,adm9i/rator
 = ,rese>* & ,developm5t ( !            
,environm5tal ,protection ,ag5cy4  7#g7 

,social sci5ce rese>* & ext5sion ,!     
,secret>y %all c>ry out social sci5ce   
rese>* & ext5sion programs to promote   
uptake ( =e/ managem5t c>bon            
seque/ration te*nologies & practices4   
7#h7 ,climate hubs  7,a7 ,9 g5]al ,!    
,secret>y %all c>ry out activities to   
increase ! capacity ( ,dep>tm5t climate 
hubs & o!r rese>* units to deliv]       
climate & c>bon dioxide removal-relat$  
sci5ce & tools to =e/ plann]s & manag]s4
  7,b7 ,collaboration ,! ,secret>y %all 
c>ry out ! activities "u subp>agraph    
7,a7 9 collaboration ) ! ,adm9i/rator ( 
! ,agricultural ,rese>* ,s]vice4  7#i7  
,o!r activities ,! ,secret>y %all c>ry  
out o!r c>bon dioxide removal rese>*1   
developm5t1 & demon/ration activities1 z
 det]m9$ by ! ,secret>y4  7b7           
,au?orization ( appropriations ,!re are 
au?oriz$ to be appropriat$ to !         
,secret>y to c>ry out ?is section-- 7#a7
 #bd1jjj1jjj = ea* ( fiscal ye>s #bjbd  
?r\gh #bjbf2  7#b7 #af1jjj1jjj = ea* (  
fiscal ye>s #bjbg & #bjbh2 &  7#c7      

#aj1jjj1jjj = ea* ( fiscal ye>s #bjbi   
?r\gh #bjcc4  ,,iii ,dep>tm5t ( ,comm]ce
  #cja4 ,national ,oceanic & ,atmosph]ic
 ,adm9i/ration  7a7 ,def9ition ( ,"u    
,secret>y ,9 ?is section1 ! t]m ,"u     
,secret>y means ! ,"u ,secret>y (       
,comm]ce = ,oceans & ,atmosph]e4  7b7   
,/rategic mission objective ,! ,secret>y
 ( ,comm]ce %all incorporate c>bon      
dioxide removal sci5tific objectives    
into ! mission responsibilities ( !     
,national ,oceanic & ,atmosph]ic        
,adm9i/ration = oceans & coa/al area    
programs4  7c7 ,rese>* objectives &     
consid]ations  7#a7 ,objectives ,9 c>ry+
 out rese>*1 developm5t1 & demon/ration 
"u ?is section1 ! ,"u ,secret>y %all    
seek to develop a bett] und]/&+ ( !     
efficacy & impacts ( c>bon dioxide      
removal approa*es 9 coa/al areas & !    
ocean to help det]m9e :i* c\ld be       
feasible = l>g] scale deploym5t4  7#b7  
,consid]ations ,9 c>ry+ out rese>*1     
developm5t1 & demon/ration "u ?is       
section1 ! ,"u ,secret>y %all con=m to  

national & int]national gov]nance       
frameworks & employ /r+5t monitor+ to   
und]/& & m9imize negative ecosy/em &    
social impacts & maximize co-b5efits =  
communities & m>9e ecosy/ems4  7d7 ,lead
 (fice  7#a7 ,climate program (fice ,!  
,climate ,program ,(fice ( ! ,national  
,oceanic & ,atmosph]ic ,adm9i/ration    
7ref]r$ to 9 ?is subsection z ! ,(fice7 
%all s]ve z ! focal po9t = coord9ation &
 in=mation dissem9ation on c>bon dioxide
 removal activities across ! ,national  
,oceanic & ,atmosph]ic ,adm9i/ration1 ) 
an emphasis on te*nological approa*es4  
7#b7 ,responsibilities ,! ,(fice %all-- 
7,a7 coord9ate all ,national ,oceanic & 
,atmosph]ic ,adm9i/ration c>bon dioxide 
removal rese>*1 developm5t1 &           
demon/ration on te*nologically enhanc$  
coa/al & ocean c>bon capture1 conv]sion1
 & /orage2  7,b7 support ! developm5t & 
application ( te*nologically enhanc$    
me?ods ( coa/al & ocean c>bon dioxide   
removal consi/5t ) ! rese>* objectives &
 consid]ations describ$ 9 subsection    

7c72 &  7,c7 ensure effective           
utilization ( ! ocean rese>* assets ( ! 
,adm9i/ration1 ! ,national ,sci5ce      
,f\ndation1 & ! ,coa/ ,gu>d 9 implem5t+ 
c>bon dioxide removal rese>* projects4  
7#c7 ,integration ,! ,director ( !      
,(fice %all-- 7,a7 coord9ate exi/+ ocean
 acidification monitor+ & data          
collection programs 9 exi/5ce z ( ! date
 ( enactm5t ( ?is ,act ) ! c>bon dioxide
 removal rese>* portfolio ( ! ,national 
,oceanic & ,atmosph]ic ,adm9i/ration2 & 
7,b7 modify exi/+ ocean acidification   
program plans to incorporate c>bon      
dioxide removal rese>* objectives4  7e7 
,rese>*1 developm5t1 & demon/ration     
7#a7 ,9 g5]al ,! ,"u ,secret>y %all c>ry
 out rese>*1 developm5t1 & demon/ration 
activities 9 ea* ( ! areas describ$ 9   
?is subsection4  7#b7 ,coa/al m>9e c>bon
 fundam5tal rese>*  7,a7 ,9 g5]al ,! ,"u
 ,secret>y %all c>ry out fundam5tal     
rese>* ( coa/al ecosy/em c>bon dioxide  
seque/ration4  7,b7 ,collaboration ,!   
,"u ,secret>y %all c>ry out ! activities

 describ$ 9 subp>agraph 7,a7 9          
collaboration ) ! ,director ( !         
,national ,sci5ce ,f\ndation4  7#c7     
,coa/al res\rce assessm5t  7,a7 ,9 g5]al
 ,! ,"u ,secret>y %all c>ry out mapp+ & 
evaluation ( coa/al m>9e ecosy/ems =    
c>bon dioxide removal pot5tial4  7,b7   
,collaboration ,! ,"u ,secret>y %all    
c>ry out ! activities describ$ 9        
subp>agraph 7,a7 9 collaboration ) !    
,adm9i/rator ( ! ,national ,a]onautics &
 ,space ,adm9i/ration4  7#d7 ,coa/al    
m>9e c>bon regional field trials  7,a7  
,9 g5]al ,! ,"u ,secret>y %all c>ry out 
monitor$ field trials ( coa/al wetl&s   
re/oration optimiz$ = c>bon dioxide     
removal4  7,b7 ,coord9ation ,! ,"u      
,secret>y %all c>ry out ! activities    
describ$ 9 subp>agraph 7,a7 9           
coord9ation ) ! grant program "u section
 #ijf ( ! ,national ,oceans & ,coa/al   
,security ,act 7#af ,u4,s4,c4 #geje7 & !
 ,ecosy/em ,managem5t & ,re/oration     
,rese>* ,program ( ! ,corps ( ,eng9e]s4 
7#e7 ,national ,coa/al ,wetl& ,data     

,c5t] ,! ,"u ,secret>y %all integrate   
data on coa/al ecosy/em c>bon dioxide   
removal rese>* into ! ,digital ,coa/    
program e/abli%$ "u section #d7;a7 ( !  
,digital ,coa/ ,act 7#af ,u4,s4,c4      
#adfg7;a774  7#f7 ,ocean model+ ,! ,"u  
,secret>y %all conduct rese>* & model+  
on ! effect ( ocean circulation on c>bon
 dioxide uptake f ! atmosph]e 9 response
 to int5tional c>bon dioxide removal f !
 ocean4  7#g7 ,aquatic biomass          
cultivation  7,a7 ,9 g5]al ,! ,"u       
,secret>y %all rese>* managem5t be/     
practices & ph5otype selection = & use (
 aquatic macroalgae biomass production  
optimiz$ = c>bon dioxide removal1       
includ+ limit$-scale exp]im5ts at sea1  
design$ & monitor$ to avoid impacts     
beyond ! zone ( ! exp]im5t4  7,b7       
,collaboration ,! ,"u ,secret>y %all    
c>ry out ! activities describ$ 9        
subp>agraph 7,a7 9 collaboration ) !    
,assi/ant ,secret>y = ,en]gy ,effici5cy 
& ,r5ewable ,en]gy ( ! ,dep>tm5t (      
,en]gy4  7,c7 ,risk consid]ations ,! ,"u

 ,secret>y %all take all feasible &     
prud5t measures to m9imize risk (       
economic1 environm5tal1 & social h>m    
caus$ by invasive species4  7#h7 ,appli$
 alkal9ity modification te*niques  7,a7 
,9 g5]al ,! ,"u ,secret>y %all conduct  
limit$-scale exp]im5ts on alkal9ity     
enhancem5t te*niques at sea1 design$ &  
monitor$ to avoid impacts beyond ! zone 
( ! exp]im5t4  7,b7 ,collaboration ,!   
,"u ,secret>y %all c>ry out ! activities
 describ$ 9 subp>agraph 7,a7 9          
collaboration ) ! ,director ( !         
,national ,sci5ce ,f\ndation4  7#i7     
,seawat] c>bon extraction ,! ,"u        
,secret>y %all conduct rese>* & model+  
on electro*emical seawat] extraction1   
includ+ process design & locations =    
m9imiz+ res\rce requirem5ts1 d[n/ream   
*emical & biological impacts1 & /orage  
or utilization me?ods4  7#aj7 ,ocean    
f]tilization fundam5tal rese>*  7,a7 ,9 
g5]al ,! ,"u ,secret>y %all conduct     
fundam5tal rese>* & model+ on ! impacts 
& effectiv5ess ( ocean iron f]tilization

 & nitrog5 & phosphor\s f]tilization    
rese>*4  7,b7 ,collaboration ,! ,"u     
,secret>y %all c>ry out ! activities    
describ$ 9 subp>agraph 7,a7 9           
collaboration ) ! ,director ( !         
,national ,sci5ce ,f\ndation & !        
,director ( ! ,(fice ( ,sci5ce ( !      
,dep>tm5t ( ,en]gy4  7#aa7 ,artificial  
ocean macronutri5t f]tilization  7,a7 ,9
 g5]al ,! ,"u ,secret>y %all conduct    
limit$-scale exp]im5ts on ocean         
macronutri5t f]tilization1 design$ &    
monitor$ to avoid impacts beyond ! zone 
( ! exp]im5t & )9 int]nationally        
recogniz$ frameworks4  7,b7             
,collaboration ,! ,"u ,secret>y %all    
c>ry out ! activities describ$ 9        
subp>agraph 7,a7 9 collaboration ) !    
,director ( ! ,national ,sci5ce         
,f\ndation4  7#ab7 ,upwell+ & d[nwell+  
,! ,"u ,secret>y %all conduct rese>* on 
! impact & effectiv5ess ( upwell+ &     
d[nwell+ z a c>bon dioxide removal      
approa*4  7#ac7 ,c>bon dioxide impacts &
 fate 9 oceans  7,a7 ,9 g5]al ,! ,"u    

,secret>y %all conduct monitor+1 rese>*1
 model+1 & small-scale field trials on  
ecological & social impacts ( coa/al &  
deep ocean c>bon dioxide removal        
te*niques4  7,b7 ,collaboration ,! ,"u  
,secret>y %all c>ry out ! activities    
describ$ 9 subp>agraph 7,a7 9           
collaboration ) ! ,director ( ! ,(fice (
 ,sci5ce ( ! ,dep>tm5t ( ,en]gy4  7#ad7 
,enhanc$ monitor+ ,! ,"u ,secret>y %all 
conduct enhanc$ ocean1 coa/al1 &        
atmosph]ic monitor+1 quantification1 &  
v]ification ( c>bon dioxide removal4    
7#ae7 ,o!r activities ,! ,"u ,secret>y  
%all conduct o!r c>bon dioxide removal  
rese>*1 developm5t1 & demon/ration      
activities1 z det]m9$ by ! ,"u          
,secret>y4  7f7 ,input ,9 c>ry+ out !   
activities "u subsection 7e71 ! ,"u     
,secret>y %all receive input f !        
,director ( ! ,(fice4  7g7 ,au?orization
 ( appropriations ,!re are au?oriz$ to  
be appropriat$ to ! ,"u ,secret>y to    
c>ry out subsection 7d7-- 7#a7          
#be1jjj1jjj = fiscal ye> #bjbd2  7#b7   

#ej1jjj1jjj = fiscal ye> #bjbe2  7#c7   
#ajj1jjj1jjj = fiscal ye> #bjbf2  7#d7  
#abd1jjj1jjj = fiscal ye> #bjbg2  7#e7  
#adh1jjj1jjj = fiscal ye> #bjbh2  7#f7  
#aej1jjj1jjj = fiscal ye> #bjbi2  7#g7  
#ach1jjj1jjj = fiscal ye> #bjcj2  7#h7  
#abf1jjj1jjj = fiscal ye> #bjca2  7#i7  
#aag1jjj1jjj = fiscal ye> #bjcb2 &      
7#aj7 #aje1jjj1jjj = fiscal ye> #bjcc4  
7h7 ,int]national coord9ation ,9 c>ry+  
out ?is section1 ! ,"u ,secret>y1 act+  
?r\gh ! ,director ( ! ,(fice1 %all--    
7#a7 coord9ate ) ! ,secret>y ( ,/ate &  
appropriate int]national entities2  7#b7
 ensure compliance ) all curr5t         
int]national agreem5ts1 includ+ volunt>y
 compliance agreem5ts :]e ! ,unit$      
,/ates is n an (ficial signatory2 &     
7#c7 to ! ext5t practicable1 seek jo9t  
sponsor%ip = exp]im5ts4  #cjb4 ,national
 ,in/itute ( ,/&>ds & ,te*nology  7a7   
,rese>*1 developm5t1 & demon/ration     
7#a7 ,9 g5]al ,! ,secret>y ( ,comm]ce1  
act+ ?r\gh ! ,director ( ! ,national    
,in/itute ( ,/&>ds & ,te*nology 7ref]r$ 

to 9 ?is section z ! ,director71 %all   
c>ry out rese>*1 developm5t1 &          
demon/ration activities 9 ea* ( ! areas 
describ$ 9 ?is subsection4  7#b7        
,mat]ials te/+ & /&>ds ,! ,director %all
 develop /&>d ref]5ce mat]ials & /&>d   
te/+ proc$ures = te*nologies & processes
 relat$ to c>bon dioxide removal4  7#c7 
,con/ruction mat]ials  7,a7 ,9 g5]al ,! 
,director %all develop1 te/1 & e/abli%  
/&>ds = c>bonate or c>bon-seque/]+      
mat]ials = con/ruction m>kets4  7,b7    
,collaboration ,! ,director %all c>ry   
out ! activities describ$ 9 subp>agraph 
7,a7 9 collaboration ) ! ,assi/ant      
,secret>y = ,en]gy ,effici5cy &         
,r5ewable ,en]gy ( ! ,dep>tm5t ( ,en]gy4
  7#d7 ,o!r activities ,! ,director %all
 conduct o!r c>bon dioxide removal      
rese>*1 developm5t1 & demon/ration      
activities1 z det]m9$ by ! ,director ( !
 ,national ,in/itute ( ,/&>ds &         
,te*nology4  7b7 ,au?orization (        
appropriations ,!re are au?oriz$ to be  
appropriat$ to ! ,director ( ! ,national

 ,in/itute ( ,/&>ds & ,te*nology to c>ry
 out ?is section-- 7#a7 #d1jjj1jjj = ea*
 ( fiscal ye>s #bjbd ?r\gh #bjbf2  7#b7 
#g1jjj1jjj = ea* ( fiscal ye>s #bjbg    
?r\gh #bjbi2  7#c7 #b1jjj1jjj = ea* (   
fiscal ye>s #bjcj ?r\gh #bjcb2 &  7#d7  
#a1jjj1jjj = fiscal ye> #bjcc4  ,,iv    
,dep>tm5t ( ,def5se  #dja4 ,corps (     
,eng9e]s  7a7 ,rese>*1 developm5t1 &    
demon/ration  7#a7 ,9 g5]al ,! ,secret>y
 ( ,def5se1 act+ ?r\gh ! ,*ief (        
,eng9e]s1 %all c>ry out rese>*1         
developm5t1 & demon/ration activities 9 
ea* ( ! areas describ$ 9 ?is subsection4
  7#b7 ,coa/al m>9e c>bon regional field
 trials  7,a7 ,9 g5]al ,! ,secret>y (   
,def5se1 act+ ?r\gh ! ,*ief ( ,eng9e]s1 
%all c>ry out monitor$ field trials (   
coa/al wetl&s re/oration optimiz$ =     
c>bon dioxide removal4  7,b7            
,coord9ation ,! ,secret>y ( ,def5se1    
act+ ?r\gh ! ,*ief ( ,eng9e]s1 %all c>ry
 out ! activities describ$ 9 subp>agraph
 7,a7 9 coord9ation ) ! grant program "u
 section #ijf ( ! ,national ,oceans &   

,coa/al ,security ,act 7#af ,u4,s4,c4   
#geje7 & ! ,coa/al ,resili5ce ,grants   
,program ( ! ,national ,oceanic &       
,atmosph]ic ,adm9i/ration4  7#c7 ,o!r   
activities ,! ,secret>y ( ,def5se1 act+ 
?r\gh ! ,*ief ( ,eng9e]s1 %all conduct  
o!r c>bon dioxide removal rese>*1       
developm5t1 & demon/ration activities1 z
 det]m9$ by ! ,secret>y ( ,def5se4  7b7 
,au?orization ( appropriations ,!re are 
au?oriz$ to be appropriat$ to !         
,secret>y ( ,def5se to c>ry out ?is     
section-- 7#a7 #bd1jjj1jjj = fiscal ye> 
#bjbd2  7#b7 #de1jjj1jjj = ea* ( fiscal 
ye>s #bjbe ?r\gh #bjbg2  7#c7           
#ec1jjj1jjj = ea* ( fiscal ye>s #bjbh   
?r\gh #bjcj2 &  7#d7 #be1jjj1jjj = ea* (
 fiscal ye>s #bjca ?r\gh #bjcc4  ,v     
,dep>tm5t ( ! ,int]ior  #eja4 ,unit$    
,/ates ,geological ,survey  7a7 ,rese>*1
 developm5t1 & demon/ration  7#a7 ,9    
g5]al ,! ,secret>y ( ! ,int]ior1 act+   
?r\gh ! ,director ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates     
,geological ,survey 7ref]r$ to 9 ?is    
section z ! ,director71 %all c>ry out   

rese>*1 developm5t1 & demon/ration      
activities 9 ea* ( ! areas describ$ 9   
?is subsection4  7#b7 ,res\rce          
assessm5ts  7,a7 ,9 g5]al ,! ,director  
%all-- 7i7 c>ry out mapp+ & te*nical &  
economic assessm5ts ( geological        
res\rces1 m9e tail+s1 & o!r alkal9e     
indu/rial wa/es = m9]alization2 &  7ii7 
e/abli% ( a public database ( results ( 
! mapp+ & assessm5ts c>ri$ out "u clause
 7i74  7,b7 ,collaboration ,! ,director 
%all c>ry out ! activities describ$ 9   
subp>agraph 7,a7 9 collaboration ) !    
,assi/ant ,secret>y = ,fossil ,en]gy &  
,c>bon ,managem5t ( ! ,dep>tm5t (       
,en]gy4  7#c7 ,tail+s & wa/e            
m9]alization  7,a7 ,9 g5]al ,! ,director
 %all c>ry out field exp]im5ts on       
c>bon-seque/]+ wa/e mat]ials1 includ+   
m9e tail+s & indu/rial wa/es4  7,b7     
,collaboration ,! ,director %all c>ry   
out ! activities describ$ 9 subp>agraph 
7,a7 9 collaboration )-- 7i7 ! ,assi/ant
 ,secret>y = ( ,fossil ,en]gy & ,c>bon  
,managem5t ( ! ,dep>tm5t ( ,en]gy2  7ii7

 ! ,assi/ant ,adm9i/rator = ( ,rese>* & 
,developm5t ( ! ,environm5tal           
,protection ,ag5cy2 &  7iii7 ! director 
( ! ,bureau ( ,l& ,managem5t4  7#d7     
,environm5tal impacts ( m9]alization    
mat]ials  7,a7 ,9 g5]al ,! ,director    
%all c>ry out rese>* on ! environm5tal  
impacts ( broadca/+ mat]ials1 includ+   
di/urb+ piles ( m9e tail+s4  7,b7       
,collaboration ,! ,director %all c>ry   
out ! activities describ$ 9 subp>agraph 
7,a7 9 collaboration )-- 7i7 ! ,assi/ant
 ,secret>y = ,fossil ,en]gy & ,c>bon    
,managem5t ( ! ,dep>tm5t ( ,en]gy2 &    
7ii7 ! ,assi/ant ,adm9i/rator = ,rese>* 
& ,developm5t ( ! ,environm5tal         
,protection ,ag5cy4  7#e7 ,environm5tal 
& social impacts ( exp&$ m9+ =          
m9]alization  7,a7 ,9 g5]al ,! ,director
 %all c>ry out rese>* on ! environm5tal 
& social impacts ( exp&$ m9+ activities 
= ! purpose ( m9]alization1 includ+ !   
net c>bon impact ( ^? activities4  7,b7 
,collaboration ,! ,director %all c>ry   
out ! activities describ$ 9 subp>agraph 

7,a7 9 collaboration )-- 7i7 ! ,director
 ( ! ,national ,sci5ce ,f\ndation2  7ii7
 ! ,assi/ant ,secret>y = ,fossil ,en]gy 
& ,c>bon ,managem5t ( ! ,dep>tm5t (     
,en]gy2 &  7iii7 ! ,assi/ant            
,adm9i/rator = ,rese>* & ,developm5t ( !
 ,environm5tal ,protection ,ag5cy4  7#f7
 ,new m9]alization pa?ways  7,a7 ,9     
g5]al ,! ,director %all c>ry out        
developm5t ( new1 l[-emissions s\rces ( 
alkal9ity = c>bon m9]alization & new    
m9]alization processes1 su* z loop+ &   
direct air capture hybrids4  7,b7       
,collaboration ,! ,director %all c>ry   
out ! activities describ$ 9 subp>agraph 
7,a7 9 collaboration ) ! ,assi/ant      
,secret>y = ,en]gy ,effici5cy &         
,r5ewable ,en]gy ( ! ,dep>tm5t ( ,en]gy4
  7#g7 ,regional p>tn]%ips  7,a7 ,9     
g5]al ,! ,director %all e/abli% n m ?an 
#f regional p>tn]%ips1 ! memb]%ip ( :i* 
may be made up ( #a or m-- 7i7          
in/itutions ( high] education2  7ii7    
,/ate entities2  7iii7 ,f$]al entities2 
7iv7 ,indian ,tribes 7z def9$ 9 section 

#d ( ! ,indian ,self-,det]m9ation &     
,education ,assi/ance ,act 7#be         
,u4,s4,c4 #ecjd772  7v7 ,native         
,hawaiian organizations 7z def9$ 9      
section #fbjg ( ! ,elem5t>y & ,second>y 
,education ,act ( #aife 7#bj ,u4,s4,c4  
#geag772  7vi7 nongov]nm5tal            
organizations2 &  7vii7 o!r relevant    
entities4  7,b7 ,purpose ,! purpose ( a 
regional p>tn]%ip e/abli%$ "u           
subp>agraph 7,a7 %all be-- 7i7 to       
*>act]ize regional res\rces =           
m9]alization2 &  7ii7 to c>ry out field 
exp]im5ts & small-scale demon/ration    
projects = m9]alization4  7,c7          
,collaboration ,! ,director %all c>ry   
out ! activities describ$ 9 ?is p>agraph
 9 collaboration ) ! ,assi/ant ,secret>y
 = ,fossil ,en]gy & ,c>bon ,managem5t ( 
! ,dep>tm5t ( ,en]gy4  7#h7 ,o!r        
activities ,! ,director %all c>ry out   
o!r c>bon dioxide removal rese>*1       
developm5t1 & demon/ration activities1 z
 det]m9$ by ! ,secret>y ( ! ,int]ior4   
7b7 ,au?orization ( appropriations ,!re 

are au?oriz$ to be appropriat$ to !     
,secret>y ( ,int]ior to c>ry out ?is    
section-- 7#a7 #ac1jjj1jjj = fiscal ye> 
#bjbd2  7#b7 #ai1jjj1jjj = fiscal ye>   
#bjbe2  7#c7 #bb1jjj1jjj = ea* ( fiscal 
ye>s #bjbf ?r\gh #bjcj2  7#d7           
#ba1jjj1jjj = ea* ( fiscal ye>s #bjca & 
#bjcb2 &  7#e7 #ah1jjj1jjj = fiscal ye> 
#bjcc4  #ejb4 ,l& & m9]als managem5t    
7a7 ,rese>*1 developm5t1 & demon/ration 
7#a7 ,9 g5]al ,! ,secret>y ( ! ,int]ior1
 act+ ?r\gh ! ,assi/ant ,secret>y ( ,l& 
& ,m9]als ,managem5t 7ref]r$ to 9 ?is   
section z ! ,assi/ant ,secret>y71 %all  
c>ry out rese>*1 developm5t1 &          
demon/ration activities 9 ea* ( ! areas 
describ$ 9 ?is subsection4  7#b7 ,c>bon 
dioxide removal on f$]al l&s  7,a7 ,9   
g5]al ,! ,assi/ant ,secret>y %all c>ry  
out an assessm5t ( ! ability to use     
,f$]al l& & ab&on$ m9e l&1 subject to ! 
,(fice ( ,surface ,m9+1 & associat$     
subsurface regions1 = c>bon dioxide     
removal b5efits & practices1 includ+--  
7i7 ecologically appropriate            

revegetation2  7ii7 re=e/ation2  7iii7  
re/oration to natural l&scapes1 includ+ 
grassl&s2 &  7iv7 und]gr\nd geologic    
/orage ( c>bon dioxide4  7,b7           
,requirem5ts ,! assessm5t "u subp>agraph
 7,a7 %all-- 7i7 include data on c>bon  
/orage pot5tial & climate resili5ce1    
includ+-- 7,i7 safety = local           
communities2  7,,ii7 avoid+ negative    
environm5tal impacts2 &  7,,iii7        
id5tify+ regions ) l[] risks ( rev]s+   
c>bon dioxide removal practices ov] "t2 
&  7ii7 id5tify economic developm5t     
opportunities = local communities4  7#c7
 ,o!r activities ,! ,assi/ant ,secret>y 
%all c>ry out o!r c>bon dioxide removal 
rese>*1 developm5t1 & demon/ration      
activities1 z det]m9$ by ! ,secret>y ( !
 ,int]ior4  7#d7 ,consultation ,!       
,assi/ant ,secret>y %all c>ry out !     
activities describ$ 9 ?is section 9     
consultation )-- 7,a7 ! ,secret>y (     
,agriculture2  7,b7 ! ,secret>y (       
,en]gy2 &  7,c7 ! ,*ief ( ! ,=e/        
,s]vice4  7b7 ,au?orization (           

appropriations ,!re are au?oriz$ to be  
appropriat$ to ! ,secret>y ( ! ,int]ior 
to c>ry out ?is section #b1jjj1jjj = ea*
 ( fiscal ye>s #bjbd ?r\gh #bjcc4  ,,vi 
,dep>tm5t ( ,transportation  #fja4      
,f$]al ,highway ,adm9i/ration  7a7      
,def9itions ,9 ?is section3 7#a7        
,c>bon-seque/]+ new mat]ial ,! t]m      
c>bon-seque/]+ new mat]ial means a novel
 =mulation ( cem5t1 concrete1 or        
aggregate t all[s captur$ c>bon dioxide 
to be seque/]$1 includ+-- 7,a7 c>bon    
dioxide-adsorb+ mat]ials2  7,b7 c>bon   
dioxide-absorb+ mat]ials2  7,c7 c>bon   
dioxide-cur$ cem5t & concrete2  7,d7 new
 aggregate mat]ials made f m9]al        
c>bonization2  7,e7 cem5t =mulations t  
sub/itute cl9k] ) o!r mat]ials1 subject 
to ! condition t su* o!r mat]ials       
comprise n less ?an #ej p]c5t ( ! cem5t 
=mulation2 &  7,f7 additional mat]ials z
 designat$ by ! ,secret>y4  7#b7        
,program ,! t]m program means ! rese>*1 
developm5t1 & demon/ration program      
e/abli%$ "u subsection 7b74  7#c7       

,secret>y ,! t]m ,secret>y means !      
,secret>y ( ,transportation4  7b7       
,e/abli%m5t ,! ,secret>y %all e/abli% a 
program to c>ry out rese>*1 developm5t1 
& demon/ration activities = ! use (     
c>bon-seque/]+ new mat]ials to l[] !    
c>bon impact ( highway con/ruction      
mat]ials & public transportation        
con/ruction mat]ials4  7c7 ,activities  
7#a7 ,developm5t & deploym5t  7,a7 ,9   
g5]al ,9 c>ry+ out ! program1 !         
,secret>y %all c>ry out rese>* on m9]al 
c>bonation = use 9 c>bon-seque/]+ new   
mat]ials4  7,b7 ,consid]ation ,! rese>* 
"u subp>agraph 7,a7 %all be in=m$ by !  
recomm5dations ( ! ,national ,academies 
( ,sci5ce1 ,eng9e]+1 & ,m$ic9e 9 *apt]  
#aa ( ! cons5sus /udy report entitl$    
,gase\s ,c>bon ,wa/e ,/reams            
,utilization3 ,/atus & ,rese>* ,ne$s &  
publi%$ 9 #bjai4  7#b7 ,rese>*  7,a7 ,9 
g5]al ,9 c>ry+ out ! program1 !         
,secret>y1 9 coord9ation ) /&>d-sett+   
organizations1 su* z ! ,am]ican         
,association ( ,/ate ,highway &         

,transportation ,(ficials1 %all c>ry out
 rese>*-- 7i7 on ! durability1 /r5g?1 & 
/ability ( c>bon-seque/]+ new mat]ials2 
&  7ii7 to support ! developm5t ( !     
necess>y /&>ds requir$ = ! use (        
c>bon-seque/]+ new mat]ials4  7,b7      
,/&>ds ,bas$ on ! results ( ! rese>* "u 
subp>agraph 7,a71 ! ,secret>y %all      
coord9ate & consult ) o!r necess>y      
gov]nm5tal & nongov]nm5tal entities1    
includ+ ! entities describ$ 9           
subp>agraph 7,a71 to support !          
developm5t ( /&>ds = ! use (            
c>bon-seque/]+ new mat]ials4  7#c7      
,grants = /ate /&>ds ,9 c>ry+ out !     
program1 ! ,secret>y %all provide grants
 to a geographically div]se set ( ,/ates
 to assi/ ^? ,/ates 9 adopt+ ,/ate /&>ds
 = ! procurem5t ( c>bon-seque/]+ new    
mat]ials 9 highway & public             
transportation con/ruction4  7#d7       
,lifecycle assessm5ts ,9 c>ry+ out !    
program1 ! ,secret>y %all c>ry out      
lifecycle assessm5ts ( ! gre5h\se gas   
emissions associat$ ) c>bon-seque/]+ new

 mat]ials4  7#e7 ,coord9ation ,!        
,secret>y %all coord9ate )-- 7,a7 !     
,secret>y ( ,en]gy 9 c>ry+ out p>agraph 
7#a72  7,b7 ! ,adm9i/rator ( !          
,environm5tal ,protection ,ag5cy 9 c>ry+
 out p>agraph 7#d72 &  7,c7 o!r ,f$]al  
ag5cies z necess>y to c>ry out !        
activities describ$ 9 ?is subsection4   
7d7 ,grant program  7#a7 ,9 g5]al ,n    
lat] ?an #b ye>s aft] ! date ( enactm5t 
( ?is ,act1 ! ,secret>y %all e/abli% a  
program to provide grants to eligible   
entities to assi/ ^? entities 9 procur+ 
c>bon-seque/]+ new mat]ials = eligible  
uses describ$ 9 p>agraph 7#d74  7#b7    
,eligible entities ,an entity eligible  
to receive a grant "u ?is subsection    
is-- 7,a7 a ,/ate2  7,b7 a f$]ally      
recogniz$ ,indian ,tribe2 or  7,c7 a    
unit ( local gov]nm5t4  7#c7            
,applications ,to be eligible to receive
 a grant "u ?is subsection1 an eligible 
entity %all submit to ! ,secret>y an    
application at su* "t1 9 su* mann]1 &   
conta9+ su* in=mation z ! ,secret>y     

det]m9es to be appropriate4  7#d7 ,use (
 funds ,an eligible entity may use a    
grant "u ?is subsection to procure & use
 c>bon-seque/]+ new mat]ials =-- 7,a7 a 
highway or bridge project eligible =    
assi/ance "u title #bc1 ,unit$ ,/ates   
,code2  7,b7 a public transportation    
project eligible = assi/ance "u *apt]   
#ec ( title #di1 ,unit$ ,/ates ,code2 & 
7,c7 any o!r transportation             
infra/ructure project z ! ,secret>y     
det]m9es to be appropriate4  7#e7       
,requirem5ts  7,a7 ,highway or bridge   
projects ,a project describ$ 9 p>agraph 
7#d77;,a7 %all be subject to !          
requirem5ts "u title #bc1 ,unit$ ,/ates 
,code1 t w\ld apply if ! project 0 c>ri$
 out "u t title4  7,b7 ,public          
transportation projects ,a project      
describ$ 9 p>agraph 7#d77;,b7 %all be   
subject to ! requirem5ts "u *apt] #ec ( 
title #di1 ,unit$ ,/ates ,code1 t w\ld  
apply if ! project 0 c>ri$ out "u t     
*apt]4  7e7 ,fund+  7#a7 ,au?orization (
 appropriations ,!re are au?oriz$ to be 

appropriat$ to ! ,secret>y to c>ry out  
?is section-- 7,a7 #cb1jjj1jjj = fiscal 
ye> #bjbd2  7,b7 #eg1jjj1jjj = fiscal   
ye> #bjbe2  7,c7 #fb1jjj1jjj = fiscal   
ye> #bjbf2  7,d7 #fg1jjj1jjj = fiscal   
ye> #bjbg2 &  7,e7 #gb1jjj1jjj = ea* (  
fiscal ye>s #bjbh ?r\gh #bjcc4  7#b7    
,allocation  7,a7 ,rese>* & developm5t  
,( ! am\nts made available "u p>agraph  
7#a7 = ea* fiscal ye>-- 7i7 #aj1jjj1jjj 
%all be = rese>* "u subsection 7c77#a72 
7ii7 #aj1jjj1jjj %all be = rese>* "u    
subsection 7c77#b72  7iii7 #aj1jjj1jjj  
%all be = grants = ,/ates "u subsection 
7c77#c72 &  7iv7 #b1jjj1jjj %all be =   
lifecycle assessm5ts "u subsection      
7c77#d74  7,b7 ,grant program ,( !      
am\nts made available "u p>agraph 7#a71 
! ,secret>y %all use to c>ry out ! grant
 program "u subsection 7d7-- 7i7        
#be1jjj1jjj = fiscal ye> #bjbe2  7ii7   
#cj1jjj1jjj = fiscal ye> #bjbf2  7iii7  
#ce1jjj1jjj = fiscal ye> #bjbg2 &  7iv7 
#dj1jjj1jjj = ea* ( fiscal ye>s #bjbh   
?r\gh #bjcc4  7#c7 ,treatm5t ,am\nts    

made available "u p>agraph 7#a7 %all be 
available = obligation 9 ! same mann] z 
if ^? am\nts 7 apportion$ "u *apt] #a ( 
title #bc1 ,unit$ ,/ates ,code4  ,,vii  
,environm5tal ,protection ,ag5cy  #gja4 
,(fice ( rese>* & developm5t  7a7       
,rese>*1 developm5t1 & demon/ration     
7#a7 ,9 g5]al ,! ,adm9i/rator ( !       
,environm5tal ,protection ,ag5cy1 act+  
?r\gh ! ,assi/ant ,adm9i/rator ( ,rese>*
 & ,developm5t 7ref]r$ to 9 ?is section 
z ! ,assi/ant ,adm9i/rator71 %all c>ry  
out rese>*1 developm5t1 & demon/ration  
activities 9 ea* ( ! areas describ$ 9   
?is subsection4  7#b7 ,direct air       
capture environm5tal impacts ,!         
,assi/ant ,adm9i/rator %all c>ry out a  
lifecycle assessm5t ( ! environm5tal    
impacts ( direct air capture1 includ+-- 
7,a7 gre5h\se gas emissions2  7,b7 air &
 wat] pollutants2  7,c7 wat] use2 &     
7,d7 l& use4  7#c7 ,pres]vation ( h>ve/$
 wood  7,a7 ,9 g5]al ,! ,assi/ant       
,adm9i/rator %all design & conduct a    
demon/ration ( l&fills = woody biomass  

disposal & c>bon /orage2  7,b7          
,collaboration ,! ,assi/ant ,adm9i/rator
 %all c>ry out ! activities describ$ 9  
subp>agraph 7,a7 9 collaboration ) !    
,*ief ( ! ,=e/ ,s]vice4  7#d7           
,environm5tal & social impacts (        
m9]alization  7,a7 ,9 g5]al ,! ,assi/ant
 ,adm9i/rator %all conduct rese>* on !  
environm5tal impacts ( m9]alization1    
includ+ broadca/+ mat]ials1 di/urb+     
piles ( m9e tail+s1 & exp&$ m9+         
activities4  7,b7 ,collaboration ,!     
,assi/ant ,adm9i/rator %all c>ry out !  
activities describ$ 9 subp>agraph 7,a7 9
 collaboration )-- 7i7 ! ,director ( !  
,national ,sci5ce ,f\ndation2  7ii7 !   
,director ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,geological 
,survey2 &  7iii7 ! ,assi/ant ,secret>y 
= ,fossil ,en]gy & ,c>bon ,managem5t ( !
 ,dep>tm5t ( ,en]gy4  7#e7 ,rese>* on   
decision sci5ce  7,a7 ,9 g5]al ,!       
,assi/ant ,adm9i/rator %all conduct     
rese>* on decision sci5ce1 social       
impacts1 & public engagem5t on c>bon    
dioxide removal te*nologies & me?ods4   

7,b7 ,collaboration ,! ,assi/ant        
,adm9i/rator %all c>ry out ! activities 
describ$ 9 subp>agraph 7,a7 9           
collaboration )-- 7i7 ! ,director ( !   
,national ,sci5ce ,f\ndation2 &  7ii7 ! 
,assi/ant ,secret>y = ,fossil ,en]gy &  
,c>bon ,managem5t ( ! ,dep>tm5t (       
,en]gy4  7#f7 ,environm5tal & social    
impacts ( biomass use 9 c>bon dioxide   
removal te*nologies  7,a7 ,9 g5]al ,!   
,assi/ant ,adm9i/rator %all c>ry out a  
life cycle analysis ( ! impact ( biomass
 use 9 c>bon dioxide removal            
te*nologies1 includ+-- 7i7 emissions    
seque/]$ 9 mat]ials2  7ii7 emissions    
impacts ( biomass h>ve/1 process+1 &    
transportation2  7iii7 un9t5d$          
di/urbances to ecosy/em c>bon /ocks2    
7iv7 indirect l&-use *ange2 &  7v7      
alt]native fates ( biomass us$4  7,b7   
,consid]ation ,9 c>ry+ out ! analysis "u
 subp>agraph 7,a71 ! ,assi/ant          
,adm9i/rator %all consid] ! social      
impacts ( air pollution relat+ to bi(uel
 & biomass combu/ion4  7,c7             

,collaboration ,! ,assi/ant ,adm9i/rator
 %all c>ry out ! activities describ$ 9  
subp>agraphs 7,a7 & 7,b7 9 collaboration
 ) ! ,assi/ant ,secret>y = ,en]gy       
,effici5cy & ,r5ewable ,en]gy ( !       
,dep>tm5t ( ,en]gy4  7#g7 ,lifecycle    
assessm5t & monitor+ = m9]alization ,!  
,assi/ant ,adm9i/rator %all c>ry out a  
te*noeconomic & lifecycle assessm5t (   
v>i\s m9]alization pa?ways & rese>* on  
protocols = monitor+ & v]ification (    
c>bon remov$ or seque/]$ ?r\gh          
m9]alization4  7#h7 ,o!r activities ,!  
,assi/ant ,adm9i/rator %all c>ry out o!r
 c>bon dioxide removal rese>*1          
developm5t1 & demon/ration activities1 z
 det]m9$ by ! ,adm9i/rator ( !          
,environm5tal ,protection ,ag5cy4  7b7  
,au?orization ( appropriations ,!re are 
au?oriz$ to be appropriat$ to !         
,adm9i/rator ( ! ,environm5tal          
,protection ,ag5cy to c>ry out ?is      
section-- 7#a7 #bd1jjj1jjj = fiscal ye> 
#bjbd2  7#b7 #bh1jjj1jjj = fiscal ye>   
#bjbe2  7#c7 #ce1jjj1jjj = fiscal ye>   

#bjbf2  7#d7 #cb1jjj1jjj = ea* ( fiscal 
ye>s #bjbg & #bjbh2  7#e7 #cd1jjj1jjj = 
ea* ( fiscal ye>s #bjbi & #bjcj2  7#f7  
#ca1jjj1jjj = ea* ( fiscal ye>s #bjca & 
#bjcb2 &  7#g7 #cj1jjj1jjj = fiscal ye> 
#bjcc4  ,,viii ,national ,a]onautics &  
,space ,adm9i/ration  #hja4 ,e>? sci5ce 
division program  7a7 ,rese>*1          
developm5t1 & demon/ration  7#a7 ,9     
g5]al ,! ,adm9i/rator ( ! ,national     
,a]onautics & ,space ,adm9i/ration      
7ref]r$ to 9 ?is section z !            
,adm9i/rator7 %all c>ry out rese>*1     
developm5t1 & demon/ration activities 9 
ea* ( ! areas describ$ 9 ?is subsection4
  7#b7 ,abovegr\nd c>bon monitor+ ,!    
,adm9i/rator %all c>ry out a long-t]m   
collection ( cont9u\s spaceborne        
,li,d,a,r data to measure & track c>bon 
/ocks & c>bon cycl+ 9 abovegr\nd        
biomass1 ?r\gh ext5sion ( ! ,global     
,ecosy/em ,dynamics ,inve/igation       
mission1 or ?r\gh o!r missions ) simil> 
or improv$ capacity4  7#c7 ,res\rce     
assessm5t  7,a7 ,9 g5]al ,! ,adm9i/rator

 %all c>ry out mapp+ & evaluation (     
coa/al m>9e ecosy/ems = c>bon dioxide   
removal pot5tial1 includ+-- 7i7 wetl&s2 
7ii7 peatl&s2 &  7iii7 seagrass b$s4    
7,b7 ,collaboration ,! ,adm9i/rator %all
 c>ry out ! activities describ$ 9       
subp>agraph 7,a7 9 collaboration ) !    
,adm9i/rator ( ! ,national ,oceanic &   
,atmosph]ic ,adm9i/ration4  7#d7 ,o!r   
activities ,! ,adm9i/rator %all c>ry out
 o!r c>bon dioxide removal rese>*1      
developm5t1 & demon/ration activities1 z
 det]m9$ by ! ,adm9i/rator4  7b7        
,au?orization ( appropriations ,!re are 
au?oriz$ to be appropriat$ to !         
,adm9i/rator to c>ry out ?is section--  
7#a7 #ec1jjj1jjj = ea* ( fiscal ye>s    
#bjbd & #bjbe2 &  7#b7 #h1jjj1jjj = ea* 
( fiscal ye>s #bjbf ?r\gh #bjcc4  ,,ix  
,national ,sci5ce ,f\ndation  #ija4     
,directorate = biological sci5ces  7a7  
,rese>*  7#a7 ,9 g5]al ,! ,director ( ! 
,national ,sci5ce ,f\ndation 7ref]r$ to 
9 ?is section z ! ,director7 %all aw>d  
fund+ = rese>* activities 9 ea* ( !     

areas describ$ 9 ?is subsection4  7#b7  
,g5etic model+ & tools  7,a7 ,9 g5]al ,!
 ,director %all aw>d fund+ = rese>* to  
improve c>bon dioxide uptake & conv]sion
 ?r\gh g5etic manipulation ( biological 
mat]ials = c>bon dioxide removal &      
utilization & rese>* on ! pot5tial      
ecological impacts ( ^? improvem5ts4    
7,b7 ,collaboration ,! ,director %all   
c>ry out ! activities describ$ 9        
subp>agraph 7,a7 9 collaboration )-- 7i7
 ! ,director ( ! ,(fice ( ,sci5ce ( !   
,dep>tm5t ( ,en]gy2  7ii7 ! ,secret>y ( 
,agriculture2 &  7iii7 ! ,adm9i/rator ( 
! ,environm5tal ,protection ,ag5cy4     
7#c7 ,o!r rese>* ,! ,director %all aw>d 
fund+ = o!r c>bon dioxide removal       
rese>*1 z det]m9$ by ! ,director ( !    
,national ,sci5ce ,f\ndation4  7b7      
,au?orization ( appropriations ,!re are 
au?oriz$ to be appropriat$ to !         
,director to c>ry out ?is section-- 7#a7
 #b1jjj1jjj = fiscal ye> #bjbd2  7#b7   
#c1jjj1jjj = fiscal ye> #bjbe2 &  7#c7  
#e1jjj1jjj = ea* ( fiscal ye>s #bjbf    

?r\gh #bjcc4  #ijb4 ,directorate =      
eng9e]+  7a7 ,rese>*  7#a7 ,9 g5]al ,!  
,director ( ! ,national ,sci5ce         
,f\ndation 7ref]r$ to 9 ?is section z ! 
,director7 %all aw>d fund+ = rese>*     
activities 9 ea* ( ! foll[+ areas       
describ$ 9 ?is subsection4  7#b7        
,integrat$ process design  7,a7 ,9 g5]al
 ,! ,director %all aw>d fund+ = rese>* &
 developm5t on ! integration (          
c>bonation ) c>bon dioxide capture      
processes4  7,b7 ,collaboration ,!      
,director %all c>ry out ! activities    
describ$ 9 subp>agraph 7,a7 9           
collaboration ) ! ,assi/ant ,secret>y = 
,fossil ,en]gy & ,c>bon ,managem5t ( !  
,dep>tm5t ( ,en]gy4  7#c7 ,o!r rese>* ,!
 ,director %all aw>d fund+ = o!r c>bon  
dioxide removal rese>*1 z det]m9$ by !  
,director4  7b7 ,au?orization (         
appropriations ,!re are au?oriz$ to be  
appropriat$ to ! ,director to c>ry out  
?is section-- 7#a7 #b1jjj1jjj = fiscal  
ye> #bjbd2 &  7#b7 #c1jjj1jjj = ea* (   
fiscal ye>s #bjbe ?r\gh #bjcc4  #ijc4   

,directorate = geosci5ces  7a7 ,rese>*  
7#a7 ,9 g5]al ,! ,director ( ! ,national
 ,sci5ce ,f\ndation 7ref]r$ to 9 ?is    
section z ! ,director7 %all aw>d fund+ =
 rese>* activities 9 ea* ( ! foll[+     
areas describ$ 9 ?is subsection4  7#b7  
,soil c>bon  7,a7 ,9 g5]al ,! ,director 
%all aw>d fund+ = fundam5tal rese>* on  
plant-root-fungi int]actions1 deep      
inv]sion ( soils1 & o!r topics ) !      
pot5tial to advance c>bon dioxide       
removal4  7,b7 ,collaboration ,!        
,director %all c>ry out ! activities    
describ$ 9 subp>agraph 7,a7 9           
collaboration )-- 7i7 ! ,director ( !   
,(fice ( ,sci5ce ( ! ,dep>tm5t ( ,en]gy2
 &  7ii7 ! ,adm9i/rator ( !             
,agricultural ,rese>* ,s]vice4  7#c7    
,model+ & pr$ictive tool developm5t     
7,a7 ,9 g5]al ,! ,director %all aw>d    
fund+ = rese>* to improve exi/+ c>bon   
seque/ration model+ tools & ! developm5t
 ( simulation-bas$ tools to pr$ict &    
quantify soil c>bon seque/ration4  7,b7 
,collaboration ,! ,director %all c>ry   

out ! activities describ$ 9 subp>agraph 
7,a7 9 collaboration )-- 7i7 !          
,adm9i/rator ( ! ,agricultural ,rese>*  
,s]vice2 &  7ii7 ! heads ( o!r (fices 9 
! ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture1 z det]m9$ by
 ! ,secret>y ( ,agriculture4  7#d7      
,c>bon m9]alization  7,a7 ,9 g5]al ,!   
,director %all aw>d fund+ = fundam5tal  
rese>* on m9]alization k9etics1         
geome*anics1 rock physics1 &            
utilization-ori5t$ c>bonation ) !       
pot5tial to advance c>bon dioxide       
removal4  7,b7 ,collaboration ,!        
,director %all c>ry out ! activities    
describ$ 9 subp>agraph 7,a7 9           
collaboration ) ! ,director ( ! ,(fice (
 ,sci5ce ( ! ,dep>tm5t ( ,en]gy4  7#e7  
,pilot /udies ( 9 situ m9]alization     
7,a7 ,9 g5]al ,! ,director %all aw>d    
fund+ = field drill+ & injection 9      
reactive =mations 7includ+ p]idotite &  
basalt7 to advance und]/&+ ( c>bon      
m9]alization4  7,b7 ,collaboration ,!   
,director %all c>ry out ! activities    
describ$ 9 subp>agraph 7,a7 9           

collaboration ) ! ,assi/ant ,secret>y = 
,fossil ,en]gy & ,c>bon ,managem5t ( !  
,dep>tm5t ( ,en]gy4  7#f7 ,environm5tal 
& social impacts ( exp&$ m9+ =          
m9]alization  7,a7 ,9 g5]al ,! ,director
 %all aw>d fund+ = rese>* on !          
environm5tal & social impacts ( exp&$   
m9+ activities = ! purpose (            
m9]alization1 includ+ net c>bon impact4 
7,b7 ,collaboration ,! ,director %all   
c>ry out ! activities describ$ 9        
subp>agraph 7,a7 9 collaboration )-- 7i7
 ! ,director ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates          
,geological ,survey2  7ii7 ! ,assi/ant  
,adm9i/rator = ,rese>* & ,developm5t ( !
 ,environm5tal ,protection ,ag5cy2 &    
7iii7 ! ,assi/ant ,secret>y = ,(fice (  
,fossil ,en]gy & ,c>bon ,managem5t ( !  
,dep>tm5t ( ,en]gy4  7#g7 ,coa/al m>9e  
c>bon fundam5tal rese>*  7,a7 ,9 g5]al  
,! ,director %all aw>d fund+ =          
fundam5tal rese>* on coa/al ecosy/em    
c>bon dioxide seque/ration4  7,b7       
,collaboration ,! ,director %all c>ry   
out ! activities describ$ 9 subp>agraph 

7,a7 9 collaboration ) ! ,adm9i/rator ( 
! ,national ,oceanic & ,atmosph]ic      
,adm9i/ration4  7#h7 ,ocean alkal9ity   
7,a7 ,9 g5]al ,! ,director %all aw>d    
fund+ = fundam5tal & appli$ rese>* on   
te*niques = & impacts ( artificial      
modification ( ocean alkal9ity1 includ+ 
limit$-scale exp]im5ts on alkal9ity     
enhancem5t te*niques at sea1 design$ &  
monitor$ to avoid impacts beyond ! zone 
( ! exp]im5t & )9 int]nationally        
recogniz$ frameworks4  7,b7             
,collaboration ,! ,director %all c>ry   
out ! activities describ$ 9 subp>agraph 
7,a7 9 collaboration )-- 7i7 ! ,director
 ( ! ,(fice ( ,sci5ce ( ! ,dep>tm5t (   
,en]gy2 &  7ii7 ! ,adm9i/rator ( !      
,national ,oceanic & ,atmosph]ic        
,adm9i/ration4  7#i7 ,ocean f]tilization
 fundam5tal rese>*  7,a7 ,9 g5]al ,!    
,director %all aw>d fund+ = fundam5tal  
rese>* & model+ on ! impacts &          
effectiv5ess ( ocean iron f]tilization &
 nitrog5 & phosphor\s f]tilization      
rese>*4  7,b7 ,collaboration ,!         

,director %all c>ry out ! activities    
describ$ 9 subp>agraph 7,a7 9           
collaboration )-- 7i7 ! ,director ( !   
,(fice ( ,sci5ce ( ! ,dep>tm5t ( ,en]gy2
 &  7ii7 ! ,adm9i/rator ( ! ,national   
,oceanic & ,atmosph]ic ,adm9i/ration4   
7#aj7 ,artificial ocean iron            
f]tilization  7,a7 ,9 g5]al ,! ,director
 %all aw>d fund+ = limit$-scale         
exp]im5ts to /imulate & measure l>ge    
phytoplankton blooms1 design$ & monitor$
 to avoid impacts beyond ! zone ( !     
exp]im5t & )9 int]nationally recogniz$  
frameworks4  7,b7 ,collaboration ,!     
,director %all c>ry out ! activities    
describ$ 9 subp>agraph 7,a7 9           
collaboration ) ! ,adm9i/rator ( !      
,national ,oceanic & ,atmosph]ic        
,adm9i/ration4  7#aa7 ,artificial ocean 
macronutri5t f]tilization  7,a7 ,9 g5]al
 ,! ,director %all aw>d fund+ =         
limit$-scale exp]im5ts on ocean         
macronutri5t f]tilization1 design$ &    
monitor$ to avoid impacts beyond ! zone 
( ! exp]im5t & )9 int]nationally        

recogniz$ frameworks4  7,b7             
,collaboration ,! ,director %all c>ry   
out ! activities describ$ 9 subp>agraph 
7,a7 9 collaboration ) ! ,adm9i/rator ( 
! ,national ,oceanic & ,atmosph]ic      
,adm9i/ration4  7#ab7 ,o!r rese>* ,!    
,director %all aw>d fund+ = o!r c>bon   
dioxide removal rese>*1 z det]m9$ by !  
,director4  7b7 ,au?orization (         
appropriations ,!re are au?oriz$ to be  
appropriat$ to ! ,director to c>ry out  
?is section-- 7#a7 #ba1jjj1jjj = fiscal 
ye> #bjbd2  7#b7 #cd1jjj1jjj = fiscal   
ye> #bjbe2  7#c7 #fa1jjj1jjj = fiscal   
ye> #bjbf2  7#d7 #gc1jjj1jjj = ea* (    
fiscal ye>s #bjbg & #bjbh2  7#e7        
#fh1jjj1jjj = ea* ( fiscal ye>s #bjbi & 
#bjcj2  7#f7 #fe1jjj1jjj = fiscal ye>   
#bjca2 &  7#g7 #fj1jjj1jjj = ea* (      
fiscal ye>s #bjcb & #bjcc4  #ijd4       
,directorate = ma!matical & physical    
sci5ces  7a7 ,rese>*  7#a7 ,9 g5]al ,!  
,director ( ! ,national ,sci5ce         
,f\ndation 7ref]r$ to 9 ?is section z ! 
,director7 %all aw>d fund+ = rese>*     

activities 9 ea* ( ! foll[+ areas       
describ$ 9 ?is subsection4  7#b7 ,,nsf  
eng9e]+ rese>* c5t] ,! ,director %all   
e/abli% a new ,national ,sci5ce         
,f\ndation ,eng9e]+ ,rese>* ,c5t] focus$
 on mat]ials rese>* & e>ly-/age         
application ( sorb5ts1 solv5ts1         
membranes1 & relat$ direct air capture  
compon5ts4  7#c7 ,direct air capture    
mat]ials rese>* ,! ,director %all aw>d  
fund+ = mat]ials rese>* on sorb5ts1     
solv5ts1 membranes1 & relat$ direct air 
capture compon5ts4  7#d7 ,c>bonation    
7,a7 ,9 g5]al ,! ,director %all aw>d    
fund+ = rese>* to control c>bonation    
reactions1 accel]ate c>bonation1 &      
und]/& /ructure-prop]ty relation%ips4   
7,b7 ,collaboration ,! ,director %all   
c>ry out ! activities describ$ 9        
subp>agraph 7,a7 9 collaboration ) !    
,director ( ! ,(fice ( ,sci5ce ( !      
,dep>tm5t ( ,en]gy4  7#e7 ,cataly/s     
7,a7 ,9 g5]al ,! ,director %all aw>d    
fund+ = rese>* on impurity-tol]ant      
cataly/ developm5t1 c\pl$ r$uction &    

oxidation reactions1 & r$uc$ additives4 
7,b7 ,collaboration ,! ,director %all   
c>ry out ! activities describ$ 9        
subp>agraph 7,a7 9 collaboration ) !    
,director ( ! ,(fice ( ,sci5ce ( !      
,dep>tm5t ( ,en]gy4  7#f7 ,new mat]ials 
developm5t & applications  7,a7 ,9 g5]al
 ,! ,director %all aw>d fund+ =         
developm5t ( new mat]ials = captur+ &   
utiliz+ c>bon dioxide1 includ+ mat]ials 
) c>bon-c>bon bonds4  7,b7              
,collaboration ,! ,director %all c>ry   
out ! activities describ$ 9 subp>agraph 
7,a7 9 collaboration ) ! ,director ( !  
,(fice ( ,sci5ce ( ! ,dep>tm5t ( ,en]gy4
  7#g7 ,o!r rese>* ,! ,director %all    
aw>d fund+ = o!r c>bon dioxide removal  
rese>*1 z det]m9$ by ! ,director4  7b7  
,au?orization ( appropriations ,!re are 
au?oriz$ to be appropriat$ to !         
,director to c>ry out ?is section-- 7#a7
 #aa1jjj1jjj = fiscal ye> #bjbd2  7#b7  
#bh1jjj1jjj = fiscal ye> #bjbe2  7#c7   
#cb1jjj1jjj = ea* ( fiscal ye>s #bjbf & 
#bjbg2  7#d7 #ch1jjj1jjj = ea* ( fiscal 

ye>s #bjbh & #bjbi2  7#e7 #cc1jjj1jjj = 
fiscal ye> #bjcj2  7#f7 #bh1jjj1jjj =   
fiscal ye> #bjca2  7#g7 #bc1jjj1jjj =   
fiscal ye> #bjcb2 &  7#h7 #ah1jjj1jjj = 
fiscal ye> #bjcc4  #ije4 ,directorate = 
social1 behavioral1 & economic sci5ces  
7a7 ,rese>*  7#a7 ,9 g5]al ,! ,director 
( ! ,national ,sci5ce ,f\ndation 7ref]r$
 to 9 ?is section z ! ,director7 %all   
aw>d fund+ = rese>* activities 9 ea* ( !
 foll[+ areas describ$ 9 ?is subsection4
  7#b7 ,integrat$ assessm5t model+ &    
grassl&s & =e/ impacts model+  7,a7 ,9  
g5]al ,! ,director %all aw>d fund+ =    
te*nical1 economic1 & social model+ (   
impacts on l& use f avoid$ conv]sion (  
grassl&s & =e/s1 re=e/ation1            
cons]vation1 af=e/ation1 & =e/ managem5t
 *anges4  7,b7 ,collaboration ,!        
,director %all c>ry out ! activities    
describ$ 9 subp>agraph 7,a7 9           
collaboration ) ! ,secret>y (           
,agriculture4  7#c7 ,integrat$ assessm5t
 model+ & direct air capture impacts    
model+ ,! ,director %all aw>d fund+ =   

te*nical1 economic1 & social model+ (   
impacts on l& & en]gy use f direct air  
capture1 includ+ future electricity grid
 mix sc5>ios4  7#d7 ,e?ical1 legal1 &   
social impacts ( biote*nology ,!        
,director %all aw>d fund+ = rese>* on ! 
e?ical1 legal1 & social implications (  
biote*nology use 9 c>bon dioxide        
removal4  7#e7 ,gov]nance frameworks ,! 
,director %all aw>d fund+ = rese>* into 
gov]nance frameworks = safe & su/a9able 
exp]im5tation ) ocean-bas$ c>bon dioxide
 removal4  7#f7 ,o!r rese>* ,! ,director
 %all aw>d fund+ = o!r c>bon dioxide    
removal rese>*1 z det]m9$ by !          
,director4  7b7 ,au?orization (         
appropriations ,!re is au?oriz$ to be   
appropriat$ to ! ,director to c>ry out  
?is section #ab1jjj1jjj = ea* ( fiscal  
ye>s #bjbd ?r\gh #bjcc4  #ijf4 ,division
 ( social & economic sci5ces  7a7       
,rese>*  7#a7 ,9 g5]al ,! ,director ( ! 
,national ,sci5ce ,f\ndation 7ref]r$ to 
9 ?is section z ! ,director7 %all aw>d  
fund+ = rese>* activities 9 ea* ( !     

foll[+ areas describ$ 9 ?is subsection4 
7#b7 ,rese>* on decision sci5ce  7,a7 ,9
 g5]al ,! ,director %all aw>d fund+ =   
rese>* on decision sci5ce1 social       
impacts1 & public engagem5t relat+ to   
c>bon dioxide removal te*nologies &     
me?ods4  7,b7 ,collaboration ,!         
,director %all c>ry out ! activities    
describ$ 9 subp>agraph 7,a7 9           
collaboration )-- 7i7 ! ,assi/ant       
,adm9i/rator = ,rese>* & ,developm5t ( !
 ,environm5tal ,protection ,ag5cy2 &    
7ii7 ! ,assi/ant ,secret>y = ,fossil    
,en]gy & ,c>bon ,managem5t ( ! ,dep>tm5t
 ( ,en]gy4  7#c7 ,o!r rese>* ,!         
,director %all aw>d fund+ = o!r c>bon   
dioxide removal rese>*1 z det]m9$ by !  
,director4  7b7 ,au?orization (         
appropriations ,!re are au?oriz$ to be  
appropriat$ to ! ,director to c>ry out  
?is section-- 7#a7 #b1jjj1jjj = fiscal  
ye> #bjbd2  7#b7 #d1jjj1jjj = ea* (     
fiscal ye>s #bjbe ?r\gh #bjbh2 &  7#c7  
#e1jjj1jjj = ea* ( fiscal ye>s #bjbi    
?r\gh #bjcc4  ,x ,o!r matt]s  #ajja4    

,plan = int]national collaboration  7a7 
,9 g5]al ,! ,director ( ! ,(fice (      
,sci5ce & ,te*nology ,policy %all       
e/abli% a plan = int]national           
coord9ation on rese>*1 developm5t1 &    
demon/ration projects = c>bon dioxide   
removal4  7b7 ,coord9ation ,9 c>ry+ out 
subsection 7a71 ! ,director ( ! ,(fice (
 ,sci5ce & ,te*nology ,policy %all      
coord9ate )-- 7#a7 ! ,secret>y ( ,/ate2 
&  7#b7 ! ,secret>y ( ,en]gy4