,,ii #aahth ,,congress #ast ,session ,s4 #bhab ,,in ,,the ,,senate ,,of ,,the ,,united ,,states ,september #ad1 #bjbc,mr4 ,schatz 7for himself1 ,mr4 ,bennet1 ,mr4 ,coons1 ,mr4 ,heinrich1 ,mr4 ,hickenlooper1 ,mr4 ,lujn1 ,ms4 ,smith1 ,mr4 ,whitehouse1 and ,mr4 ,welch7 introduced the following bill2 which was read twice and referred to the ,committee on ,health1 ,education1 ,labor1 and ,pensions ,a ,,bill ,to support carbon dioxide removal research and development1 and for other purposes4 #a4 ,short title2 table of contents 7a7 ,short title ,this ,act may be cited as the ,carbon ,dioxide ,removal ,research and ,development ,act of #bjbc4 7b7 ,table of contents ,the table of contents for this ,act is as follows3 ,sec4 #a4 ,short title2 table of contents4,sec4 #b4 ,definitions4,,title ,i--,department of ,energy,sec4 #aja4 ,fossil energy and carbon management4,sec4 #ajb4 ,energy efficiency and renewable energy4,sec4 #ajc4 ,office of ,science4,sec4 #ajd4 ,department-wide considerations4,,title ,,ii--,department of ,agriculture,sec4 #bja4 ,definitions4,sec4 #bjb4 ,objectives and organization4,sec4 #bjc4 ,agriculture advanced research and development authority4,sec4 #bjd4 ,national ,institute of ,food and ,agriculture4,sec4 #bje4 ,agricultural ,research ,service4,sec4 #bjf4 ,natural ,resources ,conservation ,service4,sec4 #bjg4 ,forest ,service4,,title ,,iii--,department of ,commerce,sec4 #cja4 ,national ,oceanic and ,atmospheric ,administration4,sec4 #cjb4 ,national ,institute of ,standards and ,technology4,,title ,,iv--,department of ,defense,sec4 #dja4 ,corps of ,engineers4,,title ,v--,department of the ,interior,sec4 #eja4 ,united ,states ,geological ,survey4,sec4 #ejb4 ,land and minerals management4,,title ,,vi--,department of ,transportation,sec4 #fja4 ,federal ,highway ,administration4,,title ,,vii--,environmental ,protection ,agency,sec4 #gja4 ,office of research and development4,,title ,,viii--,national ,aeronautics and ,space ,administration,sec4 #hja4 ,earth science division program4,,title ,,ix--,national ,science ,foundation,sec4 #ija4 ,directorate for biological sciences4,sec4 #ijb4 ,directorate for engineering4,sec4 #ijc4 ,directorate for geosciences4,sec4 #ijd4 ,directorate for mathematical and physical sciences4,sec4 #ije4 ,directorate for social1 behavioral1 and economic sciences4,sec4 #ijf4 ,division of social and economic sciences4,,title ,x--,other matters,sec4 #ajja4 ,plan for international collaboration4 #b4 ,definitions ,in this ,act3 7#a7 ,carbon dioxide removal ,the term carbon dioxide removal means-- 7,a7 the intentional capture of carbon dioxide directly from the ambient air or upper hydrosphere1 combined with the storage of that carbon dioxide1 which results in a net removal of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere1 as measured on a lifecycle basis1 including1 at a minimum1 through-- 7i7 direct air capture and storage2 7ii7 enhanced carbon mineralization2 7iii7 biomass-based carbon dioxide removal2 7iv7 forest restoration2 7v7 soil carbon management2 and 7vi7 ocean-based carbon removal4 7#b7 ,terrestrial and biological carbon dioxide removal ,the term terrestrial and biological carbon dioxide removal means carbon dioxide removal which uses living biomass or soils to capture and_/or store carbon dioxide4 ,i ,department of ,energy #aja4 ,fossil energy and carbon management 7a7 ,office of ,fossil ,energy and ,carbon ,management 7#a7 ,in general ,title ,,ii of the ,department of ,energy ,organization ,act 7#db ,u4,s4,c4 #gaca et seq47 is amended by adding at the end the following3 #bah4 ,office of ,fossil ,energy and ,carbon ,management 7a7 ,establishment ,there is established within the ,department an ,office of ,fossil ,energy and ,carbon ,management 7referred to in this section as the ,office74 7b7 ,assistant ,secretary for ,fossil ,energy and ,carbon ,management 7#a7 ,in general ,the ,office shall be headed by the ,assistant ,secretary for ,fossil ,energy and ,carbon ,management 7referred to in this section as the ,assistant ,secretary71 who shall be appointed by the ,president in accordance with section #bjc4 7#b7 ,duties of office ,in carrying out research1 development1 and demonstration relating to carbon dioxide removal1 the ,assistant ,secretary shall-- 7,a7 incorporate best practices from the existing carbon capture and storage research programs within the ,department of ,energy into the ,office2 7,b7 be responsible for crosscut coordination of planning and budget for all research1 development1 and demonstration programs of the ,department of ,energy relating to carbon dioxide removal 7as defined in section #b of the ,carbon ,dioxide ,removal ,research and ,development ,act of #bjbc72 7,c7 serve as the primary point of contact for any relevant interagency planning and coordination efforts2 7,d7 conduct analyses and technology assessments of carbon dioxide removal systems1 development1 and demonstration programs1 including by engaging with the ,national ,laboratories 7as defined in section #b of the ,energy ,policy ,act of #bjje 7#db ,u4,s4,c4 #aehja77 to assess lifecycle performance of carbon dioxide removal systems2 and 7,e7 provide project management services for all demonstration-scale projects emerging from the technological carbon dioxide removal research1 development1 and demonstration portfolio4 7c7 ,mission ,the mission of the ,office shall include the research1 development1 and demonstration of direct air capture and carbon mineralization technologies4 7d7 ,lead office ,the ,national ,energy ,technology ,laboratory shall have the lead responsibility within the ,department of ,energy for planning and managing research1 development1 and demonstration activities relating to direct air capture and carbon storage1 with the goal of establishing and driving down technology-specific cost targets4 7e7 ,project management requirements ,all projects carried out by the ,office shall be subject to rigorous project management requirements and procedures modeled on ,department ,order #dac4c;b 7relating to program and project management for the acquisition of capital assets7 7or a successor order74 4 7#b7 ,clerical amendment ,the table of contents for the ,department of ,energy ,organization ,act 7,public ,law #ie-ia2 #ia ,stat4 #efe2 #aai ,stat4 #gfd7 is amended by adding at the end of the items relating to title ,,ii the following3 ,sec4 #bah4 ,office of ,fossil ,energy and ,carbon ,management4 4 7#c7 ,references in law ,any reference in a law1 regulation1 document1 paper1 or other record to the ,office of ,fossil ,energy shall be deemed to be a reference to the ,office of ,fossil ,energy and ,carbon ,management4 7b7 ,carbon dioxide removal research1 development1 and demonstration ,section #ifi;,d of the ,energy ,policy ,act of #bjje 7#db ,u4,s4,c4 #afbih;d7 is amended-- 7#a7 in subsection 7c71 by striking paragraph 7#e7 and inserting the following3 7#e7 ecologically sound1 resilience-oriented1 and carbon-sequestering forest management techniques1 forest restoration1 urban tree planting and management1 and reforestation such that negative land-use change impacts1 such as endangering food security and biodiversity loss1 can be avoided2 and 2 7#b7 by redesignating subsections 7d71 7e71 7f71 7g71 7h71 7i71 7j71 and 7k7 as subsections 7e71 7f71 7g71 7i71 7j71 7k71 7l71 and 7m71 respectively2 7#c7 by inserting after subsection 7c7 the following3 7d7 ,program focus areas 7#a7 ,direct air capture and storage technologies ,in carrying out subsection 7c77#a71 the ,secretary shall consider carrying out activities relating to-- 7,a7 contactor design2 7,b7 low- and zero-carbon heat2 7,c7 advanced or unconventional systems and components2 7,d7 scale-up studies and pilot plants2 7,e7 operational data collection2 7,f7 engineering design support for large-scale projects2 7,g7 external techno-economic analyses2 and 7,h7 monitoring1 reporting1 and verification capabilities4 7#b7 ,bioenergy with carbon capture and storage ,in carrying out subsection 7c77#b71 the ,secretary shall consider carrying out activities relating to advanced biomass-to-power conversion4 7#c7 ,enhanced geological weathering ,in carrying out subsection 7c77#c71 the ,secretary shall consider carrying out activities relating to-- 7,a7 alkalinity resource assessments2 7,b7 pilot studies of ex situ mineralization2 and 7,c7 pilot studies of in situ mineralization for carbon storage4 7#d7 ,carbon utilization ,in carrying out carbon utilization activities under the program1 the ,secretary shall consider carrying out activities relating to the integration of carbonation with carbon dioxide capture processes4 7#e7 ,crosscutting activities ,in carrying out cross-cutting activities under the program1 the ,secretary shall consider carrying out activities relating to-- 7,a7 carbon dioxide removal data collection and publication2 7,b7 technology cost and performance2 7,c7 integrated carbon systems modeling2 and 7,d7 decision science4 2 7#d7 by inserting after subsection 7g7 7as so redesignated7 the following3 7h7 ,competitive demonstration awards 7#a7 ,in general ,not later than #b years after the date of enactment of this subsection the ,secretary shall make competitive awards for a portfolio of carbon dioxide removal demonstration projects described in paragraph 7#b74 7#b7 ,eligibility ,subject to subsection 7e71 to be eligible for an award under paragraph 7#a71 a carbon dioxide removal demonstration project shall-- 7,a7 use #a or more technologies and strategies described in subsection 7c71 including activities described in subsection 7i72 7,b7 have a total cost of not less than #aj1jjj1jjj2 7,c7 be located in the ,united ,states or1 in the case of ocean-based projects1 within the territorial sea or exclusive economic zone of the ,united ,states2 7,d7 have the potential for large-scale1 cost-effective replication2 and 7,e7 meet such other provisions as may be established by the ,secretary consistent with the purposes of this section4 7#c7 ,allocation ,in making awards under paragraph 7#a71 out of the funds provided under subsection 7m77#a71 the ,secretary shall allocate-- 7,a7 #ejj1jjj1jjj to projects with total costs of not less than #aj1jjj1jjj and not more than #ajj1jjj1jjj2 7,b7 #gej1jjj1jjj to projects-- 7i7 with a total cost of more than #ajj1jjj1jjj2 and 7ii7 under which all captured carbon dioxide is disposed of in geologic storage in saline aquifers2 and 7,c7 #gej1jjj1jjj to projects with a total cost of more than #ajj1jjj1jjj1 without regard to the type of storage4 7#d7 ,cost-share 7,a7 ,in general ,except as provided in subparagraph 7,b71 with respect to a project receiving an award under paragraph 7#a71 the ,secretary shall require that-- 7i7 in the case of a project that disposes of carbon dioxide in geologic storage in an operating oil and gas field1 not less than #ej percent of the total project cost shall be provided by a non-,federal source2 and 7ii7 in the case of a project that is not described in clause 7i71 not less than #bj percent of the total project cost shall be provided by a non-,federal source4 7,b7 ,exclusion the ,federal share of the cost of a project receiving an award under paragraph 7#a7 with a total cost of not less than #aj1jjj1jjj and not more than #ajj1jjj1jjj may be up to #ajj percent4 2 and 7#e7 in subsection 7m7 7as so redesignated71 by striking paragraphs 7#a7 through 7#e7 and inserting the following3 7#a7 #b1jhi1jjj1jjj for fiscal year #bjbd1 of which #b1jjj1jjj1jjj shall be used to carry out subsection 7h71 to remain available until expended2 7#b7 #bag1jjj1jjj for fiscal year #bjbe2 7#c7 #cab1jjj1jjj for fiscal year #bjbf2 7#d7 #cfj1jjj1jjj for fiscal year #bjbg2 7#e7 #ddj1jjj1jjj for fiscal year #bjbh2 7#f7 #dda1jjj1jjj for fiscal year #bjbi2 7#g7 #dea1jjj1jjj for fiscal year #bjcj2 7#h7 #dbd1jjj1jjj for fiscal year #bjca2 7#i7 #chj1jjj1jjj for fiscal year #bjcb2 and 7#aj7 #ccg1jjj1jjj for fiscal year #bjcc4 4 #ajb4 ,energy efficiency and renewable energy 7a7 ,advanced materials and manufacturing technologies office 7#a7 ,in general ,the ,secretary of ,energy shall establish direct air capture as a research priority of the ,advanced ,materials and ,manufacturing ,technologies ,office1 with a focus on improved techniques for low-cost manufacturing of direct air capture components and materials4 7#b7 ,coordination ,the ,advanced ,materials and ,manufacturing ,technologies ,office shall carry out research relating to direct air capture under paragraph 7#a7 in coordination with the ,office of ,fossil ,energy and ,carbon ,management4 7#c7 ,research1 development1 and demonstration ,the ,secretary of ,energy1 acting through the ,assistant ,secretary for ,energy ,efficiency and ,renewable ,energy 7referred to in this section as the ,assistant ,secretary71 shall carry out research1 development1 and demonstration activities in the areas described in this paragraph4 7,a7 ,systems engineering and process design ,the ,assistant ,secretary shall carry out research1 development1 and demonstration activities relating to integrated catalyst reactor design optimized for carbon dioxide removal and utilization4 7,b7 ,alkalinity source pathways 7i7 ,in general ,the ,assistant ,secretary shall carry out research1 development1 and demonstration activities relating to development of new1 low-emissions sources of alkalinity for carbon mineralization4 7ii7 ,collaboration ,the ,assistant ,secretary shall carry out the activities in clause 7i7 in collaboration with the ,director of the ,united ,states ,geological ,survey4 7,c7 ,contactor design ,the ,assistant ,secretary shall carry out research1 development1 and demonstration activities relating to design of air contactors for direct air capture with low pressure drop1 high surface area1 and high longevity4 7,d7 ,manufacturing improvement ,the ,assistant ,secretary shall carry out research1 development1 and demonstration activities relating to low-cost manufacturing of direct air capture components and materials4 7,e7 ,other activities ,the ,assistant ,secretary shall carry out other carbon dioxide removal research1 development1 and demonstration activities1 as determined by the ,secretary of ,energy4 7b7 ,bioenergy ,technologies ,office 7#a7 ,in general ,the ,secretary of ,energy shall establish terrestrial and biological carbon dioxide removal as a research objective in the biomass energy program of the ,bioenergy ,technologies ,office4 7#b7 ,objective ,in carrying out research1 development1 and demonstration described in paragraph 7#e71 the ,secretary of ,energy shall seek to advance carbon dioxide removal approaches that generate net-negative emissions based on full lifecycle analysis4 7#c7 ,considerations ,in carrying out the full lifecycle analysis described in paragraph 7#b71 the ,bioenergy ,technologies ,office shall consider-- 7,a7 the emissions impacts of biomass harvest and processing1 including-- 7i7 unintended disturbances to ecosystem carbon stocks2 7ii7 indirect land-use change2 and 7iii7 alternative fates of biomass used2 7,b7 the risk of impacts on biodiversity and food security2 and 7,c7 the social impacts of any air pollutants4 7#d7 ,risk considerations ,in carrying out research1 development1 and demonstration described in paragraph 7#e71 the ,bioenergy ,technologies ,office shall-- 7,a7 conduct risk assessment of species cultivated or utilized for terrestrial and biological carbon dioxide removal2 and 7,b7 take all feasible and prudent measures to minimize risk of economic1 environmental1 and social harm caused by invasive species4 7#e7 ,research1 development1 and demonstration 7,a7 ,in general ,the ,secretary of ,energy1 acting through the ,assistant ,secretary1 shall carry out research1 development1 and demonstration activities in the areas described in subparagraphs 7,b7 through 7,i74 7,b7 ,algal biomass capture ,the ,assistant ,secretary shall carry out research1 development1 and demonstration activities relating to microalgae growth1 dewatering1 and conversion1 including pathways such as bioreactors and non-photosynthetic pathways4 7,c7 ,biomass supply1 logistics1 and pre-treatment 7i7 ,in general ,the ,assistant ,secretary1 in collaboration with the ,director of the ,national ,institute of ,food and ,agriculture1 shall establish #a or more test facilities to conduct innovative approaches for treating biomass for use in fuels and electricity generation1 including modeling and analysis of optimizing biomass gathering1 upgrading1 and supply4 7ii7 ,test facility considerations ,in selecting facilities to be established as test facilities under clause 7i71 the ,assistant ,secretary shall-- 7,i7 consider whether the facility has the capability for small-scale and mobile applications2 and 7,,ii7 prioritize facilities that use waste feedstocks from managed ecosystems1 urban areas1 and areas damaged by severe weather events4 7,d7 ,biomass conversion to fuels with biochar 7i7 ,in general ,the ,assistant ,secretary shall carry out research1 development1 and demonstration activities relating to-- 7,i7 research on conversion pathways1 including fast pyrolysis2 7,,ii7 development of-- 7aa7 mobile processing units2 and 7bb7 pollutant emissions control technology2 and 7,,iii7 assessments of overall carbon dioxide removal potential4 7ii7 ,collaboration ,the ,assistant ,secretary shall carry out the activities under clause 7i7 in collaboration with the ,director of the ,national ,institute of ,food and ,agriculture4 7,e7 ,biomass to fuel with carbon capture and storage 7i7 ,in general ,the ,assistant ,secretary shall carry out research1 development1 and demonstration activities relating to biomass to advanced cellulosic ethanol with carbon capture and storage1 taking into consideration direct and indirect land-use impacts from biomass feedstocks4 7ii7 ,collaboration ,the ,assistant ,secretary shall carry out the activities under clause 7i7 in collaboration with the ,assistant ,secretary for ,office of ,fossil ,energy and ,carbon ,management4 7,f7 ,aquatic biomass cultivation 7i7 ,in general ,the ,assistant ,secretary shall carry out research1 development1 and demonstration activities relating to management best practices and phenotype selection for aquatic macroalgae biomass production optimized for carbon dioxide removal1 including limited-scale experiments at sea1 designed and monitored to avoid impacts beyond the zone of the experiment4 7ii7 ,collaboration ,the ,assistant ,secretary shall carry out the activities under clause 7i7 in collaboration with the ,administrator of the ,national ,oceanic and ,atmospheric ,administration4 7,g7 ,aquatic biomass energy conversion ,the ,assistant ,secretary shall carry out research1 development1 and demonstration activities relating to technology development and pilots for aquatic biomass conversion and carbon capture1 including possible large-scale ocean-based experiments4 7,h7 ,new materials development and applications 7i7 ,in general ,the ,assistant ,secretary shall carry out research1 development1 and demonstration activities relating to development of new carbon dioxide utilization products4 7ii7 ,collaboration ,the ,assistant ,secretary shall carry out the activities under clause 7i7 in collaboration with-- 7,i7 the ,assistant ,secretary for ,fossil ,energy and ,carbon ,management2 and 7,,ii7 the ,administrator of the ,agricultural ,research ,service4 7,i7 ,other activities ,the ,assistant ,secretary shall carry out research1 development1 and demonstration activities relating to other terrestrial and biological carbon dioxide removal research1 development1 and demonstration activities not described in subparagraphs 7,b7 through 7,h71 as determined by the ,secretary4 7c7 ,building ,technologies ,office 7#a7 ,research1 development1 and demonstration ,the ,secretary of ,energy1 acting through the ,building ,technologies ,office1 shall carry out research1 development1 and demonstration activities in each of the areas described in this subsection4 7#b7 ,construction materials 7,a7 ,in general ,the ,building ,technologies ,office shall carry out research1 development1 and demonstration activities relating to development1 testing1 and certification of carbonate materials for construction materials4 7,b7 ,collaboration ,the ,building ,technologies ,office shall carry out activities under clause 7i7 in collaboration with the ,national ,institute of ,standards and ,technology4 7#c7 ,other activities ,the ,building ,technologies ,office shall carry out other carbon dioxide removal research1 development1 and demonstration activities1 as determined by the ,secretary of ,energy4 7d7 ,authorization of appropriations ,there are authorized to be appropriated to the ,secretary of ,energy to carry out this section-- 7#a7 #bf1jjj1jjj for fiscal year #bjbd2 7#b7 #ed1jjj1jjj for fiscal year #bjbe2 7#c7 #hc1jjj1jjj for fiscal year #bjbf2 7#d7 #ic1jjj1jjj for fiscal year #bjbg2 7#e7 #ic1jjj1jjj for fiscal year #bjbh2 7#f7 #hh1jjj1jjj for fiscal year #bjbi2 7#g7 #hc1jjj1jjj for fiscal year #bjcj2 7#h7 #gc1jjj1jjj for fiscal year #bjca2 7#i7 #ec1jjj1jjj for fiscal year #bjcb2 and 7#aj7 #db1jjj1jjj for fiscal year #bjcc4 #ajc4 ,office of ,science 7a7 ,research 7#a7 ,in general ,the ,secretary of ,energy1 acting through the ,director of the ,office of ,science 7referred to in this section as the ,director71 shall carry out use-inspired fundamental research activities in each of the areas described in this subsection4 7#b7 ,department of ,energy frontier research centers ,the ,director shall carry out research activities relating to the establishment of new energy frontier research centers focused on materials research and early-stage application of sorbents1 solvents1 membranes1 and related direct air capture components4 7#c7 ,grants and cooperative agreements ,the ,director shall make grants and enter into cooperative agreements to carry out materials research relating to sorbents1 solvents1 membranes1 and related direct air capture components4 7#d7 ,soil carbon 7,a7 ,in general ,the ,director shall carry out research activities relating to plant-root-fungi interactions1 deep inversion of soils1 and other topics4 7,b7 ,collaboration ,the ,director shall carry out the activities under subparagraph 7,a7 in collaboration with-- 7i7 the ,director of the ,national ,science ,foundation2 and 7ii7 the ,director of the ,agricultural ,research ,service4 7#e7 ,algal biomass capture ,the ,director shall carry out research activities relating to-- 7,a7 microalgae growth2 7,b7 dewatering2 and 7,c7 conversion1 including bioreactors and nonphotosynthetic pathways4 7#f7 ,carbon mineralization 7,a7 ,in general ,the ,director shall carry out research activities relating to-- 7i7 mineralization kinetics2 7ii7 geomechanics2 7iii7 rock physics2 7iv7 utilization-oriented carbonation2 and 7v7 other topics4 7,b7 ,collaboration ,the ,director shall carry out the activities under subparagraph 7,a7 in collaboration with the ,director of the ,national ,science ,foundation4 7#g7 ,ocean alkalinity 7,a7 ,in general ,the ,director shall carry out research activities relating to techniques for and ecological impacts of artificial modification of ocean alkalinity4 7,b7 ,collaboration ,the ,director shall carry out the activities under subparagraph 7,a7 in collaboration with the ,director of the ,national ,science ,foundation4 7#h7 ,carbon cycle 7,a7 ,in general ,the ,director shall carry research activities and modeling relating to-- 7i7 the effectiveness and ecological impacts of ocean iron fertilization2 and 7ii7 nitrogen and phosphorous fertilization4 7,b7 ,collaboration ,the ,director shall carry out the activities under subparagraph 7,a7 in collaboration with-- 7i7 the ,director of the ,national ,science ,foundation2 and 7ii7 the ,administrator of the ,national ,oceanic and ,atmospheric ,administration4 7#i7 ,carbon dioxide impacts and fate in oceans 7,a7 ,in general ,the ,director shall carry out monitoring1 research1 and modeling on ecological impacts of ocean carbon dioxide removal techniques4 7,b7 ,collaboration ,the ,director shall carry out the activities under subparagraph 7,a7 in collaboration with the ,administrator of the ,national ,oceanic and ,atmospheric ,administration4 7#aj7 ,carbonation 7,a7 ,in general ,the ,director shall carry out research activities relating to-- 7i7 methods to control carbonation reactions2 7ii7 methods to accelerate carbonation2 and 7iii7 research to understand structure-property relationships4 7,b7 ,collaboration ,the ,director shall carry out the activities under subparagraph 7,a7 in collaboration with the ,director of the ,national ,science ,foundation4 7#aa7 ,catalysts 7,a7 ,in general ,the ,director shall carry out research activities relating to-- 7i7 impurity-tolerant catalyst development2 7ii7 coupled reduction and oxidation reactions2 and 7iii7 reduced additives4 7,b7 ,collaboration ,the ,director shall carry out the activities under subparagraph 7,a7 in collaboration with the ,director of the ,national ,science ,foundation4 7#ab7 ,new materials development and applications 7,a7 ,in general ,the ,director shall carry out research activities relating to development of new materials for capturing and utilizing carbon dioxide1 including materials with carbon-carbon bonds4 7,b7 ,collaboration ,the ,director shall carry out the activities under subparagraph 7,a7 in collaboration with the ,director of the ,national ,science ,foundation4 7#ac7 ,genetic modeling and tools 7,a7 ,in general ,the ,director shall carry out research1 development1 and demonstration of technologies to improve carbon dioxide uptake1 conversion1 and product accumulation through genetic manipulation of biological organisms for carbon dioxide removal and utilization4 7,b7 ,collaboration ,the ,director shall carry out the activities under subparagraph 7,a7 in collaboration with the ,director of the ,national ,science ,foundation4 7#ad7 ,bioprospecting 7,a7 ,in general ,the ,director shall carry out research activities relating to development of tools and high-throughput screening for organisms with unique attributes relating to carbon dioxide conversion4 7,b7 ,collaboration ,the ,director shall carry out the activities under subparagraph 7,a7 in collaboration with the ,administrator of the ,agricultural ,research ,service4 7#ae7 ,other research ,the ,director shall carry out other research on carbon dioxide removal1 as determined by the ,secretary4 7b7 ,coordination ,the ,director shall carry out this section in coordination with the ,assistant ,secretary for ,fossil ,energy and ,carbon ,management4 7c7 ,authorization of appropriations ,there are authorized to be appropriated to the ,secretary of ,energy to carry out this section-- 7#a7 #cj1jjj1jjj for fiscal year #bjbd2 7#b7 #fe1jjj1jjj for fiscal year #bjbe2 7#c7 #gi1jjj1jjj for fiscal year #bjbf2 7#d7 #hc1jjj1jjj for fiscal year #bjbg2 7#e7 #hh1jjj1jjj for fiscal year #bjbh2 7#f7 #hd1jjj1jjj for fiscal year #bjbi2 7#g7 #ha1jjj1jjj for fiscal year #bjcj2 7#h7 #gj1jjj1jjj for fiscal year #bjca2 7#i7 #gj1jjj1jjj for fiscal year #bjcb2 and 7#aj7 #fg1jjj1jjj for fiscal year #bjcc4 #ajd4 ,department-wide considerations 7a7 ,lifecycle analyses ,in carrying out research1 development1 and demonstration under this title1 the ,secretary of ,energy1 in collaboration with the heads of other appropriate ,federal agencies1 shall conduct full-system lifecycle analyses of emissions and other environmental impacts from carbon dioxide removal technologies and methods4 7b7 ,environmental justice analyses ,in carrying out research1 development1 and demonstration under this title1 the ,secretary of ,energy shall conduct environmental justice analyses of carbon dioxide removal technologies1 methods1 and siting1 including impacts on local and regional conventional air pollution4 ,,ii ,department of ,agriculture #bja4 ,definitions ,in this title3 7#a7 ,department ,the term ,department means the ,department of ,agriculture4 7#b7 ,land-grant colleges and universities 7,a7 ,in general ,the term land-grant colleges and universities has the meaning given the term in section #adjd of the ,national ,agricultural ,research1 ,extension1 and ,teaching ,policy ,act of #aigg 7#g ,u4,s4,c4 #cajc74 7,b7 ,inclusion ,the term land-grant colleges and universities includes a #aiid ,institution 7as defined in section #ecb of the ,equity in ,educational ,land-,grant ,status ,act of #aiid 7#g ,u4,s4,c4 #cja note2 ,public ,law #ajc-chb774 7#c7 ,secretary ,the term ,secretary means the ,secretary of ,agriculture4 #bjb4 ,objectives and organization 7a7 ,departmental mission ,the ,secretary shall incorporate terrestrial and biological carbon dioxide removal mission responsibilities into the ,strategic ,plan of the ,department to complement the food and fiber mission responsibilities of the ,department4 7b7 ,under ,secretary for ,research1 ,education1 and ,economics 7#a7 ,in general ,the ,under ,secretary for ,research1 ,education1 and ,economics 7referred to in this section as the ,under ,secretary7 shall-- 7,a7 coordinate all carbon dioxide removal research1 development1 and demonstration activities within the ,department2 and 7,b7 in carrying out subparagraph 7,a71 collaborate with other senior ,department officials with related responsibilities1 including the ,chief ,economist4 7#b7 ,review and advise ,the ,under ,secretary shall-- 7,a7 review and advise the ,secretary on all budget proposals relating to carbon dioxide removal research1 development1 and demonstration under ,department programs2 and 7,b7 provide oversight and evaluation of carbon dioxide removal research1 development1 and demonstration initiatives and projects of the ,department4 7#c7 ,research strategies ,in carrying out this subsection1 the ,under ,secretary shall pursue research strategies that build on well-established agriculture research infrastructure to pursue carbon dioxide removal research1 development1 and demonstration objectives through new research models4 7#d7 ,research1 development1 and demonstration programs ,the ,under ,secretary shall incorporate terrestrial and biological carbon dioxide removal research1 development1 and demonstration programs and projects-- 7,a7 across the ,department1 including at-- 7i7 the ,agricultural ,research ,service2 7ii7 the ,forest ,service2 7iii7 the ,natural ,resources ,conservation ,service2 7iv7 the ,national ,institute of ,food and ,agriculture2 and 7v7 other ,department agencies and offices2 and 7,b7 in research portfolios of land-grant colleges and universities4 7c7 ,department-,wide considerations 7#a7 ,objective ,in carrying out research1 development1 and demonstration under this title1 the ,secretary shall seek to advance carbon dioxide removal approaches that generate net-negative emissions based on full lifecycle analysis4 7#b7 ,considerations ,in carrying out this title1 the ,secretary shall consider1 in addition to emissions described in paragraph 7#a71 the risk of impacts on biodiversity and food security1 social impacts1 and such other impacts as the ,secretary determines to be appropriate4 7#c7 ,risk considerations ,in carrying out this title1 the ,secretary shall-- 7,a7 conduct risk assessment of species cultivated or utilized for terrestrial and biological carbon dioxide removal2 and 7,b7 take all feasible and prudent measures to minimize risk of economic1 environmental1 and social harm caused by invasive species4 7#d7 ,memorandum of understanding ,the ,secretary shall enter into a memorandum of understanding with the ,secretary of ,energy to incorporate carbon dioxide removal scientific objectives into-- 7,a7 current joint research on genomics and synthetic biology2 and 7,b7 new and expanded joint research initiatives between the ,national ,laboratories 7as defined in section #b of the ,energy ,policy ,act of #bjje 7#db ,u4,s4,c4 #aehja77 and land-grant colleges and universities4 #bjc4 ,agriculture advanced research and development authority ,section #adgc;,h of the ,national ,agricultural ,research1 ,extension1 and ,teaching ,policy ,act of #aigg 7#g ,u4,s4,c4 #ccaik7 is amended-- 7#a7 in subsection 7b77#b7-- 7,a7 in subparagraph 7,c71 by striking and at the end2 7,b7 in subparagraph 7,d71 by striking the period at the end and inserting 2 and2 and 7,c7 by adding at the end the following3 7,e7 to advance technologies and methods relating to terrestrial and biological carbon dioxide removal 7as defined in section #b of the ,carbon ,dioxide ,removal ,research and ,development ,act of #bjbc74 2 and 7#b7 in subsection 7d71 by adding at the end the following3 7#d7 ,authorization of appropriations for carbon dioxide removal activities ,in addition to amounts otherwise made available under this subsection1 there are authorized to be appropriated to carry out subsection 7b77#b77;,e71 #aj1jjj1jjj for each of fiscal years #bjbd through #bjcc1 to remain available until expended4 4 #bjd4 ,national ,institute of ,food and ,agriculture 7a7 ,research1 development1 and demonstration 7#a7 ,in general ,the ,secretary1 acting through the ,national ,institute of ,food and ,agriculture1 shall carry out research1 development1 and demonstration activities in each of the areas described in this subsection4 7#b7 ,biomass supply1 logistics1 and pre-treatment 7,a7 ,in general ,the ,secretary shall establish #a or more test facilities for innovative approaches for treating biomass for use in fuels and electricity generation1 including modeling and analysis of optimizing biomass gathering1 upgrading1 and supply4 7,b7 ,consideration2 priority ,in carrying out subparagraph 7,a71 the ,secretary shall-- 7i7 consider facilities with the capability for small-scale and mobile applications2 and 7ii7 prioritize waste feedstocks from managed ecosystems1 urban areas1 and areas damaged by severe weather events4 7#c7 ,biomass conversion to fuels with biochar ,the ,secretary shall-- 7,a7 research pathways for the conversion of biomass to fuels with biochar1 including fast pyrolysis1 development of mobile processing units1 and pollution emissions control technology2 and 7,b7 conduct relevant assessments of overall carbon dioxide removal potential4 7#d7 ,other activities ,the ,secretary shall carry out other carbon dioxide removal research1 development1 and demonstration activities1 as determined by the ,secretary4 7b7 ,collaboration ,in carrying out the activities under subsection 7a71 the ,secretary shall collaborate with the ,assistant ,secretary for ,energy ,efficiency and ,renewable ,energy4 7c7 ,consideration ,in carrying out research1 development1 and demonstration on biomass as a feedstock1 the ,secretary shall consider-- 7#a7 the emissions impacts of biomass harvest and processing2 7#b7 unintended disturbances to ecosystem carbon stocks2 7#c7 indirect land-use change2 7#d7 alternative fates of biomass used2 and 7#e7 the social impacts of any air pollutants4 7d7 ,authorization of appropriations ,there are authorized to be appropriated to the ,secretary to carry out this section-- 7#a7 #f1jjj1jjj for fiscal year #bjbd2 7#b7 #ae1jjj1jjj for fiscal year #bjbe2 7#c7 #be1jjj1jjj for fiscal year #bjbf2 7#d7 #cj1jjj1jjj for each of fiscal years #bjbg through #bjcj2 7#e7 #be1jjj1jjj for fiscal year #bjca2 7#f7 #ah1jjj1jjj for fiscal year #bjcb2 and 7#g7 #ae1jjj1jjj for fiscal year #bjcc4 #bje4 ,agricultural ,research ,service 7a7 ,research1 development1 and demonstration 7#a7 ,in general ,the ,secretary1 acting through the ,agricultural ,research ,service1 shall carry out research1 development1 and demonstration activities in each of the areas described in this subsection4 7#b7 ,soil carbon 7,a7 ,in general ,the ,secretary shall carry out fundamental research on plant-root-fungi interactions1 deep inversion of soils1 and other topics with the potential to advance carbon dioxide removal4 7,b7 ,collaboration ,the ,secretary shall carry out the activities under subparagraph 7,a7 in collaboration with-- 7i7 the ,director of the ,office of ,science of the ,department of ,energy2 and 7ii7 the ,director of the ,national ,science ,foundation4 7#c7 ,high-carbon-input crop phenotypes 7,a7 ,in general ,the ,secretary shall carry out development of advanced cultivars and forestry crops with enhanced carbon uptake and retention4 7,b7 ,collaboration ,the ,secretary shall carry out the activities under subparagraph 7,a7 in collaboration with the ,chief of the ,forest ,service4 7#d7 ,cultivation system optimization 7,a7 ,in general ,the ,secretary shall carry out research on regionally specific best practices for soil health and carbon retention at not fewer than #aj sites1 including at least #a site in a tropical region4 7,b7 ,consideration ,the ,secretary shall consider co-locating sites described in subparagraph 7,a7 with sites used by the ,national ,resource ,inventory of the ,natural ,resources ,conservation ,service1 the ,long ,term ,ecological ,research ,network1 the ,national ,ecological ,observatory ,network1 and the ,forest ,inventory and ,analysis ,program4 7#e7 ,agroforestry ,the ,secretary shall carry out research on integrating regionally appropriate trees and shrubs into crop and animal farming systems as a carbon dioxide removal practice at no fewer than #e geographically diverse test sites4 7#f7 ,perennial plants and marginal lands ,the ,secretary shall carry out research into the use of perennial plants for carbon dioxide removal1 including research on-- 7,a7 genetic traits2 7,b7 improved soil carbon sequestration modeling2 7,c7 perennialization of useful annual crops2 and 7,d7 greater use on marginal land4 7#g7 ,soil amendments impact studies ,the ,secretary shall carry out research and field studies on the longevity and impact of soil amendments1 such as biochar and reactive minerals1 on productivity1 soil carbon retention1 nutrient and water use1 albedo1 and other factors4 7#h7 ,measurement1 modeling1 and predictive tool development 7,a7 ,in general ,the ,secretary shall carry out research to improve existing carbon sequestration measurement and modeling tools and the development of simulation-based tools to predict and quantify soil carbon sequestration4 7,b7 ,collaboration ,the ,secretary shall carry out the activities under subparagraph 7,a7 in collaboration with the ,director of the ,national ,science ,foundation4 7#i7 ,climate hubs 7,a7 ,in general ,the ,secretary shall carry out activities relating to increasing the capacity of ,department climate hubs and other research units to deliver climate- and carbon dioxide removal-related science and tools to farmers1 ranchers1 and forest planners and managers4 7,b7 ,collaboration ,the ,secretary shall carry out the activities under subparagraph 7,a7 in collaboration with the ,chief of the ,forest ,service4 7#aj7 ,bioprospecting 7,a7 ,in general ,the ,secretary shall carry out activities relating to the development of tools and high-throughput screening for organisms with unique attributes relating to carbon dioxide conversion4 7,b7 ,collaboration ,the ,secretary shall carry out the activities under subparagraph 7,a7 in collaboration with the ,director of the ,office of ,science of the ,department of ,energy4 7#aa7 ,new materials development and applications 7,a7 ,in general ,the ,secretary shall carry out activities relating to development of new carbon dioxide utilization products4 7,b7 ,collaboration ,the ,secretary shall carry out the activities under subparagraph 7,a7 in collaboration with the ,assistant ,secretary for ,office of ,energy ,efficiency and ,renewable ,energy of the ,department of ,energy4 7#ab7 ,other activities ,the ,secretary shall carry out other carbon dioxide removal research1 development1 and demonstration activities1 as determined by the ,secretary4 7b7 ,authorization of appropriations ,there are authorized to be appropriated to the ,secretary to carry out this section-- 7#a7 #de1jjj1jjj for fiscal year #bjbd2 7#b7 #eb1jjj1jjj for fiscal year #bjbe2 7#c7 #fa1jjj1jjj for fiscal year #bjbf2 7#d7 #gb1jjj1jjj for each of fiscal years #bjbg and #bjbh2 and 7#e7 #fh1jjj1jjj for each of fiscal years #bjbi through #bjcc4 #bjf4 ,natural ,resources ,conservation ,service 7a7 ,research1 development1 and demonstration 7#a7 ,in general ,the ,secretary1 acting through the ,natural ,resources ,conservation ,service1 shall carry out research1 development1 and demonstration activities in each of the areas described in this subsection4 7#b7 ,enhanced soil monitoring 7,a7 ,in general ,the ,secretary shall carry out revisions to the ,national ,resources ,inventory system of the ,national ,resources ,conservation ,service-- 7i7 to include measuring greenhouse gasses1 including carbon stocks and fluxes2 7ii7 to include additional sites2 and 7iii7 to expand remote sensing to increase frequency and geospatial resolution4 7,b7 ,collaboration ,the ,secretary shall carry out the activities under subparagraph 7,a7 in collaboration with the ,administrator of the ,national ,aeronautics and ,space ,administration4 7#c7 ,conservation practices data collection ,the ,secretary shall carry out revisions to the ,conservation ,effects ,assessment ,project of the ,natural ,resources ,conservation ,service to collect more frequent and robust data on how conservation practices impact greenhouse gas fluxes4 7#d7 ,extension of agricultural carbon sequestration practices ,the ,secretary shall carry out-- 7,a7 projects to identify barriers to adoption of agricultural carbon sequestration technologies2 and 7,b7 extension of tools and practices1 and research to promote uptake using existing conservation programs of the ,department4 7#e7 ,social science research 7,a7 ,in general ,the ,secretary shall carry out social science research on uptake of agricultural carbon sequestration technologies and practices to inform outreach4 7,b7 ,consultation ,the ,secretary shall carry out the activities under subparagraph 7,a7 in consultation with the ,administrator of the ,economic ,research ,service4 7#f7 ,other activities ,the ,secretary shall carry out other carbon dioxide removal research1 development1 and demonstration activities1 as determined by the ,secretary4 7b7 ,authorization of appropriations ,there are authorized to be appropriated to the ,secretary to carry out this section-- 7#a7 #f1jjj1jjj for each of fiscal years #bjbd through #bjbf2 7#b7 #aj1jjj1jjj for each of fiscal years #bjbg and #bjbh2 and 7#c7 #f1jjj1jjj for each of fiscal years #bjbi through #bjcc4 #bjg4 ,forest ,service 7a7 ,research1 development1 and demonstration 7#a7 ,in general ,the ,secretary1 acting through the ,chief of the ,forest ,service1 shall carry out research1 development1 and demonstration activities in at each of the areas described in this subsection4 7#b7 ,enhanced forest stock monitoring 7,a7 ,in general ,the ,secretary shall carry out activities relating to improving-- 7i7 capacity of the ,forest ,inventory and ,analysis program to monitor forest carbon1 including through remote sensing to increase frequency and geospatial resolution2 and 7ii7 forest carbon measurement and monitoring technologies1 including satellite and remote sensing technologies4 7,b7 ,collaboration ,the ,secretary shall carry out the activities under subparagraph 7,a7 in collaboration with the ,administrator of the ,national ,aeronautics and ,space ,administration4 7#c7 ,integrated assessment model and grasslands and forest impacts modeling 7,a7 ,in general ,the ,secretary shall carry out activities relating to technical1 economic1 and social modeling of impacts on land use from avoided conversion of grasslands and forests1 reforestation1 conservation1 afforestation1 and forest management changes4 7,b7 ,collaboration ,the ,secretary shall carry out the activities under subparagraph 7,a7 in collaboration with the ,director of the ,national ,science ,foundation4 7#d7 ,forest carbon management demonstration 7,a7 ,in general ,the ,secretary shall carry out activities1 at not fewer than #e geographically diverse sites1 relating to conducting large-scale field experiments of best practices for forest management and restoration that optimize carbon dioxide removal while maintaining and enhancing ecosystems4 7,b7 ,collaboration ,the ,secretary shall carry out the activities under subparagraph 7,a7 in collaboration with the ,assistant ,administrator for ,research and ,development of the ,environmental ,protection ,agency4 7#e7 ,climate resilience ,the ,secretary shall carry out research and field experiments on enhancements to forest management practices for carbon dioxide removal to reflect emerging needs due to the impact of climate change on forests over time4 7#f7 ,preservation of harvested wood 7,a7 ,in general ,the ,secretary shall carry out activities relating to the design and demonstration of landfills for woody biomass disposal and carbon storage4 7,b7 ,collaboration ,the ,secretary shall carry out the activities under subparagraph 7,a7 in collaboration with the ,assistant ,administrator for ,research and ,development of the ,environmental ,protection ,agency4 7#g7 ,social science research and extension ,the ,secretary shall carry out social science research and extension programs to promote uptake of forest management carbon sequestration technologies and practices4 7#h7 ,climate hubs 7,a7 ,in general ,the ,secretary shall carry out activities to increase the capacity of ,department climate hubs and other research units to deliver climate and carbon dioxide removal-related science and tools to forest planners and managers4 7,b7 ,collaboration ,the ,secretary shall carry out the activities under subparagraph 7,a7 in collaboration with the ,administrator of the ,agricultural ,research ,service4 7#i7 ,other activities ,the ,secretary shall carry out other carbon dioxide removal research1 development1 and demonstration activities1 as determined by the ,secretary4 7b7 ,authorization of appropriations ,there are authorized to be appropriated to the ,secretary to carry out this section-- 7#a7 #bd1jjj1jjj for each of fiscal years #bjbd through #bjbf2 7#b7 #af1jjj1jjj for each of fiscal years #bjbg and #bjbh2 and 7#c7 #aj1jjj1jjj for each of fiscal years #bjbi through #bjcc4 ,,iii ,department of ,commerce #cja4 ,national ,oceanic and ,atmospheric ,administration 7a7 ,definition of ,under ,secretary ,in this section1 the term ,under ,secretary means the ,under ,secretary of ,commerce for ,oceans and ,atmosphere4 7b7 ,strategic mission objective ,the ,secretary of ,commerce shall incorporate carbon dioxide removal scientific objectives into the mission responsibilities of the ,national ,oceanic and ,atmospheric ,administration for oceans and coastal area programs4 7c7 ,research objectives and considerations 7#a7 ,objectives ,in carrying out research1 development1 and demonstration under this section1 the ,under ,secretary shall seek to develop a better understanding of the efficacy and impacts of carbon dioxide removal approaches in coastal areas and the ocean to help determine which could be feasible for larger scale deployment4 7#b7 ,considerations ,in carrying out research1 development1 and demonstration under this section1 the ,under ,secretary shall conform to national and international governance frameworks and employ stringent monitoring to understand and minimize negative ecosystem and social impacts and maximize co-benefits for communities and marine ecosystems4 7d7 ,lead office 7#a7 ,climate program office ,the ,climate ,program ,office of the ,national ,oceanic and ,atmospheric ,administration 7referred to in this subsection as the ,office7 shall serve as the focal point for coordination and information dissemination on carbon dioxide removal activities across the ,national ,oceanic and ,atmospheric ,administration1 with an emphasis on technological approaches4 7#b7 ,responsibilities ,the ,office shall-- 7,a7 coordinate all ,national ,oceanic and ,atmospheric ,administration carbon dioxide removal research1 development1 and demonstration on technologically enhanced coastal and ocean carbon capture1 conversion1 and storage2 7,b7 support the development and application of technologically enhanced methods of coastal and ocean carbon dioxide removal consistent with the research objectives and considerations described in subsection 7c72 and 7,c7 ensure effective utilization of the ocean research assets of the ,administration1 the ,national ,science ,foundation1 and the ,coast ,guard in implementing carbon dioxide removal research projects4 7#c7 ,integration ,the ,director of the ,office shall-- 7,a7 coordinate existing ocean acidification monitoring and data collection programs in existence as of the date of enactment of this ,act with the carbon dioxide removal research portfolio of the ,national ,oceanic and ,atmospheric ,administration2 and 7,b7 modify existing ocean acidification program plans to incorporate carbon dioxide removal research objectives4 7e7 ,research1 development1 and demonstration 7#a7 ,in general ,the ,under ,secretary shall carry out research1 development1 and demonstration activities in each of the areas described in this subsection4 7#b7 ,coastal marine carbon fundamental research 7,a7 ,in general ,the ,under ,secretary shall carry out fundamental research of coastal ecosystem carbon dioxide sequestration4 7,b7 ,collaboration ,the ,under ,secretary shall carry out the activities described in subparagraph 7,a7 in collaboration with the ,director of the ,national ,science ,foundation4 7#c7 ,coastal resource assessment 7,a7 ,in general ,the ,under ,secretary shall carry out mapping and evaluation of coastal marine ecosystems for carbon dioxide removal potential4 7,b7 ,collaboration ,the ,under ,secretary shall carry out the activities described in subparagraph 7,a7 in collaboration with the ,administrator of the ,national ,aeronautics and ,space ,administration4 7#d7 ,coastal marine carbon regional field trials 7,a7 ,in general ,the ,under ,secretary shall carry out monitored field trials of coastal wetlands restoration optimized for carbon dioxide removal4 7,b7 ,coordination ,the ,under ,secretary shall carry out the activities described in subparagraph 7,a7 in coordination with the grant program under section #ijf of the ,national ,oceans and ,coastal ,security ,act 7#af ,u4,s4,c4 #geje7 and the ,ecosystem ,management and ,restoration ,research ,program of the ,corps of ,engineers4 7#e7 ,national ,coastal ,wetland ,data ,center ,the ,under ,secretary shall integrate data on coastal ecosystem carbon dioxide removal research into the ,digital ,coast program established under section #d7;a7 of the ,digital ,coast ,act 7#af ,u4,s4,c4 #adfg7;a774 7#f7 ,ocean modeling ,the ,under ,secretary shall conduct research and modeling on the effect of ocean circulation on carbon dioxide uptake from the atmosphere in response to intentional carbon dioxide removal from the ocean4 7#g7 ,aquatic biomass cultivation 7,a7 ,in general ,the ,under ,secretary shall research management best practices and phenotype selection for and use of aquatic macroalgae biomass production optimized for carbon dioxide removal1 including limited-scale experiments at sea1 designed and monitored to avoid impacts beyond the zone of the experiment4 7,b7 ,collaboration ,the ,under ,secretary shall carry out the activities described in subparagraph 7,a7 in collaboration with the ,assistant ,secretary for ,energy ,efficiency and ,renewable ,energy of the ,department of ,energy4 7,c7 ,risk considerations ,the ,under ,secretary shall take all feasible and prudent measures to minimize risk of economic1 environmental1 and social harm caused by invasive species4 7#h7 ,applied alkalinity modification techniques 7,a7 ,in general ,the ,under ,secretary shall conduct limited-scale experiments on alkalinity enhancement techniques at sea1 designed and monitored to avoid impacts beyond the zone of the experiment4 7,b7 ,collaboration ,the ,under ,secretary shall carry out the activities described in subparagraph 7,a7 in collaboration with the ,director of the ,national ,science ,foundation4 7#i7 ,seawater carbon extraction ,the ,under ,secretary shall conduct research and modeling on electrochemical seawater extraction1 including process design and locations for minimizing resource requirements1 downstream chemical and biological impacts1 and storage or utilization methods4 7#aj7 ,ocean fertilization fundamental research 7,a7 ,in general ,the ,under ,secretary shall conduct fundamental research and modeling on the impacts and effectiveness of ocean iron fertilization and nitrogen and phosphorous fertilization research4 7,b7 ,collaboration ,the ,under ,secretary shall carry out the activities described in subparagraph 7,a7 in collaboration with the ,director of the ,national ,science ,foundation and the ,director of the ,office of ,science of the ,department of ,energy4 7#aa7 ,artificial ocean macronutrient fertilization 7,a7 ,in general ,the ,under ,secretary shall conduct limited-scale experiments on ocean macronutrient fertilization1 designed and monitored to avoid impacts beyond the zone of the experiment and within internationally recognized frameworks4 7,b7 ,collaboration ,the ,under ,secretary shall carry out the activities described in subparagraph 7,a7 in collaboration with the ,director of the ,national ,science ,foundation4 7#ab7 ,upwelling and downwelling ,the ,under ,secretary shall conduct research on the impact and effectiveness of upwelling and downwelling as a carbon dioxide removal approach4 7#ac7 ,carbon dioxide impacts and fate in oceans 7,a7 ,in general ,the ,under ,secretary shall conduct monitoring1 research1 modeling1 and small-scale field trials on ecological and social impacts of coastal and deep ocean carbon dioxide removal techniques4 7,b7 ,collaboration ,the ,under ,secretary shall carry out the activities described in subparagraph 7,a7 in collaboration with the ,director of the ,office of ,science of the ,department of ,energy4 7#ad7 ,enhanced monitoring ,the ,under ,secretary shall conduct enhanced ocean1 coastal1 and atmospheric monitoring1 quantification1 and verification of carbon dioxide removal4 7#ae7 ,other activities ,the ,under ,secretary shall conduct other carbon dioxide removal research1 development1 and demonstration activities1 as determined by the ,under ,secretary4 7f7 ,input ,in carrying out the activities under subsection 7e71 the ,under ,secretary shall receive input from the ,director of the ,office4 7g7 ,authorization of appropriations ,there are authorized to be appropriated to the ,under ,secretary to carry out subsection 7d7-- 7#a7 #be1jjj1jjj for fiscal year #bjbd2 7#b7 #ej1jjj1jjj for fiscal year #bjbe2 7#c7 #ajj1jjj1jjj for fiscal year #bjbf2 7#d7 #abd1jjj1jjj for fiscal year #bjbg2 7#e7 #adh1jjj1jjj for fiscal year #bjbh2 7#f7 #aej1jjj1jjj for fiscal year #bjbi2 7#g7 #ach1jjj1jjj for fiscal year #bjcj2 7#h7 #abf1jjj1jjj for fiscal year #bjca2 7#i7 #aag1jjj1jjj for fiscal year #bjcb2 and 7#aj7 #aje1jjj1jjj for fiscal year #bjcc4 7h7 ,international coordination ,in carrying out this section1 the ,under ,secretary1 acting through the ,director of the ,office1 shall-- 7#a7 coordinate with the ,secretary of ,state and appropriate international entities2 7#b7 ensure compliance with all current international agreements1 including voluntary compliance agreements where the ,united ,states is not an official signatory2 and 7#c7 to the extent practicable1 seek joint sponsorship for experiments4 #cjb4 ,national ,institute of ,standards and ,technology 7a7 ,research1 development1 and demonstration 7#a7 ,in general ,the ,secretary of ,commerce1 acting through the ,director of the ,national ,institute of ,standards and ,technology 7referred to in this section as the ,director71 shall carry out research1 development1 and demonstration activities in each of the areas described in this subsection4 7#b7 ,materials testing and standards ,the ,director shall develop standard reference materials and standard testing procedures for technologies and processes related to carbon dioxide removal4 7#c7 ,construction materials 7,a7 ,in general ,the ,director shall develop1 test1 and establish standards for carbonate or carbon-sequestering materials for construction markets4 7,b7 ,collaboration ,the ,director shall carry out the activities described in subparagraph 7,a7 in collaboration with the ,assistant ,secretary for ,energy ,efficiency and ,renewable ,energy of the ,department of ,energy4 7#d7 ,other activities ,the ,director shall conduct other carbon dioxide removal research1 development1 and demonstration activities1 as determined by the ,director of the ,national ,institute of ,standards and ,technology4 7b7 ,authorization of appropriations ,there are authorized to be appropriated to the ,director of the ,national ,institute of ,standards and ,technology to carry out this section-- 7#a7 #d1jjj1jjj for each of fiscal years #bjbd through #bjbf2 7#b7 #g1jjj1jjj for each of fiscal years #bjbg through #bjbi2 7#c7 #b1jjj1jjj for each of fiscal years #bjcj through #bjcb2 and 7#d7 #a1jjj1jjj for fiscal year #bjcc4 ,,iv ,department of ,defense #dja4 ,corps of ,engineers 7a7 ,research1 development1 and demonstration 7#a7 ,in general ,the ,secretary of ,defense1 acting through the ,chief of ,engineers1 shall carry out research1 development1 and demonstration activities in each of the areas described in this subsection4 7#b7 ,coastal marine carbon regional field trials 7,a7 ,in general ,the ,secretary of ,defense1 acting through the ,chief of ,engineers1 shall carry out monitored field trials of coastal wetlands restoration optimized for carbon dioxide removal4 7,b7 ,coordination ,the ,secretary of ,defense1 acting through the ,chief of ,engineers1 shall carry out the activities described in subparagraph 7,a7 in coordination with the grant program under section #ijf of the ,national ,oceans and ,coastal ,security ,act 7#af ,u4,s4,c4 #geje7 and the ,coastal ,resilience ,grants ,program of the ,national ,oceanic and ,atmospheric ,administration4 7#c7 ,other activities ,the ,secretary of ,defense1 acting through the ,chief of ,engineers1 shall conduct other carbon dioxide removal research1 development1 and demonstration activities1 as determined by the ,secretary of ,defense4 7b7 ,authorization of appropriations ,there are authorized to be appropriated to the ,secretary of ,defense to carry out this section-- 7#a7 #bd1jjj1jjj for fiscal year #bjbd2 7#b7 #de1jjj1jjj for each of fiscal years #bjbe through #bjbg2 7#c7 #ec1jjj1jjj for each of fiscal years #bjbh through #bjcj2 and 7#d7 #be1jjj1jjj for each of fiscal years #bjca through #bjcc4 ,v ,department of the ,interior #eja4 ,united ,states ,geological ,survey 7a7 ,research1 development1 and demonstration 7#a7 ,in general ,the ,secretary of the ,interior1 acting through the ,director of the ,united ,states ,geological ,survey 7referred to in this section as the ,director71 shall carry out research1 development1 and demonstration activities in each of the areas described in this subsection4 7#b7 ,resource assessments 7,a7 ,in general ,the ,director shall-- 7i7 carry out mapping and technical and economic assessments of geological resources1 mine tailings1 and other alkaline industrial wastes for mineralization2 and 7ii7 establish of a public database of results of the mapping and assessments carried out under clause 7i74 7,b7 ,collaboration ,the ,director shall carry out the activities described in subparagraph 7,a7 in collaboration with the ,assistant ,secretary for ,fossil ,energy and ,carbon ,management of the ,department of ,energy4 7#c7 ,tailings and waste mineralization 7,a7 ,in general ,the ,director shall carry out field experiments on carbon-sequestering waste materials1 including mine tailings and industrial wastes4 7,b7 ,collaboration ,the ,director shall carry out the activities described in subparagraph 7,a7 in collaboration with-- 7i7 the ,assistant ,secretary for of ,fossil ,energy and ,carbon ,management of the ,department of ,energy2 7ii7 the ,assistant ,administrator for of ,research and ,development of the ,environmental ,protection ,agency2 and 7iii7 the director of the ,bureau of ,land ,management4 7#d7 ,environmental impacts of mineralization materials 7,a7 ,in general ,the ,director shall carry out research on the environmental impacts of broadcasting materials1 including disturbing piles of mine tailings4 7,b7 ,collaboration ,the ,director shall carry out the activities described in subparagraph 7,a7 in collaboration with-- 7i7 the ,assistant ,secretary for ,fossil ,energy and ,carbon ,management of the ,department of ,energy2 and 7ii7 the ,assistant ,administrator for ,research and ,development of the ,environmental ,protection ,agency4 7#e7 ,environmental and social impacts of expanded mining for mineralization 7,a7 ,in general ,the ,director shall carry out research on the environmental and social impacts of expanded mining activities for the purpose of mineralization1 including the net carbon impact of those activities4 7,b7 ,collaboration ,the ,director shall carry out the activities described in subparagraph 7,a7 in collaboration with-- 7i7 the ,director of the ,national ,science ,foundation2 7ii7 the ,assistant ,secretary for ,fossil ,energy and ,carbon ,management of the ,department of ,energy2 and 7iii7 the ,assistant ,administrator for ,research and ,development of the ,environmental ,protection ,agency4 7#f7 ,new mineralization pathways 7,a7 ,in general ,the ,director shall carry out development of new1 low-emissions sources of alkalinity for carbon mineralization and new mineralization processes1 such as looping and direct air capture hybrids4 7,b7 ,collaboration ,the ,director shall carry out the activities described in subparagraph 7,a7 in collaboration with the ,assistant ,secretary for ,energy ,efficiency and ,renewable ,energy of the ,department of ,energy4 7#g7 ,regional partnerships 7,a7 ,in general ,the ,director shall establish not more than #f regional partnerships1 the membership of which may be made up of #a or more-- 7i7 institutions of higher education2 7ii7 ,state entities2 7iii7 ,federal entities2 7iv7 ,indian ,tribes 7as defined in section #d of the ,indian ,self-,determination and ,education ,assistance ,act 7#be ,u4,s4,c4 #ecjd772 7v7 ,native ,hawaiian organizations 7as defined in section #fbjg of the ,elementary and ,secondary ,education ,act of #aife 7#bj ,u4,s4,c4 #geag772 7vi7 nongovernmental organizations2 and 7vii7 other relevant entities4 7,b7 ,purpose ,the purpose of a regional partnership established under subparagraph 7,a7 shall be-- 7i7 to characterize regional resources for mineralization2 and 7ii7 to carry out field experiments and small-scale demonstration projects for mineralization4 7,c7 ,collaboration ,the ,director shall carry out the activities described in this paragraph in collaboration with the ,assistant ,secretary for ,fossil ,energy and ,carbon ,management of the ,department of ,energy4 7#h7 ,other activities ,the ,director shall carry out other carbon dioxide removal research1 development1 and demonstration activities1 as determined by the ,secretary of the ,interior4 7b7 ,authorization of appropriations ,there are authorized to be appropriated to the ,secretary of ,interior to carry out this section-- 7#a7 #ac1jjj1jjj for fiscal year #bjbd2 7#b7 #ai1jjj1jjj for fiscal year #bjbe2 7#c7 #bb1jjj1jjj for each of fiscal years #bjbf through #bjcj2 7#d7 #ba1jjj1jjj for each of fiscal years #bjca and #bjcb2 and 7#e7 #ah1jjj1jjj for fiscal year #bjcc4 #ejb4 ,land and minerals management 7a7 ,research1 development1 and demonstration 7#a7 ,in general ,the ,secretary of the ,interior1 acting through the ,assistant ,secretary of ,land and ,minerals ,management 7referred to in this section as the ,assistant ,secretary71 shall carry out research1 development1 and demonstration activities in each of the areas described in this subsection4 7#b7 ,carbon dioxide removal on federal lands 7,a7 ,in general ,the ,assistant ,secretary shall carry out an assessment of the ability to use ,federal land and abandoned mine land1 subject to the ,office of ,surface ,mining1 and associated subsurface regions1 for carbon dioxide removal benefits and practices1 including-- 7i7 ecologically appropriate revegetation2 7ii7 reforestation2 7iii7 restoration to natural landscapes1 including grasslands2 and 7iv7 underground geologic storage of carbon dioxide4 7,b7 ,requirements ,the assessment under subparagraph 7,a7 shall-- 7i7 include data on carbon storage potential and climate resilience1 including-- 7,i7 safety for local communities2 7,,ii7 avoiding negative environmental impacts2 and 7,,iii7 identifying regions with lower risks of reversing carbon dioxide removal practices over time2 and 7ii7 identify economic development opportunities for local communities4 7#c7 ,other activities ,the ,assistant ,secretary shall carry out other carbon dioxide removal research1 development1 and demonstration activities1 as determined by the ,secretary of the ,interior4 7#d7 ,consultation ,the ,assistant ,secretary shall carry out the activities described in this section in consultation with-- 7,a7 the ,secretary of ,agriculture2 7,b7 the ,secretary of ,energy2 and 7,c7 the ,chief of the ,forest ,service4 7b7 ,authorization of appropriations ,there are authorized to be appropriated to the ,secretary of the ,interior to carry out this section #b1jjj1jjj for each of fiscal years #bjbd through #bjcc4 ,,vi ,department of ,transportation #fja4 ,federal ,highway ,administration 7a7 ,definitions ,in this section3 7#a7 ,carbon-sequestering new material ,the term carbon-sequestering new material means a novel formulation of cement1 concrete1 or aggregate that allows captured carbon dioxide to be sequestered1 including-- 7,a7 carbon dioxide-adsorbing materials2 7,b7 carbon dioxide-absorbing materials2 7,c7 carbon dioxide-cured cement and concrete2 7,d7 new aggregate materials made from mineral carbonization2 7,e7 cement formulations that substitute clinker with other materials1 subject to the condition that such other materials comprise not less than #ej percent of the cement formulation2 and 7,f7 additional materials as designated by the ,secretary4 7#b7 ,program ,the term program means the research1 development1 and demonstration program established under subsection 7b74 7#c7 ,secretary ,the term ,secretary means the ,secretary of ,transportation4 7b7 ,establishment ,the ,secretary shall establish a program to carry out research1 development1 and demonstration activities for the use of carbon-sequestering new materials to lower the carbon impact of highway construction materials and public transportation construction materials4 7c7 ,activities 7#a7 ,development and deployment 7,a7 ,in general ,in carrying out the program1 the ,secretary shall carry out research on mineral carbonation for use in carbon-sequestering new materials4 7,b7 ,consideration ,the research under subparagraph 7,a7 shall be informed by the recommendations of the ,national ,academies of ,science1 ,engineering1 and ,medicine in chapter #aa of the consensus study report entitled ,gaseous ,carbon ,waste ,streams ,utilization3 ,status and ,research ,needs and published in #bjai4 7#b7 ,research 7,a7 ,in general ,in carrying out the program1 the ,secretary1 in coordination with standard-setting organizations1 such as the ,american ,association of ,state ,highway and ,transportation ,officials1 shall carry out research-- 7i7 on the durability1 strength1 and stability of carbon-sequestering new materials2 and 7ii7 to support the development of the necessary standards required for the use of carbon-sequestering new materials4 7,b7 ,standards ,based on the results of the research under subparagraph 7,a71 the ,secretary shall coordinate and consult with other necessary governmental and nongovernmental entities1 including the entities described in subparagraph 7,a71 to support the development of standards for the use of carbon-sequestering new materials4 7#c7 ,grants for state standards ,in carrying out the program1 the ,secretary shall provide grants to a geographically diverse set of ,states to assist those ,states in adopting ,state standards for the procurement of carbon-sequestering new materials in highway and public transportation construction4 7#d7 ,lifecycle assessments ,in carrying out the program1 the ,secretary shall carry out lifecycle assessments of the greenhouse gas emissions associated with carbon-sequestering new materials4 7#e7 ,coordination ,the ,secretary shall coordinate with-- 7,a7 the ,secretary of ,energy in carrying out paragraph 7#a72 7,b7 the ,administrator of the ,environmental ,protection ,agency in carrying out paragraph 7#d72 and 7,c7 other ,federal agencies as necessary to carry out the activities described in this subsection4 7d7 ,grant program 7#a7 ,in general ,not later than #b years after the date of enactment of this ,act1 the ,secretary shall establish a program to provide grants to eligible entities to assist those entities in procuring carbon-sequestering new materials for eligible uses described in paragraph 7#d74 7#b7 ,eligible entities ,an entity eligible to receive a grant under this subsection is-- 7,a7 a ,state2 7,b7 a federally recognized ,indian ,tribe2 or 7,c7 a unit of local government4 7#c7 ,applications ,to be eligible to receive a grant under this subsection1 an eligible entity shall submit to the ,secretary an application at such time1 in such manner1 and containing such information as the ,secretary determines to be appropriate4 7#d7 ,use of funds ,an eligible entity may use a grant under this subsection to procure and use carbon-sequestering new materials for-- 7,a7 a highway or bridge project eligible for assistance under title #bc1 ,united ,states ,code2 7,b7 a public transportation project eligible for assistance under chapter #ec of title #di1 ,united ,states ,code2 and 7,c7 any other transportation infrastructure project as the ,secretary determines to be appropriate4 7#e7 ,requirements 7,a7 ,highway or bridge projects ,a project described in paragraph 7#d77;,a7 shall be subject to the requirements under title #bc1 ,united ,states ,code1 that would apply if the project was carried out under that title4 7,b7 ,public transportation projects ,a project described in paragraph 7#d77;,b7 shall be subject to the requirements under chapter #ec of title #di1 ,united ,states ,code1 that would apply if the project was carried out under that chapter4 7e7 ,funding 7#a7 ,authorization of appropriations ,there are authorized to be appropriated to the ,secretary to carry out this section-- 7,a7 #cb1jjj1jjj for fiscal year #bjbd2 7,b7 #eg1jjj1jjj for fiscal year #bjbe2 7,c7 #fb1jjj1jjj for fiscal year #bjbf2 7,d7 #fg1jjj1jjj for fiscal year #bjbg2 and 7,e7 #gb1jjj1jjj for each of fiscal years #bjbh through #bjcc4 7#b7 ,allocation 7,a7 ,research and development ,of the amounts made available under paragraph 7#a7 for each fiscal year-- 7i7 #aj1jjj1jjj shall be for research under subsection 7c77#a72 7ii7 #aj1jjj1jjj shall be for research under subsection 7c77#b72 7iii7 #aj1jjj1jjj shall be for grants for ,states under subsection 7c77#c72 and 7iv7 #b1jjj1jjj shall be for lifecycle assessments under subsection 7c77#d74 7,b7 ,grant program ,of the amounts made available under paragraph 7#a71 the ,secretary shall use to carry out the grant program under subsection 7d7-- 7i7 #be1jjj1jjj for fiscal year #bjbe2 7ii7 #cj1jjj1jjj for fiscal year #bjbf2 7iii7 #ce1jjj1jjj for fiscal year #bjbg2 and 7iv7 #dj1jjj1jjj for each of fiscal years #bjbh through #bjcc4 7#c7 ,treatment ,amounts made available under paragraph 7#a7 shall be available for obligation in the same manner as if those amounts were apportioned under chapter #a of title #bc1 ,united ,states ,code4 ,,vii ,environmental ,protection ,agency #gja4 ,office of research and development 7a7 ,research1 development1 and demonstration 7#a7 ,in general ,the ,administrator of the ,environmental ,protection ,agency1 acting through the ,assistant ,administrator of ,research and ,development 7referred to in this section as the ,assistant ,administrator71 shall carry out research1 development1 and demonstration activities in each of the areas described in this subsection4 7#b7 ,direct air capture environmental impacts ,the ,assistant ,administrator shall carry out a lifecycle assessment of the environmental impacts of direct air capture1 including-- 7,a7 greenhouse gas emissions2 7,b7 air and water pollutants2 7,c7 water use2 and 7,d7 land use4 7#c7 ,preservation of harvested wood 7,a7 ,in general ,the ,assistant ,administrator shall design and conduct a demonstration of landfills for woody biomass disposal and carbon storage2 7,b7 ,collaboration ,the ,assistant ,administrator shall carry out the activities described in subparagraph 7,a7 in collaboration with the ,chief of the ,forest ,service4 7#d7 ,environmental and social impacts of mineralization 7,a7 ,in general ,the ,assistant ,administrator shall conduct research on the environmental impacts of mineralization1 including broadcasting materials1 disturbing piles of mine tailings1 and expanded mining activities4 7,b7 ,collaboration ,the ,assistant ,administrator shall carry out the activities described in subparagraph 7,a7 in collaboration with-- 7i7 the ,director of the ,national ,science ,foundation2 7ii7 the ,director of the ,united ,states ,geological ,survey2 and 7iii7 the ,assistant ,secretary for ,fossil ,energy and ,carbon ,management of the ,department of ,energy4 7#e7 ,research on decision science 7,a7 ,in general ,the ,assistant ,administrator shall conduct research on decision science1 social impacts1 and public engagement on carbon dioxide removal technologies and methods4 7,b7 ,collaboration ,the ,assistant ,administrator shall carry out the activities described in subparagraph 7,a7 in collaboration with-- 7i7 the ,director of the ,national ,science ,foundation2 and 7ii7 the ,assistant ,secretary for ,fossil ,energy and ,carbon ,management of the ,department of ,energy4 7#f7 ,environmental and social impacts of biomass use in carbon dioxide removal technologies 7,a7 ,in general ,the ,assistant ,administrator shall carry out a life cycle analysis of the impact of biomass use in carbon dioxide removal technologies1 including-- 7i7 emissions sequestered in materials2 7ii7 emissions impacts of biomass harvest1 processing1 and transportation2 7iii7 unintended disturbances to ecosystem carbon stocks2 7iv7 indirect land-use change2 and 7v7 alternative fates of biomass used4 7,b7 ,consideration ,in carrying out the analysis under subparagraph 7,a71 the ,assistant ,administrator shall consider the social impacts of air pollution relating to biofuel and biomass combustion4 7,c7 ,collaboration ,the ,assistant ,administrator shall carry out the activities described in subparagraphs 7,a7 and 7,b7 in collaboration with the ,assistant ,secretary for ,energy ,efficiency and ,renewable ,energy of the ,department of ,energy4 7#g7 ,lifecycle assessment and monitoring for mineralization ,the ,assistant ,administrator shall carry out a technoeconomic and lifecycle assessment of various mineralization pathways and research on protocols for monitoring and verification of carbon removed or sequestered through mineralization4 7#h7 ,other activities ,the ,assistant ,administrator shall carry out other carbon dioxide removal research1 development1 and demonstration activities1 as determined by the ,administrator of the ,environmental ,protection ,agency4 7b7 ,authorization of appropriations ,there are authorized to be appropriated to the ,administrator of the ,environmental ,protection ,agency to carry out this section-- 7#a7 #bd1jjj1jjj for fiscal year #bjbd2 7#b7 #bh1jjj1jjj for fiscal year #bjbe2 7#c7 #ce1jjj1jjj for fiscal year #bjbf2 7#d7 #cb1jjj1jjj for each of fiscal years #bjbg and #bjbh2 7#e7 #cd1jjj1jjj for each of fiscal years #bjbi and #bjcj2 7#f7 #ca1jjj1jjj for each of fiscal years #bjca and #bjcb2 and 7#g7 #cj1jjj1jjj for fiscal year #bjcc4 ,,viii ,national ,aeronautics and ,space ,administration #hja4 ,earth science division program 7a7 ,research1 development1 and demonstration 7#a7 ,in general ,the ,administrator of the ,national ,aeronautics and ,space ,administration 7referred to in this section as the ,administrator7 shall carry out research1 development1 and demonstration activities in each of the areas described in this subsection4 7#b7 ,aboveground carbon monitoring ,the ,administrator shall carry out a long-term collection of continuous spaceborne ,li,d,a,r data to measure and track carbon stocks and carbon cycling in aboveground biomass1 through extension of the ,global ,ecosystem ,dynamics ,investigation mission1 or through other missions with similar or improved capacity4 7#c7 ,resource assessment 7,a7 ,in general ,the ,administrator shall carry out mapping and evaluation of coastal marine ecosystems for carbon dioxide removal potential1 including-- 7i7 wetlands2 7ii7 peatlands2 and 7iii7 seagrass beds4 7,b7 ,collaboration ,the ,administrator shall carry out the activities described in subparagraph 7,a7 in collaboration with the ,administrator of the ,national ,oceanic and ,atmospheric ,administration4 7#d7 ,other activities ,the ,administrator shall carry out other carbon dioxide removal research1 development1 and demonstration activities1 as determined by the ,administrator4 7b7 ,authorization of appropriations ,there are authorized to be appropriated to the ,administrator to carry out this section-- 7#a7 #ec1jjj1jjj for each of fiscal years #bjbd and #bjbe2 and 7#b7 #h1jjj1jjj for each of fiscal years #bjbf through #bjcc4 ,,ix ,national ,science ,foundation #ija4 ,directorate for biological sciences 7a7 ,research 7#a7 ,in general ,the ,director of the ,national ,science ,foundation 7referred to in this section as the ,director7 shall award funding for research activities in each of the areas described in this subsection4 7#b7 ,genetic modeling and tools 7,a7 ,in general ,the ,director shall award funding for research to improve carbon dioxide uptake and conversion through genetic manipulation of biological materials for carbon dioxide removal and utilization and research on the potential ecological impacts of those improvements4 7,b7 ,collaboration ,the ,director shall carry out the activities described in subparagraph 7,a7 in collaboration with-- 7i7 the ,director of the ,office of ,science of the ,department of ,energy2 7ii7 the ,secretary of ,agriculture2 and 7iii7 the ,administrator of the ,environmental ,protection ,agency4 7#c7 ,other research ,the ,director shall award funding for other carbon dioxide removal research1 as determined by the ,director of the ,national ,science ,foundation4 7b7 ,authorization of appropriations ,there are authorized to be appropriated to the ,director to carry out this section-- 7#a7 #b1jjj1jjj for fiscal year #bjbd2 7#b7 #c1jjj1jjj for fiscal year #bjbe2 and 7#c7 #e1jjj1jjj for each of fiscal years #bjbf through #bjcc4 #ijb4 ,directorate for engineering 7a7 ,research 7#a7 ,in general ,the ,director of the ,national ,science ,foundation 7referred to in this section as the ,director7 shall award funding for research activities in each of the following areas described in this subsection4 7#b7 ,integrated process design 7,a7 ,in general ,the ,director shall award funding for research and development on the integration of carbonation with carbon dioxide capture processes4 7,b7 ,collaboration ,the ,director shall carry out the activities described in subparagraph 7,a7 in collaboration with the ,assistant ,secretary for ,fossil ,energy and ,carbon ,management of the ,department of ,energy4 7#c7 ,other research ,the ,director shall award funding for other carbon dioxide removal research1 as determined by the ,director4 7b7 ,authorization of appropriations ,there are authorized to be appropriated to the ,director to carry out this section-- 7#a7 #b1jjj1jjj for fiscal year #bjbd2 and 7#b7 #c1jjj1jjj for each of fiscal years #bjbe through #bjcc4 #ijc4 ,directorate for geosciences 7a7 ,research 7#a7 ,in general ,the ,director of the ,national ,science ,foundation 7referred to in this section as the ,director7 shall award funding for research activities in each of the following areas described in this subsection4 7#b7 ,soil carbon 7,a7 ,in general ,the ,director shall award funding for fundamental research on plant-root-fungi interactions1 deep inversion of soils1 and other topics with the potential to advance carbon dioxide removal4 7,b7 ,collaboration ,the ,director shall carry out the activities described in subparagraph 7,a7 in collaboration with-- 7i7 the ,director of the ,office of ,science of the ,department of ,energy2 and 7ii7 the ,administrator of the ,agricultural ,research ,service4 7#c7 ,modeling and predictive tool development 7,a7 ,in general ,the ,director shall award funding for research to improve existing carbon sequestration modeling tools and the development of simulation-based tools to predict and quantify soil carbon sequestration4 7,b7 ,collaboration ,the ,director shall carry out the activities described in subparagraph 7,a7 in collaboration with-- 7i7 the ,administrator of the ,agricultural ,research ,service2 and 7ii7 the heads of other offices in the ,department of ,agriculture1 as determined by the ,secretary of ,agriculture4 7#d7 ,carbon mineralization 7,a7 ,in general ,the ,director shall award funding for fundamental research on mineralization kinetics1 geomechanics1 rock physics1 and utilization-oriented carbonation with the potential to advance carbon dioxide removal4 7,b7 ,collaboration ,the ,director shall carry out the activities described in subparagraph 7,a7 in collaboration with the ,director of the ,office of ,science of the ,department of ,energy4 7#e7 ,pilot studies of in situ mineralization 7,a7 ,in general ,the ,director shall award funding for field drilling and injection in reactive formations 7including peridotite and basalt7 to advance understanding of carbon mineralization4 7,b7 ,collaboration ,the ,director shall carry out the activities described in subparagraph 7,a7 in collaboration with the ,assistant ,secretary for ,fossil ,energy and ,carbon ,management of the ,department of ,energy4 7#f7 ,environmental and social impacts of expanded mining for mineralization 7,a7 ,in general ,the ,director shall award funding for research on the environmental and social impacts of expanded mining activities for the purpose of mineralization1 including net carbon impact4 7,b7 ,collaboration ,the ,director shall carry out the activities described in subparagraph 7,a7 in collaboration with-- 7i7 the ,director of the ,united ,states ,geological ,survey2 7ii7 the ,assistant ,administrator for ,research and ,development of the ,environmental ,protection ,agency2 and 7iii7 the ,assistant ,secretary for ,office of ,fossil ,energy and ,carbon ,management of the ,department of ,energy4 7#g7 ,coastal marine carbon fundamental research 7,a7 ,in general ,the ,director shall award funding for fundamental research on coastal ecosystem carbon dioxide sequestration4 7,b7 ,collaboration ,the ,director shall carry out the activities described in subparagraph 7,a7 in collaboration with the ,administrator of the ,national ,oceanic and ,atmospheric ,administration4 7#h7 ,ocean alkalinity 7,a7 ,in general ,the ,director shall award funding for fundamental and applied research on techniques for and impacts of artificial modification of ocean alkalinity1 including limited-scale experiments on alkalinity enhancement techniques at sea1 designed and monitored to avoid impacts beyond the zone of the experiment and within internationally recognized frameworks4 7,b7 ,collaboration ,the ,director shall carry out the activities described in subparagraph 7,a7 in collaboration with-- 7i7 the ,director of the ,office of ,science of the ,department of ,energy2 and 7ii7 the ,administrator of the ,national ,oceanic and ,atmospheric ,administration4 7#i7 ,ocean fertilization fundamental research 7,a7 ,in general ,the ,director shall award funding for fundamental research and modeling on the impacts and effectiveness of ocean iron fertilization and nitrogen and phosphorous fertilization research4 7,b7 ,collaboration ,the ,director shall carry out the activities described in subparagraph 7,a7 in collaboration with-- 7i7 the ,director of the ,office of ,science of the ,department of ,energy2 and 7ii7 the ,administrator of the ,national ,oceanic and ,atmospheric ,administration4 7#aj7 ,artificial ocean iron fertilization 7,a7 ,in general ,the ,director shall award funding for limited-scale experiments to stimulate and measure large phytoplankton blooms1 designed and monitored to avoid impacts beyond the zone of the experiment and within internationally recognized frameworks4 7,b7 ,collaboration ,the ,director shall carry out the activities described in subparagraph 7,a7 in collaboration with the ,administrator of the ,national ,oceanic and ,atmospheric ,administration4 7#aa7 ,artificial ocean macronutrient fertilization 7,a7 ,in general ,the ,director shall award funding for limited-scale experiments on ocean macronutrient fertilization1 designed and monitored to avoid impacts beyond the zone of the experiment and within internationally recognized frameworks4 7,b7 ,collaboration ,the ,director shall carry out the activities described in subparagraph 7,a7 in collaboration with the ,administrator of the ,national ,oceanic and ,atmospheric ,administration4 7#ab7 ,other research ,the ,director shall award funding for other carbon dioxide removal research1 as determined by the ,director4 7b7 ,authorization of appropriations ,there are authorized to be appropriated to the ,director to carry out this section-- 7#a7 #ba1jjj1jjj for fiscal year #bjbd2 7#b7 #cd1jjj1jjj for fiscal year #bjbe2 7#c7 #fa1jjj1jjj for fiscal year #bjbf2 7#d7 #gc1jjj1jjj for each of fiscal years #bjbg and #bjbh2 7#e7 #fh1jjj1jjj for each of fiscal years #bjbi and #bjcj2 7#f7 #fe1jjj1jjj for fiscal year #bjca2 and 7#g7 #fj1jjj1jjj for each of fiscal years #bjcb and #bjcc4 #ijd4 ,directorate for mathematical and physical sciences 7a7 ,research 7#a7 ,in general ,the ,director of the ,national ,science ,foundation 7referred to in this section as the ,director7 shall award funding for research activities in each of the following areas described in this subsection4 7#b7 ,,nsf engineering research center ,the ,director shall establish a new ,national ,science ,foundation ,engineering ,research ,center focused on materials research and early-stage application of sorbents1 solvents1 membranes1 and related direct air capture components4 7#c7 ,direct air capture materials research ,the ,director shall award funding for materials research on sorbents1 solvents1 membranes1 and related direct air capture components4 7#d7 ,carbonation 7,a7 ,in general ,the ,director shall award funding for research to control carbonation reactions1 accelerate carbonation1 and understand structure-property relationships4 7,b7 ,collaboration ,the ,director shall carry out the activities described in subparagraph 7,a7 in collaboration with the ,director of the ,office of ,science of the ,department of ,energy4 7#e7 ,catalysts 7,a7 ,in general ,the ,director shall award funding for research on impurity-tolerant catalyst development1 coupled reduction and oxidation reactions1 and reduced additives4 7,b7 ,collaboration ,the ,director shall carry out the activities described in subparagraph 7,a7 in collaboration with the ,director of the ,office of ,science of the ,department of ,energy4 7#f7 ,new materials development and applications 7,a7 ,in general ,the ,director shall award funding for development of new materials for capturing and utilizing carbon dioxide1 including materials with carbon-carbon bonds4 7,b7 ,collaboration ,the ,director shall carry out the activities described in subparagraph 7,a7 in collaboration with the ,director of the ,office of ,science of the ,department of ,energy4 7#g7 ,other research ,the ,director shall award funding for other carbon dioxide removal research1 as determined by the ,director4 7b7 ,authorization of appropriations ,there are authorized to be appropriated to the ,director to carry out this section-- 7#a7 #aa1jjj1jjj for fiscal year #bjbd2 7#b7 #bh1jjj1jjj for fiscal year #bjbe2 7#c7 #cb1jjj1jjj for each of fiscal years #bjbf and #bjbg2 7#d7 #ch1jjj1jjj for each of fiscal years #bjbh and #bjbi2 7#e7 #cc1jjj1jjj for fiscal year #bjcj2 7#f7 #bh1jjj1jjj for fiscal year #bjca2 7#g7 #bc1jjj1jjj for fiscal year #bjcb2 and 7#h7 #ah1jjj1jjj for fiscal year #bjcc4 #ije4 ,directorate for social1 behavioral1 and economic sciences 7a7 ,research 7#a7 ,in general ,the ,director of the ,national ,science ,foundation 7referred to in this section as the ,director7 shall award funding for research activities in each of the following areas described in this subsection4 7#b7 ,integrated assessment modeling and grasslands and forest impacts modeling 7,a7 ,in general ,the ,director shall award funding for technical1 economic1 and social modeling of impacts on land use from avoided conversion of grasslands and forests1 reforestation1 conservation1 afforestation1 and forest management changes4 7,b7 ,collaboration ,the ,director shall carry out the activities described in subparagraph 7,a7 in collaboration with the ,secretary of ,agriculture4 7#c7 ,integrated assessment modeling and direct air capture impacts modeling ,the ,director shall award funding for technical1 economic1 and social modeling of impacts on land and energy use from direct air capture1 including future electricity grid mix scenarios4 7#d7 ,ethical1 legal1 and social impacts of biotechnology ,the ,director shall award funding for research on the ethical1 legal1 and social implications of biotechnology use in carbon dioxide removal4 7#e7 ,governance frameworks ,the ,director shall award funding for research into governance frameworks for safe and sustainable experimentation with ocean-based carbon dioxide removal4 7#f7 ,other research ,the ,director shall award funding for other carbon dioxide removal research1 as determined by the ,director4 7b7 ,authorization of appropriations ,there is authorized to be appropriated to the ,director to carry out this section #ab1jjj1jjj for each of fiscal years #bjbd through #bjcc4 #ijf4 ,division of social and economic sciences 7a7 ,research 7#a7 ,in general ,the ,director of the ,national ,science ,foundation 7referred to in this section as the ,director7 shall award funding for research activities in each of the following areas described in this subsection4 7#b7 ,research on decision science 7,a7 ,in general ,the ,director shall award funding for research on decision science1 social impacts1 and public engagement relating to carbon dioxide removal technologies and methods4 7,b7 ,collaboration ,the ,director shall carry out the activities described in subparagraph 7,a7 in collaboration with-- 7i7 the ,assistant ,administrator for ,research and ,development of the ,environmental ,protection ,agency2 and 7ii7 the ,assistant ,secretary for ,fossil ,energy and ,carbon ,management of the ,department of ,energy4 7#c7 ,other research ,the ,director shall award funding for other carbon dioxide removal research1 as determined by the ,director4 7b7 ,authorization of appropriations ,there are authorized to be appropriated to the ,director to carry out this section-- 7#a7 #b1jjj1jjj for fiscal year #bjbd2 7#b7 #d1jjj1jjj for each of fiscal years #bjbe through #bjbh2 and 7#c7 #e1jjj1jjj for each of fiscal years #bjbi through #bjcc4 ,x ,other matters #ajja4 ,plan for international collaboration 7a7 ,in general ,the ,director of the ,office of ,science and ,technology ,policy shall establish a plan for international coordination on research1 development1 and demonstration projects for carbon dioxide removal4 7b7 ,coordination ,in carrying out subsection 7a71 the ,director of the ,office of ,science and ,technology ,policy shall coordinate with-- 7#a7 the ,secretary of ,state2 and 7#b7 the ,secretary of ,energy4