,,iv  #aah? ,,congress  #b;d ,session   
,h4 ,,res4 #ifh  ,,9 ,,! ,,h\se ,,(     
,,repres5tatives  ,janu>y #af1 #bjbd,ms4
 ,norton submitt$ ! foll[+ resolution2  
:i* 0 ref]r$ to ! ,committee on !       
,judici>y  ,,resolution  ,call+ on      
,congress to condemn vot] suppression   
laws enact$ by ,/ates & political       
subdivisions4  ,:]eas ! ratification ( !
 #ae? ,am5dm5t 9 #ahgj affirms t vot+   
rights _c be d5i$ to citiz5s on ! basis 
( race2 ,:]eas po/-,recon/ruction ,jim  
,cr[ laws sev]ely re/rict$ vot+ rights1 
p>ticul>ly ^? ( ,african ,am]icans2     
,:]eas ! ,vot+ ,rights ,act ( #aife     
contribut$ to a significant increase 9  
vot] regi/ration & p>ticipation by      
,african ,am]icans & o!r m9orities2     
,:]eas ! ,supreme ,c\rt's #bjac decision
 9 ,%elby ,c\nty v4 ,hold] /ruck d[n    
section #d7;b7 ( ! ,vot+ ,rights ,act ( 
#aife1 ! cov]age provision ( ! law t    
id5tifi$ ,/ates & political subdivisions
 ) a *ronic hi/ory ( pass+ re/rictive   
vot+ laws2 ,:]eas ! ,%elby ,c\nty       

decision effectively nullifi$ section #e
 ( ! ,vot+ ,rights ,act ( #aife1 :i*    
all[$ ! ,dep>tm5t ( ,ju/ice & ,f$]al    
c\rts to precle> any propos$ *anges to  
vot+ rules1 all[+ a preemptive /rike to 
unju/ & discrim9atory vot+ laws 9 !     
regions id5tifi$ by section #d7;b72     
,:]eas ! abs5ce ( ?is precle>ance       
requirem5t has all[$ = vot] suppression 
laws to prolif]ate by p]mitt+ ,/ates &  
political subdivisions to pass          
re/rictive vot+ laws )\t ,f$]al         
precle>ance to det]m9e if ! laws are    
racially discrim9atory2 ,:]eas s9ce !   
,%elby ,c\nty decision1 #bi laws h be5  
pass$ 9 #aa ,/ates t _h be5 subject to  
precle>ance2 ,:]eas re/rict+ e>ly vot+  
disproportionately affects p ( color1   
l[-income citiz5s1 & ! eld]ly1 :o (t5   
rely on flexible1 e>ly vot+ p]iods2     
,:]eas _m vot+-eligible1 l[-income      
,lat9o vot]s are naturaliz$ ,unit$      
,/ates citiz5s :o lack pro( ( citiz5%ip 
& _c af=d a ,c]tificate ( ,citiz5%ip or 
a ,replacem5t ,c]tificate (             

,naturalization1 :i* co/ #a1agj & #eee1 
respectively2 ,:]eas _m ( ^! laws t>get 
vot+ me*anisms disproportionately us$ by
 non-,:ite vot]s1 includ+ 9 ! #bjbj &   
#bjbb elections1 su* z ,georgia enact+  
new re/rictions on mail vot+ aft] ne>ly 
#cj p]c5t ( ,georgia's ,black vot]s ca/ 
ballots by mail 9 #bjbj2 ,:]eas s9ce !  
,%elby ,c\nty decision1 at lea/ #bb     
,/ates h pass$ at lea/ #dc laws to      
re/rict mail vot+ access2 ,:]eas r$uc+  
abs5tee vot+ disproportionately affects 
l[-income1 m9ority vot]s1 :o are m      
likely ?an o!r citiz5s to h inflexible  
"w- & *ildc>e-relat$ s*$ules2 ,:]eas    
#gj4i p]c5t ( ,:ite vot]s ca/ ballots 9 
! #bjbj election1 comp>$ to #eh4d p]c5t 
( vot]s ( color2 ,:]eas 9 addition to   
,/ate-level vot] suppression laws1      
political subdivisions h also pass$ new 
laws t suppress m9ority vot]s1 includ+  
r$uc+ ! numb] ( poll+ places & (f]+     
insuffici5t language assi/ance =        
non-,engli%-speak+ vot]s2 ,:]eas foll[+ 
! ,%elby ,c\nty decision1 !re 7 at lea/ 

#hfh few] poll+ places 9 ! #bjaf        
election ?an 9 pa/ elections2 ,:]eas    
s9ce ! ,%elby ,c\nty decision1 c\rts h  
/ruck d[n re/rictive vot+ laws1         
demon/rat+ ! discrim9atory nature ( vot+
 re/rictions t h prolif]at$ po/-,%elby  
,c\nty2 ,:]eas if a precle>ance =mula _h
 be5 9 effect1 ! ,dep>tm5t ( ,ju/ice &  
,f$]al c\rts w\ld h be5 able to prev5t  
discrim9atory vot] suppression laws f   
be+ pass$2 ,:]eas #b1jjj1jjj few]       
individuals w\ld h be5 purg$ f _!       
,/ates' vot] rolls betwe5 #bjab & #bjaf 
if =m]ly cov]$ jurisdictions _h cont9u$ 
to remove vot]s at ! same rate z        
noncov]$ jurisdictions1 & #a1ajj1jjj    
few] individuals w\ld h be5 remov$      
betwe5 #bjaf & #bjah if =m]ly cov]$     
jurisdictions _h cont9u$ to remove vot]s
 at ! same rate z noncov]$              
jurisdictions2 ,:]eas1 on ,july #ac1    
#bjbc1 ! ,committee on ,h\se            
,adm9i/ration favorably report$ !       
,am]ican ,confid5ce 9 ,elections ,act   
7,h4,r4 #defc71 :i* conta9s provisions t

 w\ld apply only to ! ,di/rict (        
,columbia & make x h>d] = ,di/rict (    
,columbia resid5ts to vote & = !        
,di/rict ( ,columbia to adm9i/]         
elections2 & ,:]eas _m vot] laws t 7    
pass$ or w5t into effect aft] ! ,%elby  
,c\nty decision ?reat5 to affect a      
significant numb] ( m9ority vot]s 9     
upcom+ elections3 ,n[1 !re=e1 be x ,t ! 
,h\se ( ,repres5tatives condemns ! use  
by ,/ates & political subdivisions (    
vot] suppression laws & te*niques4