,i  #aah? ,,congress  #a/ ,session  ,h4 
,r4 #faca  ,,9 ,,! ,,h\se ,,(           
,,repres5tatives  ,novemb] #a1 #bjbc,mr4
 ,bab9 7= himself1 ,mr4 ,lucas1 ,mr4    
,posey1 ,mr4 ,mike ,g>cia ( ,cali=nia1  
,mr4 ,ob]nolte1 & ,ms4 ,t5ney7 introduc$
 ! foll[+ bill2 :i* 0 ref]r$ to !       
,committee on ,sci5ce1 ,space1 &        
,te*nology  ,a ,,bill  ,to am5d title   
#ea1 ,unit$ ,/ates ,code1 to update     
gov]nm5t ov]sight ( comm]cial space     
activities1 & = o!r purposes4  #a4 ,%ort
 title2 table ( cont5ts  7a7 ,%ort title
 ,?is ,act may be cit$ z ! ,comm]cial   
,space ,act ( #bjbc4  7b7 ,table (      
cont5ts ,! table ( cont5ts = ?is ,act is
 z foll[s3 ,sec4 #a4 ,%ort title2 table 
( cont5ts4,sec4 #b4 ,f9d+s2 policy2     
purposes2 def9itions4,sec4 #c4          
,c]tification to op]ate space           
objects4,sec4 #d4 ,adm9i/rative         
provisions relat$ to c]tification4,sec4 
#e4 ,te*nical & con=m+ am5dm5ts4,sec4   
#f4 ,(fice ( ,space ,comm]ce4,sec4 #g4  
,space situational aw>5ess4,sec4 #h4    

,,nasa ,space ,situational ,aw>5ess     
,in/itute4,sec4 #i4 ,laun* &            
re5try4,sec4 #aj4 ,report on regi/ration
 ( space objects4,sec4 #aa4 ,comm]cial  
space laun* & re5try accid5t            
inve/igations4,sec4 #ab4 ,9-space       
s]vic+1 assembly1 & manufactur+4,sec4   
#ac4 ,space nucle> sy/ems4,sec4 #ad4    
,limitation on int]national agreem5ts   
conc]n+ out] space activities4  #b4     
,f9d+s2 policy2 purposes2 def9itions    
7a7 ,f9d+s ,congress f9ds ! foll[+3 7#a7
 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ?r\gh exi/+          
au?orization & sup]vision me*anisms1    
satisfies & is 9 con=mity ) its         
obligation "u ! ,out] ,space ,treaty to 
au?orize & sup]vise nongov]nm5tal space 
activities to assure su* activities are 
c>ri$ out 9 con=mity ) ! int]national   
obligations ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates p]ta9+ to 
nongov]nm5tal entities "u ! ,out] ,space
 ,treaty4  7#b7 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates has a  
robu/ & innovative private sector t is  
inve/+ 91 develop+1 & plac+ into out]   
space1 spacecraft & payloads4  7#c7     

,au?orization & sup]vision me*anisms =  
nongov]nm5tal activities 9 out] space t 
exi/ z ( ! date ( ! enactm5t ( ?is ,act 
c\ld be improv$ to relieve adm9i/rative 
burd5s on nongov]nm5tal space entities4 
7#d7 ,x s]ves ! national int]e/ to      
address misp]ceptions ( legal unc]ta9ty 
?r\gh ! e/abli%m5t ( a g5]al            
au?orization & sup]vision c]tification =
 out] space activities c>ri$ on by      
nongov]nm5tal entities4  7#e7 ,!        
exploration & use ( out] space by       
nongov]nm5tal entities w fur!r !        
national security1 =eign policy1 &      
economic int]e/s ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4  7b7
 ,policy ,x is ! policy ( ! ,unit$      
,/ates t-- 7#a7 ,unit$ ,/ates citiz5s & 
entities are free to explore & use out] 
space1 includ+ ?r\gh ! utilization (    
out] space & res\rces conta9$ !re92     
7#b7 to ! maximum ext5t practicable1 !  
,f$]al ,gov]nm5t %all int]pret & fulfill
 ,unit$ ,/ates int]national obligations 
9 a mann] t m9imizes regulations &      
limitations on ! fre$om ( ,unit$ ,/ates 

nongov]nm5tal entities to explore & use 
out] space2  7#c7 to ! maximum ext5t    
practicable1 ! ,f$]al ,gov]nm5t %all    
take /eps to protect ! physical safety (
 space objects op]at$ by ! ,f$]al       
,gov]nm5t t d n involve limitations on !
 fre$oms ( nongov]nm5tal entities ( !   
,unit$ ,/ates2 &  7#d7 nongov]nm5tal    
activities 9 out] space %all only be    
au?oriz$ & sup]vis$ 9 mann] t is        
transp>5t1 timely1 & pr$ictable1 & t    
places m9imal co/s & burd5s on !        
au?oriz$ & sup]vis$ nongov]nm5tal       
entities4  7c7 ,purposes ,! purposes (  
?is ,act & ! am5dm5ts made by ?is ,act  
are-- 7#a7 to enhance ! exi/+ out] space
 au?orization & sup]vision framework ( !
 ,f$]al ,gov]nm5t to increase transp>5cy
 & effici5cy1 & to r$uce ! adm9i/rative 
burd5 = nongov]nm5tal entities ( !      
,unit$ ,/ates seek+ to conduct space    
activities2 &  7#b7 to ensure t ! ,unit$
 ,/ates rema9s ! _w lead] 9 comm]cial   
space activities4  7d7 ,def9itions ,9   
?is ,act-- 7#a7 ,agreem5t on ! ,rescue (

 ,a/ronauts & ! ,return ( ,space        
,objects ! t]m ,agreem5t on ! ,rescue ( 
,a/ronauts & ! ,return ( ,space ,objects
 means ! ,agreem5t on ! ,rescue (       
,a/ronauts1 ! ,return ( ,a/ronauts & !  
,return ( ,objects ,laun*$ into ,out]   
,space 7sign$ at ,wa%+ton1 ,mosc[1 &    
,london on ,april #bb1 #aifh1 ratifi$ by
 ! ,unit$ ,/ates on ,decemb] #c1 #aifh2 
#ai ,,u/ #gegj74  7#b7 ,conv5tion on    
,regi/ration ( ,space ,objects ! t]m    
,conv5tion on ,regi/ration ( ,space     
,objects means ! ,conv5tion on          
,regi/ration ( ,objects ,laun*$ into    
,out] ,space 7sign$ at ,new ,york on    
,janu>y #ad1 #aige1 ratifi$ by ! ,unit$ 
,/ates on ,septemb] #ae1 #aigf2 #bh ,,u/
 #fie74  7#c7 ,cov]$ treaties on out]   
space ! t]m cov]$ treaties on out] space
 means ! foll[+3 7,a7 ,! ,out] ,space   
,treaty4  7,b7 ,! ,agreem5t on ! ,rescue
 ( ,a/ronauts & ! ,return ( ,space      
,objects4  7,c7 ,! ,conv5tion on        
,regi/ration ( ,space ,objects4  7,d7 ,!
 ,liability ,conv5tion4  7#d7 ,liability

 ,conv5tion ,! t]m ,liability ,conv5tion
 means ! ,conv5tion on ! ,int]national  
,liability = ,damage ,caus$ by ,space   
,objects 7sign$ at ,wa%+ton1 ,mosc[1 &  
,london on ,m>* #bi1 #aigb1 ratifi$ by !
 ,unit$ ,/ates on ,octob] #i1 #aigc2 #bd
 ,,u/ #bchi74  7#e7 ,out] ,space ,treaty
 ,! t]m ,out] ,space ,treaty means !    
,treaty on ,pr9ciples ,gov]n+ !         
,activities ( ,/ates 9 ! ,exploration & 
,use ( ,out] ,space1 includ+ ! ,moon &  
,o!r ,cele/ial ,bodies 7sign$ at        
,wa%+ton1 ,mosc[1 & ,london on ,janu>y  
#bg1 #aifg1 ratifi$ by ! ,unit$ ,/ates  
on ,octob] #aj1 #aifg2 #ah ,,u/ #bdaj74 
#c4 ,c]tification to op]ate space       
objects ,title #ea1 ,unit$ ,/ates ,code1
 is am5d$ by add+ at ! end ! foll[+3    
,,viii ,au?orization & ,sup]vision (    
,nongov]nm5tal ,space ,activities  #hja 
,c]tification to ,op]ate ,space ,objects
  ,sec4#hjaja4 ,def9itions4#hjajb4      
,c]tification au?ority4#hjajc4          
,c]tification application &             
requirem5ts4#hjajd4 ,mitigation ( space 

debris4#hjaje4 ,liability4#hjajf4       
,cont9u+ c]tification                   
requirem5ts4#hjajg4 ,c]tification       
transf]4#hjajh4 ,c]tification expiration
 & t]m9ation4#hjaji4 ,exi/+ lic5se or   
p5d+ application = space object         
op]ations4#hjaaj4 ,private ,space       
,activity ,advisory ,committee4#hjaaa4  
,exemptions4  #hjaja4 ,def9itions ,9 ?is
 subtitle3 7#a7 ,ag5cy ,! t]m ag5cy has 
! mean+ giv5 ! t]m ,executive ag5cy 9   
section #aje ( title #e4  7#b7 ,agreem5t
 on ! ,rescue ( ,a/ronauts & ! ,return (
 ,space ,objects ,! t]m ,agreem5t on !  
,rescue ( ,a/ronauts & ! ,return (      
,space ,objects means ! ,agreem5t on !  
,rescue ( ,a/ronauts1 ! ,return (       
,a/ronauts & ! ,return ( ,objects       
,laun*$ into ,out] ,space 7sign$ at     
,wa%+ton1 ,mosc[1 & ,london on ,april   
#bb1 #aifh1 ratifi$ by ! ,unit$ ,/ates  
on ,decemb] #c1 #aifh2 #ai ,,u/ #gegj74 
7#c7 ,conv5tion on ,regi/ration ( ,space
 ,objects ,! t]m ,conv5tion on          
,regi/ration ( ,space ,objects means !  

,conv5tion on ,regi/ration ( ,objects   
,laun*$ into ,out] ,space 7sign$ at ,new
 ,york on ,janu>y #ad1 #aige1 ratifi$ by
 ! ,unit$ ,/ates on ,septemb] #ae1      
#aigf2 #bh ,,u/ #fie74  7#d7 ,cov]$     
treaties on out] space ,! t]m cov]$     
treaties on out] space means ! foll[+3  
7,a7 ,! ,out] ,space ,treaty4  7,b7 ,!  
,agreem5t on ! ,rescue ( ,a/ronauts & ! 
,return ( ,space ,objects4  7,c7 ,!     
,conv5tion on ,regi/ration ( ,space     
,objects4  7,d7 ,! ,liability           
,conv5tion4  7#e7 ,liability ,conv5tion 
,! t]m ,liability ,conv5tion means !    
,conv5tion on ! ,int]national ,liability
 = ,damage ,caus$ by ,space ,objects    
7sign$ at ,wa%+ton1 ,mosc[1 & ,london on
 ,m>* #bi1 #aigb1 ratifi$ by ! ,unit$   
,/ates on ,octob] #i1 #aigc2 #bd ,,u/   
#bchi74  7#f7 ,national ( ! ,unit$      
,/ates ,! t]m national ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates
 has ! mean+ giv5 su* t]m 9 section     
#aja7;a7 ( ! ,immigration & ,nationality
 ,act 7#h ,u4,s4,c4 #aaja7;a774  7#g7   
,out] ,space ,treaty ,! t]m ,out] ,space

 ,treaty means ! ,treaty on ,pr9ciples  
,gov]n+ ! ,activities ( ,/ates 9 !      
,exploration & ,use ( ,out] ,space1     
includ+ ! ,moon & ,o!r ,cele/ial ,bodies
 7sign$ at ,wa%+ton1 ,mosc[1 & ,london  
on ,janu>y #bg1 #aifg1 ratifi$ by !     
,unit$ ,/ates on ,octob] #aj1 #aifg2 #ah
 ,,u/ #bdaj74  7#h7 ,secret>y ,! t]m    
,secret>y means1 except z o!rwise       
provid$ 9 ?is subtitle1 ! ,secret>y (   
,comm]ce1 act+ ?r\gh ! ,(fice ( ,space  
,comm]ce4  7#i7 ,space debris mitigation
 ,! t]m space debris mitigation means   
ef=ts to-- 7,a7 prev5t on-orbit         
break-ups2  7,b7 remove space objects t 
h rea*$ ! end ( _! mission op]ation f   
useful1 d5sely-populat$ orbit regions2  
or  7,c7 limit ! am\nt ( debris releas$ 
dur+ normal op]ations ( a space object4 
7#aj7 ,space object  7,a7 ,9 g5]al ,!   
t]m space object means-- 7i7 a          
human-made object locat$ 9 out] space1  
includ+ on ! ,moon & o!r cele/ial       
bodies1 ) or )\t human occupants1 t 0   
laun*$ f ,e>?1 su* z a payload or a     

spacecraft1 includ+ compon5t p>ts ( su* 
object2 or  7ii7 any item c>ri$ on su*  
object t is int5d$ = use 9 out] space   
outside (1 & indep5d5t (1 ! op]ation (  
su* c>ry+ object4  7,b7 ,inclusion ,su* 
t]m also means any human-made object t  
is-- 7i7 manufactur$ or assembl$ 9 out] 
space2 &  7ii7 int5d$ = op]ations 9 out]
 space outside (1 & indep5d5t (1 !      
op]ations ( su* object 9 :i* !          
manufactur+ or assembly occurr$4  7,c7  
,exclusions ,su* t]m does n include--   
7i7 an article on bo>d a space object t 
is only int5d$ = use inside ! space     
object2  7ii7 an article manufactur$ or 
process$ 9 out] space t is a mat]ial2 or
  7iii7 an article int5d$ = use outside 
( a space object z "p ( ! c]tifi$       
op]ations ( ! space object4  7#aa7 ,/ate
 ,! t]m ,/ate means ea* ( ! sev]al      
,/ates ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ! ,di/rict (  
,columbia1 ! ,commonweal? ( ,pu]to      
,rico1 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,virg9 ,isl&s1   
,guam1 ,am]ican ,samoa1 ! ,commonweal? (
 ! ,nor!rn ,m>iana ,isl&s1 & any o!r    

commonweal?1 t]ritory1 or possession ( !
 ,unit$ ,/ates4  7#ab7 ,unit$ ,/ates ,! 
t]m ,unit$ ,/ates means ! ,/ates1       
collectively4  7#ac7 ,unit$ ,/ates      
entity ,! t]m ,unit$ ,/ates entity      
means-- 7,a7 an individual :o is a      
national ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates2 or  7,b7 a  
nongov]nm5tal entity organiz$ or exi/+  
"u1 & subject to1 ! laws ( ! ,unit$     
,/ates or a ,/ate4  #hjajb4             
,c]tification au?ority  7a7 ,9 g5]al ,n 
lat] ?an "o ye> aft] ! date ( ! enactm5t
 ( ! ,comm]cial ,space ,act ( #bjbc1 !  
,secret>y %all beg9 issu+ c]tifications 
= ! op]ation ( a space object to any    
,unit$ ,/ates entity t submits an       
application = su* a c]tification 9      
satisfaction ( ! requirem5ts ( ?is      
*apt]4  7b7 ,consultation ,! ,secret>y  
may1 z ! ,secret>y consid]s necess>y1   
consult ) ! heads ( o!r relevant ag5cies
 9 c>ry+ out ! requirem5ts ( ?is *apt]1 
pursuant to section #hjbaj4  7c7        
,c]tification requir$ = op]ation ,beg9n+
 on ! date t is "o ye> aft] ! date ( !  

enactm5t ( ! ,comm]cial ,space ,act (   
#bjbc1 a ,unit$ ,/ates entity may n     
op]ate a space object unless ! entity-- 
7#a7 holds a c]tification issu$ "u ?is  
*apt] = ! op]ation ( su* space object2  
or  7#b7 holds a valid cov]$ lic5se1 z  
def9$ 9 section #hjaji7;c71 & su* cov]$ 
lic5se satisfies ! requirem5ts ( section
 #hjaji4  7d7 ,=eign entities prohibit$ 
,! ,secret>y may n issue a c]tification 
"u ?is *apt] to any entity t is n a     
,unit$ ,/ates entity4  7e7 ,cov]age (   
c]tification ,! ,secret>y %all1 to !    
maximum ext5t practicable1 require only 
"o c]tification "u ?is *apt] = a ,unit$ 
,/ates entity to-- 7#a7 conduct multiple
 op]ations c>ri$ out us+ a s+le space   
object2  7#b7 op]ate multiple space     
objects t c>ry out sub/antially simil>  
op]ations2 or  7#c7 use multiple space  
objects to c>ry out a s+le space        
op]ation4  #hjajc4 ,c]tification        
application & requirem5ts  7a7          
,application  7#a7 ,9 g5]al ,to be      
eligible = a c]tification to op]ate a   

space object or a transf] ( a           
c]tification to op]ate a space object "u
 ?is *apt]1 a ,unit$ ,/ates entity %all 
submit an application to ! ,secret>y z  
provid$ 9 p>agraphs 7#b7 & 7#c74 ,su*   
application %all include1 = ea* requir$ 
item 9 p>agraph 7#b71 suffici5t evid5ce 
to demon/rate ea* fact or ass]tion4     
7#b7 ,items ,an application describ$ 9  
p>agraph 7#a7 %all include only ! foll[+
 in=mation1 ) respect to ea* space      
object & ! op]ations propos$ to be      
c]tifi$3 7,a7 ,! "n1 address1 & contact 
in=mation ( "o or m nationals ( ! ,unit$
 ,/ates designat$ by ! applicant z      
responsible = ! op]ation ( ! space      
object4  7,b7 ,an affirmation1 & a      
docum5t ( pro(1 t ! applicant is a      
,unit$ ,/ates entity4  7,c7 ,if         
available at ! "t ( submission ( !      
application1 ! plann$ date & location ( 
! laun* ( ! space object1 & ! id5tity ( 
! laun* provid]4  7,d7 ,! g5]al physical
 =m & composition ( ! space object4     
7,e7 ,a description ( ! propos$         

op]ations ( ! space object t includes ! 
foll[+3 7i7 ,:5 & :]e ! space object w  
op]ate4  7ii7 ,:5 & :]e op]ation ( !    
space object w t]m9ate4  7,f7 ,a space  
debris mitigation plan describ+ h[ !    
space object w be op]at$ & dispos$ ( 9 a
 mann] to mitigate ! g5]ation ( space   
debris4  7,g7 ,in=mation reg>d+         
?ird-p>ty liability insurance obta9$1 if
 any1 by ! applicant = op]ation ( !     
space object1 includ+ ! am\nt & cov]age 
( su* liability insurance4  7#c7        
,atte/ations ,an application describ$ 9 
p>agraph 7#a7 %all conta9 an atte/ation 
by ! applicant ( ea* ! foll[+3 7,a7 ,!  
space object is n a nucle> weapon or a  
weapon ( mass de/ruction4  7,b7 ,! space
 object w n c>ry a nucle> weapon or     
weapon ( mass de/ruction4  7,c7 ,! space
 object w n be op]at$ z a weapon or us$ 
= te/+ ( any weapon on a cele/ial body4 
7,d7 ,all in=mation 9 ! application &   
support+ docum5ts is true1 complete1 &  
accurate4  7b7 ,review ( application    
7#a7 ,v]ification ( in=mation &         

atte/ations ,n lat] ?an #fj days aft]   
receipt ( an application "u ?is section1
 ! ,secret>y %all v]ify ! foll[+3 7,a7  
,! application conta9s all in=mation    
requir$ "u subsection 7a77#b71 includ+  
any requir$ support+ docum5ts4  7,b7 ,! 
application conta9s ea* atte/ation      
requir$ "u subsection 7a77#c74  7,c7 ,! 
application does n conta9 any cle>      
indication ( fraud or falsification4    
7#b7 ,det]m9ation ,n lat] ?an #fj days  
aft] receipt ( an application "u ?is    
section-- 7,a7 if ! ,secret>y v]ifies t 
! applicant has met ! application       
requirem5ts z describ$ 9 p>agraph 7#a71 
! ,secret>y %all approve ! application &
 issue a c]tification to ! applicant1 ) 
or )\t conditions on ! propos$ op]ation 
( ! space object 9 accordance )         
subsection 7c77#a77;,a72 or  7,b7 if !  
,secret>y _c v]ify t ! applicant has met
 ! application requirem5ts z describ$ 9 
p>agraph 7#a71 or if ! ,secret>y        
det]m9es x is necess>y to d5y !         
application pursuant to subsection      

7c77#a77;,b71 ! ,secret>y-- 7i7 %all    
issue a d5ial ( ! application sign$ by !
 ,secret>y 7a duty t may n be delegat$1 
includ+ to ! ,(fice ( ,space ,comm]ce72 
&  7ii7 %all1 n lat] ?an #aj days aft] !
 decision to d5y ! application-- 7,i7   
provide ! applicant ) a writt5          
notification conta9+ a cle>ly articulat$
 rationale = ! d5ial t provides1 to !   
maximum ext5t practicable1 guidance to !
 applicant z to h[ su* rationale = d5ial
 c\ld be address$ 9 a subsequ5t         
application2 &  7,,ii7 notify !         
,committee on ,comm]ce1 ,sci5ce1 &      
,transportation ( ! ,s5ate & !          
,committee on ,sci5ce1 ,space1 &        
,te*nology ( ! ,h\se ( ,repres5tatives (
 su* rationale4  7#c7 ,opportunity to   
cure  7,a7 ,9 g5]al ,if ! ,secret>y     
f9ds1 at any po9t dur+ review ( !       
application1 t x w likely condition     
op]ations pursuant to p>agraph          
7#b77;,a71 or t d5ial ( ! application is
 likely "u p>agraph 7#b77;,b71 !        
,secret>y %all provide ! applicant )    

writt5 notification t /ates su* f9d+ & a
 cle>ly articulat$ rationale = ! f9d+ t 
provides1 to ! maximum ext5t            
practicable1 guidance to ! applicant z  
to h[ su* rationale c\ld be address$ 9 a
 response to ! notification4  7,b7      
,response ,n lat] ?an #aj days aft]     
receipt ( writt5 notification 9         
subp>agraph 7,a71 ! applicant may elect 
to submit a response to ! notification t
 may conta9 additional in=mation to     
cl>ify or rem$y any issue id5tifi$ 9 !  
notification4  7,c7 ,review ,if !       
applicant submits a response to !       
notification describ$ 9 subp>agraph     
7,b71 ! ,secret>y %all review su*       
response & issue a det]m9ation pursuant 
to p>agraph 7#b7 ei!r #bj days aft]     
receipt ( su* response1 or aft] !       
expiration ( ! rema9d] ( ! #fj-;day     
p]iod set =? 9 ?is subsection1 :i*ev] is
 lat]4  7,d7 ,limitation ,! ,secret>y   
may n issue m ?an "o notification "u ?is
 p>agraph = ea* application4  7#d7      
,toll+ ,! ,secret>y may n all[ toll+ ( !

 #fj-;day p]iod set =? 9 ?is subsection1
 except z specifi$ 9 p>agraph 7#c74     
7#e7 ,automatic approval ,if ! ,secret>y
 has n approv$ or d5i$ ! application    
be=e ! deadl9e specifi$ 9 p>agraph 7#b71
 or1 if applicable1 ! deadl9e z ext5d$ 9
 accordance ) p>agraph 7#c71 ! ,secret>y
 %all issue a c]tification )\t          
condition4  7#f7 ,subsequ5t review ,if !
 ,secret>y d5ies an application pursuant
 to p>agraph 7#b77;,c71 ! ,secret>y may 
n prejudice a subsequ5t application = ! 
same propos$ op]ations if su* subsequ5t 
application conta9s rem$ies to address !
 rationale = ! previ\s d5ial4  7c7      
,compliance ) ! ,out] ,space ,treaty    
7#a7 ,9 g5]al ,if ! ,secret>y det]m9es1 
bas$ ^u cle> & conv9c+ evid5ce1 t !     
propos$ op]ation ( a space object "u an 
application = a c]tification "u ?is     
*apt] is a violation ( an int]national  
obligation ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates p]ta9+ to a
 nongov]nm5tal entity ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates 
"u ! ,out] ,space ,treaty-- 7,a7 !      
,secret>y may issue a c]tification )    

conditions on ! propos$ op]ations only  
to ! ext5t necess>y to prev5t a         
violation ( su* int]national obligation2
 or  7,b7 if ! ,secret>y det]m9es !re is
 no practicable way to condition !      
propos$ op]ations to prev5t su* a       
violation1 ! ,secret>y may d5y !        
application4  7#b7 ,limitation =        
det]m9ations ,a det]m9ation "u p>agraph 
7#a7 %all be limit$ z foll[s3 7,a7 ,!   
,f$]al ,gov]nm5t %all int]pret & fulfill
 its int]national obligations "u ! ,out]
 ,space ,treaty 9 a mann] t m9imizes    
regulations & limitations on ! fre$om ( 
,unit$ ,/ates nongov]nm5tal entities to 
explore & use space4  7,b7 ,! ,f$]al    
,gov]nm5t %all int]pret & fulfill its   
int]national obligations "u ! ,out]     
,space ,treaty 9 a mann] t promotes free
 ent]prise 9 out] space4  7,c7 ,! ,f$]al
 ,gov]nm5t may n presume all obligations
 ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates "u ! ,out] ,space    
,treaty are obligations to be imput$ ^u 
,unit$ ,/ates nongov]nm5tal entities4   
7,d7 ,! ,f$]al ,gov]nm5t may n consid]  

guidel9es promulgat$ by ! ,committee on 
,space ,rese>* ( ! ,int]national ,sci5ce
 ,c\nsel to be int]national obligations 
( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4  7#c7 ,presumptions  
,9 mak+ a det]m9ation "u p>agraph 7#a71 
! ,secret>y %all presume1 abs5t cle> &  
conv9c+ evid5ce to ! contr>y1 t-- 7,a7  
any atte/ation made by an applicant     
pursuant to subsection 7a77#c7 is       
suffici5t to meet ! int]national        
obligations ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates p]ta9+ to 
nongov]nm5tal entities ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates
 "u ! ,out] ,space ,treaty address$ by  
su* atte/ation2 &  7,b7 reasonably      
comm]cially available ef=ts by !        
applicant are suffici5t = ! ,unit$      
,/ates to be 9 con=mity ) its           
int]national obligations p]ta9+ to      
nongov]nm5tal entities ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates
 "u ! ,out] ,space ,treaty4  7#d7       
,prohibition on retroactive conditions  
,! ,secret>y may n modify or place      
additional conditions on a c]tification 
aft] ! date on :i* ! c]tification is    
issu$1 except-- 7,a7 to modify a        

c]tification to acc\nt = a mat]ial      
*ange1 z provid$ 9 section #hjajf7;b72  
or  7,b7 to remove a condition pursuant 
to subsection 7d74  7#e7 ,nondelegable  
,! responsibilities ( ! ,secret>y "u ?is
 subsection may n be delegat$1 includ+  
to ! ,(fice ( ,space ,comm]ce4  7d7     
,au?ority ,to remove conditions ,!      
,secret>y1 z det]m9$ appropriate1 may   
remove f a c]tification a condition     
plac$ on op]ations ( a space object     
pursuant to subsection 7c77#a77;,a74    
#hjajd4 ,mitigation ( space debris  7a7 
,plan submission ,to be eligible = a    
c]tification "u ?is *apt]1 ea*          
application %all include a space debris 
mitigation plan = ! space object1 z set 
=? 9 section #hjajc7;a77#b74 ,su* plan--
 7#a7 %all take into acc\nt be/ practice
 guidel9es promulgat$ by ! ,unit$ ,/ates
 & ! ,int]-,ag5cy ,debris ,coord9at+    
,committee2 &  7#b7 may take into acc\nt
 t a space object may t]m9ate c]tifi$   
op]ations & be /or$ 9 a safe mann] until
 su* "t z ! space object is p]man5tly   

dispos$ ( or c]tifi$ = fur!r op]ations4 
7b7 ,implem5tation ,to ! maximum ext5t  
practicable1 a hold] ( a c]tification "u
 ?is *apt] %all notify ! ,secret>y n    
lat] ?an #cj days be=e beg9n+ to        
implem5t ! disposal phase ( a space     
debris mitigation plan ref]r$ to 9      
subsection 7a74 ,su* c]tification hold] 
%all1 n lat] ?an #cj days aft] complet+ 
implem5tation ( su* phase1 notify !     
,secret>y ( ! results ( any space debris
 mitigation ef=ts4  #hjaje4 ,liability  
7a7 ,9 g5]al ,z a condition ( a         
c]tification issu$ "u ?is subtitle1 a   
c]tification hold] %all ent] into an    
agreem5t ) ! ,unit$ ,/ates "u :i* !     
c]tification hold] agrees to pay co/s   
incurr$ by ! ,unit$ ,/ates t arise f a  
valid claim = comp5sation made by ano!r 
,/ate ,p>ty "u ! ,out] ,space ,treaty or
 ,liability ,conv5tion = damage caus$ by
 a space object ( ! c]tification hold]4 
7b7 ,implem5tation ,! ,secret>y %all    
implem5t ! agreem5t describ$ 9          
subsection 7a7 on behalf ( ! ,unit$     

,/ates4  #hjajf4 ,cont9u+ c]tification  
requirem5ts  7a7 ,notification          
requirem5t ,a c]tification hold] %all1 9
 a timely mann]1 notify ! ,secret>y if--
 7#a7 a c]tifi$ space object has t]m9at$
 op]ations2 or  7#b7 a c]tifi$ space    
object is involv$ 9 a cata/rophic ev5t1 
su* z ! unplann$ de/ruction ( a space   
object4  7b7 ,mat]ial *ange  7#a7       
,notification ( mat]ial *ange ,!        
,secret>y %all require c]tification     
hold]s to in=m ! ,secret>y ( ! foll[+3  
7,a7 ,any mat]ial *anges to a space     
object or ! plann$ op]ations ( a space  
object prior to laun*4  7,b7 ,any       
mat]ial anomalies or mat]ial dep>tures f
 ! c]tifi$ op]ations describ$ dur+ !    
c\rse ( op]ations4  7#b7 ,update to     
c]tification ,n lat] ?an #ad days aft] !
 date ( receipt ( in=mation reg>d+ a    
mat]ial *ange pursuant to p>agraph 7#a71
 ! ,secret>y %all make a det]m9ation (  
:e!r su* mat]ial *ange is sub/antial    
en\gh to w>rant review "u section       
#hjajc7;b74 ,n lat] ?an #fj days aft] a 

det]m9ation t su* review is w>rant$1 !  
,secret>y %all complete a simil> review 
process = su* mat]ial *ange z is requir$
 = a c]tification application "u su*    
section4  #hjajg4 ,c]tification transf] 
7a7 ,9 g5]al ,subject to subsections 7b7
 & 7c71 ! ,secret>y %all provide = !    
transf] ( a c]tification "u ?is *apt] f 
! c]tification hold] to ano!r ,unit$    
,/ates entity to cont9ue ! op]ations    
all[$ "u su* c]tification4  7b7 ,transf]
 reque/ requirem5ts ,to be eligible = a 
transf] "u subsection 7a71 !            
c]tification hold] %all submit to !     
,secret>y a reque/ t includes ! foll[+3 
7#a7 ,any in=mation reg>d+ ! propos$    
transf]1 includ+ accompany+ support+    
docum5ts1 t w\ld be requir$ "u an       
initial application "u section #hjajc4  
7#b7 ,ea* atte/ation requir$ "u section 
#hjajc7;a77#c7 complet$ by ! propos$    
transf]ee4  7c7 ,det]m9ation ,n lat] ?an
 #fj days aft] a c]tification hold]     
submits a reque/ "u subsection 7b71 !   
,secret>y %all complete a simil> review 

process = ! reque/ = transf] z is       
requir$ = a c]tification applicant "u   
section #hjajc7;b74  #hjajh4            
,c]tification expiration & t]m9ation    
7a7 ,c]tification expiration ,a         
c]tification issu$ "u ?is *apt] %all    
expire on ! e>lie/ ( ! foll[+3 7#a7 ,!  
date on :i* all op]ations approv$ "u su*
 c]tification t]m9ate1 includ+ c>ry+ out
 ! disposal phase ( ! space debris      
mitigation plan4  7#b7 ,! date on :i*   
all space objects approv$ "u !          
c]tification no long] exi/4  7#c7 ,!    
date t is five ye>s aft] ! date on :i* !
 c]tification 0 issu$1 if no c]tifi$    
op]ations h comm5c$ by su* date4  7b7   
,c]tification t]m9ation  7#a7 ,9 g5]al  
,! ,secret>y %all t]m9ate a c]tification
 "u ?is *apt] if an applicant or        
c]tification hold] is convict$ ( a      
violation ( section #ajja ( title #ah   
relat$ to ! c]tification process "u ?is 
*apt]4  7#b7 ,eligibility ,a            
c]tification hold] ^: c]tification is   
t]m9at$ "u ?is subsection %all be       

ineligible to apply = or receive a      
c]tification "u ?is *apt]4  7#c7 ,space 
debris mitigation plan ,^u t]m9ation ( a
 c]tification "u p>agraph 7#a71 !       
,secret>y may require ! c]tification    
hold] to c>ry out ! disposal phase ( !  
space debris mitigation plan submitt$ by
 ! c]tification hold] "u section        
#hjajc7;a77#b74  #hjaji4 ,exi/+ lic5se  
or p5d+ application = space object      
op]ations  7a7 ,cont9uation ( exi/+     
lic5se ,if ! op]ations ( a space object 
gov]n$ by ?is subtitle h be5 approv$ on 
or be=e ! effective date ( ?is section  
"u a cov]$ lic5se1 & su* op]ations are n
 subject to an exemption "u #hjaaa1 !   
,unit$ ,/ates entity responsible = !    
space object may-- 7#a7 elect to be     
imm$iately consid]$ c]tifi$ = op]ation  
"u ?is *apt] on su* effective date1 &   
all t]ms & conditions applicable to !   
op]ations ( su* space object z approv$ 9
 ! cov]$ lic5se %all apply = ! duration 
( ! op]ation ( ! space object2 or  7#b7 
apply = a c]tification "u ?is *apt] =   

su* op]ation ( ! space object1 & cont9ue
 to op]ate pursuant to su* cov]$ lic5se 
until su* "t z a c]tification "u ?is    
subtitle is issu$4  7b7 ,rescission or  
transf] ( a p5d+ cov]$ lic5se ,=        
op]ations ( a space object ( a ,unit$   
,/ates entity t are n subject to an     
exemption "u section #hjaaa1 & t are set
 =? 9 an application = a cov]$ lic5se t 
is p5d+ approval on ! effective date (  
?is section1 ! applicant may elect to-- 
7#a7 resc9d its application = a cov]$   
lic5se )\t prejudice2 or  7#b7 transf] !
 portions ( su* application t are relat$
 to op]ations gov]n$ by ?is subtitle to 
! ,(fice ( ,space ,comm]ce1 at :i* !    
application %all be deem$ to be a p5d+  
application = c]tification "u ?is *apt]4
  7c7 ,cov]$ lic5se ,9 ?is subtitle1 !  
t]m cov]$ lic5se means any ( ! foll[+3  
7#a7 ,an approval ( a payload = laun* or
 re5try "u section #ejijd z "p ( a      
lic5se issu$ "u *apt] #eji4  7#b7 ,a    
lic5se = spectrum use issu$ "u !        
,communications ,act ( #aicd 7#dg       

,u4,s4,c4 #aea et seq474  7#c7 ,a lic5se
 = op]ation ( a space-bas$ remote s5s+  
sy/em issu$ "u sub*apt] ,,iii ( *apt]   
#fja ( title #ea4  7d7 ,effective date  
,?is section %all take effect on ! date 
t is "o ye> aft] ! date ( ! enactm5t ( !
 ,comm]cial ,space ,act ( #bjbc4        
#hjaaj4 ,private ,space ,activity       
,advisory ,committee  7a7 ,e/abli%m5t ,!
 ,secret>y %all e/abli% a ,private      
,space ,activity ,advisory ,committee 79
 ?is section ref]r$ to z ! ,committee74 
7b7 ,*air ,! ,committee %all designate  
"o memb] z ! *air ( ! ,committee = "o   
ye>4  7c7 ,memb]%ip ,! ,committee %all  
be compos$ ( #ae memb]s1 z foll[s3 7#a7 
,?ree memb]s appo9t$ by ! ,secret>y4    
7#b7 ,?ree memb]s appo9t$ by ! *air (1 &
 ?ree memb]s appo9t$ by ! rank+ memb] (1
 ! ,committee on ,comm]ce1 ,sci5ce1 &   
,transportation ( ! ,s5ate4  7#c7 ,?ree 
memb]s appo9t$ by ! *air (1 & ?ree      
memb]s appo9t$ by ! rank+ memb] (1 !    
,committee on ,sci5ce1 ,space1 &        
,te*nology ( ! ,h\se ( ,repres5tatives4 

7d7 ,limitation ,memb]s ( ! ,committee  
may n be ,f$]al ,gov]nm5t employees or  
(ficials1 or employ$ by or affiliat$ ) a
 f$]ally fund$ rese>* & developm5t c5t]4
  7e7 ,travel exp5ses ,memb]s ( !       
,committee %all receive travel exp5ses1 
includ+ p] diem 9 lieu ( subsi/5ce1 9   
accordance ) ! applicable provisions "u 
sub*apt] ,i ( *apt] #eg ( title #e4  7f7
 ,qualifications ,memb]s ( ! ,committee 
%all include a v>iety ( space           
pr(essionals1 includ+ policy1 eng9e]+1  
te*nical1 sci5ce1 legal1 & f9ance       
pr(essionals4 ,n few] ?an half ( !      
memb]s %all h significant exp]i5ce work+
 9 ! comm]cial space indu/ry4  7g7 ,t]ms
 ,ea* memb] ( ! ,committee-- 7#a7 %all  
s]ve = a t]m ( f\r ye>s2 &  7#b7 may n  
s]ve z a memb] = ! two-ye> p]iod foll[+ 
! date ( completion ( ea* su* t]m4  7h7 
,duties ,! duties ( ! ,committee are !  
foll[+3 7#a7 ,to analyze ! /atus & rec5t
 developm5ts ( nongov]nm5tal space      
activities4  7#b7 ,to analyze !         
effectiv5ess & effici5cy ( !            

implem5tation ( ! c]tification process  
"u ?is *apt]4  7#c7 ,to provide         
recomm5dations to ! ,secret>y &         
,congress reg>d+ h[ ! ,unit$ ,/ates c   
facilitate & promote a robu/ &          
innovative private sector t is inve/+ 91
 develop+1 & op]at+ space objects4  7#d7
 ,to id5tify any *all5ges ! ,unit$      
,/ates private sector is exp]i5c+ )     
respect to ! foll[+3 7,a7 ,!            
au?orization & sup]vision ( ! op]ation (
 space objects "u ?is *apt]4  7,b7 ,m   
g5]ally1 int]national obligations ( !   
,unit$ ,/ates relevant to private sector
 activities 9 out] space4  7,c7 ,h>mful 
int]f]5ce to private sector activities 9
 out] space4  7,d7 ,access to adequate1 
pr$ictable1 & reliable radio frequ5cy   
spectrum = c]tifi$ op]ations4  7,e7     
,compet+ on ! int]national m>ketplace4  
7#e7 ,to review exi/+ be/ practices =   
,unit$ ,/ates entities to avoid ! h>mful
 contam9ation ( ! ,moon & o!r cele/ial  
bodies4  7#f7 ,to review exi/+ be/      
practices = ,unit$ ,/ates entities to   

avoid adv]se *anges 9 ! environm5t ( !  
,e>? result+ f ! introduction (         
extrat]re/rial matt]4  7#g7 ,to review  
exi/+ be/ practices = ,unit$ ,/ates     
entities to support ! responsible laun*1
 deploym5t1 & op]ation ( space objects  
to avoid ! creation ( p]si/5t space     
debris4  7#h7 ,to provide in=mation1    
advice1 & recomm5dations on matt]s      
relat+ to ,unit$ ,/ates private sector  
activities 9 out] space4  7#i7 ,to      
provide in=mation1 advice1 &            
recomm5dations on matt]s relat$ to !    
au?ority ( ! ,secret>y "u ?is *apt]1 or 
to private sector space activities      
au?oriz$ pursuant to ?is *apt]1 t !     
,committee det]m9es necess>y4  7i7      
,annual report ,! ,committee %all submit
 to ,congress1 ! ,presid5t1 & !         
,secret>y an annual report t includes ! 
in=mation1 analysis1 f9d+s1 &           
recomm5dations describ$ 9 subsection    
7h74  7j7 ,sunset ,! ,committee %all    
t]m9ate on ! date t is #bj ye>s aft] !  
date on :i* ! ,committee is e/abli%$4   

#hjaaa4 ,exemptions ,a c]tification is n
 requir$ "u ?is *apt] = any ( ! foll[+  
op]ations3 7#a7 ,space activities       
au?oriz$ by ano!r c\ntry t is a p>ty to 
! ,out] ,space ,treaty4  7#b7 ,laun* or 
re5try vehicle activities lic5s$ by !   
,dep>tm5t ( ,transportation "u *apt]    
#eji4  7#c7 ,spectrum use lic5s$ by !   
,f$]al ,communications ,commission "u ! 
,communications ,act ( #aicd 7#dg       
,u4,s4,c4 #aea et seq474  4  #d4        
,adm9i/rative provisions relat$ to      
c]tification ,title #ea1 ,unit$ ,/ates  
,code1 z am5d$ by section #c1 is fur!r  
am5d$ by add+ at ! end ! foll[+3  #hjb  
,adm9i/rative ,provisions ,relat$ to    
,c]tification  #hjbja4 ,adm9i/rative    
au?ority4#hjbjb4 ,consultation4#hjbjc4  
,appeal ( d5ial or condition (          
c]tification4#hjbjd4 ,exclusive au?ority
 = det]m9ation ( int]national           
obligations4#hjbje4 ,limitation on c]ta9
 ag5cy sup]vision4#hjbjf4 ,comm]cial    
exploration & use ( out] space4#hjbjg4  
,f$]al jurisdiction4#hjbjh4 ,global     

commons4#hjbji4 ,regulatory             
au?ority4#hjbaj4 ,consultation )        
relevant ag5cies4  #hjbja4 ,adm9i/rative
 au?ority  7a7 ,functions ,9 ord] to    
c>ry out ! responsibilities specifi$ 9  
?is *apt]1 ! ,secret>y may-- 7#a7 seek  
an ord] ( injunction or simil> judicial 
det]m9ation f a di/rict c\rt ( ! ,unit$ 
,/ates ) p]sonal jurisdiction ov] a     
c]tification hold] to t]m9ate           
c]tifications "u ?is subtitle & t]m9ate 
c]tifi$ op]ations on an imm$iate basis1 
if ! ,secret>y det]m9es t ! c]tification
 hold] has sub/antially fail$ to comply 
) any provisions ( ?is subtitle1 or )   
any t]ms ( a c]tification2  7#b7 provide
 = civil p5alties n to exce$ #aj1jjj    
7ea* day ( op]ation con/itut+ a sep>ate 
violation7 & n to exce$ #ejj1jjj 9      
total1 =-- 7,a7 noncompliance ) !       
c]tification requirem5ts1 conditions1 or
 regulations issu$ "u ?is subtitle2 or  
7,b7 ! op]ation ( a space object )\t !  
applicable c]tification issu$ "u ?is    
subtitle2  7#c7 compromise1 modify1 or  

remit any su* civil p5alty2  7#d7 seize 
any object1 record1 or report1 or copies
 ( mat]ials1 docum5ts1 or records1      
pursuant to a w>rant f a magi/rate bas$ 
on a %[+ ( probable cause to believe t  
su* object1 record1 or report 0 us$1 is 
be+ us$1 or is likely to be us$ 9       
violation ( ?is subtitle or !           
requirem5ts ( a c]tification or         
regulation issu$ !reund]2 &  7#e7 make  
inve/igations & inquiries conc]n+ any   
matt] relat+ to ! en=cem5t ( ?is        
subtitle4  7b7 ,review ( ag5cy action   
,any hold] (1 or applicant =1 a         
c]tification :o makes a timely reque/ = 
review ( an adv]se action tak5 pursuant 
to p>agraph 7#b7 or 7#d7 ( subsection   
7a7 %all be entitl$ to adjudication by !
 ,secret>y on ! record aft] an          
opportunity = any ag5cy he>+ ) respect  
to su* adv]se action4 ,any f9al action  
by ! ,secret>y "u ?is subsection %all be
 subject to judicial review "u *apt] #g 
( title #e1 z provid$ 9 section #hjbjc (
 ?is *apt]4  7c7 ,no co/ = c]tification 

,! ,secret>y may n impose a fee or o!r  
co/ on a hold] (1 or applicant =1 a     
c]tification "u *apt] #hja4  7d7 ,no    
au?ority ,to set conditions ,! ,secret>y
 may n impose a sub/antive condition on1
 or any o!r requirem5t =1 ! issuance ( a
 c]tification except z specifically     
provid$ 9 ?is subtitle4  7e7 ,,foia     
exemption ,not)/&+ any o!r provision (  
law1 ! ,secret>y may )hold f public     
disclosure in=mation submitt$ z "p ( any
 fil+ relat+ to a c]tification "u ?is   
subtitle4 ,= purposes ( section #eeb (  
title #e1 ?is subsection %all be        
consid]$ a /atute describ$ 9 subsection 
7b77#c7 ( su* section & is int5d$ to    
exempt in=mation )9 ?is subtitle f      
disclosure4 ,no?+ 9 ?is subsection may  
be con/ru$ z au?oriz+ ! )hold+ (        
in=mation f ,congress4  7f7 ,limitation 
on exceptions to adm9i/rative proc$ures 
,! exceptions "u section #eec7;a77#a71  
section #eec7;b77,b71 or section        
#eed7;a77#d7 ( title #e %all n apply )  
respect to a c]tification "u ?is        

subtitle4  #hjbjb4 ,consultation  7a7   
,s5se ( ,congress ,x is ! s5se ( !      
,congress t-- 7#a7 ! ,unit$ ,/ates      
,gov]nm5t has assets 9 out] space t are 
critical to national security1 sci5tific
 rese>*1 economic gr[?1 & exploration2  
7#b7 su* assets repres5t a consid]able  
inve/m5t ( ,unit$ ,/ates taxpay]s2 &    
7#c7 x is 9 ! national int]e/ ( ! ,unit$
 ,/ates to facilitate opportunities to  
provide = ! protection ( su* assets4    
7b7 ,review ,n lat] ?an #cj days aft] ! 
,secret>y issues a c]tification "u *apt]
 #hja1 ! ,secret>y %all review !        
op]ations ( any space objects cov]$ by !
 c]tification to det]m9e :e!r !         
int]action betwe5 su* op]ations & !     
op]ations ( a ,f$]al ,gov]nm5t space    
object pres5t a sub/antial risk to !    
physical safety ( a space object op]at$ 
by ei!r p>ty4  7c7 ,requirem5t ,to      
p>ticipate 9 consultation ,if !         
,secret>y makes a det]m9ation t a       
sub/antial risk id5tifi$ "u subsection  
7b7 exi/s1 ! ,secret>y may require t !  

c]tification hold] p>ticipate 9 a       
consultation "u ?is section4  7d7       
,p>ties to a consultation  7#a7 ,9 g5]al
 ,a consultation "u ?is section may be  
held1 ) respect to a sub/antial safety  
risk id5tifi$ "u subsection 7b71        
betwe5-- 7,a7 a c]tification hold]      
responsible = ! c]tifi$ space object    
op]ations2 &  7,b7 any entity ( ! ,f$]al
 ,gov]nm5t op]at+ a pot5tially affect$  
space object4  7#b7 ,p>ticipation ,!    
,secret>y may n impose any requirem5t on
 a p>ty pursuant to p>ticipation 9 !    
consultation4  7e7 ,mitigation ( safety 
risk ,9 c>ry+ out a consultation1 !     
,secret>y %all-- 7#a7 facilitate a      
discussion among ! p>ties to !          
consultation2  7#b7 enc\rage a mutual   
und]/&+ ( ! safety risk2 &  7#c7        
enc\rage1 to ! maximum ext5t            
practicable1 volunt>y agreem5ts betwe5 !
 p>ties to ! consultation to improve !  
physical safety ( affect$ space object  
op]ations or mitigate ! physical safety 
risk4  7f7 ,duration ( consultation2    

notice ,n lat] ?an #ij days aft] !      
,secret>y requires a consultation "u ?is
 section1 ! ,secret>y %all-- 7#a7       
complete all activities relat$ to !     
consultation2 &  7#b7 submit to         
,congress a writt5 notification )       
respect to su* consultation1 t          
includes-- 7,a7 ! names ( ea* p>ty to ! 
consultation2  7,b7 a description ( !   
physical safety risk at issue2  7,c7    
:e!r any volunt>y agreem5t 0 made by !  
p>ties2 &  7,d7 ! cont5t ( any su*      
agreem5t4  7g7 ,rule ( con/ruction ,no?+
 9 ?is section may be con/ru$ to grant  
any additional au?ority to ! ,secret>y  
to regulate1 or place conditions on1 any
 activity conduct$ by a space object =  
:i* a c]tification is requir$ "u ?is    
subtitle4  #hjbjc4 ,appeal ( d5ial or   
condition ( c]tification ,an applicant  
:o is d5i$ a c]tification "u section    
#hjajc7;b77#b77;,b71 or an applicant ^: 
c]tification is condition$ pursuant to  
section #hjajc7;c71 respectively1 may   
appeal ! d5ial or placem5t ( a condition

 to ! ,secret>y4 ,! ,secret>y %all      
affirm or rev]se ! d5ial or placem5t ( a
 condition aft] provid+ ! applicant     
notice & an opportunity to be he>d4 ,!  
,secret>y %all dispose ( ! appeal n lat]
 ?an #fj days aft] ! appeal is submitt$4
 ,if ! ,secret>y d5ies ! appeal1 !      
applicant may seek review 9 ! ,unit$    
,/ates ,c\rt ( ,appeals = ! ,di/rict (  
,columbia ,circuit or 9 ! c\rt ( appeals
 ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates = ! circuit 9 :i* !  
p]son resides or has its pr9cipal place 
( bus9ess4  #hjbjd4 ,exclusive au?ority 
= det]m9ation ( int]national obligations
 ,except = ! ,secret>y z au?oriz$ by ?is
 subtitle1 no ag5cy may impose a        
requirem5t ) reg>d to an int]national   
obligation ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates p]ta9+ to a
 nongov]nm5tal entity ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates 
"u ! ,out] ,space ,treaty relat+ to !   
foll[+3 7#a7 ,! op]ation ( a space      
object c]tifi$ "u *apt] #hja4  7#b7 ,!  
c>ry+ out ( a space debris mitigation   
plan ( a space object = :i* a           
c]tification 0 issu$ "u *apt] #hja4     

#hjbje4 ,limitation on c]ta9 ag5cy      
sup]vision  7a7 ,9 g5]al ,n lat] ?an "o 
ye> aft] ! date ( ! enactm5t ( !        
,comm]cial ,space ,act ( #bjbc1 no o!r  
ag5cy %all h ! au?ority to au?orize1    
place conditions on1 or sup]vise !      
op]ation ( space objects requir$ to be  
c]tifi$ "u *apt] #hja1 except z set =? 9
 ?is subtitle4  7b7 ,agreem5t           
limitations ,no?+ 9 ?is section may be  
con/ru$ to prev5t an ag5cy f includ+    
additional t]ms1 conditions1            
limitations1 or requirem5ts1 consi/5t ) 
applicable provisions ( law1 beyond ^?  
requir$ 9 ?is subtitle1 9 a contract or 
o!r agreem5t ) ! hold] ( a c]tification 
"u *apt] #hja = ! op]ation ( !          
applicable space object4  #hjbjf4       
,comm]cial exploration & use ( out]     
space ,to ! maximum ext5t practicable1 !
 ,presid5t1 act+ ?r\gh appropriate      
,f$]al ag5cies1 %all int]pret & fulfill 
int]national obligations1 includ+       
obligations "u ! cov]$ treaties on out] 
space1 to m9imize regulations &         

limitations on ! fre$om ( ,unit$ ,/ates 
nongov]nm5tal entities to explore & use 
out] space4  #hjbjg4 ,f$]al jurisdiction
 ,! di/rict c\rts %all h orig9al        
jurisdiction1 exclusive ( ! c\rts ( !   
,/ates1 ov] any civil action result+ f !
 op]ation ( a space object = :i* a      
c]tification is requir$ "u ?is subtitle4
  #hjbjh4 ,global commons ,not)/&+ any  
o!r provision ( law1 out] space may n be
 consid]$ a global commons4  #hjbji4    
,regulatory au?ority  7a7 ,9 g5]al ,n   
lat] ?an #aj mon?s aft] ! date ( !      
enactm5t ( ! ,comm]cial ,space ,act (   
#bjbc1 ! ,secret>y %all issue su*       
regulations z are necess>y to c>ry out  
?is subtitle4  7b7 ,r$uc+ regulatory    
burd5 ,9 issu+ regulations to c>ry out  
?is subtitle1 ! ,secret>y %all avoid1 to
 ! maximum ext5t practicable1 ! placem5t
 ( inconsi/5t1 duplicative1 or o!rwise  
burd5some requirem5ts on ! op]ations (  
,unit$ ,/ates nongov]nm5tal entities 9  
out] space4  #hjbaj4 ,consultation )    
relevant ag5cies  7a7 ,9 g5]al ,subject 

to subsection 7b71 ! ,secret>y may1 z ! 
,secret>y consid]s necess>y1 consult ) !
 heads ( o!r relevant ag5cies 9 c>ry+   
out ?is subtitle4  7b7 ,exclusive       
au?ority ( ! ,secret>y ,! consultation  
au?ority "u subsection 7a7 may n be     
int]pret$ to alt] ! exclusive au?ority (
 ! ,secret>y to au?orize1 place         
conditions on1 & sup]vise ! op]ation (  
space objects "u ?is *apt]1 z provid$ 9 
& subject to ! limitations ( section    
#hjbje4  4  #e4 ,te*nical & con=m+      
am5dm5ts  7a7 ,table ( *apt]s ,! table (
 *apt]s ( title #ea1 ,unit$ ,/ates      
,code1 is am5d$ by add+ at ! end !      
foll[+3  ,subtitle ,,viii--,au?orization
 & ,sup]vision ( ,nongov]nm5tal ,space  
,activities  #hja4;,c]tification to     
,op]ate ,space                          
,objects#hjajahjb4;,adm9i/rative        
,provisions ,relat$ to                  
,c]tification#hjbja  4  7b7 ,repeals    
7#a7 ,9 g5]al ,title #ea1 ,unit$ ,/ates 
,code1 is am5d$ z foll[s3 7,a7 ,sub*apt]
 ,,iii ( *apt] #fja is repeal$4  7,b7 ,!

 table ( sections = *apt] #fja is am5d$ 
by /rik+ ! items relat+ to sub*apt]     
,,iii4  7#b7 ,effective date ,! am5dm5ts
 made by p>agraph 7#a7 %all take effect 
on ! date t is "o ye> aft] ! date ( !   
enactm5t ( ?is ,act4  7c7 ,te*nical     
corrections ,title #ea1 ,unit$ ,/ates   
,code1 is am5d$-- 7#a7 9 section        
#bjcjb7;c77#b71 by /rik+ means has !    
mean+ & ins]t+ has ! mean+2  7#b7 9     
section #ejgjb7;c77#e71 by /rik+        
,space-,bas$ ,position & ins]t+         
,space-,bas$ ,position+2 &  7#c7 9      
section #gaajb7a71 by /rik+ track+      
device & ins]t+ track+ device to4  #f4  
,(fice ( ,space ,comm]ce ,section #ejgjb
 ( title #ea1 ,unit$ ,/ates ,code1 is   
am5d$-- 7#a7 9 subsection 7b7-- 7,a7 by 
/rik+ ,! ,(fice %all be head$ & ins]t+ !
 foll[+3  7#a7 ,9 g5]al ,! ,(fice %all  
be head$  2 &  7,b7 by add+ at ! end !  
foll[+3  7#b7 ,direct report ,!         
,director %all report directly to !     
,secret>y ( ,comm]ce4  2 &  7#b7 9      
subsection 7c7-- 7,a7 9 p>agraph 7#d71  

by /rik+ & at ! end2  7,b7 9 p>agraph   
7#e71 by /rik+ ! p]iod at ! end & ins]t+
 a semicolon2 &  7,c7 by add+ at ! end !
 foll[+ new p>agraphs3  7#f7 to au?orize
 & sup]vise ! op]ations ( ,unit$ ,/ates 
nongov]nm5tal entities 9 out] space1    
pursuant to *apt] #hja ( ?is title2 &   
7#g7 to facilitate & promote !          
developm5t ( be/ practices among        
op]ators ( space objects to address     
sub/antial risks to ! physical safety ( 
,f$]al ,gov]nm5t space objects1 includ+ 
! risk ( on-orbit collisions4  4  #g4   
,space situational aw>5ess  7a7 ,9 g5]al
 ,*apt] #ejg ( title #ea1 ,unit$ ,/ates 
,code1 is am5d$ by add+ at ! end !      
foll[+ new sections3  #ejgjd4 ,space    
situational aw>5ess  7a7 ,def9itions ,9 
?is section3 7#a7 ,in/itution ( high]   
education ,! t]m in/itution ( high]     
education has ! mean+ giv5 su* t]m 9    
section #aja7;a7 ( ! ,high] ,education  
,act ( #aife 7#bj ,u4,s4,c4 #ajja7;a774 
7#b7 ,nonpr(it organization ,! t]m      
nonpr(it organization means an          

organization t is describ$ 9 section    
#eja7;c77#c7 ( ! ,int]nal ,rev5ue ,code 
( #aihf & t is exempt f taxation "u     
section #eja7;a7 ( su* ,code4  7#c7     
,n-=-pr(it organization ,! t]m n-=-pr(it
 organization means an organization t is
 describ$ 9 section #eja7;c77#g7 ( !    
,int]nal ,rev5ue ,code ( #aihf & t is   
exempt f taxation "u section #eja7;a7 ( 
su* ,code4  7#d7 ,space situational     
aw>5ess ,! t]m space situational aw>5ess
 means-- 7,a7 ! id5tification &         
*>act]ization ( space objects & orbital 
debris2 &  7,b7 ! und]/&+ ( ! mann] 9   
:i* space objects & orbital debris      
behave 9 out] space4  7b7 ,au?ority     
,pursuant to ! au?ority provid$ 9       
section #ejgjb1 ! ,director ( ! ,(fice (
 ,space ,comm]ce %all-- 7#a7 n lat] ?an 
"o ye> aft] ! date ( ! enactm5t ( !     
,comm]cial ,space ,act ( #bjbc1         
competitively aw>d a coop]ative agreem5t
 to an entity eligible "u subsection 7d7
 to e/abli% a consortium to provide     
data1 in=mation1 & s]vices = space      

situational aw>5ess2 &  7#b7 coord9ate )
 ! heads ( o!r relevant ag5cies to      
transf] unclassifi$ space situational   
aw>5ess data & in=mation to ! consortium
 e/abli%$ pursuant to p>agraph 7#a74    
7c7 ,prohibition ,! ,secret>y may n     
promulgate regulations = space          
situational aw>5ess or space traffic    
managem5t4  7d7 ,eligible entities  7#a7
 ,9 g5]al ,except z provid$ 9 p>agraph  
7#c71 to be eligible = a coop]ative     
agreem5t "u ?is section1 an entity %all 
be a ,unit$ ,/ates entity t is any ( !  
foll[+3 7,a7 ,an in/itution ( high]     
education4  7,b7 ,a nonpr(it            
organization4  7,c7 ,a n-=-pr(it        
organization4  7#b7 ,consid]ations ,9   
aw>d+ a coop]ative agreem5t to any      
entity "u ?is section1 ! ,director %all 
consid]1 at a m9imum1 ! foll[+ ) respect
 to su* entity3 7,a7 ,demon/rat$        
exp]tise 9 space situational aw>5ess4   
7,b7 ,f9ancial contributions1 includ+   
non-,f$]al co/-%>+4  7,c7               
,public-private collaboration exp]i5ce4 

7,d7 ,int]national coord9ation pot5tial4
  7#c7 ,prohibition ,an entity t is a   
f$]ally fund$ rese>* & developm5t c5t]  
is n an eligible entity = a coop]ative  
agreem5t "u ?is section4  7e7           
,consortium memb]%ip ,! entity aw>d$ a  
coop]ative agreem5t "u subsection 7b7   
%all seek consortium memb]%ip &         
p>ticipation f ! foll[+3 7#a7 ,comm]cial
 entities4  7#b7 ,o!r in/itutions (     
high] education1 nonpr(it organizations1
 or n-=-pr(it organizations4  7#c7      
,/ates4  7#d7 ,political subdivisions ( 
,/ates4  7#e7 ,gov]nm5ts ( =eign        
c\ntries4  7f7 ,consortium activities ,!
 entity aw>d$ a coop]ative agreem5t "u  
subsection 7b77#a7 %all1 9 consultation 
) ! consortium memb]s specifi$ 9        
subsection 7e7-- 7#a7 provide publicly  
available data1 in=mation1 & s]vices =  
space situational aw>5ess1 includ+--    
7,a7 a validat$ & syn!siz$ catalog (    
space objects2 &  7,b7 conjunction      
notifications2  7#b7 coord9ate in=mation
 %>+ agreem5ts betwe5 consortium memb]s2

  7#c7 seek broad consortium memb]%ip1  
p>ticipation1 & in=mation %>+ f bo?     
dome/ic & int]national spacecraft       
op]ators & comm]cial & nongov]nm5tal    
data provid]s2  7#d7 seek to maximize   
co/ %>+ & enable ! comm]cialization (   
private sector products & s]vices 9 ord]
 to promote a m robu/ comm]cial space   
situational aw>5ess indu/ry1 includ+    
fur!r privatization ( space situational 
aw>5ess s]vices2  7#e7 facilitate       
opportunities = ,unit$ ,/ates comm]cial 
entities to p>ticipate 9 & contribute to
 ! consortium2 &  7#f7 promote volunt>y 
cons5sus /&>ds & be/ practices = space  
situational aw>5ess4  7g7 ,immunity ,!  
entity aw>d$ ! coop]ative agreem5t "u   
subsection 7b77#a7 %all be immune f any 
suit 9 any c\rt = any cause ( action    
aris+ f ! provision or receipt ( data1  
in=mation1 or s]vices = space           
situational aw>5ess pursuant to su*     
coop]ative agreem5t4  #ejgje4           
,au?orization ( appropriations ,!re is  
au?oriz$ to be appropriat$ to ! ,(fice (

 ,space ,comm]ce #gj1jjj1jjj = fiscal   
ye> #bjbd to c>ry out ?is *apt]4  4  7b7
 ,te*nical & con=m+ am5dm5t ,! table (  
sections = *apt] #ejg ( title #ea1      
,unit$ ,/ates ,code1 is am5d$ by ins]t+ 
aft] ! item relat+ to section #ejgjc !  
foll[+ new items3  #ejgjd4 ,space       
situational aw>5ess4#ejgje4             
,au?orization ( appropriations4  4  #h4 
,,nasa ,space ,situational ,aw>5ess     
,in/itute  7a7 ,9 g5]al ,*apt] #cae (   
title #ea1 ,unit$ ,/ates ,code1 is am5d$
 by am5d+ section #caeja to read z      
foll[s3  #caeja4 ,orbital debris space  
situational aw>5ess  7a7 ,orbital debris
 ,! ,adm9i/rator1 9 conjunction ) !     
heads ( o!r ,f$]al ag5cies1 %all take   
/eps to assess1 develop1 or acquire     
te*nologies t w decrease ! risks        
associat$ ) orbital debris4  7b7 ,space 
,situational ,aw>5ess ,in/itute  7#a7 ,9
 g5]al ,subject to appropriations1 !    
,adm9i/rator %all aw>d a coop]ative     
agreem5t to an eligible entity to       
e/abli% a ,space ,situational ,aw>5ess  

,in/itute 79 ?is section ref]r$ to z !  
,in/itute7 to advance sci5tific1        
te*nological1 & transdiscipl9>y rese>* 9
 space situational aw>5ess4  7#b7       
,purpose ,! ,in/itute %all-- 7,a7       
conduct transdiscipl9>y rese>*1         
developm5t1 & demon/ration projects     
relat$ to orbital me*anics1             
a/rodynamics1 & ! detect+1 track+1      
id5tify+1 *>act]iz+1 & model+1 ( orbital
 debris & space objects to improve-- 7i7
 space situational aw>5ess & !          
developm5t ( op5-ar*itecture res\rces2  
7ii7 ! unique id5tification1 track+1    
classification1 pr$iction1 & model+ (   
orbital debris & space objects2  7iii7 !
 monitor+1 quantification1 assessm5t1   
model+1 & pr$iction ( space op]ations & 
haz>ds1 includ+ 9-space collisions2     
7iv7 pe] ex*ange & docum5tation (       
evid5ce-bas$ practices = orbital debris 
mitigation & rem$iation2 &  7v7 %>+1    
model+1 & curation ( data relat$ to     
orbital debris & space objects2  7,b7   
lev]age non-,f$]al s\rces ( support to  

improve space situational aw>5ess &     
m9imize space safety1 security1 &       
su/a9ability risks2  7,c7 draw on       
comm]cial capabilities & data1 z        
appropriate2 &  7,d7 coord9ate )-- 7i7  
,,nasa's ,orbital ,debris ,program      
,(fice locat$ at ! ,johnson ,space      
,c5t]2  7ii7 ,,nasa's ,conjunction      
,assessm5t & ,risk ,analysis program    
locat$ at ! ,godd>d ,space ,flight      
,c5t]2  7iii7 ! consortium e/abli%$     
pursuant to section #ejgjd2 &  7iv7 any 
o!r gov]nm5t ag5cies z det]m9$ by !     
,adm9i/rator4  7#c7 ,eligible entities  
7,a7 ,9 g5]al ,to be eligible = a       
coop]ative agreem5t "u ?is section1 an  
entity %all be l$ by any ( ! foll[+3 7i7
 ,an in/itution ( high] education4  7ii7
 ,a nonpr(it organization4  7iii7 ,a    
n-=-pr(it organization4  7,b7 ,memb]%ip 
,! ,in/itute %all seek to include       
memb]%ip f ! foll[+3 7i7 ,comm]cial     
entities4  7ii7 ,f$]al laboratories4    
7iii7 ,o!r in/itutions ( high]          
education1 nonpr(it organizations1 or   

n-=-pr(it organizations4  7#d7          
,consid]ations ,9 aw>d+ a coop]ative    
agreem5t "u ?is section1 ! ,secret>y    
%all consid]1 at a m9imum ! foll[+3 7,a7
 ,! pot5tial to improve ! sci5ce &      
te*nology ( space situational aw>5ess4  
7,b7 ,! commitm5t ( f9ancial support1   
advice1 p>ticipation1 & o!r             
contributions f non-,f$]al s\rces4  7#e7
 ,coop]ative agreem5t p]iod ,a          
coop]ative agreem5t aw>d$ "u ?is section
 %all be aw>d$ = a p]iod ( #aj ye>s4    
7#f7 ,au?orization ,( ! funds au?oriz$  
to be appropriat$ to ,,nasa = ! ,(fice (
 ,safety & ,mission ,assurance1 ,ag5cy  
,te*nical ,au?ority1 #aj1jjj1jjj is     
au?oriz$ to be appropriat$ to c>ry out  
?is section = fiscal ye> #bjbd4  7c7    
,def9itions ,9 ?is section3 7#a7        
,in/itution ( high] education ,! t]m    
in/itution ( high] education has ! mean+
 giv5 su* t]m 9 section #aja7;a7 ( !    
,high] ,education ,act ( #aife 7#bj     
,u4,s4,c4 #ajja7;a774  7#b7 ,nonpr(it   
organization ,! t]m nonpr(it            

organization means an organization t is 
describ$ 9 section #eja7;c77#c7 ( !     
,int]nal ,rev5ue ,code ( #aihf & t is   
exempt f taxation "u section #eja7;a7 ( 
su* ,code4  7#c7 ,n-=-pr(it organization
 ,! t]m n-=-pr(it organization means an 
organization t is describ$ 9 section    
#eja7;c77#g7 ( ! ,int]nal ,rev5ue ,code 
( #aihf & t is exempt f taxation "u     
section #eja7;a7 ( su* ,code4  7#d7     
,space situational aw>5ess ,! t]m space 
situational aw>5ess means-- 7,a7 !      
id5tification & *>act]ization ( space   
objects & orbital debris2 &  7,b7 !     
und]/&+ ( ! mann] 9 :i* space objects & 
orbital debris behave 9 out] space4  4  
7b7 ,te*nical & con=m+ am5dm5t ,9 !     
table ( sections = *apt] #cae ( title   
#ea1 ,unit$ ,/ates ,code1 ! item relat+ 
to section #caeja is am5d$ by ins]t+    
space situational aw>5ess aft] debris4  
#i4 ,laun* & re5try  7a7 ,9 g5]al ,*apt]
 #eji ( title #ea1 ,unit$ ,/ates ,code1 
is am5d$-- 7#a7 9 #ejija-- 7,a7 9       
subsection 7a77#g71 by /rik+ to ensure  

compliance ) int]national obligations ( 
! ,unit$ ,/ates & to protect ! public   
heal? & safety1 safety ( prop]ty1 &     
national security & =eign policy int]e/s
 ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates & ins]t+ to protect !
 public heal? & safety or safety (      
prop]ty1 prev5t violations ( !          
int]national obligations ( ! ,unit$     
,/ates1 & prev5t sub/antial h>m to !    
national security ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates2 &  
7,b7 9 subsection 7b77#c71 by /rik+ 1   
safety ( prop]ty1 & national security & 
=eign policy int]e/s ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates &
 ins]t+ or safety ( prop]ty1 prev5t     
violations ( ! int]national obligations 
( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & prev5t sub/antial  
h>m to ! national security ( ! ,unit$   
,/ates2  7#b7 9 #ejijd7;c7-- 7,a7 by    
/rik+ 1 safety ( prop]ty1 or national   
security or =eign policy int]e/s ( !    
,unit$ ,/ates & ins]t+ or safety (      
prop]ty1 violate ,unit$ ,/ates          
int]national obligations1 or cause      
sub/antial h>m to ! national security ( 
! ,unit$ ,/ates2 &  7,b7 by add+ at !   

end ! foll[+3 ,no laun* or re5try may be
 prev5t$ "u ?is subsection on ! basis ( 
int]national obligations ( ! ,unit$     
,/ates1 includ+ "u ! cov]$ treaties on  
out] space 7z su* t]m is def9$ 9 section
 #hjaja7 if ! payload is includ$ 9      
c]tification "u *apt] #hja42  7#c7 9    
#ejije-- 7,a7 9 subsection 7a77#a7-- 7i7
 9 ! second s5t5ce1 by /rik+ ,consi/5t )
 ! public heal? & safety1 safety (      
prop]ty1 & national security & =eign    
policy int]e/s ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ! &   
ins]t+ ,!2 &  7ii7 by /rik+ crit]ia     
e/abli%$ pursuant to subsection         
7b77#b77;,d7 ea* place x appe>s & ins]t+
 crit]ia e/abli%$ pursuant to subsection
 7b77#b77;,e72  7,b7 9 subsection 7b7-- 
7i7 9 p>agraph 7#b77;,b71 by /rik+ 1    
safety ( prop]ty1 national security     
int]e/s1 & =eign policy int]e/ ( !      
,unit$ ,/ates & ins]t+ & safety (       
prop]ty1 or to prev5t a violation (     
,unit$ ,/ates int]national obligations1 
or to prev5t sub/antial h>m to !        
national security ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates2    

7ii7 9 p>agraph 7#b77;,c71 by /rik+ 1   
safety ( prop]ty1 national security     
int]e/s1 or =eign policy int]e/s ( !    
,unit$ ,/ates & ins]t+ or safety (      
prop]ty1 to prev5t a violation ( ,unit$ 
,/ates int]national obligations1 or to  
prev5t sub/antial h>m to ! national     
security ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates2 &  7iii7 9  
p>agraph 7#c71 9 ! fir/ s5t5ce1 by /rik+
 1 safety ( prop]ty1 & national security
 & =eign policy int]e/s ( ! ,unit$      
,/ates & ins]t+ or safety ( prop]ty1    
violate ,unit$ ,/ates int]national      
obligations1 or cause sub/antial h>m to 
! national security ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates2 &
  7,c7 9 subsection 7c7-- 7i7 9 p>agraph
 7#e7-- 7,i7 by /rik+ #bjaf & ins]t+    
#bjbd2 &  7,,ii7 by /rik+ #bjba & ins]t+
 #bjca2  7ii7 by /rik+ p>agraph 7#f72   
7iii7 by r$esignat+ p>agraphs 7#g7 ?r\gh
 7#aj7 z p>agraphs 7#f7 ?r\gh 7#i71     
respectively2  7iv7 9 p>agraph 7#f71 z s
 r$esignat$1 by /rik+ ea* ( #bjah &     
#bjbb & ins]t+ 1 #bjca12  7v7 9 p>agraph
 7#g71 z s r$esignat$1 by /rik+ id5tifi$

 by ! report "u p>agraph 7#f72  7vi7 9  
p>agraph 7#h71 z s r$esignat$1 by /rik+ 
,janu>y #a1 #bjbd & ins]t+ ,octob] #a1  
#bjca2 &  7vii7 9 p>agraph 7#i71 z s    
r$esignat$1 by /rik+ 1 safety ( prop]ty1
 or national security or =eign policy   
int]e/s ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates & ins]t+ or   
safety ( prop]ty1 to prev5t a violation 
( ,unit$ ,/ates int]national            
obligations1 or to prev5t sub/antial h>m
 to ! national security ( ! ,unit$      
,/ates2  7#e7 9 #ejijh7;c77#b71 by /rik+
 or a national security or =eign policy 
int]e/ ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates & ins]t+ or to 
prev5t a violation ( ! int]national     
obligations ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 or prev5t
 sub/antial h>m to ! national security (
 ! ,unit$ ,/ates2  7#f7 9 #ejiji7;a71 by
 /rik+ 1 ! safety ( prop]ty1 or a       
national security or =eign policy int]e/
 ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates & ins]t+ or ! safety 
( prop]ty1 violates an int]national     
obligation ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 or causes 
sub/antial h>m to ! national security ( 
! ,unit$ ,/ates2  7#g7 9 #ejiad-- 7,a7 9

 subsection 7a77#e71 by /rik+ #bjbe &   
ins]t+ #bjca2 &  7,b7 9 subsection      
7b77#a77;,c71 by /rik+ #bjbe & ins]t+   
#bjca2  7#h7 9 #ejiae-- 7,a7 9          
subsection 7a77#c77;,b71 by /rik+ #bjbe 
& ins]t+ #bjcc2 &  7,b7 9 subsection    
7f71 by /rik+ #bjbe & ins]t+ #bjcc2     
7#i7 9 #ejiah-- 7,a7 9 subsection 7a71 9
 ! second s5t5ce-- 7i7 by /rik+ ( a     
national security int]e/ & ins]t+ (     
sub/antial h>m to national security2 &  
7ii7 by /rik+ =eign policy int]e/ or    
obligation & ins]t+ ( any pot5tial      
violations ( ! int]national obligations 
( ! ,unit$ ,/ates2 &  7,b7 by add+ at ! 
end ! foll[+ new subsection3  7d7 ,tim+ 
,! ,secret>y %all conclude any          
consultations describ$ 9 ?is section n  
lat] ?an #abj days aft] receiv+ an      
application = a lic5se submitt$ pursuant
 to ?is *apt]4  2 &  7#aj7 by add+ at ! 
end ! foll[+ new section3  #ejibd4      
,prohibition ,no ag5cy may prohibit !   
laun* or op]ation ( a private sector    
space object 9 ord] to comply ) a treaty

 obligation t is n self-execut+4  2 &   
7b7 ,cl]ical am5dm5t ,! table ( sections
 = *apt] #eji ( title #ea1 ,unit$ ,/ates
 ,code1 is am5d$ by add+ at ! end !     
foll[+ new item3  #ejibd4 ,prohibition4 
4  #aj4 ,report on regi/ration ( space  
objects  7a7 ,9 g5]al ,n lat] ?an "o ye>
 aft] ! date ( ! enactm5t ( ?is ,act1 ! 
,secret>y ( ,comm]ce1 act+ ?r\gh !      
,(fice ( ,space ,comm]ce & 9            
consultation ) ! ,private ,space        
,activity ,advisory ,committee e/abli%$ 
pursuant to section #hjaaj ( title #ea1 
,unit$ ,/ates ,code1 z add$ by ?is ,act1
 %all submit to ! ,committee on ,sci5ce1
 ,space1 & ,te*nology ( ! ,h\se (       
,repres5tatives & ! ,committee on       
,comm]ce1 ,sci5ce1 & ,transportation ( !
 ,s5ate a report on ! implem5tation ( ! 
space object regi/ration obligations ( !
 ,unit$ ,/ates & o!r c\ntries "u        
,article ,,viii ( ! ,out] ,space ,treaty
 & ! ,conv5tion on ,regi/ration ( ,space
 ,objects4  7b7 ,cont5ts ( report ,!    
report requir$ "u subsection 7a7 %all   

include ! foll[+3 7#a7 ,an id5tification
 ( ! practices & proc$ures among        
c\ntries t are memb]s ( ! ,out] ,space  
,treaty & ! ,conv5tion on ,regi/ration (
 ,space ,objects 9 implem5t+ & comply+ )
 ! regi/ration obligations conta9$ 9 ! !
 ,treaty & ,conv5tion4  7#b7 ,a         
description ( any exi/+ practices &     
proc$ures ( ! ,f$]al ,gov]nm5t = !      
regi/ration ( nongov]nm5tal space       
objects4  7#c7 ,recomm5dations on h[ !  
regi/ration ( space objects 9 ! ,unit$  
,/ates c\ld be improv$ to b5efit !      
,unit$ ,/ates1 includ+ by improv+ ,unit$
 ,/ates lead]%ip 9 comm]cial space      
activities4  #aa4 ,comm]cial space laun*
 & re5try accid5t inve/igations  7a7    
,f9d+s ,congress f9ds t-- 7#a7 safety   
ov]sight "u exi/+ law cont9ues to       
enc\rage innovation & enables ! ,unit$  
,/ates to ma9ta9 lead]%ip 9 space       
te*nology2  7#b7 sev]al gov]nm5t ag5cies
 provide significant exp]tise 9 !       
conduct ( comm]cial space laun* or      
re5try mi%ap inve/igations2 &  7#c7     

comm]cial space laun* & re5try is n a   
common c>ri] indu/ry4  7b7 ,s5se (      
,congress ,x is ! s5se ( ,congress t--  
7#a7 ! comm]cial space laun* & re5try   
inve/igation regime au?oriz$ "u section 
#ejiag ( title #ea1 ,unit$ ,/ates ,code1
 is effective & %\ld n be sub/antially  
modifi$2  7#b7 manufactur]s & op]ators  
br+ unique exp]tise & te*nical und]/&+  
to ! comm]cial space laun* & re5try     
inve/igation process2  7#c7 ?is regime  
is1 & %\ld rema91 focus$ on protect+    
public safety & avoid regulat+ a nasc5t 
indu/ry t cont9ues to innovate2 &  7#d7 
pursuant to section #ejiag ( title #ea1 
,unit$ ,/ates ,code1 o!r ag5cies %\ld be
 all[$ to p>ticipate1 z appropriate1 9  
comm]cial space laun* & re5try          
inve/igations4  #ab4 ,9-space s]vic+1   
assembly1 & manufactur+ ,x is ! s5se (  
,congress t-- 7#a7 9-space s]vic+1      
assembly1 & manufactur+ capabilities are
 ( vital importance to ! ,unit$ ,/ates2 
7#b7 ! ,f$]al ,gov]nm5t %\ld cont9ue to 
promote & fo/] ! developm5t ( comm]cial1

 crew$ & autonom\s 9-space s]vic+1      
assembly1 & manufactur+ capabilities2   
7#c7 ! ,f$]al ,gov]nm5t %\ld coop]ate & 
coord9ate ) private indu/ry to develop &
 deploy 9-space s]vic+1 assembly1 &     
manufactur+ capabilities & utilize su*  
capabilities = gov]nm5t missions z      
appropriate2 &  7#d7 ,f$]al ag5cies )   
space procurem5t au?orities & /rategies 
%\ld be enc\rag$1 z appropriate1 to     
r$uce any b>ri]s 9 curr5t f$]al gov]nm5t
 procurem5t policies t limit !          
acquisition ( su* te*nologies or !      
inclusion ( su* te*nologies 9 f$]al     
procurem5t /rategies4  #ac4 ,space      
nucle> sy/ems  7a7 ,s5se ( ,congress ,x 
is ! s5se ( ,congress t-- 7#a7 ! ability
 to use space nucle> p[] & propulsion   
sy/ems safely1 securely1 & su/a9ably is 
a significant "p ( ma9ta9+ & advanc+    
,unit$ ,/ates lead]%ip 9 space2  7#b7 ! 
,unit$ ,/ates %\ld use all comm]cial    
means to safely & su/a9ably advance     
space exploration1 includ+ nucle>       
propulsion2  7#c7 ! au?orization =      

laun*es ( spacecraft conta9+ space      
nucle> sy/ems %\ld foll[ a ?ree-ti]$    
process bas$ ^u ! *>act]i/ics ( ! sy/em1
 z def9$ 9 ! ,presid5tial ,memor&um on  
,laun* ( ,spacecraft ,conta9+ ,space    
,nucle> ,sy/ems 7,,nspm-#bj71 issu$ on  
,augu/ #bj1 #bjai2 &  7#d7 lic5s+ = 9   
all ?ree ti]s = comm]cial laun*es (     
spacecraft conta9+ space nucle> sy/ems  
%\ld be consi/5t ) *apt] #eji ( title   
#ea1 ,unit$ ,/ates ,code4  7b7 ,reports 
7#a7 ,by ,secret>y ( ,transportation ,n 
lat] ?an #ahj days aft] ! date ( !      
enactm5t ( ?is ,act1 ! ,secret>y (      
,transportation1 9 coord9ation ) !      
,int]ag5cy ,nucle> ,safety ,review      
,bo>d1 %all submit to ! ,committee on   
,sci5ce1 ,space1 & ,te*nology ( ! ,h\se 
( ,repres5tatives1 ! ,committee on      
,comm]ce1 ,sci5ce1 & ,transportation ( !
 ,s5ate1 & ! ,comm]cial ,space          
,transportation ,advisory ,committee a  
report conta9+ a proposal = ! process = 
lic5s+ ! laun* ( comm]cial spacecraft   
conta9+ space nucle> sy/ems t includes !

 foll[+3 7,a7 ,any propos$ nucle> safety
 analysis necess>y to enable ! laun* ( a
 comm]cial space nucle> sy/em4  7,b7    
,propos$ requirem5ts = indemnification &
 insurance4  7#b7 ,by ,comm]cial ,space 
,transportation ,advisory ,committee ,n 
lat] ?an #ahj days aft] ! submission ( !
 report "u p>agraph 7#a71 ! ,comm]cial  
,space ,transportation ,advisory        
,committee %all submit to ! ,committee  
on ,sci5ce1 ,space1 & ,te*nology ( !    
,h\se ( ,repres5tatives & ! ,committee  
on ,comm]ce1 ,sci5ce1 & ,transportation 
( ! ,s5ate a report detail+ indu/ry &   
/akehold] p]spectives on ! report "u    
p>agraph 7#a74  #ad4 ,limitation on     
int]national agreem5ts conc]n+ out]     
space activities  7a7 ,9 g5]al ,*apt]   
#cjg ( title #ea1 ,unit$ ,/ates ,code1  
is am5d$ by add+ at ! end ! foll[+ new  
section3  #cjgje4 ,limitation on        
int]national agreem5ts conc]n+ out]     
space activities  7a7 ,c]tification     
requir$ ,if ! ,unit$ ,/ates becomes a   
signatory to a non-legally b9d+         

int]national agreem5t conc]n+ an        
int]national code ( conduct or norms (  
behavior = out] space activities or any 
simil> agreem5t1 at ! same "t z ! ,unit$
 ,/ates becomes su* a signatory-- 7#a7 !
 ,presid5t %all submit to ! appropriate 
congressional committees a c]tification 
t su* agreem5t has no legally-b9d+      
effect or basis = limit+ ! activities ( 
nongov]nm5tal entities ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates
 9 out] space2 &  7#b7 ! ,adm9i/rator ( 
! ,national ,a]onautics & ,space        
,adm9i/ration1 ! ,secret>y ( ,comm]ce1 &
 ! ,secret>y ( ,transportation %all     
jo9tly submit to ! appropriate          
congressional committees a c]tification 
t su* agreem5t w be equitable1 enhance !
 free exploration & use ( out] space1 & 
h no economically significant impact on 
! ability ( ,unit$ ,/ates nongov]nm5tal 
entities to conduct activities 9 out]   
space4  7b7 ,brief+s & notifications    
requir$  7#a7 ,policy =mulation )       
respect to out] space ,no action may be 
tak5 t w\ld obligate ! ,unit$ ,/ates or 

,unit$ ,/ates nongov]nm5tal entities to 
limit private sector activities 9 space 
except pursuant to ! treaty-mak+ p[] ( !
 ,presid5t set =? 9 ,article ,,ii1      
,section #b1 ,clause ,,ii ( !           
,con/itution or unless au?oriz$ by !    
enactm5t ( fur!r affirmative legislation
 by ,congress4  7#b7 ,brief+s  7,a7 ,9  
g5]al ,! ,adm9i/rator ( ! ,national     
,a]onautics & ,space ,adm9i/ration1 !   
,secret>y ( ,comm]ce1 & ! ,secret>y (   
,transportation %all jo9tly provide to !
 appropriate congressional committees   
regul>1 detail$ brief+s on ! negotiation
 ( any non-legally-b9d+ int]national    
agreem5t conc]n+ an int]national code ( 
conduct or norms ( behavior = out] space
 activities or any simil> agreem5t4     
7,b7 ,t]m9ation ( requirem5t ,!         
requirem5t to provide regul> brief+s on 
negotiations ( an agreem5t "u           
subp>agraph 7,a7 %all t]m9ate on ! date 
on :i* ! ,unit$ ,/ates becomes a        
signatory to su* agreem5t ref]r$ to 9   
subp>agraph 7,a71 or on ! date on :i* ! 

,presid5t c]tifies to ,congress t !     
,unit$ ,/ates is no long] negotiat+ su* 
an agreem5t1 :i*ev] is e>li]4  7#c7     
,notifications ,if ! ,unit$ ,/ates      
becomes a signatory to a non-legally    
b9d+ int]national agreem5t conc]n+ an   
int]national code ( conduct or norms (  
behavior = out] space activities or any 
simil> agreem5t1 n less ?an #fj days    
prior to any action t w obligate !      
,unit$ ,/ates to r$uce or limit !       
activities ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates or ,unit$  
,/ates nongov]nm5tal entities 9 space1 !
 head ( ea* dep>tm5t or ag5cy ( ! ,f$]al
 ,gov]nm5t t is affect$ by su* action   
%all submit to ,congress notice ( su*   
action & ! effect ( su* action on su*   
dep>tm5t or ag5cy1 z well z ! pot5tial  
impact on ,unit$ ,/ates nongov]nm5tal   
entities4  7c7 ,def9ition ,9 ?is        
section1 ! t]m appropriate congressional
 committees means ! ,committee on       
,sci5ce1 ,space1 & ,te*nology ( ! ,h\se 
( ,repres5tatives & ! ,committee on     
,comm]ce1 ,sci5ce1 & ,transportation ( !

 ,s5ate4  4  7b7 ,te*nical & con=m+     
am5dm5t ,! table ( sections = *apt] #cjg
 ( title #ea1 ,unit$ ,/ates ,code1 is   
am5d$ by ins]t+ aft] ! item relat+ to   
section #cjgjd ! foll[+ new item3       
#cjgje4 ,limitation on int]national     
agreem5ts conc]n+ out] space activities4
  4