,i  #aah? ,,congress  #a/ ,session  ,h4 
,r4 #eahg  ,,9 ,,! ,,h\se ,,(           
,,repres5tatives  ,augu/ #aa1 #bjbc,mr4 
,gaetz 7= himself1 ,mr4 ,ros5dale1 ,mr4 
,biggs1 ,mr4 ,good ( ,virg9ia1 & ,mr4   
,crane7 introduc$ ! foll[+ bill2 :i* 0  
ref]r$ to ! ,committee on ! ,judici>y   
,a ,,bill  ,to provide = a cause (      
action to rem$y prohibitions on p]sonal 
pray] 9 s*ools4  #a4 ,%ort title ,?is   
,act may be cit$ z ! ,protect ,pray] 9  
,s*ools ,act ( #bjbc4  #b4 ,f9d+s ,!    
,congress f9ds z foll[s3 7#a7 ,! ,unit$ 
,/ates ( ,am]ica is a nation "u ,god4   
7#b7 ,! ,decl>ation ( ,indep5d5ce makes 
cle> t our nation 0 bless$ by ! ,supreme
 ,judge ( ! _w & our laws are d]iv$ f   
,laws ( ,nature & ,nature's ,god4  7#c7 
,at ! "t ( ! ,fir/ ,am5dm5t's draft+1 _m
 /ates obs]v$ /ate religions & ref]r$ to
 ,god 9 _! con/itutions--?us1 ! #a/     
,am5dm5t 0 nev] int5d$ to contra/ ) !   
exi/5ce & v5]ation ( ,god ?r\gh\t our   
/ates4  7#d7 ,! int5t ( ! ,con/itution 0
 nev] to r5d] ! ,unit$ ,/ates a secul>  

c\ntry2  7#e7 ,our ,f\nd+ ,fa!rs w\ld be
 appall$ to le>n ! ,e/abli%m5t ,clause (
 ! #a/ ,am5dm5t 0 be+ weaponiz$ n to    
prev5t ! e/abli%m5t ( a /ate religion1 b
 to suppress religion 9 s*ools across ! 
/ates1 contr>y to ! ,free ,ex]cise      
,clause4  7#f7 ,john ,adams said 9      
#aghi1 :ile address+ ! ,massa*usetts    
,militia1 ,our con/itution 0 made only =
 a moral & religi\s p4 ,x is :olly      
inadequate to ! gov]nm5t ( any o!r4     
7#g7 ,on ,june #bh1 #ahac1 ,john ,adams 
wrote to ,?omas ,jeff]son say+1 ,! g5]al
 ,pr9ciples1 on :i* ! ,fa!rs ,at*iev$   
,indep5d5ce1 7 ! only ,pr9ciples 9 :i*1 
t beautiful ,assembly ( "y ,g5tlem5 c\ld
 ,unite1 & ^! ,pr9ciples only c\ld be   
int5d$ by !m 9 _! ,address1 or by me 9  
my ,answ]4 ,& :at 7 ^! g5]al ,pr9ciples8
 ,i answ]1 ! g5]al ,pr9ciples (         
,*ri/ianity'''  7#h7 ,james ,madison    
wrote 9 #aghe 9 8 ,memorial &           
,remon/rance ,aga9/ ,religi\s           
,assessm5ts ,x is ! duty ( e man to r5d]
 to ! ,creator su* homage4 ,be=e any man

 c be consid]$ z a memb] ( ,civil       
,society1 he mu/ be consid]$ z a subject
 ( ! ,gov]nor ( ! ,univ]se4  7#i7       
,alex&] ,hamilton wrote to ,james ,bay>d
 9 #ahjb3 ,i n[ (f] y ! outl9e ( ! plan 
!y h sugge/$4 ,let an association be =m$
 to be d5om9at$ ,! ,*ri/ian             
,con/itutional ,society1 its object to  
be fir/3 ,! support ( ! ,*ri/ian        
religion4 ,second3 ,! support (         
,con/itution ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4  7#aj7  
,george ,wa%+ton1 on ,octob] #crd 9     
#aghi at a ,national ,day ( ,?anksgiv+1 
wrote ''' x is ! duty ( all nations to  
ackn[l$ge ! provid5ce ( ,almighty ,god1 
to obey ,8 w1 to be grateful = ,8       
b5efits1 & humbly to implore ,8         
protection & favor 4  7#aa7 ,on ,may #i1
 #ahcc ,*ief ,ju/ice ,john ,m>%all wrote
 to ,jasp] ,adams3 ,! ,am]ican          
population is entirely ,*ri/ian1 & ) u  
,*ri/ianity & ,religion are id5tifi$4 ,x
 w\ld be /range inde$1 if ) su* a p1 our
 in/itutions did n presuppose           
,*ri/ianity1 & did n (t5 ref] to x1 &   

exhibit relations ) x4  7#ab7 ,on ,m>*  
#bh1 #aghg1 ,dr4 ,b5jam9 ,ru% wrote an  
op5 lett] ,to ! citiz5s ( ,philadelphia3
 ,a ,plan = ,free ,s*ools1 say+1 ,let ! 
*ildr5 4 4 4 be c>efully in/ruct$ 9 !   
pr9ciples & obligations ( ! ,*ri/ian    
religion4 ,?is is ! mo/ ess5tial "p (   
education4 ,! great enemy ( ! salvation 
( man1 9 my op9ion1 nev] inv5t$ a m     
effectual means ( extirpat+ ,*ri/ianity 
f ! _w ?an by p]suad+ mank9d t x 0      
improp] to read ! ,bible at s*ools 4 4 4
 ,! only f\ndation = a useful education 
9 a republic is to be laid 9 religion4  
,)\t ?is !re c be no virtue1 & )\t      
virtue !re c be no lib]ty4  7#ac7 ,!    
,same ,congress t pass$ ! #a/ ,am5dm5t1 
also draft$ ,article #c ( ! ,nor?we/    
,ord9ance :i* conta9$ ! foll[+ language3
 ,religion1 ,morality & k be+ necess>y  
to good gov]nm5t & ! happ9ess ( mank9d1 
,s*ools & ! means ( education %all be   
=ev] enc\rag$4  7#ad7 ,:ile ! f\nd]s did
 n wi% to e/abli% /ate religion1 !y     
s\ght to enc\rage & protect religion    

?r\gh\t ! ,unit$ ,/ates4  7#ae7 ,!      
,supreme ,c\rt ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates held 9 
,k5n$y v4 ,brem]ton ,s*ool ,di/rict t ! 
,free ,ex]cise & ,free ,spee* ,clauses (
 ! ,fir/ ,am5dm5t protect an individual 
engag+ 9 a p]sonal religi\s obs]vance f 
gov]nm5t reprisal4  7#af7 ,!            
,con/itution nei!r m&ates nor p]mits !  
gov]nm5t to suppress su* religi\s       
expression4  #c4 ,civil action ,e p]son 
:o1 "u color ( any /atute1 ord9ance1    
regulation1 cu/om1 or usage1 subjects1  
or causes to be subject$1 any citiz5 ( !
 ,unit$ ,/ates or o!r p]son )9 !        
jurisdiction !re( to any limitation on !
 ability ( t p]son to engage 9 p]sonal  
pray] 9 public elem5t>y & second>y      
s*ools %all be liable to ! p>ty injur$ 9
 an action at law1 suit 9 equity1 or o!r
 prop] proce$+ = r$ress1 except t 9 any 
action br\ght aga9/ a judicial (fic] =  
an act or omission tak5 9 su* (fic]'s   
judicial capacity1 injunctive relief    
%all n be grant$ unless a decl>atory    
decree 0 violat$ or decl>atory relief 0 

unavailable4 ,= purposes ( ?is section1 
! t]ms elem5t>y s*ool & second>y s*ool h
 ! mean+s giv5 ^? t]ms 9 section #haja (
 ! ,elem5t>y & ,second>y ,education ,act
 ( #aife 7#bj ,u4,s4,c4 #ghja74