,i  #aah? ,,congress  #a/ ,session  ,h4 
,r4 #dfd  ,,9 ,,! ,,h\se ,,(            
,,repres5tatives  ,janu>y #bd1 #bjbc    
,mr4 ,gos> 7= himself1 ,mr4 ,massie1 &  
,ms4 ,hageman7 introduc$ ! foll[+ bill2 
:i* 0 ref]r$ to ! ,committee on ,=eign  
,affairs1 & 9 addition to ! ,committees 
on ! ,judici>y1 & ,rules1 = a p]iod to  
be subsequ5tly det]m9$ by ! ,speak]1 9  
ea* case = consid]ation ( su* provisions
 z fall )9 ! jurisdiction ( ! committee 
conc]n$  ,a ,,bill  ,to re/ore !        
sep>ation ( p[]s betwe5 ! ,congress & ! 
,presid5t4  #a4 ,%ort title ,?is ,act   
may be cit$ z ! ,sep>ation ( ,p[]s      
,re/oration ,act4  #b4 ,f9d+s ,congress 
f9ds ! foll[+3  7#a7 ,z a limit on      
gov]nm5tal p[]1 con/itutional fram]s    
ve/$ ,f$]al p[]s 9 ?ree coequal bran*es 
( gov]nm5t1 ea* ) unique & limit$ p[]s &
 ea* ) a coequal duty to uphold & su/a9 
! ,con/itution ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4  7#b7 
,a ,supreme ,c\rt ju/ice /at$1 ,!       
doctr9e ( ! sep>ation ( p[]s 0 adopt$ by
 ! conv5tion ( #aghg n to promote       

effici5cy b to preclude ! ex]cise (     
arbitr>y p[]4 ,! purpose 0 n to avoid   
friction1 b1 by means ( ! inevitable    
friction incid5t to ! di/ribution ( !   
gov]nm5tal p[]s among ?ree dep>tm5ts1 to
 save ! p f autocracy4 ,my]s v4 ,unit$  
,/ates1 #bgb ,u4,s4 #eb1 #bic 7#aibf7   
7,br&eis1 ,j41 diss5t+74  7#c7 ,james   
,madison1 quot+ ,montesquieu1 /at$ 9    
,f$]ali/ #dg1 ,!re c be no lib]ty :]e ! 
legislative & executive p[]s are unit$ 9
 ! same p]son1 or body ( magi/rates44   
7#d7 ,article ,i ( ! ,con/itution       
provides1 ,all legislative p[]s h]e9    
grant$ %all be ve/$ 9 a ,congress ( !   
,unit$ ,/ates44  7#e7 ,a congressional  
committee pr9t has not$ t1 because !    
,presid5t has no p[] or au?ority ov]    
individual citiz5s & _! rights except   
:]e he is grant$ su* p[] & au?ority by a
 provision 9 ! ,con/itution or by       
/atute1 ! ,presid5t's proclamations are 
n legally b9d+ & are at be/ hortatory   
unless bas$ on su* grants ( au?ority4   
#he? ,cong41 #a/ ,sess41 ,executive     

,ord]s & ,proclamations3 ,a ,/udy ( a   
,use ( ,presid5tial ,p[]s 7,comm4 ,pr9t 
#aieg74  7#f7 ,! ,supreme ,c\rt has /at$
 t1 ev5 if ,presid5ts h1 )\t            
congressional au?ority1 tak5 actions    
only ! ,congress may take1 ,congress has
 n !reby lo/ its exclusive con/itutional
 au?ority to make laws necess>y & prop] 
to c>ry out ! p[]s ve/$ by !            
,con/itution 9 ! ,gov]nm5t ( ! ,unit$   
,/ates1 or any ,dep>tm5t or ,(fic]      
!re(44 7,y\ng/[n ,%eet  ,tube ,co4 v4   
,sawy]1 #cdc ,u4,s4 #egi 7#aieb774  7#g7
 ,treaties or executive agreem5ts :i*   
purport to assign p[]s n among/ ^?      
specifically grant$ to ! ,f$]al         
,gov]nm5t by ! ,con/itution are non-b9d+
 & _c con/itute law4  #c4 ,sep>ation (  
p[]s re/or+ rescissions  7a7 ,repeal (  
w> p[]s resolution ,! ,w> ,p[]s         
,resolution 7#ej ,u4,s4,c4 #aeda et     
seq47 is repeal$4  7b7 ,t]m9ation (     
/ates ( em]g5cy  7#a7 ,9 g5]al ,all p[]s
 & au?orities possess$ by ! ,presid5t1  
any o!r (fic] or employee ( ! ,f$]al    

,gov]nm5t1 or any executive ag5cy 7z    
def9$ 9 section #aje ( title #e7 z a    
result ( ! exi/5ce ( any decl>ation (   
national em]g5cy 9 effect on ! date (   
enactm5t ( ?is ,act are t]m9at$ #ij days
 aft] su* date4 ,su* t]m9ation %all n   
affect-- 7,a7 any action tak5 or proce$+
 p5d+ n f9ally conclud$ or det]m9$ on   
su* date2  7,b7 any action or proce$+   
bas$ on any act committ$ prior to su*   
date2 or  7,c7 any rights or duties t   
matur$ or p5alties t 7 incurr$ prior to 
su* date4  7#b7 ,def9ition ,= ! purpose 
( ?is subsection1 ! t]m national em]g5cy
 means a g5]al decl>ation ( em]g5cy made
 by ! ,presid5t or any o!r (fic] or     
employee ( ! executive bran*4  7c7      
,t]m9ation ( au?ority ,to decl>e em]g5cy
 ,to ! ext5t t any ,act ( ,congress 9   
effect on ! date ( enactm5t ( ?is ,act  
grants to ! ,presid5t or any o!r (fic]  
or employee ( ! executive bran* ! p[] to
 decl>e a national em]g5cy1 su* p[] is  
h]eby dive/$ to ! ,congress alone4  #d4 
,requirem5t ( /atem5t ( au?ority =      

presid5tial ord]s  7a7 ,/atem5t (       
au?ority ,! ,presid5t %all include ) ea*
 ,presid5tial ord] a /atem5t ( !        
specific /atutory or con/itutional      
provision :i* 9 fact grants ! ,presid5t 
! au?ority claim$ = su* action4  7b7    
,invalidity ( noncon=m+ ord]s ,a        
,presid5tial ord] :i* does n include !  
/atem5t requir$ by subsection 7a7 is    
invalid1 to ! ext5t su* ,presid5tial    
ord] is issu$ "u au?ority grant$ by a   
congressional enactm5t4  #e4 ,effect (  
presid5tial ord]s  7a7 ,limit$ effect ( 
presid5tial ord]s ,a ,presid5tial ord]  
nei!r con/itutes nor has ! =ce ( law &  
is limit$ 9 its application & effect to 
! executive bran*4  7b7 ,exceptions     
,subsection 7a7 does n apply to--  7#a7 
a reprieve or p>don = an (f5se aga9/ !  
,unit$ ,/ates1 except 9 cases (         
impea*m5t2  7#b7 an ord] giv5 to milit>y
 p]sonnel pursuant to duties            
specifically relat$ to actions tak5 z   
,comm&] 9 ,*ief ( ! ,arm$ ,=ces2 or     
7#c7 a ,presid5tial ord] cit+ ! specific

 congressional enactm5t reli$ ^u = !    
au?ority ex]cis$ 9 su* ord] &-- 7,a7    
issu$ pursuant to su* au?ority2  7,b7   
comm5surate ) ! limit impos$ by ! pla9  
language ( su* au?ority2 &  7,c7 n issu$
 pursuant to a ratifi$ or unratifi$     
treaty or bilat]al or multilat]al       
agreem5t :i*--  7i7 violates ! n9? or   
t5? am5dm5ts to ! ,con/itution2 or  7ii7
 makes a delegation ( p[] to a =eign    
gov]nm5t or int]national body :5 no su* 
delegat+ au?ority exi/s "u !            
,con/itution4  #f4 ,/&+ to *all5ge      
presid5tial ord]s :i* impact sep>ation (
 p[]s integrity ,! foll[+ p]sons may br+
 an action 9 an appropriate ,unit$      
,/ates c\rt to *all5ge ! validity ( any 
,presid5tial ord] :i* exce$s ! p[]      
grant$ to ! ,presid5t by ! relevant     
au?oriz+ /atute or ! ,con/itution3 7#a7 
,congress & its memb]s ,! ,h\se (       
,repres5tatives1 ! ,s5ate1 any ,s5ator1 
& any ,repres5tative to ! ,h\se (       
,repres5tatives1 if ! *all5g$           
,presid5tial ord]--  7,a7 infr+es on any

 p[] ( ,congress2  7,b7 exce$s any p[]  
grant$ by a congressional enactm5t2 or  
7,c7 violates section #d because x does 
n /ate ! /atutory au?ority :i* 9 fact   
grants ! ,presid5t ! p[] claim$ = !     
action tak5 9 su* ,presid5tial ord]4    
7#b7 ,/ate & local gov]nm5ts ,! highe/  
gov]nm5tal (ficial ( any ,/ate1         
commonweal?1 di/rict1 t]ritory1 or      
possession ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 or any    
political subdivision !re(1 or !        
designee ( su* p]son1 if ! *all5g$      
,presid5tial ord] infr+es on ! p[]s     
af=d$ to ! ,/ates "u ! ,con/itution4    
7#c7 ,aggriev$ p]sons ,any p]son        
aggriev$ 9 a lib]ty or prop]ty int]e/   
adv]sely affect$ directly by ! *all5g$  
,presid5tial ord]4  #g4 ,def9ition (    
presid5tial ord] ,9 ?is ,act1 ! t]m     
,presid5tial ord] means--  7#a7 any     
,executive ord]1 ,presid5tial           
proclamation1 or ,presid5tial directive2
 &  7#b7 any o!r ,presid5tial or        
,executive action by :atev] "n describ$ 
purport+ to h normative effect outside !

 executive bran* :i* is issu$ "u !      
au?ority ( ! ,presid5t or any o!r (fic] 
or employee ( ! executive bran*4