,i  #aah? ,,congress  #a/ ,session  ,h4 
,r4 #ajbd  ,,9 ,,! ,,h\se ,,(           
,,repres5tatives  ,febru>y #ad1         
#bjbc,mr4 ,pappas 7= himself & ,mr4     
,calv]t7 introduc$ ! foll[+ bill2 :i* 0 
ref]r$ to ! ,committee on ,en]gy &      
,comm]ce  ,a ,,bill  ,to am5d ! ,public 
,heal? ,s]vice ,act to ensure t         
nonanimal me?ods are prioritiz$1 :]e    
applicable & feasible1 9 proposals = all
 rese>* to be conduct$ or support$ by ! 
,national ,in/itutes ( ,heal?1 to       
provide = ! e/abli%m5t ( ! ,national    
,c5t] = ,alt]natives to ,animals 9      
,rese>* & ,te/+1 & = o!r purposes4  #a4 
,%ort title ,?is ,act may be cit$ z !   
,humane & ,exi/+ ,alt]natives 9 ,rese>* 
& ,te/+ ,sci5ces ,act ( #bjbb or !      
,,he>ts ,act ( #bjbb4  #b4 ,f9d+s       
,congress f9ds ! foll[+3 7#a7 ,!        
,national ,in/itutes ( ,heal? 7,,nih7   
has support$ life-sav+ rese>* t has     
greatly improv$ ! heal? & well-be+ n    
only ( ,am]icans b also ( p ar\nd ! _w4 
7#b7 ,mu* ( ?is rese>* has reli$ on     

animals4 ,x is e/imat$ t betwe5         
#ag1jjj1jjj & #ajj1jjj1jjj animals are  
us$ annually 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates 9 rese>*1
 education1 & te/+4 ,h[ev]1 ! precise   
numb] ( animals us$ 9 rese>* 9 ! ,unit$ 
,/ates is unkn[n4 ,su* imprecise numb]s 
make x impossible to effectively track &
 r$uce ! numb]s ( animals us$4  7#c7    
,accord+ to ! ,,nih1 approximately #cj  
p]c5t ( promis+ m$ications h fail$ 9    
human cl9ical trials because !y are f\nd
 to be toxic despite promis+ pre-cl9ical
 /udies 9 animal models4 ,ab\t #fj p]c5t
 ( c&idate drugs fail due to lack (     
efficacy44 ,^! /ati/ics indicate t new1 
human-focus$ biology is ne$$4  7#d7 ,!  
laboratory use ( animals has also long  
be5 a matt] ( public conc]n because1    
among o!r ?+s1 !re is v little publicly 
available data provid$ by ! ,,nih ab\t !
 numb] & species ( animals us$ 9 rese>*4
  7#e7 ,effective alt]natives to animals
 are becom+ available1 & _! numb] is    
gr[+4 ,cutt+-edge te*nologies h =g$ new 
fronti]s 9 toxicology1 biology1 & m$ic9e

 t h produc$ human-relevant models1     
includ+ organoid cell cultures1         
multiphysiological sy/ems1 g5omics1     
induc$ pluripot5t adult /em cells1 #c;,d
 model+ ) human cells1 molecul> imag+1  
comput] models1 9 silico trials1 digital
 imag+1 artificial intellig5ce1 & o!r   
innovative me?ods1 all ( :i* h laun*$ a 
te*nological revolution 9 biom$ical     
rese>*4  7#f7 ,! ,animal ,welf>e ,act   
7,public ,law #hi-edd7 requires rese>*]s
 to consid] alt]natives to animal use = 
pa9ful proc$ures & /resses t rese>*]s   
%\ld n unnecess>ily duplicate previ\s   
exp]im5ts4 ,h[ev]1 ov]sight is lack+1 & 
^! provisions are n implem5t$ ! way t   
,congress int5d$4 ,z a result1 rese>*]s 
are n capitaliz+ on nonanimal models t  
might m effectively recapitulate human  
biology4  7#g7 ,a sy/em ( active        
inc5tives is ne$$ to enc\rage rese>*]s  
to develop & utilize humane1            
co/-effective1 & sci5tifically suitable 
nonanimal me?ods bas$ on human biology4 
7#h7 ,fur!r1 "u ! ,national ,in/itutes (

 ,heal? ,revitalization ,act ( #aiic    
7,public ,law #ajc-dc71 ! ,,nih is      
suppos$ to outl9e a plan = r$uc+ ! use (
 animals 9 rese>*4 ,section             
#djd;,c7a77#a7 ( ! ,public ,heal?       
,s]vice ,act 7#db ,u4,s4,c4             
#bhc;e7a77#a771 z add$ by section #bje (
 ! ,national ,in/itutes ( ,heal?        
,revitalization ,act ( #aiic1 calls = ! 
,,nih to conduct or support rese>*      
into''' me?ods ( biom$ical rese>* &     
exp]im5tation t d n require ! use (     
animals & me?ods ( su* rese>* &         
exp]im5tation t r$uce ! numb] ( animals 
us$ 9 su* rese>*4  7#i7 ,a d$icat$ c5t] 
t provides res\rces1 fund+1 & tra9+ to  
enc\rage rese>*]s to utilize humane1    
co/-effective1 & sci5tifically suitable 
nonanimal me?ods bas$ on human biology w
 result 9 m progress t[>d und]/&+ human 
diseases & _! treatm5ts & cures4 ,x w   
complete ! vision t ,congress set out 9 
! ,national ,in/itutes ( ,heal?         
,revitalization ,act ( #aiic 7,public   
,law #ajc-dc71 :i* has be5 ?w>t$ because

 ( lack ( ov]sight4  #c4 ,animals 9     
rese>* ,section #die ( ! ,public ,heal? 
,s]vice ,act 7#db ,u4,s4,c4 #bhi;d7 is  
am5d$-- 7#a7 9 subsection 7a7-- 7,a7 9  
p>agraph 7#b7-- 7i7 9 ! matt] prec$+    
subp>agraph 7,a71 by /rik+ p>agraph &   
ins]t+ subp>agraph2 &  7ii7 by          
r$esignat+ subp>agraphs 7,a7 & 7,b7 z   
clauses 7i7 & 7ii71 respectively1 & mov+
 ! m>g9s ( su* clauses 7z s r$esignat$7 
two ems to ! "r2  7,b7 by r$esignat+    
p>agraphs 7#a71 7#b7 7z s am5d$71 & 7#c7
 z subp>agraphs 7,a71 7,b71 & 7,c71     
respectively1 & mov+ ! m>g9s ( su*      
subp>agraphs 7z s r$esignat$7 two ems to
 ! "r2  7,c7 9 ! matt] prec$+           
subp>agraph 7,a7 7z s r$esignat$71 by   
/rik+ %all e/abli% guidel9es = ! foll[+3
 & ins]t+ ! foll[+3 1 ) respect to all  
rese>* conduct$ or support$ by !        
,national ,in/itutes ( ,heal?1 d !      
foll[+3 7#a7 ,e/abli% & ma9ta9 animal   
c>e guidel9es = ! foll[+3  2 &  7,d7 by 
add+ at ! end ! foll[+3  7#b7 ,e/abli% a
 sy/em ( mean+ful inc5tives to enc\rage 

! use ( exi/+ humane & sci5tifically    
satisfactory nonanimal me?ods 9 rese>*  
proposals4  7#c7 ,ensure t1 be=e any    
rese>* involv+ ! use ( animals is       
approv$ or p]=m$ all sci5tifically      
satisfactory nonanimal me?ods = obta9+ !
 results s\ght h be5 fully evaluat$4    
7#d7 ,ensure t-- 7,a7 rese>* proposals  
are review$ by at lea/ "o p]son :o has  
exp]tise 9 nonanimal rese>* me?ods2 &   
7,b7 review]s ( ! rese>* proposals h    
access to a ref]5ce libr>ian ) exp]tise 
9 evaluat+ ! adequacy ( ! se>*es =      
nonanimal me?ods describ$ 9 ! rese>*    
proposals4  7#e7 ,e/abli% & ma9ta9      
rese>* proposal guidel9es = conduct+    
?or\gh se>*es = nonanimal alt]natives to
 ! use ( animals = biom$ical &          
behavioral rese>*4  2 &  7#b7 9         
subsection 7c77#a7-- 7,a7 9 subp>agraph 
7,a71 by /rik+ & at ! end2 &  7,b7 by   
add+ at ! end ! foll[+3  7,c7 a /atem5t 
( assurance t a sci5tifically           
satisfactory nonanimal me?od ( obta9+ ! 
result s\ght is n available2 &  4  #d4  

,national ,c5t] = ,alt]natives to       
,animals 9 ,rese>* & ,te/+  7a7         
,addition to li/ ( in/itutes & c5t]s    
,section #dja ( ! ,public ,heal? ,s]vice
 ,act 7#db ,u4,s4,c4 #bha7 is am5d$--   
7#a7 by r$esignat+ p>agraph 7#be7 z     
p>agraph 7#bf72 &  7#b7 by ins]t+ aft]  
p>agraph 7#bd7 ! foll[+ new p>agraph3   
7#be7 ,! ,national ,c5t] = ,alt]natives 
to ,animals 9 ,rese>* & ,te/+4  4  7b7  
,con=m+ *ange to numb] ( in/itutes &    
c5t]s ,section #dja7;d77#a7 ( ! ,public 
,heal? ,s]vice ,act 7#db ,u4,s4,c4      
#bha7;d77#a77 is am5d$ by /rik+ #bg &   
ins]t+ #bh4  7c7 ,e/abli%m5t2 duties ,"p
 ,e ( title ,,iv ( ! ,public ,heal?     
,s]vice ,act 7#db ,u4,s4,c4 #bhg et     
seq47 is am5d$ by ins]t+ aft] subp>t #e 
( su* "p ,e 7#db ,u4,s4,c4 #bhg;c-#ba7 !
 foll[+ new subp>t3  #f ,national ,c5t] 
= ,alt]natives to ,animals 9 ,rese>* &  
,te/+  #dhe;,e4 ,e/abli%m5t2 duties  7a7
 ,e/abli%m5t ,n lat] ?an "o ye> aft] !  
date ( enactm5t ( ! ,humane & ,exi/+    
,alt]natives 9 ,rese>* & ,te/+ ,sci5ces 

,act ( #bjbb1 ! ,secret>y %all e/abli% a
 ,national ,c5t] = ,alt]natives to      
,animals 9 ,rese>* & ,te/+ 79 ?is subp>t
 ref]r$ to z ! ,national ,c5t]7 )9 !    
,national ,in/itutes ( ,heal?4 ,! ,c5t] 
%all be head$ by a director1 :o %all be 
appo9t$ by ! ,secret>y4  7b7 ,purpose ,!
 g5]al purpose ( ! ,national ,c5t] %all 
be-- 7#a7 develop+1 promot+1 & fund+    
alt]natives to animal rese>* & te/+2 &  
7#b7 develop+ a plan = r$uc+ ! numb] (  
animals us$ 9 f$]ally fund$ rese>* &    
te/+4  7c7 ,duties ,! ,director ( !     
,national ,c5t] %all-- 7#a7 provide     
assi/ance 7includ+ fund+7 to f$]ally    
fund$ rese>*]s to inc5tivize !          
developm5t & qualification ( nonanimal  
me?ods1 su* z advanc$ cell cultures or  
te*nology su* z #c;,d organoids1        
microphysiological sy/ems1 induc$       
pluripot5t adult /em cell models1 9     
silico model+1 advanc$ imag+ sy/ems1    
artificial intellig5ce1 & o!r innovative
 me?ods2  7#b7 tra9 & in=m sci5ti/s ab\t
 ! me?ods develop$ pursuant to p>agraph 

7#a72  7#c7 e/abli% collaborations among
 rese>* in/itutions s t sci5ti/s :o lack
 res\rces 7su* z bio5g9e]+ & advanc$    
bio-imag+ equipm5t7 c develop & use     
me?ods develop$ pursuant to p>agraph    
7#a72 &  7#d7 collect in=mation reg>d+ !
 numb]s ( animals us$ 9 f$]ally fund$   
rese>* & te/+1 & make su* in=mation     
available to ! public 9 a timely mann]4 
4  #e4 ,report+ by f$]ally fund$ rese>* 
entities on numb]s ( animals us$ 9      
rese>* & te/+  7a7 ,9 g5]al ,ea* cov]$  
report+ entity %all d ! foll[+3 7#a7 ,n 
lat] ?an #b ye>s aft] ! date ( enactm5t 
( ?is ,act1 report to ! ,national ,c5t] 
= ,alt]natives to ,animals 9 ,rese>* &  
,te/+ & make publicly available-- 7,a7 !
 numb] ( animals us$ by ! cov]$ report+ 
entity 9 f$]ally fund$ rese>* & te/+ at 
facilities ( ! cov]$ report+ entity1    
disaggregat$ by species2 &  7,b7 ! total
 numb] ( su* animals t 7 br$ or acquir$ 
by ! cov]$ report+ entity = rese>* or   
te/+ purposes1 disaggregat$ by species4 
7#b7 ,e #b ye>s !reaft]-- 7,a7 update ! 

late/ report ( ! cov]$ report+ entity "u
 ?is section & make publicly available  
su* updat$ report to measure ! progress 
( ! cov]$ report+ entity 9 r$uc+ ! numb]
 ( animals us$ 9 f$]ally fund$ rese>* & 
te/+2 &  7,b7 develop & submit to !     
,national ,c5t] = ,alt]natives to       
,animals 9 ,rese>* & ,te/+ & make       
publicly available a plan = r$uc+ !     
numb]s describ$ 9 subp>agraphs 7,a7 &   
7,b7 ( p>agraph 7#a74  7b7 ,/&>diz$     
process ,! ,director ( ! ,national ,c5t]
 = ,alt]natives to ,animals 9 ,rese>* & 
,te/+ %all e/abli% a /&>diz$ process =  
submitt+ & updat+ reports & plans "u    
subsection 7a71 includ+ = mak+ su*      
reports & plans publicly available4  7c7
 ,def9ition ,9 ?is section3 7#a7 ,animal
 ,! t]m animal means any live1 nonhuman 
v]tebrate animal or cephalopod us$ or   
int5d$ = use 9 rese>*1 rese>* tra9+1    
exp]im5tation1 or biological te/+1 or = 
relat$ purposes4  7#b7 ,cov]$ report+   
entity ,! t]m cov]$ report+ entity      
means-- 7,a7 any entity t-- 7i7 receives

 ,f$]al funds = rese>* or te/+2 &  7ii7 
uses animals 9 rese>* & te/+2 &  7,b7   
any ,f$]al dep>tm5t or ag5cy t uses     
animals 9 rese>* or te/+4