,,iii  #aag? ,,congress  #a/ ,session   
,s4 ,,res4 #ig  ,,9 ,,! ,,s5ate ,,( ,,! 
,,unit$ ,,/ates  ,m>* #i1 #bjba,mr4     
,ris* 7= himself1 ,mr4 ,c>d91 ,mr4      
,rubio1 ,mr4 ,coons1 ,mr4 ,ka9e1 ,mr4   
,"y1 & ,mr4 ,van ,holl57 submitt$ !     
foll[+ resolution2 :i* 0 ref]r$ to !    
,committee on ,=eign ,relations         
,,resolution  ,call+ on ! ,gov]nm5t (   
,e?iopia1 ! ,tigray ,p's ,lib]ation     
,front1 & o!r bellig]5ts to cease all   
ho/ilities1 protect human rights1 all[  
unfett]$ humanit>ian access1 & coop]ate 
) indep5d5t inve/igations ( cr$ible     
atrocity allegations p]ta9+ to !        
conflict 9 ! ,tigray ,region ( ,e?iopia4
  ,:]eas ! ,unit$ ,/ates & ! ,f$]al     
,democratic ,republic ( ,e?iopia %>e an 
important relation%ip & m ?an a c5tury (
 diplomatic relations2 ,:]eas ,e?iopia  
is ! second mo/ popul\s c\ntry 9 ,africa
 & plays a key role 9 advanc+ security &
 /ability across sub-,sah>an ,africa1   
includ+ z a top contributor ( uni=m$    
p]sonnel to ,unit$ ,nations peacekeep+  

missions2 ,:]eas t5sions betwe5 ,prime  
,m9i/] ,abiy ,ahm$'s ,prosp]ity ,p>ty & 
! ,tigray ,p's ,lib]ation ,front        
7,,tplf71 :i* 0 "p ( ! rul+ coalition 9 
,e?iopia until late #bjai1 escalat$ :5 !
 ,,tplf held elections 9 ! ,tigray      
,region ( ,e?iopia on ,septemb] #i1     
#bjbj1 despite ! decision by ! ,f$]al   
,gov]nm5t ( ,e?iopia to po/pone g5]al   
elections due to ! ,,covid-#ai p&emic2  
,:]eas ! ,,tplf reject$ ! po/ponem5t (  
g5]al elections & consid]$ ! ext5sion ( 
! t]m ( ! ,f$]al ,gov]nm5t to be        
uncon/itutional1 & ! ,f$]al ,gov]nm5t   
subsequ5tly deem$ ! ,tigray regional    
elections illegitimate2 ,:]eas1 9 ! e>ly
 h\rs ( ,novemb] #d1 #bjbj1 ,prime      
,m9i/] ,abiy ord]$ a milit>y (f5sive 9  
response to an attack by ! ,,tplf on !  
,nor!rn ,comm& ( ! ,e?iopian ,national  
,def5se ,=ces 7,,endf71 :i* evolv$ into 
an arm$ conflict betwe5 ! ,,endf & alli$
 =ces on "o side & ! ,,tplf on ! o!r    
side1 ) ?\s&s ( dea?s report$2 ,:]eas ! 
,gov]nm5t ( ,e?iopia reject$ all (f]s1  

includ+ "o ext5d$ by ,african ,union    
,*airman ,cyril ,ramaphosa 9 ,novemb]   
#bjbj1 to m$iate talks ) ! ,,tplf2      
,:]eas1 on ,novemb] #bh1 #bjbj1 !       
,gov]nm5t ( ,e?iopia claim$ victory 9 ! 
conflict aft] tak+ ,mekelle1 ! capital  
city ( ! ,tigray ,region1 ) ,prime      
,m9i/] ,abiy ann\nc+ t 8 =ces _h        
complet$ & ceas$ ! milit>y op]ations &  
w\ld %ift focus to rebuild+ ! region &  
provid+ humanit>ian assi/ance :ile      
,f$]al police attempt to appreh5d lead]s
 ( ! ,,tplf2 ,:]eas cla%es h cont9u$ 9 !
 ,tigray ,region & ,e?iopian soldi]s &  
alli$ =ces h pursu$ prom95t ,,tplf      
lead]s1 notably kill+ =m] ,m9i/] (      
,=eign ,affairs ( ,e?iopia ,sey\m ,mesf9
 z "p ( a /abiliz+ mission ''' to br+ to
 ju/ice p]petrators2 ,:]eas1 9 #bjbj1   
prior to ! outbreak ( fight+ 9 ! ,tigray
 ,region1 !re 7 m ?an #a1hjj1jjj p      
int]nally displac$ 9 ,e?iopia &         
approximately #b1jjj1jjj p 9 ! ,tigray  
,region 7 already 9 ne$ ( humanit>ian   
assi/ance2 ,:]eas ! conflict 9 ! ,tigray

 ,region has prompt$ m ?an #fa1jjj      
,e?iopians to seek refuge 9 ,sudan1 has 
displac$ z _m z #ejj1jjj p int]nally1 & 
has caus$ sev]e %ortages ( food1 wat]1  
m$ical supplies1 & o!r necess>y goods = 
^? :o rema9 9 ! region2 ,:]eas !        
conflict has disrupt$ h>ve/s1           
livelihoods1 m>kets1 & supply *a9s1 food
 & m$ical supplies h be5 loot$1 &       
re/rictions & bureaucratic imp$im5ts    
cont9ue to con/ra9 ! humanit>ian        
response1 ) ne>ly #d1jjj1jjj p 9 !      
,tigray ,region e/imat$ to require urg5t
 food assi/ance1 includ+ #ajj1jjj       
,eritrean refugees2 ,:]eas1 dur+ ! fir/ 
few weeks ( ! conflict1 !re 0 a complete
 %utd[n ( electricity1 bank+1 int]net1 &
 telephone s]vices ?r\gh\t ! ,tigray    
,region by ! ,gov]nm5t ( ,e?iopia1 )    
gov]nm5t reports ( ,,tplf =ces also     
de/roy+ communications infra/ructure1 & 
subsequ5t s]vice re/orations h be5      
limit$2 ,:]eas1 9 addition to ! %utd[n (
 telephone & int]net s]vices1 :i* has   
sev]ely limit$ ! fl[ ( in=mation on !   

conflict & ! humanit>ian situation1     
j\rnali/s h be5 re/rict$ f access+ mu* (
 ! ,tigray ,region1 sev]al j\rnali/s h  
be5 arre/$ 9 connection to _! cov]age ( 
! conflict1 & "o j\rnali/ work+ = !     
,tigray ,mass ,m$ia ,ag5cy 0 kill$2     
,:]eas1 al?\gh ! ,gov]nm5t ( ,e?iopia   
ent]$ into an agreem5t ) ! ,unit$       
,nations on ,novemb] #bi1 #bjbj1 to     
facilitate humanit>ian access to !      
,tigray ,region1 t access rema9s limit$2
 ,:]eas1 on ,febru>y #a1 #bjba1 !       
,secret>y ,g5]al ( ! ,norwegian ,refugee
 ,c\ncil /at$1 ,twelve weeks s9ce !     
fight+ began1 ! basic elem5ts ( a       
response on ! scale ne$$ are /ill n 9   
place4 ,x is false to say t aid is      
increas+ly gett+ ?r\gh4 ,aid has only   
gone to ! places ) little conflict & m  
limit$ ne$s & is n keep+ pace ) !       
humanit>ian crisis z x inevitably gr[s  
ov] "t42 ,:]eas1 on ,febru>y #f1 #bjba1 
! ,unit$ ,nations ,_w ,food ,programme  
7,,wfp7 ann\nc$ a new agreem5t ) !      
,gov]nm5t ( ,e?iopia to rapidly scale up

 ! deploym5t ( em]g5cy food assi/ance   
:ile improv+ ! process = review+ &      
approv+ reque/s f ,unit$ ,nations &     
humanit>ian p>tn] ag5cies2 ,:]eas       
humanit>ian access to ! refugee camps t 
7 home to almo/ #ajj1jjj ,eritrean      
refugees at ! />t ( ! conflict has be5  
especially re/rict$1 ) ! ,hitsats &     
,%imelba camps /ill completely          
inaccessible1 & ! ,unit$ ,nations       
,refugee ,ag5cy e/imates t #bj1jjj      
,eritrean refugees displac$ f ^? camps  
rema9 unacc\nt$ =2 ,:]eas ,unit$        
,nations ,high ,commission] = ,refugees 
,filippo ,gr&i has express$ al>m ab\t ! 
ov]:elm+ numb] ( di/urb+ reports (      
,eritrean refugees 9 ,tigray be+ kill$1 
abduct$ & =cibly return$ to ,eritrea2   
,:]eas1 9 ,novemb] #bjbj1 f\r           
humanit>ian work]s1 includ+ "o employee 
( ! ,int]national ,rescue ,committee &  
?ree employees ( ! ,dani% ,refugee      
,c\ncil1 7 kill$ at ,hitsats refugee    
camp2 ,:]eas *all5ges to access h       
significantly re/rict$ ! report+ &      

docum5tation ( atrocities1 b survivor & 
eye-witness te/imony & satellite imag]y 
h enabl$ reports to em]ge ( t>get$      
viol5ce or indiscrim9ate attacks aga9/  
civilians committ$ by multiple p>ties to
 ! conflict2 ,:]eas examples ( report$  
atrocities committ$ 9 ! ,tigray ,region 
include ! massacre 9 ! t[n ( ,mai ,kadra
 on ,novemb] #i1 #bjbj1 9 :i*1 accord+  
to e/imates f ! ,e?iopian ,human ,rights
 ,commission 7,,ehrc71 m ?an #fjj       
civilians di$ f :at ! ,,ehrc ,*ief      
,commission] conclud$ 0 = no reason o!r 
?an _! e?nicity1 & a mass kill+ 9 ! city
 ( ,axum on ,novemb] #bh ?r\gh #bi1     
#bjbj1 :i* involv$1 accord+ to reports f
 ,amne/y ,int]national1 ! sy/ematic     
kill+ ( hundr$s ( un>m$ civilians aft]  
,e?iopian & ,eritrean troops retook !   
city2 ,:]eas ,unit$ ,nations ,special   
,repres5tative ( ! ,secret>y-,g5]al on  
,sexual ,viol5ce 9 ,conflict ,pramila   
,patt5 has highlight$ reports ( sexual &
 g5d]-bas$ viol5ce1 includ+ a high numb]
 ( alleg$ rapes 9 ,mekelle2 ,:]eas1 on  

,janu>y #bg1 #bjba1 ! ,unit$ ,/ates     
,gov]nm5t publicly confirm$ t ,eritrean 
,def5se ,=ces 7,,edf7 are p>ticipat+ 9 !
 conflict 9 alliance ) ! ,,endf & call$ 
= ! imm$iate )drawal ( all ,,edf soldi]s
 f ! ,tigray ,region1 & cr$ible reports 
h em]g$ t ,,edf soldi]s p>ticipat+ 9 !  
conflict h attack$ civilians1 includ+   
,eritrean refugees1 & loot$ & de/roy$   
homes & religi\s in/itutions2 ,:]eas    
,e?iopia has be5 beset 9 rec5t ye>s by  
multiple human rights & humanit>ian     
*all5ges1 includ+ t>get$ e?nic viol5ce1 
int]communal conflict1 natural disa/]s1 
& political unre/2 ,:]eas1 s9ce         
mid-#bjbj1 ! ,(fice ( ! ,unit$ ,nations 
,high ,commission] = ,human ,rights1    
,amne/y ,int]national1 & ! ,e?iopian    
,human ,rights ,commission h report$    
atrocities & a rise 9 e?nic &           
int]communal viol5ce 9 o!r p>ts (       
,e?iopia1 includ+ 9 ! ,amh>a1           
,b5i%angul-,gumuz1 ,somali1 ,af>1 &     
,oromia regions2 ,:]eas1 accord+ to     
int]national human rights organizations1

 dur+ ! conflict 9 ! ,tigray ,region1   
e?nic ,tigrayans ?r\gh\t ,e?iopia h be5 
susp5d$ f _! jobs & prev5t$ f leav+ !   
c\ntry1 & !re are reports ( surveillance
 & mass arre/s ( citiz5s ( ,e?iopia bas$
 on _! e?nicity2 ,:]eas ,e?iopia is     
und]go+ a fragile democratic transition1
 ) ! po/pon$ #bjbj g5]al elections      
res*$ul$ = ,june #bjba1 except 9 !      
,tigray ,region1 :]e elections h n yet  
be5 s*$ul$2 ,:]eas ! ,gov]nm5t (        
,e?iopia has re/rict$ ! "r ( sev]al     
opposition political p>ties to          
peacefully assemble1 & a numb] (        
opposition lead]s h be5 jail$ s9ce !    
summ] ( #bjbj1 ) v>y+ degrees ( due     
process violations & proc$ural delays 9 
_! trials2 & ,:]eas ! conflict 9 !      
,tigray ,region occurs )9 ! context (   
complicat$ regional & global dynamics   
featur+ ongo+ negotiations betwe5       
,e?iopia1 ,egypt1 & ,sudan ov] ! ,gr&   
,e?iopian ,r5aissance ,dam1 ,e?iopia's  
rappro*em5t ) ,eritrea1 ?reats pos$ by !
 viol5t extremi/ organization           

,al-,%abaab1 a /ruggle = influ5ce & p[] 
among regional & global actors1         
increas+ly ho/ile bord] disputes betwe5 
,e?iopia & ,sudan1 & ! fragile          
democratic transition & peace process 9 
,sudan3 ,n[1 !re=e1 be x ,t ! ,s5ate--  
7#a7 /rongly disapproves ( ! escalation 
( political t5sions betwe5 ! ,gov]nm5t (
 ,e?iopia & ! ,tigray ,p's ,lib]ation   
,front 7,,tplf7 into arm$ conflict &    
condemns 9 ! /ronge/ t]ms all viol5ce   
aga9/ civilians2  7#b7 appreciates !    
will+ness ( ,sudan to welcome refugees  
flee+ ! conflict 9 ! ,tigray ,region (  
,e?iopia2  7#c7 calls on ! ,gov]nm5t (  
,eritrea to imm$iately & fully )draw its
 milit>y =ces f ,e?iopia2  7#d7 calls = 
! swift & complete re/oration (         
electricity1 bank+1 telephone1 & int]net
 s]vices ?r\gh\t ! ,tigray ,region & o!r
 p>ts ( ,e?iopia :]e communications h   
be5 re/rict$2  7#e7 calls on ! ,gov]nm5t
 ( ,e?iopia to-- 7,a7 ensure t any      
appreh5sions ( ,,tplf memb]s are c>ri$  
out ) ! lea/ possible use ( =ce & t !   

rights to :i* ^? deta9$ are entitl$ "u  
,e?iopian & int]national law are fully  
respect$2  7,b7 release opposition      
lead]s deta9$ on ! basis ( _! political 
activity z well z j\rnali/s deta9$ on ! 
basis ( _! report+1 & respect ! rights (
 all ,e?iopians to free expression &    
political p>ticipation1 )\t             
discrim9ation bas$ on e?nicity1         
ideology1 or political affiliation2 &   
7,c7 conv5e a national dialogue         
inclusive ( all nonviol5t political     
p>ties1 e?nic communities1 religi\s     
gr\ps1 & civil society organizations 9  
,e?iopia to "w t[>d ! su/a9able         
resolution ( grievances & *>t a         
democratic & peaceful pa? =w>d = !      
c\ntry2  7#f7 urges all p>ties to !     
conflict to-- 7,a7 cease all ho/ilities1
 fully comply ) int]national humanit>ian
 law1 & refra9 f actions t c\ld spread  
or escalate ! conflict1 p>ticul>ly      
attacks on civilian t>gets2  7,b7 make  
demon/rable progress to gu>antee        
unfett]$ & imm$iate humanit>ian access1 

= p]sonnel & supplies1 to areas affect$ 
by ! conflict1 & take all possible /eps 
to protect ! safety ( civilians1 includ+
 refugees1 displac$ p]sons1 &           
humanit>ian aid work]s2 &  7,c7 all[ =1 
& coop]ate )1 indep5d5t & transp>5t     
inve/igations ( any alleg$ human rights 
abuses committ$ 9 ! c\rse ( ! conflict &
 hold p]petrators to acc\nt2 &  7#g7    
urges ! ,secret>y ( ,/ate1 ! ,secret>y (
 ! ,treasury1 & ! ,adm9i/rator ( !      
,unit$ ,/ates ,ag5cy = ,int]national    
,developm5t1 9 coord9ation ) ! heads (  
o!r relevant ,f$]al dep>tm5ts & ag5cies1
 to-- 7,a7 engage at ! highe/ levels )  
lead]s ( ! ,gov]nm5t ( ,e?iopia1 !      
,gov]nm5t ( ,eritrea1 & ! ,,tplf to     
enc\rage ! full cessation ( ho/ilities &
 ! )drawal ( ,eritrean =ces1 mitigate ! 
humanit>ian crisis t has em]g$ f !      
conflict1 & support an inclusive process
 ( national dialogue & reconciliation2  
7,b7 imm$iately e/abli% crit]ia to end !
 pause ( all non-life-su/a9+ assi/ance  
to ,e?iopia & support programm+ to meet 

imm$iate humanit>ian ne$s1 includ+ (    
refugees & int]nally displac$ p]sons1   
advance nonviol5t conflict resolution & 
reconciliation1 & aid a democratic      
transition 9 ,e?iopia2  7,c7 ensure t ! 
call made by ,secret>y ( ,/ate ,bl9k5 on
 ,febru>y #bg1 #bjba1 = a full1         
indep5d5t1 int]national inve/igation    
into all reports ( human rights         
violations1 abuses1 & atrocities        
committ$ 9 ! c\rse ( ! conflict is      
realiz$ & impose /rict acc\ntability    
measures on ^? f\nd responsible2  7,d7  
take all possible diplomatic /eps to    
prev5t fur!r e?nic-bas$ viol5ce & mass  
atrocities1 includ+ by non-/ate arm$    
gr\ps1 9 ,e?iopia2 &  7,e7 ma9ta9 close 
coord9ation ) int]national allies &     
multilat]al organizations reg>d+ ef=ts  
to address ! conflict 9 ! ,tigray       
,region & br+ att5tion to ! conflict 9  
int]national =a1 includ+ ! ,unit$       
,nations ,security ,c\ncil4