,,ii #aagth ,,congress #b;d ,session ,s4 #dggc ,,in ,,the ,,senate ,,of ,,the ,,united ,,states ,august #d1 #bjbb,mr4 ,sullivan 7for himself and ,mr4 ,whitehouse7 introduced the following bill2 which was read twice and referred to the ,committee on ,commerce1 ,science1 and ,transportation ,a ,,bill ,to combat illegal1 unreported1 and unregulated fishing at its sources globally4 #a4 ,short title ,this ,act may be cited as the ,fighting ,foreign ,illegal ,seafood ,harvests ,act of #bjbb or the ,,fish ,act of #bjbb4 #b4 ,definitions ,in this ,act3 7#a7 ,administrator ,unless otherwise provided1 the term ,administrator means the ,administrator of the ,national ,oceanic and ,atmospheric ,administration4 7#b7 ,exclusive economic zone ,the term exclusive economic zone means the zone established by ,presidential ,proclamation ,number #ejcj1 dated ,march #aj1 #aihc 7#af ,u4,s4,c4 #adec note2 relating to the exclusive economic zone of the ,united ,states of ,america74 7#c7 ,,iuu fishing ,the term ,,iuu fishing means illegal fishing1 unreported fishing1 and unregulated fishing 7as such terms are defined in paragraph #c of the ,international ,plan of ,action to ,prevent1 ,deter1 and ,eliminate ,illegal1 ,unreported and ,unregulated ,fishing1 adopted at the #bdth ,session of the ,committee on ,fisheries in ,rome on ,march #b1 #bjja74 7#d7 ,regional fisheries management organization ,the terms regional fisheries management organization and ,,rfmo have the meaning given the terms in section #cjc of the ,port ,state ,measures ,agreement ,act of #bjae 7#af ,u4,s4,c4 #gdjb74 #c4 ,statement of policy ,it is the policy of the ,united ,states to partner1 consult1 and coordinate with foreign governments 7at the national and subnational levels71 civil society1 international organizations1 international financial institutions1 subnational coastal communities1 commercial and recreational fishing industry leaders1 communities that engage in artisanal or subsistence fishing1 and the private sector1 in a concerted effort-- 7#a7 to continue the broad effort across the ,federal ,government to counter ,,iuu fishing and related threats to maritime security1 as outlined in sections #cecc and #cecd of the ,maritime ,,safe ,act 7#af ,u4,s4,c4 #hjjb and #hjjc72 and 7#b7 to1 additionally-- 7,a7 prioritize efforts to prevent ,,iuu fishing at its sources2 and 7,b7 support continued implementation of the ,central ,arctic ,ocean ,fisheries agreement1 as well as joint research and follow-on actions that ensure sustainability of fish stocks in ,arctic international waters4 #d4 ,black list 7a7 ,in general ,the ,administrator shall establish1 publish1 and put vessels on a ,united ,states black list that denies port privileges1 certain travel through1 delivery of supplies1 delivery of services1 or transshipment in the exclusive economic zone for vessels that have conducted ,,iuu fishing and vessels that have the same owner as a vessel on the black list4 7b7 ,standards ,the ,administrator shall set standards for establishing1 maintaining1 and publishing the black list4 7c7 ,basis ,to be put on black list ,the ,administrator shall put a vessel on the black list if it is any of the following3 7#a7 ,a vessel listed on an ,,iuu fishing list of a regional fisheries management organization4 7#b7 ,a vessel taking part in fishing outside ,,rfmo quota arrangements on the high seas4 7#c7 ,a vessel on the high seas identified and reported by ,united ,states authorities to be conducting ,,iuu fishing4 7#d7 ,a vessel that provides services 7excluding emergency or enforcement services7 to a vessel that is on the black list1 including transshipment1 resupply1 refueling1 or pilotage4 7#e7 ,a foreign fishing vessel engaged in commercial fishing in the exclusive economic zone without a permit issued under title ,,ii of the ,magnuson-,stevens ,fishery ,conservation and ,management ,act 7#af ,u4,s4,c4 #ahba et seq474 7#f7 ,a vessel found by ,customs and ,border ,protection to have had a withhold release order in contravention of section #cjg of the ,tariff ,act of #aicj 7#ai ,u4,s4,c4 #acjg71 provided that the withhold release order has not been subsequently revoked4 7#g7 ,a vessel that has the same owner as a vessel on the black list4 7#h7 ,a vessel subject to economic sanctions administered by the ,department of ,treasury ,office of ,foreign ,assets ,control for ,,iuu fishing under ,executive ,order #aceha 7#gf ,fed4 ,reg4 #ddgeg1 #hd ,fed4 ,reg4 #ajbee2 relating to blocking property of transnational criminal organizations71 or any other economic sanctions program4 7d7 ,nominations ,to be put on black list 7#a7 ,in general ,the ,administrator may accept nominations for placing a vessel on the black list from-- 7,a7 the head of an executive branch agency that is a member of the ,interagency ,working ,group on ,,iuu ,fishing established under section #ceea of the ,maritime ,,safe ,act 7#af ,u4,s4,c4 #hjca72 or 7,b7 a country that is a member of the ,combined ,maritime ,forces4 7#b7 ,due process ,the ,administrator may accept nominations for placing a vessel on the black list only after due process1 including notification to the vessel's owner and a review of any information that the owner provides4 7e7 ,public ,information ,the ,administrator shall publish the black list and include the following information for each vessel on the list3 7#a7 ,the name of the vessel4 7#b7 ,the ,international ,maritime ,organization 7,,imo7 number of the vessel4 7#c7 ,the call sign of the vessel4 7#d7 ,each beneficial owner and owner's address of the vessel4 7#e7 ,the registry_/flag state of the vessel4 7#f7 ,the date of inclusion on the black list of the vessel4 7#g7 ,any other identifying information on the vessel1 as determined appropriate by the ,administrator4 7f7 ,consequences of being black listed 7#a7 ,in general ,except for the purposes of inspection and enforcement or in case of force majeure1 a vessel on the black list is prohibited from-- 7,a7 accessing ,united ,states ports2 7,b7 traveling through the ,united ,states exclusive economic zone unless it is conducting innocent passage2 and 7,c7 delivering supplies1 delivering services1 or transshipment in the ,united ,states exclusive economic zone4 7#b7 ,servicing prohibited ,no vessel of the ,united ,states 7defined in section #aaf of title #df1 ,united ,states ,code7 may service a vessel that is on the black list1 except for emergency and enforcement services4 7g7 ,enforcement of black list ,a vessel on the black list and the cargo of such vessel shall be subject to section #gjjeb of title #df1 ,united ,states ,code4 7h7 ,permanency of black list 7#a7 ,in general ,except as provided in paragraphs 7#b7 and 7#c71 a vessel that is put on the black list shall remain on the black list4 7#b7 ,revocation of ,,wro ,the ,administrator shall remove a vessel from the black list if the vessel was added to the black list because it was found by ,customs and ,border ,protection to have had a withhold release order in contravention of section #cjg of the ,tariff ,act of #aicj 7#ai ,u4,s4,c4 #acjg7 and the withhold release order was subsequently revoked4 7#c7 ,potential ,reinstatement ,in coordination with the ,secretary of ,state1 the ,administrator may remove a vessel from the black list if the owner of the vessel submits an application for removal or an appeal to the ,administrator4 ,in considering the application1 the ,administrator shall consider all relevant information1 including whether the vessel or vessel owner has engaged in ,,iuu fishing during the #e-year period preceding the application4 7i7 ,authorization of appropriations ,there are authorized to be appropriated to the ,department of ,commerce to carry out this section #bj1jjj1jjj for each of fiscal years #bjbc through #bjbh4 #e4 ,imposition of sanctions with respect to beneficial owners of vessels on black list 7a7 ,in general ,the ,president shall impose the sanctions described in subsection 7b7 with respect to each foreign person that the ,president determines1 on or after the date of the enactment of this ,act1 is the beneficial owner of a vessel on the black list under section #d4 7b7 ,sanctions described ,the sanctions to be imposed under subsection 7a7 are the following3 7#a7 ,blocking of property ,the exercise of all powers granted to the ,president by the ,international ,emergency ,economic ,powers ,act 7#ej ,u4,s4,c4 #agja et seq47 to the extent necessary to block and prohibit all transactions in all property and interests in property of a foreign person described in subsection 7a71 including the vessel of which the person is the beneficial owner1 if such property and interests in property are in the ,united ,states1 come within the ,united ,states1 or are or come within the possession or control of a ,united ,states person4 7#b7 ,ineligibility for visas1 admission1 or parole 7,a7 ,visas1 admission1 or parole ,an alien described in subsection 7a7 is-- 7i7 inadmissible to the ,united ,states2 7ii7 ineligible to receive a visa or other documentation to enter the ,united ,states2 and 7iii7 otherwise ineligible to be admitted or paroled into the ,united ,states or to receive any other benefit under the ,immigration and ,nationality ,act 7#h ,u4,s4,c4 #aaja et seq474 7,b7 ,current visas revoked 7i7 ,in general ,the visa or other entry documentation of an alien described in subsection 7a7 shall be revoked1 regardless of when such visa or other entry documentation is or was issued4 7ii7 ,immediate effect ,a revocation under clause 7i7 shall-- 7,i7 take effect immediately2 and 7,,ii7 automatically cancel any other valid visa or entry documentation that is in the alien's possession4 7c7 ,implementation2 penalties 7#a7 ,implementation ,the ,president may exercise all authorities provided under sections #bjc and #bje of the ,international ,emergency ,economic ,powers ,act 7#ej ,u4,s4,c4 #agjb and #agjd7 to carry out this section4 7#b7 ,penalties ,a person that violates1 attempts to violate1 conspires to violate1 or causes a violation of this section or any regulation1 license1 or order issued to carry out this section shall be subject to the penalties set forth in subsections 7b7 and 7c7 of section #bjf of the ,international ,emergency ,economic ,powers ,act 7#ej ,u4,s4,c4 #agje7 to the same extent as a person that commits an unlawful act described in subsection 7a7 of that section4 7d7 ,national interest waiver ,the ,president may waive the imposition of sanctions under this section with respect to a person if the ,president-- 7#a7 determines that such a waiver is in the national interests of the ,united ,states2 and 7#b7 submits to ,congress a notification on the waiver and the reasons for the waiver4 7e7 ,exceptions 7#a7 ,exceptions for authorized intelligence and law enforcement activities ,this section shall not apply with respect to activities subject to the reporting requirements under title ,v of the ,national ,security ,act of #aidg 7#ej ,u4,s4,c4 #cjia et seq47 or any authorized intelligence or law enforcement activities of the ,united ,states4 7#b7 ,exception to comply with international agreements ,sanctions under subsection 7b77#b7 shall not apply with respect to the admission of an alien to the ,united ,states if such admission is necessary to comply with the obligations of the ,united ,states under the ,agreement regarding the ,headquarters of the ,united ,nations1 signed at ,lake ,success ,june #bf1 #aidg1 and entered into force ,november #ba1 #aidg1 between the ,united ,nations and the ,united ,states1 or the ,convention on ,consular ,relations1 done at ,vienna ,april #bd1 #aifc1 and entered into force ,march #ai1 #aifg1 or other international obligations4 7#c7 ,exception relating to importation of goods 7,a7 ,in general ,the requirement to impose sanctions under this section shall not include the authority or a requirement to impose sanctions on the importation of goods4 7,b7 ,good defined ,in this paragraph1 the term good means any article1 natural or manmade substance1 material1 supply1 or manufactured product1 including inspection and test equipment1 and excluding technical data4 7f7 ,definitions ,in this section3 7#a7 ,admission2 admitted2 alien2 lawfully admitted for permanent residence ,the terms admission1 admitted1 alien1 and lawfully admitted for permanent residence have the meanings given those terms in section #aja of the ,immigration and ,nationality ,act 7#h ,u4,s4,c4 #aaja74 7#b7 ,beneficial owner ,the term beneficial owner means1 with respect to a vessel1 a person that1 directly or indirectly1 through any contract1 arrangement1 understanding1 relationship1 or otherwise-- 7,a7 exercises substantial control over the vessel2 or 7,b7 owns or controls not less than #be percent of the ownership interests in the vessel4 7#c7 ,foreign person ,the term foreign person means an individual or entity that is not a ,united ,states person4 7#d7 ,united states person ,the term ,united ,states person means-- 7,a7 a ,united ,states citizen or an alien lawfully admitted for permanent residence to the ,united ,states2 7,b7 an entity organized under the laws of the ,united ,states or any jurisdiction within the ,united ,states1 including a foreign branch of such an entity2 or 7,c7 any person in the ,united ,states4 #f4 ,agreements 7a7 ,presidential negotiation ,in negotiating any relevant agreement with a foreign nation or nations after the date of enactment of this ,act1 the ,president shall consider the impacts on or to ,,iuu fishing and strive to ensure that the agreement strengthens efforts to combat ,,iuu fishing4 7b7 ,secretary of ,state encouragement ,together with other partners if appropriate1 the ,secretary of ,state shall encourage other nations to ratify treaties and agreements that address ,,iuu fishing to which the ,united ,states is a party1 including the ,,un ,fish ,stocks ,agreement1 the ,port ,state ,measures ,agreement1 and other applicable agreements4 #g4 ,definition of illegal1 unreported1 and unregulated fishing 7a7 ,definition of illegal1 unreported1 and unregulated fishing in the high seas driftnet fishing moratorium protection ,act ,section #fji7;e7 of the ,high ,seas ,driftnet ,fishing ,moratorium ,protection ,act 7#af ,u4,s4,c4 #ahbf;j7e77 is amended to read as follows3 7e7 ,illegal1 unreported1 or unregulated fishing defined ,in this title1 the terms illegal1 unreported1 and unregulated fishing and illegal1 unreported1 or unregulated fishing mean any activity set out in paragraph #c of the ,international ,plan of ,action to ,prevent1 ,deter1 and ,eliminate ,illegal1 ,unreported and ,unregulated ,fishing1 adopted at the #bdth ,session of the ,committee on ,fisheries in ,rome on ,march #b1 #bjja4 4 7b7 ,definition of illegal1 unreported1 or unregulated fishing in the ,magnuson-,stevens fishery conservation and management ,act ,section #c of the ,magnuson-,stevens ,fishery ,conservation and ,management ,act 7#af ,u4,s4,c4 #ahjb7 is amended by adding at the end the following3 7#ea7 ,illegal1 unreported1 or unregulated fishing ,the terms illegal1 unreported1 or unregulated fishing1 illegal1 unreported1 and unregulated fishing1 and illegal1 unreported and unregulated fishing mean any activity set out in paragraph #c of the ,international ,plan of ,action to ,prevent1 ,deter1 and ,eliminate ,illegal1 ,unreported and ,unregulated ,fishing1 adopted at the #bdth ,session of the ,committee on ,fisheries in ,rome on ,march #b1 #bjja4 4 #h4 ,coast guard provisions 7a7 ,increase boarding of vessels suspected of ,,iuu fishing ,the ,commandant of the ,coast ,guard shall1 in accordance with the ,,un ,fish ,stocks ,agreement1 increase1 from year to year1 its observation and boarding of vessels on the high seas that are suspected of ,,iuu fishing1 to the greatest extent practicable4 7b7 ,follow up ,the ,commandant of the ,coast ,guard shall coordinate regularly with regional fisheries management organizations to determine what corrective measures each nation has taken after its vessels have been boarded for suspected ,,iuu fishing4 7c7 ,report ,not later than #a year after the date of the enactment of this ,act1 the ,commandant of the ,coast ,guard shall submit a report to ,congress on-- 7#a7 the total number of bilateral agreements that contain an ,,iuu fishing nexus or authorities1 and what the ,coast ,guard is doing to increase this percentage2 7#b7 violations observed under the ,coast ,guard high seas boarding program1 how the violations are tracked after referral to the respective flag state1 and what actions are taken to document or otherwise act on the enforcement1 or lack thereof1 taken by a flag state2 7#c7 the flag state and status of vessels interdicted or observed to be engaged in ,,iuu fishing on the high seas by the ,coast ,guard2 7#d7 the flag state and status and incident details on vessels observed to violate international laws on the high seas1 such as refusal to allow boarding1 and what action was taken2 and 7#e7 any other potential enforcement actions that could decrease ,,iuu fishing on the high seas4 #i4 ,improved management at the regional fisheries management organizations 7a7 ,interagency ,working ,group on ,,iuu fishing ,section #ceea7;c7 of the ,maritime ,,safe ,act 7#af ,u4,s4,c4 #hjca7;c77 is amended-- 7#a7 in paragraph 7#ab71 by striking and after the semicolon2 7#b7 in paragraph 7#ac71 by striking the period at the end and inserting a semicolon2 and 7#c7 by adding at the end the following3 7#ad7 developing a strategy for leveraging enforcement capacity against ,,iuu fishing1 particularly focusing on nations identified under section #fji7;a7 or #faj7;a7 of the ,high ,seas ,driftnet ,fishing ,moratorium ,protection ,act 7#af ,u4,s4,c4 #ahbf;j7a7 and #ahbfk7a772 and 7#ae7 developing a strategy for leveraging enforcement capacity against ,,iuu fishing and increasing enforcement and other actions across relevant import control and assessment programs1 including-- 7,a7 the ,list of ,goods ,produced by ,child ,labor or ,forced ,labor produced pursuant to section #aje of the ,trafficking ,victims ,protection ,reauthorization ,act of #bjje 7#bb ,u4,s4,c4 #gaab72 7,b7 the ,trafficking in ,persons ,report required under section #aaj of the ,trafficking ,victims ,protection ,act of #bjjj 7#bb ,u4,s4,c4 #gajg72 and 7,c7 ,united ,states ,customs and ,border ,protection's ,forced ,labor ,division and enforcement activities and regulations authorized under section #cjg of the ,tariff ,act of #aicj 7#ai ,u4,s4,c4 #acjg74 4 7b7 ,secretary of ,state identification ,the ,secretary of ,state1 in coordination with the ,commandant of the ,coast ,guard1 shall-- 7#a7 identify regional fisheries management organizations that the ,united ,states is party to that do not have a high seas boarding program2 and 7#b7 identify obstacles1 needed authorities1 or existing efforts to increase implementation of these programs1 and take action as appropriate4 #aj4 ,strategies to optimize data collection1 sharing1 and analysis ,section #ceeb of the ,maritime ,,safe ,act 7#af ,u4,s4,c4 #hjcb7 is amended by adding at the end3 7c7 ,strategies ,to optimize data collection1 sharing1 and analysis ,not later than #b years after the publication of the strategic plan submitted under subsection 7a71 the ,working ,group shall identify information and resources to prevent seafood products from ,,iuu fishing from entering ,united ,states commerce without increasing burden or trade barriers on seafood not produced from ,,iuu fishing4 ,the report shall include the following3 7#a7 ,identification of relevant data streams collected by ,working ,group members4 7#b7 ,identification of legal1 jurisdictional1 or other barriers to the sharing of such data4 7#c7 ,in consultation with the ,secretary of ,defense1 recommendations for joint enforcement protocols1 collaboration1 and information sharing between ,federal agencies and ,states4 7#d7 ,recommendations for sharing and developing forensic resources between ,federal agencies and ,states4 7#e7 ,recommendations for enhancing capacity for ,united ,states ,customs and ,border ,protection and ,national ,oceanic and ,atmospheric ,administration to conduct more effective field investigations and enforcement efforts with ,state enforcement officials4 7#f7 ,recommendations for the dissemination of ,,iuu fishing analysis and information to those entities that could use it for action and awareness1 with the aim to establish an ,,iuu fishing information sharing center4 7#g7 ,recommendations for an implementation strategy1 including measures for ensuring that trade in seafood not linked to ,,iuu fishing is not impeded4 4 #aa4 ,investment and technical assistance in the fisheries sector 7a7 ,in general ,the ,secretary of ,state and the ,administrator of the ,united ,states ,agency for ,international ,development1 in consultation with the heads of relevant agencies1 the ,millennium ,challenge ,corporation1 and multilateral institutions such as the ,world ,bank1 shall increase support to programs that provide technical assistance and investment to nations' fisheries sectors for sustainable fisheries management and combating ,,iuu fishing4 ,the focus of such support shall be on priority regions and priority flag states identified under section #ceeb7;b7 of the ,maritime ,,safe ,act 7#af ,u4,s4,c4 #hjcb7;b774 7b7 ,authorization of appropriations ,there are authorized to be appropriated to the ,department of ,state and the ,united ,states ,agency for ,international ,development to carry out subsection 7a7 #aj1jjj1jjj for each such agency for each of fiscal years #bjbc through #bjbh4 #ab4 ,preventing importation of seafood and seafood products from foreign vessels using forced labor 7a7 ,definitions ,in this section3 7#a7 ,forced labor ,the term forced labor has the meaning given that term in section #cjg of the ,tariff ,act of #aicj 7#ai ,u4,s4,c4 #acjg74 7#b7 ,seafood ,the term seafood means fish1 shellfish1 processed fish1 fish meal1 shellfish products1 and all other forms of marine animal and plant life other than marine mammals and birds4 7#c7 ,secretary ,the term ,secretary means the ,secretary of ,commerce1 acting through the ,administrator of the ,national ,oceanic and ,atmospheric ,administration4 7b7 ,forced labor on foreign fishing vessels 7#a7 ,rulemaking ,not later than #a year after the date of enactment of this ,act1 the ,commissioner of ,u4,s4 ,customs and ,border ,protection1 in coordination with the ,secretary1 shall issue regulations regarding the verification of seafood imports to ensure that no seafood or seafood product harvested on foreign vessels using forced labor is entered into the ,united ,states in violation of section #cjg of the ,tariff ,act of #aicj 7#ai ,u4,s4,c4 #acjg74 7#b7 ,strategy ,the ,commissioner of ,u4,s4 ,customs and ,border ,protection1 in coordination with the ,secretary and the ,secretary of the department in which the ,coast ,guard is operating1 shall-- 7,a7 develop a strategy for utilizing relevant ,u4,s4 ,government data to identify imports of seafood or seafood products harvested on foreign vessels using forced labor2 and 7,b7 publish information regarding the strategy developed under subparagraph 7,a7 on the website of ,u4,s4 ,customs and ,border ,protection4 #ac4 ,reports 7a7 ,impact of new technology ,not later than #a year after the date of enactment of this ,act1 the ,administrator1 in coordination with the ,working ,group established under section #ceea of the ,maritime ,,safe ,act 7#af ,u4,s4,c4 #hjca71 shall conduct a study to assess the impact of new technology 7such as remote observing1 the use of drones1 development of risk assessment tools and data-sharing software1 immediate containerization of fish on fishing vessels1 and other technology-enhanced new fishing practices7 on ,,iuu fishing and propose ways to integrate these technologies into global fisheries enforcement and management4 7b7 ,russian and chinese fishing industries' influence on each other and on the united states seafood and fishing industry ,not later than #b years after the date of the enactment of this ,act1 the ,secretary of ,state1 with support from the ,secretary of ,commerce and the ,office of the ,united ,states ,trade ,representative1 shall-- 7#a7 conduct a study on the collaboration between the ,russian and ,chinese fishing industries and on the role of seafood reprocessing in ,china 7including that of raw materials originating in ,russia7 in global seafood markets and its impact on ,united ,states seafood importers1 processors1 and consumers2 and 7#b7 complete a report on the study that includes classified and unclassified portions1 as the ,secretary of ,state determines necessary4 7c7 ,fishermen conducting unlawful fishing in the economic exclusion zone ,section #ceea of the ,maritime ,,safe ,act 7#af ,u4,s4,c4 #hjca7 is amended by adding at the end the following3 7d7 ,report ,not later than #a year after the date of enactment of the ,fighting ,foreign ,illegal ,seafood ,harvests ,act of #bjbb1 the chair of the ,working ,group in coordination with members of the ,working ,group1 shall submit a report to ,congress on foreign fishermen who were detained or arrested in the exclusive economic zone1 how many were referred to prosecution and the outcome of the cases1 and what authorities1 or obstacles to overcome1 are needed to increase the prosecution referral rate4 7e7 ,the impacts of ,,iuu fishing ,the ,administrator1 in consultation with relevant members of the ,working ,group1 shall seek to enter into an arrangement with the ,national ,academies of ,sciences1 ,engineering1 and ,medicine under which the ,national ,academies will undertake a multifaceted study that includes the following3 7#a7 ,an analysis that quantifies the occurrence and extent of ,,iuu fishing among flag states4 7#b7 ,an evaluation of the costs to the ,united ,states economy of ,,iuu fishing4 7#c7 ,an assessment of the costs to the global economy of ,,iuu fishing4 4 7d7 ,report ,not later than #bd months after the date of the enactment of this ,act1 the ,administrator shall submit to ,congress a report on the study conducted under subsection 7e7 of section #ceea of the ,maritime ,,safe ,act that includes-- 7#a7 the findings of the ,national ,academies2 and 7#b7 recommendations on knowledge gaps that warrant further scientific inquiry4