,,ii #aagth ,,congress #b;d ,session ,s4 #ddbj ,,in ,,the ,,senate ,,of ,,the ,,united ,,states ,june #af1 #bjbb,ms4 ,collins 7for herself and ,ms4 ,cantwell7 introduced the following bill2 which was read twice and referred to the ,committee on ,energy and ,natural ,resources ,a ,,bill ,to provide for advancements in carbon removal research1 quantification1 and commercialization1 including by harnessing natural processes1 and for other purposes4 #a4 ,short title2 table of contents 7a7 ,short title ,this ,act may be cited as the ,carbon ,removal and ,emissions ,storage ,technologies ,act of #bjbb or the ,,crest ,act of #bjbb4 7b7 ,table of contents ,the table of contents for this ,act is as follows3 ,sec4 #a4 ,short title2 table of contents4,sec4 #b4 ,definitions4,,title ,i--,carbon removal research and development,subtitle ,a--,biomass carbon removal,sec4 #aja4 ,biomass carbon removal programs4,sec4 #ajb4 ,biological carbon dioxide conversion programs4,subtitle ,b--,geological carbon removal,sec4 #aaa4 ,carbon mineralization pilot projects4,sec4 #aab4 ,carbon mineralization resource assessment4,sec4 #aac4 ,tailings and waste mineralization program4,subtitle ,c--,aquatic carbon removal,sec4 #aba4 ,ocean carbon removal mission4,sec4 #abb4 ,direct ocean capture assessment4,sec4 #abc4 ,offshore carbon storage program and assessment4,subtitle ,d--,atmospheric carbon removal,sec4 #aca4 ,direct air capture technology manufacturing research program4,subtitle ,e--,carbon removal quantification,sec4 #ada4 ,carbon removal quantification4,,title ,,ii--,carbon removal purchasing pilot program,sec4 #bja4 ,carbon removal purchasing pilot program4 #b4 ,definitions ,in this ,act3 7#a7 ,carbon removal ,the term carbon removal means the intentional removal1 including by harnessing natural processes1 of carbon dioxide directly from the atmosphere or upper hydrosphere and subsequent storage of the carbon dioxide in geological1 biobased1 or ocean reservoirs or in value-added products that results in a net removal of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere1 as measured on a lifecycle basis4 7#b7 ,carbon removal technology or approach ,the term carbon removal technology or approach includes-- 7,a7 direct air capture with durable storage2 7,b7 soil carbon sequestration2 7,c7 biomass carbon removal and storage2 7,d7 enhanced mineralization2 7,e7 ocean-based carbon dioxide removal2 and 7,f7 afforestation or reforestation4 7#c7 ,secretary ,the term ,secretary means the ,secretary of ,energy4 ,i ,carbon removal research and development ,a ,biomass carbon removal #aja4 ,biomass carbon removal programs 7a7 ,office of science ,section #cjf of the ,department of ,energy ,research and ,innovation ,act 7#db ,u4,s4,c4 #ahfdd7 is amended by adding at the end the following3 7e7 ,algal biomass carbon removal 7#a7 ,in general ,the ,director shall carry out a research and development program to gain understanding of the underlying biology of algal biomass systems and the possible use of algal biomass systems as a means of carbon removal 7as defined in section #b of the ,carbon ,removal and ,emissions ,storage ,technologies ,act of #bjbb7 from the air and aquatic sources4 7#b7 ,requirements ,the program carried out under paragraph 7#a7 shall-- 7,a7 support efforts to reduce long-term technical barriers for algal biomass with carbon capture2 and 7,b7 coordinate closely with the ,bioenergy ,technologies ,office and the ,office of ,fossil ,energy and ,carbon ,management4 4 7b7 ,office of energy efficiency and renewable energy ,section #icb of the ,energy ,policy ,act of #bjje 7#db ,u4,s4,c4 #afbcb7 is amended-- 7#a7 in subsection 7b7-- 7,a7 in paragraph 7#e71 by striking and after the semicolon2 7,b7 in paragraph 7#f71 by striking the period and inserting 2 and2 and 7,c7 by adding at the end the following3 7#g7 biological carbon removal 7as defined in section #b of the ,carbon ,removal and ,emissions ,storage ,technologies ,act of #bjbb74 2 and 7#b7 by inserting after subsection 7e7 the following3 7f7 ,biological carbon removal 7#a7 ,definition of carbon removal ,in this subsection1 the term carbon removal has the meaning given the term in section #b of the ,carbon ,removal and ,emissions ,storage ,technologies ,act of #bjbb4 7#b7 ,goals ,the goals of the biological carbon removal program under subsection 7b77#g7 shall be to develop and deploy1 in partnership with industry and institutions of higher education-- 7,a7 improved tools and understanding of feedstocks1 supplies1 and logistics with respect to carbon removal using biomass sources2 7,b7 technologies for the optimized conversion of aquatic and terrestrial biomass for carbon removal2 7,c7 cost-competitive carbon capture technologies applied to bioenergy1 including-- 7i7 algal1 terrestrial1 and marine biomass2 7ii7 biofuels2 and 7iii7 bioproducts2 and 7,d7 applied research on best practices in macroalgae cultivation and phenotype selection1 including by carrying out aquatic pilot projects4 7#c7 ,coordination ,activities conducted under this subsection shall be coordinated with the relevant programs of the ,office of ,science1 the ,office of ,fossil ,energy and ,carbon ,management1 and the ,department of ,agriculture4 4 7c7 ,office of fossil energy and carbon management ,section #ifb7;b7 of the ,energy ,policy ,act of #bjje 7#db ,u4,s4,c4 #afbib7;b77 is amended-- 7#a7 in paragraph 7#a71 by striking performance of and all that follows through the period at the end and inserting the following3 8performance of-- 7,a7 coal and natural gas use2 7,b7 biomass with carbon capture for utilization or permanent storage2 and 7,c7 manufacturing and industrial facilities4 2 and 7#b7 in paragraph 7#c7-- 7,a7 in subparagraph 7,a7-- 7i7 in clause 7v71 by striking and after the semicolon2 7ii7 in clause 7vi71 by striking the period at the end and inserting 2 and2 and 7iii7 by adding at the end the following3 7vii7 developing advanced boilers to enable net-negative lifecycle carbon emissions through co-firing with biomass4 2 and 7,b7 by adding at the end the following3 7,g7 ,developing carbon capture technologies applied to bioenergy systems that result in net-negative lifecycle carbon emissions1 including-- 7i7 biofuels production2 7ii7 bioproducts2 7iii7 biomass used in power systems and industrial applications2 and 7iv7 fossil fuel power systems and industrial systems co-fired with biomass4 4 7d7 ,office of energy efficiency and renewable energy 7#a7 ,in general ,the ,energy ,independence and ,security ,act of #bjjg 7#db ,u4,s4,c4 #agjja et seq47 is amended by striking section #bbh 7#aba ,stat4 #aece7 and inserting the following3 #bbh4 ,aquatic biomass 7a7 ,in general ,the ,director of the ,bioenergy ,technologies ,office shall carry out applied research on-- 7#a7 microalgae and macroalgae cultivation and phenotype selection2 and 7#b7 optimization of aquatic biomass conversion pathways4 7b7 ,requirements ,the research carried out under subsection 7a7 shall support efforts-- 7#a7 to develop best practices in microalgae and macroalgae cultivation and phenotype selection1 including by carrying out aquatic pilot projects-- 7,a7 on microalgae and macroalgae2 and 7,b7 in freshwater and seawater2 and 7#b7 to optimize aquatic biomass conversion pathways that result in carbon removal 7as defined in section #b of the ,carbon ,removal and ,emissions ,storage ,technologies ,act of #bjbb7 for biopower1 biofuels1 and other uses4 7c7 ,funding ,there are authorized to be appropriated to the ,secretary to carry out this section-- 7#a7 #c1jjj1jjj for fiscal year #bjbc2 7#b7 #h1jjj1jjj for fiscal year #bjbd2 and 7#c7 #bj1jjj1jjj for each of fiscal years #bjbe through #bjbg4 4 7#b7 ,clerical amendment ,the table of contents for the ,energy ,independence and ,security ,act of #bjjg 7,public ,law #aaj-adj2 #aba ,stat4 #adic7 is amended by striking the item relating to section #bbh and inserting the following3 ,sec4 #bbh4 ,aquatic biomass44 #ajb4 ,biological carbon dioxide conversion programs 7a7 ,in general ,the ,energy ,policy ,act of #bjje is amended by inserting after section #igg 7#db ,u4,s4,c4 #afcag7 the following3 #igg;,a4 ,biological carbon dioxide conversion programs 7a7 ,genetic modeling and tools2 bioprospecting 7#a7 ,in general ,the ,director of the ,office of ,science shall establish a program to improve genetic modeling and manipulation for carbon dioxide conversion4 7#b7 ,methodology ,the program established under paragraph 7#a7 shall-- 7,a7 support efforts to improve carbon dioxide uptake and conversion through genetic manipulation of crops and trees1 including-- 7i7 soil enhancements2 7ii7 enhanced photosynthesis1 including microbial soil amendments and perennialization2 and 7iii7 root growth2 and 7,b7 support efforts to bioprospect using tools and high-throughput screening methods for organisms with unique attributes related to carbon dioxide conversion4 7#c7 ,coordination ,in carrying out the program established under paragraph 7#a71 the ,director of the ,office of ,science shall coordinate with the ,national ,science ,foundation and the ,agricultural ,research ,service4 7b7 ,new materials development and application 7#a7 ,definition of carbon removal ,in this subsection1 the term carbon removal has the meaning given the term in section #b of the ,carbon ,removal and ,emissions ,storage ,technologies ,act of #bjbb4 7#b7 ,program ,the ,assistant ,secretary for ,energy ,efficiency and ,renewable ,energy1 in consultation with the ,secretary of ,agriculture1 shall establish a program to develop new biologically based carbon dioxide utilization products and coproducts that result in carbon removal4 7#c7 ,methodology ,the program established under paragraph 7#b7 shall-- 7,a7 support efforts to develop new carbon dioxide utilization products that result in carbon removal2 7,b7 prioritize products that have the potential to be deployed at a large scale2 and 7,c7 support efforts to develop valorization of coproducts for-- 7i7 feed2 7ii7 fuel2 and 7iii7 other uses4 4 7b7 ,clerical amendment ,the table of contents for the ,energy ,policy ,act of #bjje 7,public ,law #aji-eh2 #aai ,stat4 #fjj7 is amended by inserting after the item relating to section #igg the following3 ,sec4 #igg;,a4 ,biological carbon dioxide conversion programs4 4 ,b ,geological carbon removal #aaa4 ,carbon mineralization pilot projects 7a7 ,in general ,the ,energy ,policy ,act of #bjje is amended by inserting after section #ifc 7#db ,u4,s4,c4 #afbic7 the following3 #ifc;,a4 ,carbon mineralization pilot projects 7a7 ,in general ,the ,secretary1 in consultation with the ,administrator of the ,national ,oceanic and ,atmospheric ,administration and the ,director of the ,united ,states ,geological ,survey1 shall conduct field experiments of ex situ and in situ carbon mineralization approaches for the purposes of advancing carbon removal technologies or approaches 7as defined in section #b of the ,carbon ,removal and ,emissions ,storage ,technologies ,act of #bjbb74 7b7 ,activities ,in carrying out subsection 7a71 the ,secretary shall-- 7#a7 conduct field experiments of ex situ carbon mineralization-- 7,a7 using desalination brine treatment2 and 7,b7 through the broadcast of reactive minerals on-- 7i7 soils2 7ii7 beaches2 and 7iii7 shallow oceans2 and 7#b7 conduct field experiments of in situ carbon mineralization1 including through drilling and injection in reactive formations for-- 7,a7 mantle peridotite2 7,b7 basalt2 and 7,c7 other relevant formations4 7c7 ,field experiment goals and objectives ,the ,secretary shall develop goals and objectives for field experiments carried out under this section to decrease the energy requirements and costs to produce the resulting mineralized carbon4 7d7 ,environmental impact ,in carrying out field experiments under this section1 the ,secretary shall comply with all applicable environmental laws and regulations4 7e7 ,funding ,there are authorized to be appropriated to the ,secretary to carry out this section-- 7#a7 #d1jjj1jjj for fiscal year #bjbc2 7#b7 #i1jjj1jjj for fiscal year #bjbd2 7#c7 #ah1jjj1jjj for fiscal year #bjbe2 and 7#d7 #cj1jjj1jjj for each of fiscal years #bjbf and #bjbg4 4 7b7 ,clerical amendment ,the table of contents for the ,energy ,policy ,act of #bjje 7,public ,law #aji-eh2 #aai ,stat4 #fjj7 is amended by inserting after the item relating to section #ifc the following3 ,sec4 #ifc;,a4 ,carbon mineralization pilot projects4 4 #aab4 ,carbon mineralization resource assessment 7a7 ,in general ,the ,secretary of the ,interior 7referred to in this section as the ,secretary7 shall complete a national assessment of the potential for using carbon mineralization for carbon removal1 in accordance with the methodology developed under subsection 7b74 7b7 ,methodology ,not later than #b years after the date of enactment of this ,act1 the ,secretary1 acting through the ,director of the ,united ,states ,geological ,survey1 shall develop a methodology to assess geological resources1 mine tailings1 and other alkaline industrial wastes to identify sustainable sources of reactive minerals suitable for carbon mineralization1 while taking into consideration minerals and mineral classes with high reactivity and fast kinetics4 7c7 ,coordination 7#a7 ,federal coordination ,to ensure the maximum usefulness and success of the assessment under subsection 7a71 the ,secretary shall-- 7,a7 consult with the ,secretary of ,energy and the ,administrator of the ,environmental ,protection ,agency on the format and content of the assessment2 and 7,b7 share relevant data with the ,department of ,energy and the ,environmental ,protection ,agency4 7#b7 ,state coordination ,the ,secretary shall consult with ,state geological surveys and other relevant entities to ensure1 to the maximum extent practicable1 the usefulness and success of the assessment under subsection 7a74 7d7 ,report 7#a7 ,in general ,not later than #ahj days after the date on which the assessment under subsection 7a7 is completed1 the ,secretary shall submit to the ,committee on ,energy and ,natural ,resources of the ,senate and the ,committee on ,natural ,resources of the ,house of ,representatives a report describing the findings under the assessment1 including the locations and available quantities of suitable reactive minerals4 7#b7 ,public availability ,not later than #cj days after the date on which the ,secretary submits the report under paragraph 7#a71 the ,secretary shall make the report publicly available4 #aac4 ,tailings and waste mineralization program 7a7 ,tailings and waste mineralization program 7#a7 ,in general ,the ,secretary shall conduct field experiments to examine the use of mine tailings and industrial wastes for the purpose of carbon mineralization4 7#b7 ,activities ,the field experiments using mine tailings and industrial wastes conducted under paragraph 7#a7 shall assess-- 7,a7 the reusing of industrial slags and mine tailings in manufacturing2 and 7,b7 other industrial wastes that may have carbon mineralization properties4 7b7 ,study on environmental impacts of mineralization products 7#a7 ,in general ,not later than #c years after the date of enactment of this ,act1 the ,secretary shall conduct1 and submit to ,congress a report that describes the results of1 a study on the environmental impacts of-- 7,a7 broadcasting materials and distributing piles of mine tailings at various scales for the purposes of enhanced carbon mineralization2 and 7,b7 additional mining for the purposes of carbon mineralization4 7#b7 ,requirements ,the study under paragraph 7#a7 shall include an analysis of-- 7,a7 the relative carbon removal potential associated with various scales of carbon mineralization2 7,b7 the cost of environmental mitigation of the environmental impacts identified under the study2 and 7,c7 opportunities-- 7i7 for remediation2 7ii7 to co-extract reactive minerals with conventional mining operations2 and 7iii7 for the use of reactive minerals in mining remediation4 ,c ,aquatic carbon removal #aba4 ,ocean carbon removal mission ,section #ifi;,d of the ,energy ,policy ,act of #bjje 7#db ,u4,s4,c4 #afbih;d7 is amended-- 7#a7 in subsection 7a7 by inserting and aquatic sources after atmosphere2 and 7#b7 in subsection 7c7-- 7,a7 in paragraph 7#e71 by striking and after the semicolon2 7,b7 in paragraph 7#f71 by striking the period at the end and inserting a semicolon2 and 7,c7 by adding at the end the following3 7#g7 ocean carbon removal and strategies1 such as-- 7,a7 blue carbon1 which is the management of vegetated coastal habitats 7including mangroves1 tidal marshes1 seagrasses1 kelp forests1 and other tidal1 freshwater1 or saltwater wetlands7 that sequester carbon 7including autochthonous carbon and allochthonous carbon7 from the atmosphere1 accumulate carbon in biomass1 and store the carbon in soils2 7,b7 direct ocean capture 7as described in section #abb7;a7 of the ,carbon ,removal and ,emissions ,storage ,technologies ,act of #bjbb72 7,c7 microalgae and macroalgae cultivation for-- 7i7 biofuels2 7ii7 bioproducts2 and 7iii7 carbon storage2 and 7,d7 ocean alkalinity enhancement2 and 7#h7 any combination of activities described in paragraphs 7#a7 through 7#g7 that have the potential for significant carbon removal 7as defined in section #b of the ,carbon ,removal and ,emissions ,storage ,technologies ,act of #bjbb74 4 #abb4 ,direct ocean capture assessment 7a7 ,in general ,the ,secretary shall conduct a comprehensive assessment of the potential for removing carbon dioxide directly from the oceans4 7b7 ,methodology ,in conducting the assessment under subsection 7a71 the ,secretary shall consider the potential and relative merits of-- 7#a7 pathways1 methods1 and technologies that are able to directly remove carbon dioxide from the oceans through engineered or inorganic processes2 and 7#b7 technologies such as filters1 membranes1 phase change systems1 chemical conversion1 or other technological pathways4 7c7 ,inclusion ,in conducting the assessment under subsection 7a71 the ,secretary shall incorporate any information on the results of activities conducted under section #bbc of the ,national ,defense ,authorization ,act for ,fiscal ,year #bjbj 7#aj ,u4,s4,c4 #djja note2 ,public ,law #aaf-ib74 7d7 ,report ,not later than #a year after the date of enactment of this ,act1 the ,secretary1 in consultation with the ,administrator of the ,national ,oceanic and ,atmospheric ,administration1 shall submit to the ,committees on ,energy and ,natural ,resources and ,commerce1 ,science1 and ,transportation of the ,senate and the ,committee on ,energy and ,commerce of the ,house of ,representatives a report describing the results of the assessment under subsection 7a74 7e7 ,authorization of appropriations ,there are authorized to be appropriated to the ,secretary to carry out this section-- 7#a7 #b1jjj1jjj for fiscal year #bjbc2 7#b7 #d1jjj1jjj for fiscal year #bjbd2 and 7#c7 #h1jjj1jjj for each of fiscal years #bjbe through #bjbg4 #abc4 ,offshore carbon storage program and assessment 7a7 ,carbon dioxide impacts and fate in the ocean 7#a7 ,in general ,the ,department of ,energy ,carbon ,capture and ,sequestration ,research1 ,development1 and ,demonstration ,act of #bjjg 7,public ,law #aaj-adj2 #aba ,stat4 #agjd7 is amended by adding at the end the following3 #gji4 ,carbon dioxide impacts and fate in the ocean 7a7 ,in general ,the ,secretary shall establish a program to monitor1 research1 and model the ecological impacts of ocean carbon dioxide removal and storage techniques4 7b7 ,coordination ,in carrying out the program established under subsection 7a71 the ,secretary shall coordinate with the ,administrator of the ,national ,oceanic and ,atmospheric ,administration and the ,administrator of the ,national ,aeronautics and ,space ,administration4 7c7 ,authorization of appropriations ,there are authorized to be appropriated to the ,secretary to carry out this section-- 7#a7 #b1jjj1jjj for fiscal year #bjbc2 and 7#b7 #e1jjj1jjj for each of fiscal years #bjbd through #bjbg4 4 7#b7 ,clerical amendment ,the table of contents for the ,energy ,independence and ,security ,act of #bjjg 7,public ,law #aaj-adj2 #aba ,stat4 #adif7 is amended by inserting after the item relating to section #gjh the following3 ,sec4 #gji4 ,carbon dioxide impacts and fate in the ocean4 4 7b7 ,outer continental shelf resource assessment 7#a7 ,in general ,not later than #a year after the date of enactment of this ,act1 the ,secretary shall-- 7,a7 expand the ,carbon,s,a,f,e ,initiative of the ,department of ,energy to complete a national carbon mineralization assessment that examines the full range of carbon mineralization storage potential for the outer ,continental ,shelf region2 and 7,b7 submit to the ,committees on ,energy and ,natural ,resources and ,commerce1 ,science1 and ,transportation of the ,senate and the ,committee on ,energy and ,commerce of the ,house of ,representatives a report describing the results of the assessment4 7#b7 ,authorization of appropriations ,there is authorized to be appropriated to the ,secretary to carry out this subsection #e1jjj1jjj for each of fiscal years #bjbc through #bjbg4 7c7 ,assessment ,to determine the potential for offshore carbon storage 7#a7 ,in general ,the ,secretary1 in consultation with the ,secretary of the ,interior1 the ,administrator of the ,environmental ,protection ,agency1 and the ,administrator of the ,national ,oceanic and ,atmospheric ,administration1 shall conduct a comprehensive assessment of the potential for offshore carbon storage1 including an assessment of-- 7,a7 the potential for offshore carbon storage-- 7i7 in deep offshore sub-seabed locations1 such as in geological formations2 7ii7 at the seabed1 such as through biomass sinking2 and 7iii7 within the oceans1 such as liquid carbon dioxide storage2 and 7,b7 other relevant methods of offshore carbon storage4 7#b7 ,inclusion ,the assessment under paragraph 7#a7 shall include recommendations of measures that the ,department of ,energy may take to improve the ease1 safety1 and security of offshore carbon dioxide storage4 7#c7 ,reporting ,not later than #b years after the date of enactment of this ,act1 the ,secretary shall submit to the ,committees on ,energy and ,natural ,resources and ,commerce1 ,science1 and ,transportation of the ,senate and the ,committee on ,energy and ,commerce of the ,house of ,representatives a report describing the results of the assessment under paragraph 7#a74 ,d ,atmospheric carbon removal #aca4 ,direct air capture technology manufacturing research program 7a7 ,initiative 7#a7 ,in general ,the ,secretary shall establish a program for the research1 development1 and demonstration of manufacturing techniques for direct air capture technologies 7referred to in this section as the program74 7#b7 ,coordination ,in carrying out the program1 the ,secretary shall leverage expertise and resources from-- 7,a7 the ,office of ,science2 7,b7 the ,office of ,energy ,efficiency and ,renewable ,energy2 and 7,c7 the ,office of ,fossil ,energy and ,carbon ,management4 7b7 ,contactor design 7#a7 ,in general ,in carrying out the program1 the ,secretary shall conduct research on applied technology development of air contactor design4 7#b7 ,requirements ,the research under paragraph 7#a7 shall support efforts to improve air contactors with-- 7,a7 low pressure drop2 7,b7 high surface area2 and 7,c7 high longevity4 7c7 ,manufacturing improvement 7#a7 ,in general ,in carrying out the program1 the ,secretary shall conduct research scaling-up manufacturing of direct air capture components4 7#b7 ,requirements ,the research under paragraph 7#a7 shall-- 7,a7 support efforts to improve techniques for low-cost manufacturing of direct air capture components and materials2 and 7,b7 be coordinated with private industry and universities4 7d7 ,authorization of appropriations ,there are authorized to be appropriated to the ,secretary-- 7#a7 to carry out subsection 7b7-- 7,a7 #c1jjj1jjj for fiscal year #bjbc2 7,b7 #g1jjj1jjj for fiscal year #bjbd2 and 7,c7 #aj1jjj1jjj for each of fiscal years #bjbe through #bjbg2 and 7#b7 to carry out subsection 7c7-- 7,a7 #b1jjj1jjj for fiscal year #bjbc2 7,b7 #e1jjj1jjj for fiscal year #bjbd2 and 7,c7 #aj1jjj1jjj for each of fiscal years #bjbe through #bjbg4 ,e ,carbon removal quantification #ada4 ,carbon removal quantification 7a7 ,in general ,title ,v of the ,energy ,act of #bjbj 7#db ,u4,s4,c4 #afbih;e et seq47 is amended by adding at the end the following3 #ejjc4 ,quantifying the benefits of carbon removal 7a7 ,purposes ,the purposes of this section are-- 7#a7 to quantify the net carbon removed through atmospheric and aquatic carbon removal pathways2 7#b7 to determine the current and projected carbon removal capacity of atmospheric and aquatic carbon removal pathways2 7#c7 to determine the current and likely future technical readiness of carbon removal technologies or approaches for large-scale carbon removal deployment2 and 7#d7 to aid in the commercialization of carbon removal technologies or approaches4 7b7 ,definitions ,in this section3 7#a7 ,carbon removal2 carbon removal technology or approach ,the terms carbon removal and carbon removal technology or approach have the meanings given the terms in section #b of the ,carbon ,removal and ,emissions ,storage ,technologies ,act of #bjbb4 7#b7 ,eligible entity ,the term eligible entity means any of the following entities3 7,a7 ,an institution of higher education4 7,b7 ,a ,national ,laboratory4 7,c7 ,a ,federal research agency4 7,d7 ,a ,state research agency4 7,e7 ,a nonprofit research organization4 7,f7 ,an industrial entity4 7,g7 ,a consortium of #b or more entities described in subparagraphs 7,a7 through 7,f74 7#c7 ,secretary ,the term ,secretary means the ,secretary of ,energy4 7c7 ,carbon removal footprint program 7#a7 ,establishment ,not later than #a year after the date of enactment of this section1 the ,secretary shall establish a program to carry out the purposes described in subsection 7a71 including by providing financial assistance to eligible entities to examine the technological1 economic1 and environmental impacts of carbon removal pathways and technologies4 7#b7 ,eligible activities ,activities eligible to receive financial assistance under this section include-- 7,a7 assessments of technological or economic barriers to the widescale deployment of carbon removal pathways and technologies2 and 7,b7 lifecycle assessments for carbon removal pathways and technologies1 including gathering data in partnership with a direct air capture test center authorized under section #ifi;,d7f77#a7 of the ,energy ,policy ,act of #bjje 7#db ,u4,s4,c4 #afbih;d7f77#a774 7#c7 ,applications ,an eligible entity seeking financial assistance under this section shall submit to the ,secretary an application that includes a description of-- 7,a7 the applicable project2 7,b7 the software programs1 consultants1 and general methodologies to be used to conduct the assessment2 7,c7 the location of any applicable facility or project2 7,d7 expected feedstocks and other inputs2 and 7,e7 the expected use of carbon removed4 7#d7 ,priority ,in selecting eligible entities to receive financial assistance under this section1 the ,secretary shall give priority to eligible entities that-- 7,a7 make the assessment publicly available1 with confidential business information redacted or removed2 and 7,b7 have not previously received financial assistance under this section4 4 7b7 ,clerical amendment ,the table of contents for the ,energy ,act of #bjbj 7,public ,law #aaf-bfj2 #acd ,stat4 #bdai7 is amended by inserting after the item relating to section #ejjb the following3 ,sec4 #ejjc4 ,quantifying the benefits of carbon removal4 4 ,,ii ,carbon removal purchasing pilot program #bja4 ,carbon removal purchasing pilot program 7a7 ,in general ,subtitle ,f of title ,,ix of the ,energy ,policy ,act of #bjje 7#db ,u4,s4,c4 #afbia et seq47 is amended by adding at the end the following3 #ifi;,e4 ,carbon removal purchasing pilot program 7a7 ,purposes ,the purposes of this section are-- 7#a7 to accelerate the deployment and commercialization of carbon removal pathways and technologies2 7#b7 to stimulate the development and commercialization of low-carbon products made with carbon dioxide removed from the atmosphere or oceans2 and 7#c7 to support the development of technologies relating to carbon removal4 7b7 ,definitions ,in this section3 7#a7 ,additional ,the term additional1 with respect to carbon dioxide removed from the atmosphere or upper hydrosphere1 means that carbon dioxide was removed pursuant to an intentional carbon removal activity that delivers a net removal of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere1 measured on a lifecycle basis1 that would not have occurred without the carbon removal activity4 7#b7 ,all-in cost ,the term all-in cost means the total cost of-- 7,a7 the capture1 transport1 and storage of carbon dioxide2 and 7,b7 the measurement1 reporting1 and verification of carbon dioxide removed on a net ton carbon dioxide equivalent basis4 7#c7 ,eligible entity ,the term eligible entity means a carbon removal facility that-- 7,a7 is located in the ,united ,states2 7,b7 meets all applicable ,federal and ,state permitting requirements2 and 7,c7 meets financial and technical criteria established by the ,secretary4 7#d7 ,removal ,the term removal means-- 7,a7 the capture of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere or upper hydrosphere through a chemical1 physical1 or other process2 and 7,b7 the subsequent permanent storage or use of the carbon dioxide in a manner that ensures that the carbon dioxide does not reenter the atmosphere or upper hydrosphere4 7#e7 ,upper hydrosphere ,the term upper hydrosphere means the total liquid water existing on the surface level of the earth1 including-- 7,a7 oceans2 7,b7 lakes2 7,c7 rivers2 and 7,d7 other surface bodies of water4 7c7 ,program 7#a7 ,establishment ,the ,secretary shall establish a competitive purchasing pilot program under which the ,secretary shall purchase from eligible entities carbon dioxide removed from the atmosphere or upper hydrosphere4 7#b7 ,purchase ,in carrying out the pilot program under paragraph 7#a71 the ,secretary shall purchase1 subject to the availability of appropriations1 removed carbon dioxide from eligible entities-- 7,a7 until the date on which the first reverse auction is held under paragraph 7#c71 by making a payment per net ton carbon equivalent basis to account for lifecycle greenhouse gas inputs to carbon removal in an amount determined by the ,secretary2 and 7,b7 beginning with the first reverse auction held under paragraph 7#c71 in accordance with the reverse auction procedures described in that paragraph4 7#c7 ,reverse auction procedures 7,a7 ,in general ,not later than #b years after the date of enactment of this section1 and annually thereafter1 the ,secretary shall conduct a reverse auction under which-- 7i7 the ,secretary shall solicit bids from eligible entities in each tier described in subparagraph 7,b77ii7 7referred to in this section as a permanence tier72 and 7ii7 eligible entities shall submit to the ,secretary sealed bids describing-- 7,i7 a desired price for the removed carbon dioxide on a per net ton carbon dioxide equivalent basis2 7,,ii7 the estimated net ton carbon dioxide equivalent removed by the eligible entity annually that the eligible entity desires the ,secretary to purchase at the desired price2 7,,iii7 details of the permanence of the removed carbon dioxide2 7,,iv7 details on the purity1 location1 and transportation options for the removed carbon dioxide to be purchased by the ,secretary for purposes of the all-in costs2 7,v7 a lifecycle assessment of the operation to quantify the net carbon dioxide removed1 while accounting for greenhouse gas emissions associated with the production of the inputs necessary for the carbon dioxide removal and storage processes2 and 7,,vi7 any other details the ,secretary may require4 7,b7 ,selection 7i7 ,in general ,the ,secretary shall-- 7,i7 examine the bids submitted under subparagraph 7,a77ii7 to determine which bids are acceptable under the criteria established by the ,secretary for the applicable permanence tier2 and 7,,ii7 of the bids determined to be acceptable under subclause 7,i71 select the bids containing the lowest desired price for carbon dioxide until the amount of funds available for the applicable permanence tier of the reverse auction is obligated4 7ii7 ,permanence tiers ,in selecting bids under clause 7i71 the ,secretary shall group the permanence of each carbon removal bid into #a of the following #b tiers3 7,i7 ,medium-term tier for bids providing for the removal of carbon dioxide for at least #ajj years1 but fewer than #a1jjj years4 7,,ii7 ,long-term tier for bids providing for the removal of carbon dioxide for #a1jjj years or more4 7iii7 ,priority ,in any case in which the desired price in #b or more bids submitted under subparagraph 7,a77ii7 for an applicable permanence tier is equal1 the ,secretary shall give priority to eligible entities that demonstrate outstanding potential for local and regional economic development in carrying out projects to remove carbon dioxide from ambient air or aquatic sources4 7#d7 ,cost cap 7,a7 ,in general ,subject to subparagraph 7,b71 for purposes of a reverse auction under paragraph 7#c71 the ,secretary shall-- 7i7 determine the current average market price per net ton carbon dioxide equivalent basis to account for lifecycle greenhouse gas inputs of removed carbon within each permanence tier2 and 7ii7 set that price as the maximum price per ton to be paid under the reverse auction within each permanence tier4 7,b7 ,increased cap ,in the case of an eligible entity that uses a technology that has the potential to eventually remove carbon dioxide at an all-in cost of less than #ajj per net ton carbon dioxide equivalent1 the ,secretary shall double the maximum price per net ton carbon dioxide equivalent established under subparagraph 7,a77ii7 with respect to the eligible entity4 7#e7 ,requirement ,in purchasing removed carbon dioxide under the program under paragraph 7#a71 the ,secretary shall determine that the carbon dioxide-- 7,a7 is additional2 7,b7 shall be delivered not later than #e years after the date of the purchase2 7,c7 shall have a monitoring1 reporting1 and verification plan approved by the ,department of ,energy2 and 7,d7 has not less than a #ii percent likelihood of being stored for not fewer than #ajj years4 7d7 ,use of carbon dioxide ,carbon dioxide purchased under the pilot program under subsection 7c71 at the discretion of the ,secretary1 may be used or stored in any manner that ensures that the carbon dioxide does not reenter the atmosphere or upper hydrosphere during the time period associated with the applicable permanence tier4 7e7 ,pilot program coordination ,amounts made available under this section may be made available to carry out pilot and demonstration projects described in section #ifi;,d7f77#b77;,b7 and section #ifi;,d7g74 7f7 ,confidentiality ,the ,secretary shall establish procedures to ensure that any confidential1 private1 proprietary1 or privileged information that is included in a sealed bid submitted under this section is not publicly disclosed or otherwise improperly used4 7g7 ,authorization of appropriations 7#a7 ,in general ,there are authorized to be appropriated to the ,secretary to carry out this section-- 7,a7 #bj1jjj1jjj for fiscal year #bjbc2 7,b7 #cj1jjj1jjj for fiscal year #bjbd2 and 7,c7 #fj1jjj1jjj for each of fiscal years #bjbe through #bjbg4 7#b7 ,allocation ,amounts made available under paragraph 7#a7 for each fiscal year shall be allocated between the permanence tiers as follows3 7,a7 #gj percent shall be allocated for the permanence tier described in subsection 7c77#c77;,b77ii77,,ii74 7,b7 #cj percent shall be allocated for the permanence tier described in subsection 7c77#c77;,b77ii77,i74 4 7b7 ,clerical amendment ,the table of contents for the ,energy ,policy ,act of #bjje 7,public ,law #aji-ei2 #aai ,stat4 #fjj2 #acd ,stat4 #beej7 is amended by adding at the end of the items relating to subtitle ,f of title ,,ix the following3 ,sec4 #ifi;,e4 ,carbon removal purchasing pilot program4 4