#aagth ,,congress #ast ,session ,s4 #cbid ,,an ,,act ,to obtain and direct the placement in the ,capitol or on the ,capitol ,grounds of a statue to honor ,associate ,justice of the ,supreme ,court of the ,united ,states ,sandra ,day ,o',connor and a statue to honor ,associate ,justice of the ,supreme ,court of the ,united ,states ,ruth ,bader ,ginsburg4 #a4 ,findings 7a7 ,sandra ,day ,o',connor ,congress finds the following3 7#a7 ,sandra ,day ,o',connor was born in #aicj in ,el ,paso1 ,texas1 and spent her childhood on her family's isolated ,arizona cattle ranch4 ,she lived with her grandmother in ,el ,paso during the school year1 away from her home and parents4 7#b7 ,o',connor matriculated to ,stanford ,university at the age of #af1 and combined her undergraduate and law school curricula1 graduating with a bachelor's degree in economics and a law degree in just #f years4 ,she was third in her law school class1 behind ,william ,rehnquist1 her future colleague on the ,supreme ,court of the ,united ,states 7in this section referred to as the ,supreme ,court74 7#c7 ,despite her qualifications1 ,o',connor could not find work as an attorney because of bias against women in the law4 ,she ended up negotiating for an unpaid position in the ,san ,mateo ,county ,district ,attorney's office at a shared desk1 while her husband1 ,john1 finished at ,stanford ,law ,school #a year later4 7#d7 ,o',connor traveled to ,frankfurt1 ,germany1 in #aied with her husband ,john1 who had joined the ,united ,states ,army ,judge ,advocate ,general's ,corps1 where she was able to find work as a civilian attorney with the ,united ,states ,army ,quartermaster ,corps4 ,in #aieg1 ,o',connor returned to ,arizona and still could not find work with a traditional law firm due to her gender1 so she hung out a shingle as a sole practitioner4 7#e7 ,in #aife1 ,o',connor was hired as an ,assistant ,attorney ,general for the ,state of ,arizona4 7#f7 ,active in ,republican ,party politics and well-received for her work at the ,arizona ,state ,capitol1 ,o',connor was appointed to an ,arizona ,state ,senate seat in #aifi when the incumbent1 also a woman1 was appointed to a ,federal position and vacated the office4 7#g7 ,in #aigj1 ,o',connor was elected to the ,arizona ,state ,senate and served #b consecutive terms4 ,in #aigb1 she was selected as ,majority ,leader of the ,arizona ,state ,senate1 the first time a woman held such a position in any ,state4 7#h7 ,in #aigd1 ,o',connor ran for office as a trial court judge4 ,she won and was later appointed to the ,arizona ,court of ,appeals in #aigi4 7#i7 ,on ,august #ai1 #aiha1 ,president ,ronald ,reagan nominated ,o',connor to be an ,associate ,justice of the ,supreme ,court1 to fill the seat vacated by ,associate ,justice ,potter ,stewart4 ,on ,september #ba1 #aiha1 the ,senate confirmed ,o',connor's nomination by a unanimous vote1 making her the first woman to serve on the ,supreme ,court4 7#aj7 ,o',connor established herself as a pragmatic1 independent voice on the ,supreme ,court1 casting decisive votes during a time when the ,court was being asked to resolve politically charged issues4 7#aa7 ,in the #aihb case of ,mississippi ,university for ,women v4 ,hogan1 ,o',connor wrote the majority opinion holding that the ,state could not prevent men from enrolling in an all-women's nursing school1 writing that laws discriminating on the basis of sex would be allowed only if there was an exceedingly persuasive justification for them4 7#ab7 ,o',connor sought1 when possible1 to find the middle ground between her often-divided colleagues1 frequently joining the majority decision but presenting her views in concurring opinions that eschewed broad constitutional doctrine in favor of resolving the cases before the ,court4 7#ac7 ,o',connor put a very public face on the role of the ,supreme ,court1 domestically and around the world4 ,she became the ,court's most prolific public speaker1 traveling to all #ej ,states and to countless law schools1 libraries1 and public events to describe how the ,court works and its role in our constitutional form of government4 ,she traveled worldwide as an ambassador for the ,rule of ,law and the independence of judiciaries everywhere4 7#ad7 ,after #bd years on the ,supreme ,court1 ,o',connor announced her retirement to care for her ailing husband1 who had ,alzheimer's disease4 ,president ,george ,w4 ,bush nominated ,john ,roberts1 ,jr41 for the vacancy1 but before ,roberts was confirmed1 ,chief ,justice ,rehnquist passed away1 creating a second vacancy4 ,president ,bush personally appealed to ,o',connor to remain on the ,court so he could nominate ,roberts for the ,chief ,justice vacancy and have more time to make a second nomination to the ,court4 ,in yet another act of public service1 ,o',connor agreed to serve until ,samuel ,alito was confirmed to fill her seat on ,january #ca1 #bjjf4 7#ae7 ,o',connor began her retirement with #b goals4 ,one was to convince more ,states to adopt merit selection of judges for filling vacancies in ,state courts4 ,the second was to educate the public on the importance of an independent judiciary4 ,her judicial independence work led to her awareness of a national civics education deficit4 7#af7 ,in #bjji1 ,o',connor created i,civics4org to educate young ,americans about civics and what it means to be a citizen4 ,that endeavor grew to become the largest civics education platform in the country1 with over #g1jjj1jjj students annually enrolling in the programs4 ,its popularity was due to a captivating online1 interactive gaming approach4 ,the program was free to all and had no advertising4 i,civics played a crucial role in ,educating for ,american ,democracy1 a federally funded initiative to improve civics and history education1 which released its reports in ,march #bjba4 7b7 ,ruth ,bader ,ginsburg ,congress finds the following3 7#a7 ,ruth ,bader ,ginsburg was born in #aicc in ,brooklyn1 ,new ,york1 and grew up in a low-income1 working-class neighborhood4 7#b7 ,ginsburg graduated from ,cornell ,university in #aied1 finishing first in her class4 ,following her graduation1 ,ginsburg enrolled at ,harvard ,law ,school in #aief1 entering into a class of #eeb men and only #h other women4 7#c7 ,as a law student1 ,ginsburg became the first female member of the ,harvard ,law ,review1 a prestigious legal journal4 ,she also cared for her husband1 ,martin ,ginsburg1 who had been diagnosed with cancer1 and their young daughter4 ,ginsburg finished her legal education at ,columbia ,law ,school1 where she graduated first in her class in #aiei4 7#d7 ,ginsburg taught at ,rutgers ,university ,law ,school from #aifc to #aigb and at ,columbia ,law ,school from #aigb to #aihj1 where she became the school's first female tenured professor4 7#e7 ,during the #aigjs1 ,ginsburg served as the director of the ,women's ,rights ,project of the ,american ,civil ,liberties ,union4 ,in this position1 she led the fight against gender discrimination and successfully argued #f landmark cases before the ,supreme ,court4 7#f7 ,ginsburg won #e cases on gender discrimination before the ,supreme ,court1 including the case ,weinberger v4 ,wiesenfeld1 which involved a portion of the ,social ,security ,act that favored women over men1 because the ,act granted certain benefits to widows1 but not widowers4 7#g7 ,in #aihj1 ,president ,jimmy ,carter nominated ,ginsburg to a seat on the ,united ,states ,court of ,appeals for the ,district of ,columbia ,circuit4 7#h7 ,on ,june #bb1 #aiic1 ,president ,bill ,clinton nominated ,ginsburg to be an ,associate ,justice of the ,supreme ,court1 to fill the seat vacated by ,associate ,justice ,byron ,white4 ,on ,august #c1 #aiic1 the ,senate confirmed ,ginsburg's nomination to the ,supreme ,court by a #if to #c vote4 7#i7 ,ginsburg became the second female justice to serve on the ,supreme ,court1 as well as the first ,jewish female justice to serve on the ,supreme ,court4 7#aj7 ,as a justice1 ,ginsburg presented a strong voice in favor of gender equality1 voting rights1 the rights of workers1 and the separation of church and state4 7#aa7 ,in #aiif1 ,ginsburg wrote the ,supreme ,court's landmark decision in ,united ,states v4 ,virginia1 which held that the ,state-supported ,virginia ,military ,institute could not refuse to admit women4 7#ab7 ,ginsburg famously dissented in ,ledbetter v4 ,goodyear ,tire ,rubber ,co41 where the plaintiff1 a female worker being paid significantly less than males with her same qualifications1 sued under title ,,vii of the ,civil ,rights ,act of #aifd 7#db ,u4,s4,c4 #bjjj;e et seq471 but was denied relief under a statute of limitation issue4 ,ginsburg broke with tradition and wrote a high colloquial version of her dissent to read from the bench4 ,in her dissent1 she also called for ,congress to undo this interpretation of the law4 7#ac7 ,ginsburg's impactful dissent in ,ledbetter v4 ,goodyear ,tire ,rubber ,co4 led to the successful passage of the ,lilly ,ledbetter ,fair ,pay ,act of #bjji 7,public ,law #aaa-b2 #abc ,stat4 #e71 which was the first piece of legislation signed by ,president ,barack ,obama4 7#ad7 ,until the #bjah term1 ,ginsburg had not missed a day of oral arguments1 not even when she was undergoing chemotherapy for pancreatic cancer1 after surgery for colon cancer1 or the day after her husband passed away in #bjaj4 7#ae7 ,ginsburg passed away on ,september #ah1 #bjbj4 #b4 ,statues honoring ,justice ,sandra ,day ,o',connor and ,justice ,ruth ,bader ,ginsburg 7a7 ,obtaining of statues 7#a7 ,in general ,not later than #b years after the date of the enactment of this ,act1 in consultation with the ,committee on ,house ,administration of the ,house of ,representatives and the ,committee on ,rules and ,administration of the ,senate1 and under such terms and conditions as the ,joint ,committee of ,congress on the ,library considers appropriate1 consistent with applicable law1 the ,joint ,committee shall-- 7,a7 enter into an agreement to obtain a statue honoring ,associate ,justice of the ,supreme ,court of the ,united ,states ,sandra ,day ,o',connor2 and 7,b7 enter into an agreement to obtain a statue honoring ,associate ,justice of the ,supreme ,court of the ,united ,states ,ruth ,bader ,ginsburg4 7#b7 ,consideration ,in selecting one or more artists to make the statues obtained under paragraph 7#a71 the ,joint ,committee of ,congress on the ,library shall make the announcement available to1 and consider1 artists from a variety of backgrounds1 including artists from underrepresented demographic groups4 7b7 ,installation 7#a7 ,in general ,the ,architect of the ,capitol1 under the direction of the ,joint ,committee of ,congress on the ,library1 shall permanently install each statue obtained under subsection 7a7 in a prominent location in the ,capitol or on the ,capitol ,grounds1 as described in section #eajb of title #dj1 ,united ,states ,code4 7#b7 ,priority for location ,in determining the location for the permanent installation of each statue obtained under subsection 7a71 the ,joint ,committee of ,congress on the ,library shall give priority to identifying an appropriate location near the ,old ,supreme ,court ,chamber of the ,united ,states ,capitol4 7c7 ,funding ,amounts available in the ,capitol ,preservation ,fund established under section #hjc of the ,arizona-,idaho ,conservation ,act of #aihh 7#b ,u4,s4,c4 #bjhc7 may be used by the ,joint ,committee of ,congress on the ,library for payments for the costs of creating and installing the statues obtained under subsection 7a71 without regard to subsections 7b7 and 7d7 of such section1 provided that not more than #ejj1jjj of such amounts may be used for each statue obtained under subsection 7a74 ,passed the ,senate ,december #i1 #bjba4,secretary