,,ii  #aag? ,,congress  #a/ ,session    
,s4 #bieb  ,,9 ,,! ,,s5ate ,,( ,,!      
,,unit$ ,,/ates  ,octob] #g1 #bjba,mr4  
,paul 7= himself1 ,mr4 ,book]1 ,mr4     
,braun1 ,mr4 ,k5n$y1 & ,mr4 ,lujn7      
introduc$ ! foll[+ bill2 :i* 0 read     
twice & ref]r$ to ! ,committee on       
,heal?1 ,education1 ,labor1 & ,p5sions  
,a ,,bill  ,to am5d ! ,f$]al ,food1     
,drug1 & ,cosmetic ,act to all[         
manufactur]s & sponsors ( a drug to use 
alt]native te/+ me?ods to animal te/+ to
 inve/igate ! safety & effectiv5ess ( a 
drug1 & = o!r purposes4  #a4 ,%ort title
 ,?is ,act may be cit$ z ! ,,fda        
,mod]nization ,act ( #bjba4  #b4 ,new   
approa* me?odologies ,section #eje ( !  
,f$]al ,food1 ,drug1 & ,cosmetic ,act   
7#ba ,u4,s4,c4 #cee7 is am5d$-- 7#a7 9  
subsection 7b77#e77;,b77i77,,ii71 by    
/rik+ animal & ins]t+ noncl9ical te/s or
 /udies2  7#b7 9 subsection 7i7-- 7,a7 9
 p>agraph 7#a77;,a71 by /rik+ precl9ical
 te/s 7includ+ te/s on animals7 & ins]t+
 noncl9ical te/s2 &  7,b7 9 p>agraph    

7#b77;,b71 by /rik+ animal & ins]t+     
noncl9ical te/s or /udies2 &  7#c7 aft] 
subsection 7y71 by ins]t+ ! foll[+3  7z7
 ,noncl9ical te/ or /udy def9$ ,=       
purposes ( ?is section1 ! t]m noncl9ical
 te/ or /udy means a te/ or /udy        
conduct$ 9 vitro1 9 silico1 9 *emico1 or
 9 vivo t occurs be=e or dur+ ! cl9ical 
trial phase ( ! inve/igation ( ! safety 
& effectiv5ess ( a drug1 & may include !
 foll[+3 7#a7 ,cell-bas$ assays4  7#b7  
,organ *ips & microphysiological sy/ems4
  7#c7 ,comput] models4  7#d7 ,o!r      
non-animal or human biology-bas$ te/    
me?ods4  7#e7 ,animal te/s4  4