,,ii  #aag? ,,congress  #a/ ,session    
,s4 #bedg  ,,9 ,,! ,,s5ate ,,( ,,!      
,,unit$ ,,/ates  ,july #bi1 #bjba,mr4   
,wyd5 7= himself1 ,mr4 ,tillis1 & ,mr4  
,:iteh\se7 introduc$ ! foll[+ bill2 :i* 
0 read twice & ref]r$ to ! ,committee on
 ! ,judici>y  ,a ,,bill  ,to improve !  
proc$ures = ! au!ntication & ! secure & 
tamp]-evid5t deliv]y & transmission (   
c]ta9 c\rt ord]s4  #a4 ,%ort title ,?is 
,act may be cit$ z ! ,digital           
,au!nticity = ,c\rt ,ord]s ,act ( #bjba4
  #b4 ,f9d+s ,congress f9ds ! foll[+3   
7#a7 ,9 rec5t ye>s1 crim9als h creat$   
c\nt]feit c\rt ord]s :i* !y h us$ to    
trick telecommunications & te*nology    
companies into p]=m+ illegal wiretaps & 
remov+ onl9e cont5t4  7#b7 ,c\nt]feit   
c\rt ord]s ?reat5 public tru/ 9 ! c\rts1
 & und]m9e ! privacy ( ! p ( ! ,unit$   
,/ates & _! rights "u ! ,fir/ ,am5dm5t  
to ! ,con/itution ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4    
7#c7 ,secure digital signature te*nology
 has exi/$ = decades t solves ?is       
problem4 ,digital signatures enable     

recipi5ts ( a digital docum5t to v]ify t
 x 0 issu$ by an au?oriz$ entity & t x  
has n be5 tamp]$ ) or modifi$ s9ce x 0  
digitally sign$4  7#d7 ,s9ce #aiid1 !   
,national ,in/itute ( ,/&>ds &          
,te*nology has publi%$ ,f$]al ,in=mation
 ,process+ ,/&>d #ahf-d1 :i* is !       
(ficial /&>d = digital signatures = !   
,f$]al ,gov]nm5t4  7#e7 ,s9ce #aiih1 !  
,gov]nm5t ,pap]work ,elim9ation ,act    
7title ,,xvii ( division ,c ( ,public   
,law #aje-bgg2 #aab ,/at4 #bfha-gdi7 & !
 am5dm5ts made by t ,act h requir$      
,f$]al executive bran* ag5cies use      
digital signatures to conduct (ficial   
bus9ess ) ! public4  7#f7 ,section #bbji
 ( ! ,homel& ,security ,act ( #bjjb 7#f 
,u4,s4,c4 #fei71 z am5d$ by section     
#agaf ( ! ,william ,m4 7,mac7 ,?ornb]ry 
,national ,def5se ,au?orization ,act =  
,fiscal ,ye> #bjba1 requires t subpo5as 
issu$ by ! ,cyb]security &              
,infra/ructure ,security ,ag5cy be      
au!nticat$ ) a cryptographic digital    
signature & t subpo5as lack+ su* a      

digital signature %all n be consid]$ to 
be valid by ! recipi5t ( su* subpo5a4   
7#g7 ,! legislative bran* has also      
embrac$ digital signatures4 ,e bill po/$
 to congress4gov is digitally sign$ by !
 ,gov]nm5t ,publi%+ ,(fice4  7#h7       
,f$]al1 ,/ate1 & ,tribal c\rts h n kept 
pace ) ! adoption ( digital signature   
te*nology by o!r bran*es ( gov]nm5t4    
7#i7 ,illegal wiretaps by _! nature     
involve ! int]ception ( private         
communications t fl[ ov] means or       
in/rum5talities ( int]/ate or =eign     
comm]ce4  7#aj7 ,cont5t & data deliv]$  
ov] ! int]net is a ?+ 9 int]/ate or     
=eign comm]ce4 ,to ! ext5t t a c\nt]feit
 c\rt ord] w\ld result 9 t cont5t be+   
remov$ f ! int]net1 t c\nt]feit ord]    
affects ?+s 9 int]/ate & =eign comm]ce4 
,congress may !re=e take /eps to ensure 
! au!nticity ( ord]s purport+ to require
 ! removal ( onl9e cont5t 9 int]/ate or 
=eign comm]ce4  7#aa7 ,consum]s w n     
cont9ue to d bus9ess )                  
telecommunications & te*nology companies

 if ^? companies facilitate surveillance
 ( _! private communications or remove  
_! cont5t 9 response to fraudul5t c\rt  
ord]s4  7#ab7 ,! abs5ce ( digital       
signatures f c\rt ord]s places an       
unreasonable economic burd5 on          
telecommunications & te*nology          
companies4 ,^! companies mu/ ei!r exp5d 
significant ef=t & res\rces to manually 
v]ify ! legitimacy ( ea* c\rt ord] !y   
receive or be> ! risk ( significant     
reputational & f9ancial h>m4  7#ac7 ,!  
abs5ce ( v]ifiable digital signatures on
 c\rt ord]s !re=e creates an            
unreasonable burd5 on int]/ate or =eign 
comm]ce ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 :i* ,congress
 has ! p[] to rem$y4  7#ad7 ,! adoption 
( digital signature te*nology by ,f$]al 
c\rts alone w n address ! ?reat (       
c\nt]feit+4 ,crim9als h creat$ & pass$  
(f c\nt]feit ,/ate c\rt ord]s & w       
cont9ue to d s4  7#ae7 ,z su*1 !        
legitimacy ( & public tru/ 9 ! c\rts    
dep5ds ^u e c\rt1 ,f$]al1 ,/ate1 &      
,tribal1 adopt+ digital signature       

te*nology4  #c4 ,def9itions ,9 ?is      
,act-- 7#a7 ! t]m appropriate committees
 ( ,congress means-- 7,a7 ! ,committee  
on ! ,judici>y & ! ,committee on        
,appropriations ( ! ,s5ate2 &  7,b7 !   
,committee on ! ,judici>y & ! ,committee
 on ,appropriations ( ! ,h\se (         
,repres5tatives2  7#b7 ! t]m au?oriz$   
c\rt (fic] or employee means an (fic] or
 employee ( a ,f$]al1 ,/ate1 or ,tribal 
c\rt t is au?oriz$ by ! ,f$]al1 ,/ate1  
or ,tribal c\rt to digitally sign cov]$ 
ord]s2  7#c7 ! t]m conta9s an au!ntic   
digital signature1 ) respect to a cov]$ 
ord]1 means t ! cov]$ ord] conta9s a    
digital signature-- 7,a7 by an au?oriz$ 
c\rt (fic] or employee ( ! ,f$]al1      
,/ate1 or ,tribal c\rt issu+ ! cov]$    
ord]2  7,b7 t-- 7i7 complies ) ! /&>ds  
c]tifi$ & promulgat$ by ! ,director ( ! 
,adm9i/rative ,(fice ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates  
,c\rts "u section #d7;a77#a77;,a77ii72  
or  7ii7 if ! ,director ( !             
,adm9i/rative ,(fice ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates  
,c\rts promulgates updat$ /&>ds "u      

section #d7;a77#a77;,b77ii71 on & aft] !
 date t is #a ye> aft] ! date on :i* !  
,director ( ! ,adm9i/rative ,(fice ( !  
,unit$ ,/ates ,c\rts promulgates a set (
 updat$ /&>ds1 complies ) su* set (     
updat$ /&>ds2 &  7,c7 t confirms t !    
cov]$ ord] is au!ntic2  7#d7 ! t]m cov]$
 ord] means an ord]-- 7,a7 direct$ to a 
p]son o!r ?an a p>ty to ! proce$+s 9 :i*
 ! ord] is ent]$2 &  7,b7 t is-- 7i7 an 
ord] au?oriz+ or approv+ ! int]ception (
 a wire communication1 oral             
communication1 or electronic            
communication "u *apt] #aai ( title #ah1
 ,unit$ ,/ates ,code1 or "u an equival5t
 ,/ate law2  7ii7 an ord] au?oriz+ or   
approv+ ! in/allation & use ( a p5      
regi/] or a trap & trace device "u *apt]
 #bjf ( title #ah1 ,unit$ ,/ates ,code1 
or "u an equival5t ,/ate law2  7iii7 an 
ord] = ! in/allation ( a mobile track+  
device "u section #caag ( title #ah1    
,unit$ ,/ates ,code2  7iv7 an ord] =    
disclosure "u *apt] #aba ( title #ah1   
,unit$ ,/ates ,code2  7v7 a se>* or     

seizure w>rant issu$ us+ ! proc$ures    
describ$ 9 ! ,f$]al ,rules ( ,crim9al   
,proc$ure or 9 ! case ( a ,/ate or      
,tribal c\rt1 issu$ us+ ,/ate or ,tribal
 w>rant proc$ures2  7vi7 9 ! case ( a   
c\rt-m>tial or o!r proce$+ "u *apt] #dg 
( title #aj1 ,unit$ ,/ates ,code 7,uni=m
 ,code ( ,milit>y ,ju/ice71 a w>rant or 
ord] issu$ "u section #hdf ( t title2   
7vii7 an ord] "u section #afea ( title  
#bh1 ,unit$ ,/ates ,code2  7viii7 an    
ord] = ?ird p>ty assi/ance "u section   
#beah7d7 or section #cabd ( title #ah1  
,unit$ ,/ates ,code2  7ix7 an ord] to   
en=ce ! assi/ance capability & capacity 
requirem5ts "u section #bebb ( title    
#ah1 ,unit$ ,/ates ,code2  7x7 an ord]  
"u section #bgje7;b7 ( title #ah1 ,unit$
 ,/ates ,code1 prohibit+ notify+ o!r    
p]sons2  7xi7 an ord] au?oriz+          
electronic surveillance issu$ "u section
 #aje ( ! ,=eign ,intellig5ce           
,surveillance ,act ( #aigh 7#ej         
,u4,s4,c4 #ahje72  7xii7 an ord]        
au?oriz+ a physical se>* issu$ "u       

section #cjd ( ! ,=eign ,intellig5ce    
,surveillance ,act ( #aigh 7#ej         
,u4,s4,c4 #ahbd72  7xiii7 an ord]       
requir+ ! production ( tangible ?+s     
issu$ "u section #eja ( ! ,=eign        
,intellig5ce ,surveillance ,act ( #aigh 
7#ej ,u4,s4,c4 #ahfa72  7xiv7 an ord]   
au?oriz+ an acquisition or t>get+ t is  
issu$ "u title ,,vii ( ! ,=eign         
,intellig5ce ,surveillance ,act ( #aigh 
7#ej ,u4,s4,c4 #ahha et seq472  7xv7 an 
ord] issu$ "u section #eab7;j7 ( title  
#ag1 ,unit$ ,/ates ,code2  7xvi7 an ord]
 requir+ ! removal or block+ ( cont5t   
publi%$ on ! int]net2  7xvii7 an ord] t 
p]man5tly or tempor>ily seizes a doma9  
"n1 includ+ by requir+ ! *ange ( !      
regi/r> ( record = ! doma9 "n or prev5t+
 ! doma9 "n f resolv+ to a p>ticul>     
int]net protocol address2 or  7xviii7   
any o!r type ( ord] = :i* ! ,judicial   
,conf]5ce ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates det]m9es t !
 use ( digital signatures w\ld result 9 
increas$ tru/ 9 ! c\rts & r$uce ! risk &
 impact ( fraudul5t ef=ts to imp]sonate 

c\rt ord]s2  7#e7 ! t]m digital         
signature has ! mean+ giv5 ! t]m 9      
section #hej4ajc ( title #e1 ,code (    
,f$]al ,regulations1 or any successor   
!reto2  7#f7 ! t]m digital signature    
te*nology means cryptographic te*nology 
t all[s a recipi5t ( a cov]$ c\rt ord]  
to det]m9e t ! cov]$ ord]-- 7,a7 0 issu$
 by a ,f$]al1 ,/ate1 or ,tribal c\rt2 & 
7,b7 has n be5 tamp]$ ) or modifi$ s9ce 
x 0 issu$ by ! c\rt2  7#g7 ! t]m ,indian
 ,tribe has ! mean+ giv5 su* t]m 9      
section #ajb ( ! ,f$]ally ,recogniz$    
,indian ,tribe ,li/ ,act ( #aiid 7#be   
,u4,s4,c4 #eacj72  7#h7 ! t]m provid]   
means an electronic communication s]vice
 provid]1 z def9$ 9 section #gja7;b7 ( !
 ,=eign ,intellig5ce ,surveillance ,act 
( #aigh 7#ej ,u4,s4,c4 #ahha7;b772  7#i7
 ! t]m ,/ate means ea* ( ! sev]al ,/ates
 ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ! ,di/rict (        
,columbia1 ! ,commonweal? ( ,pu]to      
,rico1 ,am]ican ,samoa1 ! ,commonweal? (
 ! ,nor!rn ,m>iana ,isl&s1 ,guam1 & !   
,unit$ ,/ates ,virg9 ,isl&s2 &  7#aj7 ! 

t]m ,tribal means ( or p]ta9+ to an     
,indian ,tribe4  #d4 ,ensur+ au!nticity 
& integrity ( c\rt ord]s affect+        
int]/ate comm]ce  7a7 ,/&>diz$ te*nology
 = digital signatures  7#a7 ,initial    
/&>ds  7,a7 ,9 g5]al ,n lat] ?an #b ye>s
 aft] ! date ( enactm5t ( ?is ,act1 & 9 
accordance ) p>agraph 7#b7-- 7i7 !      
,director ( ! ,national ,in/itute (     
,/&>ds & ,te*nology %all develop propos$
 /&>ds = ! use ( digital signature      
te*nology = cov]$ ord]s1 :i* %all-- 7,i7
 be bas$ on op5 /&>ds2 &  7,,ii7        
facilitate audits to enable c\rts to    
id5tify :e!r cryptographic keys1 or an  
equally secure successor te*nology1 us$ 
to digitally au!nticate cov]$ ord]s h   
be5 lo/1 /ol51 or misus$2 &  7ii7 on !  
basis ( ! propos$ /&>ds develop$ "u     
clause 7i71 ! ,director ( !             
,adm9i/rative ,(fice ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates  
,c\rts %all c]tify & promulgate /&>ds = 
! use ( digital signature te*nology =   
cov]$ ord]s4  7,b7 ,updat+ ,9 accordance
 ) p>agraph 7#b7-- 7i7 n lat] ?an #e    

ye>s aft] develop+ propos$ /&>ds = ! use
 ( digital signature te*nology = cov]$  
ord]s "u subp>agraph 7,a77i71 & e #e    
ye>s !reaft]1 ! ,director ( ! ,national 
,in/itute ( ,/&>ds & ,te*nology %all    
update su* /&>ds2 &  7ii7 n lat] ?an #f 
mon?s aft] receiv+ /&>ds updat$ "u      
clause 7i71 & on ! basis ( su* /&>ds1 ! 
,director ( ! ,adm9i/rative ,(fice ( !  
,unit$ ,/ates ,c\rts %all c]tify &      
promulgate updat$ /&>ds = ! use (       
digital signature te*nology = cov]$     
ord]s4  7#b7 ,consultation ,9 develop+  
or updat+ propos$ /&>ds & c]tify+ &     
promulgat+ /&>ds "u p>agraph 7#a71 !    
,director ( ! ,national ,in/itute (     
,/&>ds & ,te*nology & ! ,director ( !   
,adm9i/rative ,(fice ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates  
,c\rts %all ea* consult )-- 7,a7 !      
,attorney ,g5]al2  7,b7 ! ,director ( ! 
,cyb]security & ,infra/ructure ,security
 ,ag5cy2  7,c7 ! ,adm9i/rator ( ,g5]al  
,s]vices2  7,d7 ! ,director ( !         
,gov]nm5t ,publi%+ ,(fice2  7,e7 !      
,national ,c5t] = ,/ate ,c\rts2  7,f7 ! 

,national ,am]ican ,indian ,c\rt ,judges
 ,association2  7,g7 indep5d5t exp]ts 9 
cyb]security2  7,h7 provid]s2  7,i7     
private entities (f]+ electronic case   
managem5t s(tw>e2 &  7,j7 ! ,ar*ivi/ ( !
 ,unit$ ,/ates4  7#c7 ,implem5tation    
assi/ance  7,a7 ,digital signature      
s]vice  7i7 ,9 g5]al ,not)/&+ any       
limitations on ! au?ority ( ! ,g5]al    
,s]vices ,adm9i/ration to provide       
s]vices to ,/ate or ,tribal entities1 ! 
,adm9i/rator ( ,g5]al ,s]vices %all (f] 
a manag$ digital signature s]vice to ea*
 ,f$]al1 ,/ate1 or ,tribal c\rt t w all[
 ! c\rt to digitally sign cov]$ ord]s   
)\t ! c\rt hav+ to hold & secure !      
long-t]m cryptographic keys us$ to      
digitally au!nticate ! cov]$ ord]s1 or  
an equally secure successor te*nology4  
7ii7 ,consultation ,! digital signature 
s]vice (f]$ "u clause 7i7 %all be       
develop$ & implem5t$ 9 consultation ) ! 
,adm9i/rative ,(fice ( ,unit$ ,/ates    
,c\rts1 ! ,national ,c5t] = ,/ate       
,c\rts1 ! ,national ,am]ican ,indian    

,c\rt ,judges ,association1 ! ,gov]nm5t 
,publi%+ ,(fice1 & ! ,director ( !      
,cyb]security & ,infra/ructure ,security
 ,ag5cy4  7iii7 ,requirem5ts ,! digital 
signature s]vice (f]$ "u clause 7i7 %all
 be design$ to-- 7,i7 p]mit an au?oriz$ 
c\rt (fic] or employee ( a ,f$]al1      
,/ate1 or ,tribal c\rt to digitally sign
 cov]$ ord]s f a c\rt (fice & :ile      
telework+2 &  7,,ii7 be cont9u\sly      
available = use4  7,b7 ,use ,if a       
,f$]al1 ,/ate1 or ,tribal c\rt elects to
 use ! manag$ digital signature s]vice  
(f]$ "u subp>agraph 7,a71 ! ,g5]al      
,s]vices ,adm9i/ration %all provide an  
onl9e s]vice1 available bo? ?r\gh a     
publicly-docum5t$ & publicly-available  
application programm+ int]face & ?r\gh  
secure & public websites1 t enable      
au?oriz$ c\rt (fic]s & employees to     
digitally sign a cov]$ ord] & recipi5ts 
( a cov]$ ord] & o!r ?ird p>ties to     
v]ify t ! cov]$ ord] has a valid digital
 signature at no co/ to ! recipi5t or   
?ird p>ty4  7,c7 ,no co/ to c\rts ,!    

,adm9i/rator ( ,g5]al ,s]vices %all     
provide ! manag$ digital signature      
s]vice to ,f$]al1 ,/ate1 & ,tribal c\rts
 "u ?is p>agraph at no co/ to ! c\rt4   
7,d7 ,reimbursem5t ,! ,attorney ,g5]al  
%all reimburse ! ,adm9i/rator ( ,g5]al  
,s]vices = ! co/s ( build+1 op]at+1 &   
ma9ta9+ ! manag$ digital signature      
s]vice = ,f$]al1 ,/ate1 & ,tribal c\rts4
  7b7 ,digital signature requirem5ts =  
,f$]al c\rt ord]s  7#a7 ,9 g5]al  7,a7  
,pilot+ ! use ( digital signatures      
,beg9n+ n lat] ?an #b ye>s aft] ! date  
on :i* ! /&>ds are c]tifi$ & promulgat$ 
by ! ,director ( ! ,adm9i/rative ,(fice 
( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,c\rts "u subsection  
7a77#a77;,a77ii71 n less ?an #a di/rict 
c\rt ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates 9 ea* ,f$]al     
judicial circuit %all use digital       
signature te*nology t complies ) ! /&>ds
 to au!nticate all cov]$ ord]s issu$ by 
t c\rt4  7,b7 ,requir$ use ( digital    
signature te*nology  7i7 ,9 g5]al       
,beg9n+ n lat] ?an #d ye>s aft] ! date  
on :i* ! /&>ds are c]tifi$ & promulgat$ 

by ! ,director ( ! ,adm9i/rative ,(fice 
( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,c\rts "u subsection  
7a77#a77;,a77ii71 ea* ,f$]al c\rt %all  
use digital signature te*nology t       
complies ) ! /&>ds to au!nticate all    
cov]$ ord]s issu$ by ! c\rt4  7ii7      
,updates ,n lat] ?an #a ye> aft] ! date 
on :i* updat$ /&>ds are c]tifi$ &       
promulgat$ by ! ,director ( !           
,adm9i/rative ,(fice ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates  
,c\rts "u subsection 7a77#a77;,b77ii71  
ea* ,f$]al c\rt sy/em %all update !     
digital signature te*nology us$ by !    
c\rt to comply ) ! updat$ /&>ds4  7,c7  
,plan = loss or !ft ,ea* ,f$]al c\rt us+
 digital signature te*nology %all       
develop1 & update n less frequ5tly ?an e
 #b ye>s1 a writt5 plan to respond to ! 
loss or !ft ( ! encryption keys1 access 
cr$5tials1 or any successor te*nology   
us$ to digitally sign cov]$ ord]s4  7#b7
 ,m&atory use ( digital signatures      
,except z provid$ 9 subsections 7d7 &   
7i71 on & aft] ! date t is #f ye>s aft] 
! date on :i* /&>ds are c]tifi$ &       

promulgat$ by ! ,director ( !           
,adm9i/rative ,(fice ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates  
,c\rts "u subsection 7a77#a77;,a77ii71 a
 ,f$]al c\rt may n issue a cov]$ ord]   
unless ! cov]$ ord] conta9s an au!ntic  
digital signature4  7c7 ,digital        
signature requirem5ts = ,/ate & ,tribal 
c\rt ord]s  7#a7 ,full fai? & cr$it     
requirem5ts ,section #agch ( title #bh1 
,unit$ ,/ates ,code1 is am5d$-- 7,a7 by 
ins]t+ 7a7 be=e ,! ,acts 2  7,b7 by     
ins]t+ 7b7 be=e ,! records2  7,c7 by    
/rik+ ,su* ,acts1 & ins]t+ 7c77#a7      
,except z provid$ 9 p>agraph 7#b71 su*  
,acts12 &  7,d7 9 subsection 7c71 z s   
designat$1 by add+ at ! end ! foll[+3   
7#b7 7,a7 ,9 ?is p>agraph1 ! t]ms       
conta9s an au!ntic digital signature1   
cov]$ ord]1 digital signature1 ,/ate1 & 
,tribal h ! mean+s giv5 su* t]ms 9      
section #c ( ! ,digital ,au!nticity =   
,c\rt ,ord]s ,act ( #bjba4  7,b7 ,a     
docum5t purport+ to be a cov]$ ord]     
issu$ by a ,/ate or ,tribal c\rt %all be
 entitl$ to full fai? & cr$it only if-- 

7i7 7,i7 ! docum5t conta9s an au!ntic   
digital signature2  7,,ii7 ! docum5t 0  
s]v$ ) a c]tificate ( au!nticity 9      
accordance ) section #d7;d77#a7 ( !     
,digital ,au!nticity = ,c\rt ,ord]s ,act
 ( #bjba2 or  7,,iii7 ! docum5t 0 issu$ 
pursuant to a waiv] "u section          
#d7;d77#b7 ( ! ,digital ,au!nticity =   
,c\rt ,ord]s ,act ( #bjba2 &  7ii7 !    
,/ate or ,tribal c\rt includes ) !      
docum5t a /atem5t c]tify+ t ! c\rt has  
7& has updat$ on or aft] ! date t is #b 
ye>s be=e ! date on :i* ! cov]$ ord] is 
issu$7 a writt5 plan to respond to !    
loss or !ft ( ! encryption keys1 access 
cr$5tials1 or any successor te*nology   
us$ to digitally sign cov]$ ord]s4  4   
7#b7 ,wiretapp+ ,section #beaf7b7 (     
title #ah1 ,unit$ ,/ates ,code1 is am5d$
 by /rik+ ,! pr9cipal prosecut+ attorney
 ( any ,/ate & ins]t+ ,if a ,/ate       
requires t an ord] describ$ 9 ?is       
subsection issu$ by ! ,/ate c\rt conta9s
 an au!ntic digital signature 7z def9$ 9
 section #c ( ! ,digital ,au!nticity =  

,c\rt ,ord]s ,act ( #bjba71 ! pr9cipal  
prosecut+ attorney ( t ,/ate4  7#c7     
,/or$ communications requirem5ts ,*apt] 
#aba ( title #ah1 ,unit$ ,/ates ,code1  
is am5d$-- 7,a7 9 section #bgjc1 by     
ins]t+ & conta9+ an au!ntic digital     
signature 7z def9$ 9 section #c ( !     
,digital ,au!nticity = ,c\rt ,ord]s ,act
 ( #bjba7 aft] w>rant proc$ures ea*     
place x appe>s2 &  7,b7 9 section       
#bgaa7c77;,b71 by ins]t+ 1 if ! c\rt    
requires t ea* cov]$ ord] issu$ by !    
c\rt conta9s an au!ntic digital         
signature 7z su* t]ms are def9$ 9       
section #c ( ! ,digital ,au!nticity =   
,c\rt ,ord]s ,act ( #bjba7 aft] se>*    
w>rants4  7#d7 ,p5 regi/]s & trap &     
trace devices ,section #cabb7;a77#b7 (  
title #ah1 ,unit$ ,/ates ,code1 is am5d$
 by ins]t+ & if ! ,/ate requires t su*  
an ord] issu$ by ! ,/ate c\rt conta9s an
 au!ntic digital signature 7z def9$ 9   
section #c ( ! ,digital ,au!nticity =   
,c\rt ,ord]s ,act ( #bjba71 aft]        
prohibit$ by ,/ate law14  7#e7          

,effective date ,except z provid$ 9     
subsection 7i71 ! am5dm5ts made by      
p>agraphs 7#a7 ?r\gh 7#d7 %all take     
effect on ! date t is #f ye>s aft] !    
date on :i* ! ,director ( !             
,adm9i/rative ,(fice ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates  
,c\rts c]tifies & promulgates /&>ds = ! 
use ( digital signature te*nology =     
cov]$ ord]s "u subsection               
7a77#a77;,a77ii74  7d7 ,failure (       
digital signature te*nology  7#a7       
,individual c\rts ,if ! digital         
signature te*nology ( a ,f$]al1 ,/ate1  
or ,tribal c\rt is n op]ational1 ^u     
reque/ by an (fic] or employee ( !      
,f$]al1 ,/ate1 or ,tribal c\rt :o is    
au?oriz$ to digitally sign cov]$ ord]s1 
& if ! ,attorney ,g5]al det]m9es t a    
cov]$ c\rt ord] is au!ntic1 ! ,attorney 
,g5]al may s]ve on ! provid] by p]sonal 
s]vice ! cov]$ c\rt ord] & a            
c]tification /at+ t ! cov]$ c\rt ord] is
 au!ntic4  7#b7 ,widespread outage  7,a7
 ,9 g5]al ,if ! digital signature       
te*nology ( n less ?an #e ,f$]al1 ,/ate1

 or ,tribal c\rts is n op]ational1 !    
,*ief ,ju/ice ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates may     
issue a waiv] = a p]iod ( n m ?an #cj   
days t waives ! application ( ea* ( !   
foll[+3 7i7 ,! requirem5ts "u subsection
 7b77#b7 ) respect to ,f$]al c\rts4     
7ii7 ,! limits on full fai? & cr$it =   
cov]$ ord]s issu$ by ,/ate & ,tribal    
c\rts "u p>agraph 7#b7 ( section        
#agch7;c7 ( title #bh1 ,unit$ ,/ates    
,code1 z add$ by subsection 7c7 ( ?is   
section4  7,b7 ,r5ewals ,a waiv]        
describ$ 9 subp>agraph 7,a7 may be r5ew$
 = additional p]iods ( n m ?an #cj days4
  7,c7 ,notice ,! ,*ief ,ju/ice ( !     
,unit$ ,/ates %all submit to !          
appropriate committees ( ,congress &    
make publicly available on ! website ( !
 ,supreme ,c\rt ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates notice
 ( ea* waiv] & r5ewal ( a waiv] "u ?is  
p>agraph4  7#c7 ,subsequ5t s]vice (     
digitally sign$ ord] by ,f$]al c\rts ,if
 a cov]$ ord] ( a ,f$]al1 ,/ate1 or     
,tribal c\rt is s]v$ on a provid] "u    
p>agraph 7#a7 or pursuant to a waiv] "u 

p>agraph 7#b71 aft] ! digital signature 
te*nology ( ! ,f$]al1 ,/ate1 or ,tribal 
c\rt is op]ational1 ! p>ty :o obta9$ !  
initial ord] %all obta9 & s]ve on !     
provid] an id5tical cov]$ ord] t meets !
 requirem5ts "u subsection 7b77#b7 or   
p>agraph 7#b7 ( section #agch7;c7 (     
title #bh1 ,unit$ ,/ates ,code1 z       
applicable4  7#d7 ,in=mation reg>d+     
failure ( digital signature te*nology   
7,a7 ,public li/ ( nonop]ational sy/ems 
,! ,attorney ,g5]al %all make publicly  
available on ! website ( ! ,dep>tm5t (  
,ju/ice a li/ ( ea* ,f$]al1 ,/ate1 or   
,tribal c\rt = :i* ! digital signature  
te*nology is n op]ational1 :i* %all     
include-- 7i7 ! p]iod dur+ :i* !        
,attorney ,g5]al approv$ #a or m cov]$  
c\rt ord]s ( ! ,f$]al1 ,/ate1 or ,tribal
 c\rt "u p>agraph 7#a72 &  7ii7         
in=mation indicat+ ! measures a provid] 
c take to v]ify t a cov]$ c\rt ord] &   
c]tification s]v$ "u p>agraph 7#a7 are  
au!ntic4  7,b7 ,notice to ,congress ,if 
! digital signature te*nology ( a       

,f$]al1 ,/ate1 or ,tribal c\rt is n     
op]ational = a p]iod ( n less ?an #aj   
days1 ! ,attorney ,g5]al %all notify !  
appropriate committees ( ,congress4  7e7
 ,limit on immunity provisions  7#a7 ,9 
g5]al ,except z provid$ 9 subsection    
7i71 on & aft] ! date t is #f ye>s aft] 
! date on :i* ! /&>ds are c]tifi$ &     
promulgat$ by ! ,director ( !           
,adm9i/rative ,(fice ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates  
,c\rts "u subsection 7a77#a77;,a77ii71 !
 provisions ( law describ$ 9 p>agraph   
7#b7 ( ?is subsection %all only apply ) 
respect to ! provision ( docum5ts1 data1
 or o!r in=mation by a provid] t removes
 cont5t or makes available docum5ts1    
data1 or o!r in=mation 9 response to a  
docum5t purport+ to be a cov]$ ord]     
issu$ by a ,f$]al1 ,/ate1 or ,tribal    
c\rt if-- 7,a7 ! docum5t conta9s an     
au!ntic digital signature2  7,b7 7i7 !  
docum5t 0 s]v$ ) a c]tificate (         
au!nticity 9 accordance ) subsection    
7d77#a72 &  7ii7 ! provid]-- 7,i7 v]ifi$
 t ! c\rt t issu$ ! ord] is li/$ on !   

website ( ! ,dep>tm5t ( ,ju/ice z hav+  
nonop]ational digital signature         
te*nology2 &  7,,ii7 takes ! measures   
li/$ by ! ,attorney ,g5]al to v]ify t a 
cov]$ c\rt ord] & c]tification s]v$ "u  
subsection 7d77#a7 are au!ntic2 or  7,c7
 ! docum5t 0 issu$ pursuant to a waiv]  
"u subsection 7d77#b74  7#b7 ,provisions
 ( law ,! provisions ( law describ$ 9   
?is p>agraph are ! foll[+3 7,a7 ,section
 #eab ( title #ag1 ,unit$ ,/ates ,code4 
7,b7 ,section #bebj7;d77#a7 ( title #ah1
 ,unit$ ,/ates ,code4  7,c7 ,section    
#bgjg7;e7 ( title #ah1 ,unit$ ,/ates    
,code4  7,d7 ,section #aje7;i7 ( !      
,=eign ,intellig5ce ,surveillance ,act (
 #aigh 7#ej ,u4,s4,c4 #ahje7;i774  7,e7 
,section #djb7;f7 ( ! ,=eign            
,intellig5ce ,surveillance ,act ( #aigh 
7#ej ,u4,s4,c4 #ahdb7;f774  7,f7        
,section #gjb7;i77#c7 ( ! ,=eign        
,intellig5ce ,surveillance ,act ( #aigh 
7#ej ,u4,s4,c4 #ahha;a7i77#c774  7,g7   
,section #gjc7;e7 ( ! ,=eign            
,intellig5ce ,surveillance ,act ( #aigh 

7#ej ,u4,s4,c4 #ahha;b7e774  7,h7 ,title
 ,,viii ( ! ,=eign ,intellig5ce         
,surveillance ,act ( #aigh 7#ej         
,u4,s4,c4 #ahhe et seq474  7f7 ,grants  
,! ,adm9i/rative ,(fice ( ,unit$ ,/ates 
,c\rts may make grants to ,/ate &       
,tribal c\rts = ! co/ ( implem5t+       
digital signature te*nology1 includ+ to 
develop & implem5t tra9+ & educational  
res\rces1 9 accordance ) ?is ,act4  7g7 
,immunity  7#a7 ,9 g5]al ,except z      
provid$ 9 subsection 7i71 on & aft] !   
date t is #f ye>s aft] ! date on :i* !  
,director ( ! ,adm9i/rative ,(fice ( !  
,unit$ ,/ates ,c\rts c]tifies &         
promulgates /&>ds = ! use ( digital     
signature te*nology = cov]$ ord]s "u    
subsection 7a77#a77;,a77ii71 a p]son may
 n be held liable 9 any ,f$]al1 ,/ate1  
or ,tribal adm9i/rative1 civil1 or      
crim9al proce$+1 includ+ = contempt (   
c\rt1 = fail+ to comply ) a cov]$ ord]  
issu$ by a ,f$]al1 ,/ate1 or ,tribal    
c\rt1 respectively1 if ! cov]$ ord] does
 n meet "o ( ! foll[+ requirem5ts3 7,a7 

,! cov]$ ord] conta9s an au!ntic digital
 signature4  7,b7 ,! cov]$ ord] 0 s]v$ )
 a c]tificate ( au!nticity 9 accordance 
) subsection 7d77#a74  7,c7 ,! cov]$    
ord] 0 issu$ pursuant to a waiv] "u     
subsection 7d77#b74  7#b7 ,co/s ,9 any  
action br\ght to en=ce compliance ) a   
cov]$ ord] t1 except z provid$ 9        
subsection 7i71 0 issu$ on or aft] !    
date t is #f ye>s aft] ! date on :i* !  
,director ( ! ,adm9i/rative ,(fice ( !  
,unit$ ,/ates ,c\rts c]tifies &         
promulgates /&>ds = ! use ( digital     
signature te*nology = cov]$ ord]s "u    
subsection 7a77#a77;,a77ii71 if ! c\rt  
f9ds t ! cov]$ ord] does n meet !       
requirem5ts describ$ 9 subp>agraph 7,a71
 7,b71 or 7,c7 ( p>agraph 7#a7 ( ?is    
subsection1 ! c\rt %all aw>d to ! p]son 
aga9/ :om ! action 0 br\ght co/s (      
litigation 7includ+ reasonable attorney 
fees74  7h7 ,au?orization (             
appropriations ,!re are au?oriz$ to be  
appropriat$ su* sums z are necess>y to  
c>ry out ?is ,act1 includ+ = !          

,adm9i/rative ,(fice ( ,unit$ ,/ates    
,c\rts to make grants "u subsection 7f7 
& to upgrade ! ,case                    
,managem5t_/,electronic ,case ,files    
,sy/em ( ! ,f$]al ,c\rts4  7i7 ,delay ( 
effective date ,! ,judicial ,conf]5ce ( 
! ,unit$ ,/ates may delay ! effective   
dates "u subsection 7b77#b71 subsection 
7c77#c71 subsection 7e77#a7 & subsection
 7g7 to be ! date t is #h ye>s aft] !   
date on :i* ! ,director ( !             
,adm9i/rative ,(fice ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates  
,c\rts c]tifies & promulgates /&>ds = ! 
use ( digital signature te*nology =     
cov]$ ord]s "u subsection               
7a77#a77;,a77ii74  #e4 ,preemption ,?is 
,act & ! am5dm5ts made by ?is ,act %all 
preempt any ,/ate or ,tribal law to !   
ext5t t su* ,/ate law is inconsi/5t ) a 
provision ( ?is ,act or an am5dm5t made 
by ?is ,act4  #f4 ,sev]ability ,if any  
provision ( ?is ,act1 an am5dm5t made by
 ?is ,act1 or ! application ( su* a     
provision or am5dm5t to any p]son or    
circum/ance1 is held to be              

uncon/itutional1 ! rema9+ provisions ( &
 am5dm5ts made by ?is ,act1 & !         
application ( ! provision or am5dm5t    
held to be uncon/itutional to any o!r   
p]son or circum/ance1 %all n be affect$ 
!reby4