,i  #aag? ,,congress  #b;d ,session  ,h4
 ,r4 #fdeb  ,,9 ,,! ,,h\se ,,(          
,,repres5tatives  ,janu>y #bj1 #bjbb,mr4
 ,kri%namoor?i introduc$ ! foll[+ bill2 
:i* 0 ref]r$ to ! ,p]man5t ,select      
,committee on ,intellig5ce  ,a ,,bill   
,to require ! ,director ( ,national     
,intellig5ce to produce a ,national     
,intellig5ce ,e/imate on escalation &   
de-escalation ( gray zone activities 9  
great p[] competition1 & = o!r purposes4
  #a4 ,%ort title ,?is ,act may be cit$ 
z ! ,ga!r+ & ,report+ ,assessm5ts       
,yield+ ,z]o ,ov]look$ ,nef>i\s ,ef=ts  
,act4  #b4 ,national ,intellig5ce       
,e/imate on escalation & de-escalation (
 gray zone activities 9 great p[]       
competition  7a7 ,f9d+s ,congress f9ds !
 foll[+3 7#a7 ,! conv5tional p[] ( !    
,unit$ ,/ates has driv5 =eign adv]s>ies 
to a level ( competition t does n always
 dep5d on milit>y confrontation ) !     
,unit$ ,/ates4  7#b7 ,r ?an *all5g+ !   
,unit$ ,/ates 9 a mann] t c\ld provoke a
 k9etic milit>y response1 =eign         

adv]s>ies ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates h turn$ to  
c>ry+ out gray zone activities to       
advance ! int]e/s ( su* adv]s>ies1 weak5
 ! p[] ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & erode !     
norms t und]p9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates-l$       
int]national ord]4  7#c7 ,gray zone     
activity falls on a spectrum (          
attribution & d5iability t ranges f     
cov]t adv]s>y op]ations1 to detectible  
cov]t adv]s>y op]ations1 to             
unattributable adv]s>y op]ations1 to    
d5iable adv]s>y op]ations1 to op5       
adv]s>y op]ations4  7#d7 ,to adequately 
address su* a %ift to gray zone         
activity1 ! ,unit$ ,/ates mu/ und]/& :at
 actions t5d to ei!r escalate or        
de-escalate su* activity by our         
adv]s>ies4  7#e7 ,! laws1 pr9ciples1 &  
values ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates are /rategic   
advantages 9 great p[] competition )    
au?orit>ian =eign adv]s>ies t c>ry out  
gray zone activities1 because su* laws1 
pr9ciples1 & values increase ! appeal ( 
! gov]nance model ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & !
 ,unit$ ,/ates-l$ int]national ord]1 to 

/ates & peoples ar\nd ! _w4  7#f7 ,!    
int]national security environm5t has    
demon/rat$ num]\s examples ( gray zone  
activities c>ri$ out by =eign adv]s>ies1
 includ+ ! foll[+ activities ( =eign    
adv]s>ies3 7,a7 ,in=mation op]ations1   
su* z ef=ts by ,russia to influ5ce !    
#bjbj ,unit$ ,/ates ,f$]al elections 7z 
describ$ 9 ! ,m>* #ae1 #bjba1           
intellig5ce community assessm5t ( !     
,(fice ( ! ,director ( ,national        
,intellig5ce made publicly available on 
,m>* #ae1 #bjba74  7,b7 ,adv]s>y        
political co]cion op]ations1 su* z !    
wield+ ( en]gy by ,russia1 p>ticul>ly 9 
! context ( ,ukra9ian gas pipel9es1 to  
co]ce its neighbors into compliance )   
its policies4  7,c7 ,cyb] op]ations1 su*
 z ! use by ,*9a ( cyb] tools to conduct
 indu/rial espionage4  7,d7 ,provision (
 support to proxy =ces1 su* z ! support 
provid$ by ,iran to ,hezbollah & ,%ia   
militia gr\ps4  7,e7 ,provocation by    
arm$ =ces controll$ by ! gov]nm5t ( !   
=eign adv]s>y ?r\gh measures t d n rise 

to ! level ( an arm$ attack1 su* z ! use
 ( ! ,*9a ,coa/ ,gu>d & m>itime militia 
by ,*9a to h>ass ! fi%+ vessels ( o!r   
c\ntries 9 ! ,s\? ,*9a ,sea4  7,f7      
,alleg$ uses ( le?al =ce on =eign soil1 
su* z ! #bjah attempts by ,russia to    
poison ,s]gei ,skripal 9 ,london4  7,g7 
,! pot5tial use by an adv]s>y (         
te*nology t causes anomal\s heal?       
incid5ts among ,unit$ ,/ates ,gov]nm5t  
p]sonnel4  7b7 ,national ,intellig5ce   
,e/imate  7#a7 ,requirem5t ,! ,director 
( ,national ,intellig5ce1 act+ ?r\gh !  
,national ,intellig5ce ,c\ncil1 %all    
produce a ,national ,intellig5ce        
,e/imate on h[ =eign adv]s>ies use gray 
zone activities to advance int]e/s1 :at 
responses by ! ,unit$ ,/ates 7or !      
allies or p>tn]s ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates7 w\ld
 t5d to result 9 ! escalation or        
de-escalation ( su* gray zone activities
 by =eign adv]s>ies1 & any opportunities
 = ! ,unit$ ,/ates to m9imize ! ext5t to
 :i* =eign adv]s>ies use gray zone      
activities 9 fur!rance ( great p[]      

competition4  7#b7 ,matt]s includ$ ,to !
 ext5t det]m9$ appropriate by !         
,national ,intellig5ce ,c\ncil1 !       
,national ,intellig5ce ,e/imate produc$ 
"u p>agraph 7#a7 may include an         
assessm5t ( ! foll[+ topics3 7,a7 ,any  
pot5tial or actual le?al or h>mful gray 
zone activities c>ri$ out aga9/ ! ,unit$
 ,/ates by =eign adv]s>ies1 includ+     
aga9/ ,unit$ ,/ates ,gov]nm5t employees 
& ,unit$ ,/ates p]sons1 :e!r locat$ )9  
or outside ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4  7,b7 ,to 
! ext5t su* activities h occurr$1 or are
 pr$ict$ to occur-- 7i7 opportunities to
 r$uce or det] any su* activities2 &    
7ii7 any actions ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates      
,gov]nm5t t w\ld t5d to result 9 !      
escalation or de-escalation ( su*       
activities4  7,c7 ,any incid5ts 9 :i*   
=eign adv]s>ies c\ld h us$1 b ultimately
 did n use1 gray zone activities to     
advance ! int]e/s ( su* adv]s>ies1      
includ+ an assessm5t z to :y ! =eign    
adv]s>y ultimately did n use gray zone  
activities4  7,d7 ,! effect ( l[]+ !    

,unit$ ,/ates ,gov]nm5t ?re%old = !     
public attribution ( detectible cov]t   
adv]s>y op]ations1 unattributable       
adv]s>y op]ations1 & d5iable adv]s>y    
op]ations4  7,e7 ,! effect ( l[]+ !     
,unit$ ,/ates ,gov]nm5t ?re%old =       
respond+ to detectible cov]t adv]s>y    
op]ations1 unattributable adv]s>y       
op]ations1 & d5iable adv]s>y op]ations4 
7,f7 ,! ext5t to :i* ! gov]nm5ts ( =eign
 adv]s>ies ex]cise control ov] any      
proxies or p>a/ate actors us$ by su*    
gov]nm5ts 9 c>ry+ out gray zone         
activities4  7,g7 ,! ext5t to :i* gray  
zone activities c>ri$ out by =eign      
adv]s>ies affect ! private sector ( !   
,unit$ ,/ates4  7,h7 ,! int]national    
norms t provide ! greate/ det]r5ce to   
gray zone activities c>ri$ out by =eign 
adv]s>ies1 & opportunities = /r5g!n+ ^? 
norms4  7,i7 ,! effect1 if any1 ( !     
/r5g!n+ ( democratic gov]nance abroad on
 ! resili5ce ( ,unit$ ,/ates allies &   
p>tn]s to gray zone activities4  7,j7   
,opportunities to /r5g!n ! resili5ce (  

,unit$ ,/ates allies & p>tn]s to gray   
zone activities1 & associat$ tactics1   
c>ri$ out by =eign adv]s>ies4  7,k7     
,opportunities = ! ,unit$ ,/ates to     
improve ! detection (1 & e>ly w>n+ =1   
su* activities & tactics4  7,l7         
,opportunities = ! ,unit$ ,/ates to     
galvanize int]national support 9        
respond+ to su* activities & tactics4   
7#c7 ,submission to ,congress  7,a7     
,submission ,n lat] ?an #a ye> aft] !   
date ( ! enactm5t ( ?is ,act1 !         
,director %all submit to ! ,select      
,committee on ,intellig5ce ( ! ,s5ate & 
! ,p]man5t ,select ,committee on        
,intellig5ce ( ! ,h\se ( ,repres5tatives
 ! ,national ,intellig5ce ,e/imate      
produc$ "u p>agraph 7#a71 includ+ all   
intellig5ce report+ und]ly+ ! ,e/imate4 
7,b7 ,notice reg>d+ submission ,if at   
any "t be=e ! deadl9e specifi$ 9        
subp>agraph 7,a71 ! ,director det]m9es t
 ! ,national ,intellig5ce ,e/imate      
produc$ "u p>agraph 7#a7 _c be submitt$ 
by su* deadl9e1 ! ,director %all 7be=e  

su* deadl9e7 submit to ! ,select        
,committee on ,intellig5ce ( ! ,s5ate & 
! ,p]man5t ,select ,committee on        
,intellig5ce ( ! ,h\se ( ,repres5tatives
 a report sett+ =? ! reasons :y !       
,national ,intellig5ce ,e/imate _c be   
submitt$ by su* deadl9e & an e/imat$    
date = ! submission ( ! ,national       
,intellig5ce ,e/imate4  7,c7 ,=m ,any   
report "u subp>agraph 7,b7 %all be      
submitt$ 9 unclassifi$ =m4  7#d7 ,public
 v]sion ,consi/5t ) ! protection (      
intellig5ce s\rces & me?ods1 at ! same  
"t z ! ,director submits to ! ,select   
,committee on ,intellig5ce ( ! ,s5ate & 
! ,p]man5t ,select ,committee on        
,intellig5ce ( ! ,h\se ( ,repres5tatives
 ! ,national ,intellig5ce ,e/imate "u   
p>agraph 7#a71 ! ,director %all make    
publicly available on ! int]net website 
( ! ,director an unclassifi$ v]sion ( ! 
key f9d+s ( ! ,national ,intellig5ce    
,e/imate4  7#e7 ,def9itions ,9 ?is      
subsection3 7,a7 ,gray zone activity ,! 
t]m gray zone activity means an activity

 to advance ! national int]e/s ( a ,/ate
 t-- 7i7 falls betwe5 ord9>y /atecraft &
 op5 w>f>e2  7ii7 is c>ri$ out ) an     
int5t to maximize ! advancem5t ( int]e/s
 ( ! /ate )\t provok+ a k9etic milit>y  
response by ! ,unit$ ,/ates2 &  7iii7   
falls on a spectrum t ranges f cov]t    
adv]s>y op]ations1 to detectible cov]t  
adv]s>y op]ations1 to unattributable    
adv]s>y op]ations1 to d5iable adv]s>y   
op]ations1 to op5 adv]s>y op]ations4    
7,b7 ,cov]t adv]s>y op]ation ,! t]m     
cov]t adv]s>y op]ation means an op]ation
 by an adv]s>y t-- 7i7 ! adv]s>y int5ds 
to rema9 bel[ ! ?re%old at :i* ! ,unit$ 
,/ates detects ! op]ation2 &  7ii7 does 
/ay bel[ su* ?re%old4  7,c7 ,detectible 
cov]t adv]s>y op]ation ,! t]m detectible
 cov]t adv]s>y op]ation means an        
op]ation by an adv]s>y t-- 7i7 ! adv]s>y
 int5ds to rema9 bel[ ! ?re%old at :i* !
 ,unit$ ,/ates detects ! op]ation2 b    
7ii7 is ultimately detect$ by ! ,unit$  
,/ates at a level bel[ ! level at :i* ! 
,unit$ ,/ates w publicly attribute !    

op]ation to ! adv]s>y4  7,d7            
,unattributable adv]s>y op]ation ,! t]m 
unattributable adv]s>y op]ation means an
 op]ation by an adv]s>y t ! adv]s>y     
int5ds to be detect$ by ! ,unit$ ,/ates1
 b rema9 bel[ ! ?re%old at :i* ! ,unit$ 
,/ates w publicly attribute ! op]ation  
to ! adv]s>y4  7,e7 ,d5iable adv]s>y    
op]ation ,! t]m d5iable adv]s>y op]ation
 means an op]ation by an adv]s>y t-- 7i7
 ! adv]s>y int5ds to be detect$ &       
publicly or privately attribut$ by !    
,unit$ ,/ates2 &  7ii7 ! adv]s>y int5ds 
to d5y1 to limit ! response by ! ,unit$ 
,/ates1 & any allies ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 
7,f7 ,op5 adv]s>y op]ation ,! t]m op5   
adv]s>y op]ation means an op]ation by an
 adv]s>y t ! adv]s>y op5ly ackn[l$ges z 
attributable to ! adv]s>y4  7c7         
,requirem5t ,to develop lexicon  7#a7   
,requirem5t ,! ,director ( ,national    
,intellig5ce1 act+ ?r\gh ! ,national    
,intellig5ce ,c\ncil1 %all develop a    
lexicon ( common t]ms 7& correspond+    
def9itions = su* t]ms7 = concepts       

associat$ ) gray zone activities4  7#b7 
,consid]ations ,9 develop+ ! lexicon "u 
p>agraph 7#a71 ! ,national ,intellig5ce 
,c\ncil %all include 9 ! lexicon ea* t]m
 7& ! correspond+ def9ition = ea* t]m7  
specifi$ 9 subsection 7b77#e71 unless ! 
,national ,intellig5ce ,c\ncil det]m9es 
t an alt]native t]m 7or alt]native      
def9ition7-- 7,a7 m accurately describes
 a concept associat$ ) gray zone        
activities2 or  7,b7 is pref]able = any 
o!r reason4  7#c7 ,report  7,a7         
,publication ,! ,director ( ,national   
,intellig5ce %all publi% a report       
conta9+ ! lexicon develop$ "u p>agraph  
7#a74  7,b7 ,=m ,! report "u subp>agraph
 7,a7 %all be publi%$ 9 unclassifi$ =m4