,i  #aag? ,,congress  #a/ ,session  ,h4 
,r4 #eidh  ,,9 ,,! ,,h\se ,,(           
,,repres5tatives  ,novemb] #ab1 #bjba   
,mr4 ,bey] 7= himself1 ,mr4 ,lucas1 &   
,ms4 ,johnson ( ,texas7 introduc$ !     
foll[+ bill2 :i* 0 ref]r$ to !          
,committee on ,sci5ce1 ,space1 &        
,te*nology1 & 9 addition to !           
,committees on ,=eign ,affairs1 &       
,natural ,res\rces1 = a p]iod to be     
subsequ5tly det]m9$ by ! ,speak]1 9 ea* 
case = consid]ation ( su* provisions z  
fall )9 ! jurisdiction ( ! committee    
conc]n$  ,a ,,bill  ,to enhance safety &
 protect rese>* int]e/s & ! environm5t 9
 ,ant>ctica1 & = o!r purposes4  #a4     
,%ort title ,?is ,act may be cit$ z !   
,ant>ctic ,sci5ce & ,cons]vation        
,mod]nization ,act4  #b4 ,ant>ctic      
,nongov]nm5tal ,activity ,prep>$ness    
7a7 ,congressional f9d+s & decl>ation ( 
purpose  7#a7 ,f9d+s ,! ,congress f9ds  
t--  7,a7 = ov] half a c5tury1 sci5tific
 inve/igation & environm5tal protection 
has be5 ! pr9cipal activity ( ! ,f$]al  

,gov]nm5t & ,unit$ ,/ates citiz5s 9     
,ant>ctica2  7,b7 ! ,national ,sci5ce   
,f\ndation funds & manages ! ,unit$     
,/ates ,ant>ctic ,program1 ! national   
program ( sci5tific rese>* 9 ,ant>ctica1
 toge!r ) associat$ logi/ical support   
activities1 infra/ructure1 z well z     
broad environm5tal /ew>d%ip             
responsibilities 9 ,ant>ctica2  7,c7 l&-
 & %ip-borne t\rism 9 ,ant>ctica1       
includ+ t\rism hat ,unit$ ,/ates-bas$   
companies organize or orig9ate1 cont9ues
 to increase at a significant rate2     
7,d7 a*ievem5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates        
,ant>ctic ,program sci5tific objectives 
requires ! full commitm5t ( ! op]ational
 & logi/ics capabilities ( ! ,program2  
7,e7 long/&+ ,unit$ ,/ates policy reg>d+
 private nongov]nm5tal exp$itions to    
,ant>ctica has be5 n to (f] support or  
o!r s]vices to private exp$itions 9     
,ant>ctica1 &1 in/ead to enc\rage       
complete op]ational & f9ancial          
self-suffici5cy on ! "p ( nongov]nm5tal 
exp$itions to ,ant>ctica2  7,f7 9 limit$

 em]g5cy situations ! ,unit$ ,/ates may 
attempt1 at its discretion & 9          
accordance ) int]national law &         
humanit>ian pr9ciples1 ! rescue (       
private individuals provid$ t no        
unacceptable risks are pos$ to ,unit$   
,/ates p]sonnel & ! rescue c be         
accompli%$ by ! ,unit$ ,/ates )9 locally
 available means2  7,g7 increas$ t\rism 
& o!r nongov]nm5tal activities c\ld     
result 9 additional heal? & safety1 se>*
 & rescue1 m$ical c>e & evacuation co/s4
 ,^! co/s c\ld increase ! f9ancial burd5
 on ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,ant>ctic ,program1 
increase ! risks to ! safety ( ^?       
involv$ 9 se>* & rescue1 & jeop>dize    
sci5tific objectives ?r\gh ! div]sion ( 
res\rces2 &  7,h7 9 recognition ( ! gr[+
 pot5tial = additional co/s to be impos$
 on national ,ant>ctic programs1 !      
,ant>ctic ,treaty ,consultative ,p>ties1
 includ+ ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 adopt$        
,measure #d 7#bjjd71 ,insurance &       
,cont+5cy ,plann+ = ,t\rism &           
,non-,gov]nm5tal ,activities 9 !        

,ant>ctic ,treaty ,area1 :i*1 aft] x    
takes effect1 w require ! ,p>ties to    
impose op]ational & f9ancial            
self-suffici5cy requirem5ts on          
nongov]nm5tal p]sons organiz+ exp$itions
 to ,ant>ctica organiz$ 9 or proce$+ f  
_! c\ntry4  7#b7 ,purpose ,! purpose (  
?is subsection is to implem5t ,measure  
#d 7#bjjd71 ,insurance & ,cont+5cy      
,plann+ = ,t\rism & ,non-,gov]nm5tal    
,activities 9 ! ,ant>ctic ,treaty ,area4
  7b7 ,def9itions ,= ! purposes ( ?is   
section3  7#a7 ,ant>ctica ,! t]m        
,ant>ctica means ! area s\? ( #fj       
degrees s\? latitude4  7#b7 ,director ,!
 t]m ,director means ! ,director ( !    
,national ,sci5ce ,f\ndation4  7#c7     
,exp$ition  7,a7 ,9 g5]al ,! t]m        
exp$ition means an activity und]tak5 by 
"o or m nongov]nm5tal p]sons organiz$ )9
 or proce$+ f ! ,unit$ ,/ates to or )9  
,ant>ctica = :i* advance notification is
 requir$ "u p>agraph #e ( ,article ,,vii
 ( ! ,ant>ctic ,treaty4  7,b7 ,exclusion
 ,! t]m exp$ition does n include fi%+   

activities or ! op]ation ( fi%+ vessels4
  7#d7 ,p]son ,! t]m p]son has ! mean+  
giv5 t t]m 9 section #a ( title #a1     
,unit$ ,/ates ,code1 & includes any     
p]son subject to ! jurisdiction ( !     
,unit$ ,/ates except t ! t]m does n     
include any dep>tm5t1 ag5cy1 or o!r     
in/rum5tality ( ! ,f$]al ,gov]nm5t4  7c7
 ,obligation ( p]sons organiz+          
exp$itions ,to prep>e cont+5cy plans &  
obta9 insurance  7#a7 ,9 g5]al ,a p]son 
organiz+ an exp$ition %all--  7,a7      
prep>e & e/abli% appropriate cont+5cy   
plans & suffici5t arrangem5ts = heal? & 
safety1 se>* & rescue1 m$ical c>e &     
evacuation ( p]sons engag$ 9 an         
exp$ition2  7,b7 obta9 adequate         
insurance or o!r f9ancial arrangem5ts to
 cov] all co/s associat$ ) se>* & rescue
 & m$ical c>e & possible evacuation (   
any p]sons engag$ 9 an exp$ition2 &     
7,c7 e/abli% or obta9 ! cont+5cy plans1 
arrangem5ts & insurance or o!r f9ancial 
arrangem5ts ref]r$ to 9 ?is subp>agraph 
prior to ! date on :i* an exp$ition     

comm5ces4  7#b7 ,express writt5 agreem5t
 ,9 e/abli%+ or obta9+ cont+5cy plans "u
 p>agraph 7#a71 a p]son %all n rely on  
support f national ,ant>ctic programs or
 o!r ag5cies ( gov]nm5ts conduct+ rese>*
 or o!r activities 9 ,ant>ctica )\t _!  
express writt5 agreem5t4  7d7           
,c]tification ( compliance  7#a7 ,9     
g5]al ,p]sons organiz+ exp$itions %all  
submit to ! ,director a writt5          
c]tification t confirms its compliance )
 ! requirem5ts ( subsection 7c71 includ+
 a /atem5t t all su* plans1 arrangem5ts 
& insurance or o!r f9ancial arrangem5ts 
meet all applicable int]national &      
dome/ic legal & regulatory requirem5ts z
 well z cle>ly e/abli%$ indu/ry /&>ds4  
7#b7 ,violation  7,a7 ,ackn[l$gm5t ,any 
c]tification submitt$ pursuant to       
p>agraph 7#a7 %all conta9 an ackn[l$gm5t
 t any kn[+ & willful false /atem5t made
 9 su* c]tification is puni%able "u     
section #ajja ( title #ah1 ,unit$ ,/ates
 ,code1 by f9e or imprisonm5t ( n m ?an 
#e ye>s1 or bo?4  7,b7 ,crim9al         

prosecution ,! ,director may ref]       
pot5tial violations ( section #ajja (   
su* title to ! ,dep>tm5t ( ,ju/ice =    
crim9al prosecution1 z appropriate4  7e7
 ,co/s & adm9i/rative fees  7#a7 ,9     
g5]al ,if a p]son organiz+ an exp$ition 
receives any s]vices cov]$ by ?is       
subsection f any dep>tm5t1 ag5cy1 or    
in/rum5tality ( ! ,f$]al ,gov]nm5t1 or  
contractors work+ 9 support ( su*       
entities1 abs5t an express writt5       
agreem5t = su* s]vices ) ! ,national    
,sci5ce ,f\ndation1 ! ,director may     
assess ! co/s1 direct & indirect1 ( any 
su* s]vices incurr$ by ! ,national      
,sci5ce ,f\ndation1 its contractors1 or 
o!r dep>tm5t1 ag5cy1 or in/rum5tality ( 
! ,f$]al ,gov]nm5t1 includ+ all         
reasonable attorney's fees & co/s       
associat$ ) ! collection ( su* sums4    
7#b7 ,recov]y ( co/s ,! ,director may   
reque/ ! ,attorney ,g5]al to initiate a 
civil action = ! recov]y ( su* co/s4    
7#c7 ,collection & di/ribution ,!       
,national ,sci5ce ,f\ndation--  7,a7 is 

au?oriz$ to reta9 all monies collect$   
pursuant to ?is p>agraph2 &  7,b7 %all  
di/ribute su* monies to any dep>tm5t1   
ag5cy1 or in/rum5tality ( ! ,f$]al      
,gov]nm5t to ! ext5t non-reimburs$ co/s 
7 actually incurr$ by ^? entities & su* 
monies %all rema9 available =           
exp5diture1 )\t fur!r appropriation1    
until exp5d$4  7#d7 ,adm9i/rative fees  
7,a7 ,au?ority ,beg9n+ 9 fiscal ye>     
#bjba & !reaft]1 ! ,director may        
e/abli%1 modify1 *>ge1 & collect        
adm9i/rative fees = ! adm9i/ration ( !  
requirem5ts ( ?is subsection4  7,b7     
,ret5tion ,! ,national ,sci5ce          
,f\ndation is au?oriz$ to reta9 all     
monies collect$ pursuant to ?is p>agraph
 & su* monies %all rema9 available =    
exp5diture1 )\t fur!r appropriation1    
until exp5d$4  7f7 ,=eign exp$itions    
7#a7 ,9 g5]al ,except z provid$ "u      
p>agraph 7#b71 a p]son organiz+ an      
exp$ition %all n be requir$ to comply ) 
! provisions ( ?is subsection if !      
,secret>y ( ,/ate det]m9es at any "t1 9 

writ+1 t ano!r ,p>ty to ! ,ant>ctic     
,treaty has jurisdiction ov] t exp$ition
 & is ex]cis+ its au?ority ) reg>d to t 
exp$ition4  7#b7 ,exception ,to ! ext5t 
! ,national ,sci5ce ,f\ndation1 its     
contractors1 or o!r dep>tm5t1 ag5cy1 or 
in/rum5tality ( ! ,f$]al ,gov]nm5t      
incurs direct or indirect co/s relat+ to
 s]vices cov]$ by ?is subsection = an   
exp$ition1 su* co/s rema9 recov]able    
aga9/ p]sons subject to ! jurisdiction (
 ! ,unit$ ,/ates pursuant to subsection 
7e74  7g7 ,civil p5alties  7#a7         
,assessm5t ( p5alties  7,a7 ,liability  
,a p]son organiz+ an exp$ition t !      
,director det]m9es1 aft] notice & an    
opportunity = a he>+1 to h fail$ to     
comply ) ! requirem5ts ( ?is subsection1
 or its implem5t+ regulations1 %all be  
liable to ! ,unit$ ,/ates = a civil     
p5alty4 7i7 ,am\nt ,! am\nt ( ! civil   
p5alty %all n exce$ #aj1jjj = ea*       
violation unless ! prohibit$ act 0      
kn[+ly committ$1 9 :i* case ! am\nt ( ! 
civil p5alty %all n exce$ #be1jjj = ea* 

violation4  7ii7 ,sep>ate (f5se ,ea* day
 an exp$ition rema9s 9 ,ant>ctica )\t   
comply+ ) ! requirem5ts ( ?is subsection
 %all con/itute a sep>ate (f5se = p5alty
 purposes4  7iii7 ,writt5 notice ,!     
am\nt ( any civil p5alty %all be assess$
 by ! ,director by writt5 notice4  7iv7 
,discretion ,any civil p5alty assess$ "u
 ?is subp>agraph may be remitt$ or      
mitigat$ by ! ,director4  7#b7 ,he>+s   
7,a7 ,9 g5]al ,he>+s = ! assessm5t (    
civil p5alties "u p>agraph 7#a7 %all be 
conduct$ 9 accordance ) section #eed (  
title #e1 ,unit$ ,/ates ,code4  7,b7    
,subpo5as & oa?s ,= ! purposes (        
conduct+ any su* he>+1 ! ,director may  
issue subpo5as = ! att5dance & te/imony 
( witnesses & ! production ( relevant   
pap]s1 books1 & docum5ts1 & may adm9i/] 
oa?s4  7,c7 ,witnesses ,witnesses       
summon$ %all be paid ! same fees &      
mileage t are paid to witnesses 9 !     
c\rts ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4  7,d7 ,c\rt    
ord] ,9 case ( contumacy or refusal to  
obey a subpo5a s]v$ ^u any p]son        

pursuant to ?is subp>agraph1 ! di/rict  
c\rt ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates = any di/rict 9  
:i* su* p]son is f\nd1 resides1 or      
transacts bus9ess1 ^u application by !  
,unit$ ,/ates & aft] notice to su*      
p]son1 %all h jurisdiction to issue an  
ord] requir+ su* p]son to appe> & give  
te/imony be=e ! ,director or to appe> & 
produce docum5ts be=e ! ,director1 or   
bo?1 & any failure to obey su* ord] ( ! 
c\rt may be puni%$ by su* c\rt z a      
contempt !re(4  7#c7 ,review  7,a7 ,9   
g5]al ,^u ! failure ( any p]son aga9/   
:om a civil p5alty is assess$ "u        
p>agraph 7#a7 to pay su* p5alty1 !      
,director may reque/ ! ,attorney ,g5]al 
to in/itute a civil action 9 a di/rict  
c\rt ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates = any di/rict 9  
:i* su* p]son is f\nd1 resides1 or      
transacts bus9ess to collect ! p5alty & 
su* c\rt %all h jurisdiction to he> &   
decide any su* action4  7,b7 ,c\rt      
proce$+ ,! c\rt %all he> ! action       
describ$ "u subp>agraph 7,a7 on ! record
 made be=e ! ,director & %all su/a9 !   

decision ( ! ,director if x is support$ 
by sub/antial evid5ce on ! record       
consid]$ z a :ole4  7#d7 ,p5alties "u   
o!r laws ,! assessm5t ( a civil p5alty  
"u p>agraph 7#a7 = any act %all n be    
deem$ to preclude ! assessm5t ( a civil 
p5alty = su* act "u any o!r law4  7h7   
,regulations ,! ,director may prescribe 
su* regulations z may be appropriate to 
implem5t & en=ce ! provisions ( ?is     
subsection4  7i7 ,effective date ,?is   
subsection %all take effect #ahj days   
aft] ! date ( enactm5t ( ?is ,act4  #c4 
,ant>ctic ,environm5tal ,liability  7a7 
,purpose ,! purpose ( ?is subsection is 
to implem5t ,annex ,,vi to ! ,protocol  
on ,environm5tal ,protection to !       
,ant>ctic ,treaty1 ,liability ,aris+ ,f 
,environm5tal ,em]g5cies4  7b7          
,implem5t+ am5dm5ts ,! ,ant>ctic        
,cons]vation ,act ( #aigh 7#af ,u4,s4,c4
 #bdja et seq47 is am5d$--  7#a7 9      
section #c-- 7,a7 by /rik+ & at ! end ( 
p>agraph 7#bb72  7,b7 by /rik+ ! p]iod  
at ! end ( p>agraph 7#bc7 & ins]t+ a    

semicolon2 &  7,c7 by add+ at ! end !   
foll[+3  7#bd7 ! t]m ,annex ,,vi means  
,annex ,,vi to ! ,protocol on           
,environm5tal ,protection to ! ,ant>ctic
 ,treaty1 ,liability ,aris+ ,f          
,environm5tal ,em]g5cies2  7#be7 ! t]m  
environm5tal em]g5cy means any ev5t t   
occurs aft] ! entry into =ce ( ,annex   
,,vi1 & t results 91 or imm95tly ?reat5s
 to result 91 any significant & h>mful  
impact on ! ,ant>ctic environm5t2  7#bf7
 ! t]m nongov]nm5tal op]ator means any  
op]ator o!r ?an a gov]nm5tal op]ator or 
a contractor or subcontractor act+ on   
behalf ( any gov]nm5tal op]ator2  7#bg7 
! t]m op]ator means any p]son :o        
organizes activities 7includ+ t\ri/     
activities7 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates to be     
c>ri$ out 9 ,ant>ctica1 & any p]son :o  
organizes activities 7includ+ t\ri/     
activities7 9 a c\ntry o!r ?an ! ,unit$ 
,/ates to be c>ri$ out 9 ,ant>ctica if  
su* p]son has its pr9cipal place (      
bus9ess or habitual place ( resid5ce 9 !
 ,unit$ ,/ates1 or is incorporat$ 9 !   

,unit$ ,/ates1 except t ! t]m op]ator   
does n include--  7,a7 an individual :o 
is an employee1 contractor1             
subcontractor1 or ag5t (1 or :o is 9 !  
s]vice (1 a p]son :o organizes          
activities to be c>ri$ out 9 ,ant>ctica2
  7,b7 a contractor or subcontractor    
act+ on behalf ( any gov]nm5tal op]ator2
 or  7,c7 any p]son :o organizes only   
fi%+ activities to be c>ri$ out 9       
,ant>ctica2  7#bh7 ! t]m reasonable1 z  
appli$ to prev5tative measures &        
response action1 means measures or      
actions :i* are appropriate1            
practicable1 proportionate & bas$ on !  
availability ( objective crit]ia &      
in=mation1 includ+--  7,a7 risks to !   
,ant>ctic environm5t1 & ! rate ( its    
natural recov]y2  7,b7 risks to human   
life & safety2 &  7,c7 te*nological &   
economic feasibility2 &  7#bi7 ! t]m    
response action means reasonable        
measures tak5 aft] an environm5tal      
em]g5cy has occurr$ to avoid1 m9imize or
 conta9 ! impact ( t environm5tal       

em]g5cy1 :i* to t end may include       
clean-up 9 appropriate circum/ances1 &  
includes det]m9+ ! ext5t ( t em]g5cy &  
its impact1 except t = purposes ( ?is   
,act1 ! def9ition ( response conta9$ 9  
section #aja7be7 ( ! ,compreh5sive      
,environm5tal ,response1 ,comp5sation1 &
 ,liability ,act 7#db ,u4,s4,c4         
#ifja7be77 %all n apply4  2  7#b7 by    
ins]t+ aft] section #d;,a ! foll[+3     
#d;,b4 ,prev5tative measures  7a7 ,9    
g5]al ,op]ators %all und]take reasonable
 prev5tative measures t are design$ to  
r$uce ! risk ( environm5tal em]g5cies & 
_! pot5tial adv]se impact4  7b7         
,prev5tative measures ,su* reasonable   
prev5tative measures may include-- 7#a7 
specializ$ /ructures or equipm5t        
incorporat$ into ! design & con/ruction 
( facilities & means ( transportation2  
7#b7 specializ$ proc$ures incorporat$   
into ! op]ation or ma9t5ance (          
facilities & means ( transportation2 &  
7#c7 specializ$ tra9+ ( p]sonnel4       
#d;,c4 ,cont+5cy plans  7a7 ,9 g5]al    

,op]ators %all-- 7#a7 e/abli% cont+5cy  
plans = responses to incid5ts ) pot5tial
 adv]se impacts on ! ,ant>ctic          
environm5t or dep5d5t & associat$       
ecosy/ems2 &  7#b7 coop]ate 9 !         
=mulation & implem5tation ( su* cont+5cy
 plans4  7b7 ,cont+5cy plans ,su*       
cont+5cy plans %all include1 :5         
appropriate1 ! foll[+ compon5ts3  7#a7  
proc$ures = conduct+ an assessm5t ( !   
nature ( ! incid5t2  7#b7 notification  
proc$ures2  7#c7 id5tification &        
mobilization ( res\rces2  7#d7 response 
plans2  7#e7 tra9+2  7#f7 recordkeep+2 &
  7#g7 demobilization4  #d;,d4 ,response
 action ,an op]ator %all take prompt &  
effective response action to            
environm5tal em]g5cies aris+ f !        
activities ( t op]ator4  2  7#c7 by     
ins]t+ aft] section #f ! foll[+3  #f;,a4
 ,liability ( nongov]nm5tal op]ators    
7a7 ,liability ,:5ev]1 on ! basis (     
in=mation available to x1 a ,gov]nm5t ( 
a ,/ate ,p>ty to ,annex ,,vi1 o!r ?an ! 
,unit$ ,/ates--  7#a7 f9ds t a          

nongov]nm5tal op]ator has fail$ to take 
prompt & effective response action to an
 environm5tal em]g5cy aris+ f t         
op]ator's activities1 z requir$ by      
section #d;,d2 &  7#b7 takes a response 
action to t environm5tal em]g5cy1 su*   
,gov]nm5t may br+ a civil action aga9/ t
 op]ator to recov] ! co/s ( su* response
 action 9 an appropriate di/rict c\rt 9 
accordance ) section #aa4  ,any su*     
op]ator f\nd to h violat$ ! requirem5ts 
( section #d;,d %all be liable to pay to
 t ,gov]nm5t ! co/s ( ! response action 
tak5 by su* ,gov]nm5t4  7b7 ,failure ,to
 comply ,failure ( a ,gov]nm5t to comply
 ) ! provisions ( ,article #e1 p>agraph 
#c1 #d1 or #e ( ,annex ,,vi %all n be a 
def5se to liability "u ?is section4  7c7
 ,/rict liability ,liability pursuant to
 subsections 7a71 7e71 7i71 & 7j7 %all  
be /rict4  7d7 ,jo9t liability ,:5 an   
environm5tal em]g5cy arises f !         
activities ( two or m nongov]nm5tal     
op]ators1 !y %all be jo9tly & sev]ally  
liable "u subsection 7a71 7i71 or 7j71  

except t an op]ator :i* e/abli%es t only
 "p ( ! environm5tal em]g5cy result$ f  
its activities %all be liable 9 respect 
( t "p only4  7e7 ,claims ,any          
nongov]nm5tal op]ator may seek          
contribution f any o!r nongov]nm5tal    
op]ator t is liable or pot5tially liable
 "u section #bdjf ( ?is title4 ,su*     
claims %all be br\ght 9 accordance ) ?is
 section & ! ,f$]al ,rules ( ,civil     
,proc$ure1 & %all be gov]n$ by ,f$]al   
law4 ,9 resolv+ contribution claims1 !  
c\rt may allocate response co/s among   
liable p>ties us+ su* equitable factors 
z ! c\rt det]m9es are appropriate4 ,no?+
 9 ?is subsection %all dim9i% ! "r ( any
 p]son to br+ an action = contribution 9
 ! abs5ce ( a civil action "u subsection
 7a71 7i71 or 7j74  7f7 ,p]iod 9 :i*    
actions may be br\ght  7#a7 ,response   
p]iod ,an action "u subsection 7a7 or   
7i7 mu/ be comm5c$ )9 ?ree ye>s ( !     
comm5cem5t ( ! response action or )9    
?ree ye>s ( ! date on :i* ! ,gov]nm5t   
br++ ! action knew or ought reasonably  

to h kn[n ! id5tity ( ! nongov]nm5tal   
op]ator1 :i*ev] is lat]4 ,9 no ev5t %all
 an action aga9/ a nongov]nm5tal op]ator
 be comm5c$ lat] ?an #ae ye>s aft] !    
comm5cem5t ( ! response action4  7#b7   
,co/ recov]y p]iod ,an action "u        
subsection 7e7 = contribution t[>d co/s 
incurr$ pursuant to subsection 7a7 or   
7i7 mu/ be comm5c$ )9 ?ree ye>s ( ! date
 ( judgm5t 9 any action "u subsection   
7a7 or 7i7 = recov]y ( su* response co/s
 or 9 ! abs5ce ( su* an action1 )9 ?ree 
ye>s ( ! date t ! p]son seek+           
contribution knew or ought reasonably to
 h kn[n ! id5tity ( ! nongov]nm5tal     
op]ator4  7#c7 ,co/ contribution p]iod  
,an action "u subsection 7e7 =          
contribution t[>d response co/s assess$ 
pursuant to subsection 7j7 mu/ be       
comm5c$ )9 ?ree ye>s ( ! date ( !       
assessm5t or )9 ?ree ye>s ( ! date ( any
 judgm5t "u subsection 7j77#g71 :i*ev]  
is lat]4  7g7 ,liability co/ limit  7#a7
 ,except z provid$ 9 p>agraph 7#b71 !   
maximum am\nt = :i* ea* nongov]nm5tal   

op]ator may be liable = ! co/s (        
response actions "u subsection 7a71 7i71
 or 7j71 9 respect ( ea* environm5tal   
em]g5cy1 %all be z foll[s3  7,a7 ,= an  
environm5tal em]g5cy aris+ f an ev5t    
involv+ a %ip-- 7i7 "o million ,,sdr = a
 %ip ) a tonnage n exce$+ #b1jjj tons2 &
  7ii7 = a %ip ) a tonnage 9 excess (   
#b1jjj tons1 ! foll[+ am\nt 9 addition  
to t ref]r$ to 9 clause 7i73 7,i7 ,= ea*
 ton f #b1jja to #cj1jjj tons1 #djj     
,,sdr4  7,,ii7 ,= ea* ton f #cj1jja to  
#gj1jjj tons1 #cjj ,,sdr4  7,,iii7 ,=   
ea* ton 9 excess ( #gj1jjj tons1 #bjj   
,,sdr4  7,b7 ,= an environm5tal em]g5cy 
aris+ f an ev5t :i* does n involve a    
%ip1 #c1jjj1jjj ,,sdr4  7#b7 ,not)/&+ ! 
p>agraph 7#a71 liability %all n be      
limit$ if x is prov$ t ! environm5tal   
em]g5cy result$ f an act or omission ( !
 op]ator1 committ$ ) ! int5t to cause   
su* em]g5cy1 or recklessly & ) k t su*  
em]g5cy w\ld probably result4  7#c7 ,= !
 purposes ( ?is subsection-- 7,a7 %ip   
means a vessel ( any type :atsoev]      

op]at+ 9 ! m>9e environm5t & includes   
hydr(oil boats1 air-cu%ion vehicles1    
subm]sibles1 float+ craft & fix$ or     
float+ plat=ms2  7,b7 ,,sdr means !     
,special ,draw+ ,rights z def9$ by !    
,int]national ,monet>y ,fund2 &  7,c7 a 
%ip's tonnage %all be ! gross tonnage   
calculat$ 9 accordance ) ! tonnage      
measurem5t rules conta9$ 9 ,annex ,i ( !
 ,int]national ,conv5tion on ,tonnage   
,measurem5t ( ,%ips1 #aifi4  7h7        
,insurance requirem5t ,nongov]nm5tal    
op]ators %all ma9ta9 adequate insurance 
or o!r f9ancial security1 su* z !       
gu>antee ( a bank or simil> f9ancial    
in/itution1 to cov] liability "u ?is    
section up to ! limits set =? 9         
subsection 7g74  7i7 ,civil action      
,:5ev]1 on ! basis ( in=mation available
 to x1 a dep>tm5t1 ag5cy1 or o!r        
in/rum5tality ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates 7i7 f9ds
 t a nongov]nm5tal op]ator has fail$ to 
take prompt & effective response action 
to an environm5tal em]g5cy aris+ f its  
activities1 z requir$ by section #d;,d1 

& 7ii7 takes a response action to t     
environm5tal em]g5cy1 su* dep>tm5t1     
ag5cy1 or o!r in/rum5tality may reque/ !
 ,attorney ,g5]al to br+ a civil action 
to recov] ! co/s ( su* response action 9
 an appropriate di/rict c\rt 9          
accordance ) section #aa ( ?is title4   
,any su* op]ator f\nd to h violat$ !    
requirem5ts ( section #d;,d %all be     
liable to ! ,unit$ ,/ates = ! co/s ( !  
response action tak5 by said dep>tm5t1  
ag5cy1 or in/rum5tality4 ,! dep>tm5t1   
ag5cy1 or o!r in/rum5tality ( ! ,unit$  
,/ates t takes a response action "u ?is 
subsection1 or section #i7;a71 is       
au?oriz$ to reta91 9 its budget1 !      
monies collect$ pursuant to ?is         
subsection4 ,su* monies %all rema9      
available = exp5diture1 )\t fur!r       
appropriation1 until exp5d$ by t        
dep>tm5t1 ag5cy1 or o!r in/rum5tality4  
7j7 ,notification ,^u notice t a        
nongov]nm5tal op]ator has fail$ to take 
prompt & effective response action to an
 environm5tal em]g5cy aris+ f its       

activities1 z requir$ by section #d;,d1 
& no response action 0 tak5 by any ,p>ty
 to ! ,protocol1 ! foll[+ proc$ures %all
 be foll[$3 7#a7 ,! ,director1 aft]     
notice & opportunity = a he>+ 9         
accordance ) p>agraph 7#b71 %all assess 
! co/ ( ! response action t %\ld h be5  
tak5 & may assess ! reasonable co/s     
incurr$ by ! ,unit$ ,/ates "u ?is       
subsection to det]m9e t co/4 ,!         
,director is au?oriz$ to promulgate     
regulations to implem5t ?is subsection4 
7#b7 ,he>+s = ! assessm5t ( ! co/s "u   
p>agraph 7#a7 %all be conduct$ 9        
accordance ) section #eed ( title #e1   
,unit$ ,/ates ,code4 ,= ! purposes (    
conduct+ any su* he>+1 ! ,director may  
issue subpo5as = ! att5dance & te/imony 
( witnesses & ! production ( relevant   
pap]s1 books1 & docum5ts1 & may adm9i/] 
oa?s4 ,witnesses summon$ %all be paid ! 
same fees & mileage t are paid to       
witnesses 9 ! c\rts ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4  
,9 case ( contumacy or refusal to obey a
 subpo5a s]v$ ^u any p]son pursuant to  

?is subsection1 ! di/rict c\rt ( !      
,unit$ ,/ates = any di/rict 9 :i* su*   
p]son is f\nd1 resides1 or transacts    
bus9ess1 ^u application by ! ,unit$     
,/ates & aft] notice to su* p]son1 %all 
h jurisdiction to issue an ord] requir+ 
su* p]son to appe> & give te/imony be=e 
! ,director or to appe> & produce       
docum5ts be=e ! ,director & any failure 
to obey su* ord] ( ! c\rt may be puni%$ 
by su* c\rt z a contempt !re(4  7#c7    
,response action co/s assess$ pursuant  
to ?is section %all reflect1 z mu* z    
possible1 ! co/s ( ! response action t  
%\ld h be5 tak5 & ! maximum recov]y     
am\nt ( ^? co/s %all be z set =? 9      
subsection 7g74 ,fur!r1 ! assessm5t (   
response action co/s pursuant to ?is    
section %all n be deem$ to preclude !   
assessm5t ( additional civil or crim9al 
p5alties = violations ( any o!r         
provision ( ?is *apt] or any o!r law4   
7#d7 ,at ! reque/ ( ! ,director1 & ) !  
concurr5ce ( ! ,secret>y ( ! ,dep>tm5t 9
 :i* ! ,coa/ ,gu>d is op]at+1 !         

,comm&ant ( ! ,coa/ ,gu>d %all-- 7,a7   
r5d]1 on a non-reimbursable basis1 su*  
assi/ance t ! ,director may require1    
necess>y to assess ! co/ ( response     
action t %\ld h be5 tak5 9 ! case ( an  
environm5tal em]g5cy caus$ by !         
op]ator's %ip-bas$ activities1 includ+  
any det]m9ation conc]n+ ! und]ly+       
response activity2 &  7,b7 conduct1 on a
 non-reimbursable basis1 an inve/igation
 or an evid5ti>y he>+1 necess>y to      
assess ! co/ ( ! response action t %\ld 
h be5 tak5 9 ! case ( an environm5tal   
em]g5cy caus$ by ! op]ator's %ip-bas$   
activities1 includ+ any det]m9ation     
conc]n+ ! und]ly+ response activity & to
 submit to ! ,director propos$ f9d+s (  
fact & recomm5dations = adjudication by 
! ,director4  7#e7 ,) reg>d to any      
inve/igation or evid5ti>y he>+ conduct$ 
pursuant to p>agraph 7#d71 ! ,director  
is au?oriz$ to delegate1 to ! ,comm&ant1
 ! au?ority1 set =? 9 p>agraph 7#b71 to 
issue subpo5as & adm9i/] oa?s1 & to pay 
fees & mileage4 ,9 case ( contumacy or  

refusal to obey a subpo5a s]v$ ^u any   
p]son pursuant to ?is p>agraph1 !       
di/rict c\rt ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates = any    
di/rict 9 :i* su* p]son is f\nd1        
resides1 or transacts bus9ess1 ^u       
application by ! ,unit$ ,/ates & aft]   
notice to su* p]son1 %all h jurisdiction
 to issue an ord] requir+ su* p]son to  
appe> & give te/imony be=e ! ag5cy head 
or to appe> & produce docum5ts be=e !   
ag5cy head1 & any failure to obey su*   
ord] ( ! c\rt may be puni%$ by su* c\rt 
z a contempt !re(4  7#f7 ,! ,director   
%all n comm5ce an adm9i/rative proce$+ 9
 accordance ) p>agraphs 7#a7 & 7#b7 (   
?is section lat] ?an #ae ye>s aft] !    
,unit$ ,/ates ,gov]nm5t becomes aw>e ( !
 environm5tal em]g5cy4  7#g7 ,^u !      
failure ( any op]ator aga9/ :om co/s h  
be5 assess$ "u ?is section to pay su*   
co/s1 ! ,director may reque/ ! ,attorney
 ,g5]al to in/itute a civil action 9 a  
di/rict c\rt ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates = any    
di/rict 9 :i* su* p]son is f\nd1        
resides1 or transacts bus9ess to collect

 ! co/s & su* c\rt %all h jurisdiction  
to he> & decide any su* action4 ,! c\rt 
%all he> su* action on ! record made    
be=e ! ,director pursuant to ?is section
 & %all su/a9 ! ,director's decision if 
x is support$ by sub/antial evid5ce on !
 record consid]$ z a :ole4  7k7         
,exception ,a nongov]nm5tal op]ator %all
 n be liable pursuant to subsection 7a71
 7e71 7i71 or 7j7 if x proves t !       
environm5tal em]g5cy 0 caus$ by-- 7#a7  
an act or omission necess>y to protect  
human life or safety2  7#b7 an ev5t     
con/itut+ 9 ! circum/ances ( ,ant>ctica 
a natural disa/] ( an exceptional "*1   
:i* c\ld n h be5 reasonably =ese51 ei!r 
g5]ally or 9 ! p>ticul> case1 provid$   
all reasonable prev5tative measures 7   
tak5 t are design$ to r$uce ! risk (    
environm5tal em]g5cies & _! pot5tial    
adv]se impact2  7#c7 an act ( t]rorism  
by "s o!r p]son or entity2 or  7#d7 an  
act ( bellig]5cy by "s o!r p]son or     
entity aga9/ ! activities ( ! op]ator4  
7l7 ,fees ,any monet>y recov]y "u       

subsections 7a71 7i71 & 7j7 %all1 9     
addition1 include all reasonable        
attorney's fees & co/s4  7m7 ,article   
#ab fund ,an am\nt equal to ! am\nt     
recov]$ pursuant to subsection 7l7 = !  
co/ ( ! response action t %\ld h be5    
tak5 %all be =w>d$ to ! fund e/abli%$   
pursuant to ,article #ab ( ,annex ,,vi4 
7n7 ,exp5diture ,to ! ext5t ! dep>tm5t1 
ag5cy1 or o!r in/rum5tality ( ! ,unit$  
,/ates reta9s monies collect$ pursuant  
to ?is section1 su* entity is au?oriz$  
to reta91 9 its budget1 ! monies        
collect$ pursuant to ?is section4 ,su*  
monies %all rema9 available =           
exp5diture1 )\t fur!r appropriation1    
until exp5d$ by t dep>tm5t1 ag5cy1 or   
o!r in/rum5tality ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4  2 
7#d7 9 section #f-- 7,a7 9 subsection   
7a7--  7i7 by /rik+ ,annex ,,ii & ,annex
 ,v & ins]t+ ,annex ,,ii1 ,annex ,v1 &  
,annex ,,vi2 &  7ii7 by /rik+ includ+   
sections #d7;b77#b71 7#c71 7#d7 & 7#e7 &
 ins]t+ includ+ section #c1 section     
#d7;b77#b71 7#c71 7#d7 & 7#e71 section  

#d;,d & section #f;,a2 &  7,b7 9        
subsection 7b71 by /rik+ to implem5t    
,annex ,,iv to ! ,protocol & !          
provisions ( ?is ,act :i* implem5t t    
,annex & ins]t+ to implem5t ,annex ,,iv 
& %ip-bas$ matt]s "u ,annex ,,vi to !   
,protocol & ! provisions ( ?is ,act :i* 
implem5t ^! ,annexes2  7#e7 9 section   
#i7;a71 by add+ o!r ?an a ,f$]al        
dep>tm5t1 ag5cy1 or in/rum5tality aft]  
p]son2 &  7#f7 9 section #aa-- 7,a7 by  
/rik+ ! section head+ & ins]t+          
,jurisdiction ( ,f$]al c\rts2 v5ue1     
review ( regulations2 s]vice ( process2 
7,b7 by ins]t+ 7a7 ,u4,s4 ,di/rict      
,c\rts4-- be=e ,! di/rict c\rts ( !     
,unit$ ,/ates %all h exclusive          
jurisdiction ov] any case or controv]sy 
aris+ "u ! provisions ( ?is *apt] or (  
any regulation prescrib$1 or p]mit      
issu$1 "u ?is *apt]42 &  7,c7 by add+ ! 
foll[+ subsections at ! end ( ! section3
  7b7 ,jurisdiction ,an action by any   
,gov]nm5t ( a ,/ate ,p>ty to ,annex     
,,vi1 includ+ ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 aga9/ any

 p]son subject to legal action "u ?is   
*apt] may be br\ght only 9 a di/rict    
c\rt 9 a jurisdiction :]e su* p]son is  
locat$ or resides or is do+ bus9ess4 ,a 
claim = contribution by a nongov]nm5tal 
op]ator "u section #bdjf7;e7 ( ?is title
 may be br\ght 9 any di/rict 9 :i* !    
def5dant resides1 may be f\nd1 or has 8 
pr9cipal (fice4  7c7 ,limitation ,9 any 
action br\ght "u section #bdjf ( ?is    
title1 process may be s]v$ 9 any di/rict
 :]e ! def5dant is f\nd1 resides1       
transacts bus9ess1 or has appo9t$ an    
ag5t = ! s]vice ( process4  4  7c7      
,effective date ,?is section & !        
am5dm5ts made by ?is section %all take  
effect ^u ! entry into =ce ( ,annex ,,vi
 to ! ,protocol on ,environm5tal        
,protection to ! ,ant>ctic ,treaty4