,,iii  #aaf? ,,congress  #b;d ,session  
,s4 ,,res4 #gih  ,,9 ,,! ,,s5ate ,,( ,,!
 ,,unit$ ,,/ates  ,decemb] #i1 #bjbj,mr4
 ,ris* 7= himself & ,mr4 ,c>d97 submitt$
 ! foll[+ resolution2 :i* 0 ref]r$ to ! 
,committee on ,=eign ,relations         
,,resolution  ,call+ on ! ,gov]nm5t (   
,e?iopia & ! ,tigray ,p's ,lib]ation    
,front to cease all ho/ilities1 protect 
! human rights ( all ,e?iopians1 &      
pursue a peaceful resolution ( !        
conflict 9 ! ,tigray region ( ,e?iopia4 
,:]eas ! ,unit$ ,/ates & ! ,f$]al       
,democratic ,republic ( ,e?iopia %>e a  
/rong relation%ip built ov] a c5tury (  
diplomatic relations2 ,:]eas ,e?iopia is
 ! second mo/ popul\s c\ntry 9 ,africa &
 plays a key role 9 advanc+ security &  
/ability across sub-,sah>an ,africa1    
includ+ z a top contributor ( uni=m$    
p]sonnel to ,unit$ ,nations peacekeep+  
missions2 ,:]eas ,e?iopia has be5 beset 
9 rec5t ye>s by multiple human rights & 
humanit>ian *all5ges1 includ+ t>get$    
e?nic viol5ce1 natural disa/]s1 &       

political unre/1 lead+ to ! int]nal     
displacem5t ( m ?an #a1hjj1jjj          
,e?iopians 9 #bjbj alone2 ,:]eas t5sions
 betwe5 ,prime ,m9i/] ,abiy ,ahm$'s     
,prosp]ity ,p>ty & ! ,tigray ,p's       
,lib]ation ,front1 :i* 0 "p ( ! rul+    
coalition 9 ,e?iopia until late #bjai1  
escalat$ :5 ! ,tigray ,p's ,lib]ation   
,front held elections 9 ! region (      
,tigray on ,septemb] #i1 #bjbj1 despite 
! decision by ! ,f$]al ,gov]nm5t (      
,e?iopia to po/pone g5]al elections due 
to ! ,,covid-#ai p&emic2 ,:]eas !       
,tigray ,p's ,lib]ation ,front reject$ !
 po/ponem5t ( elections & consid]$ !    
ext5sion ( ! t]m ( ! ,f$]al ,gov]nm5t to
 be uncon/itutional1 & ! ,f$]al         
,gov]nm5t subsequ5tly deem$ ! ,tigray   
elections illegitimate2 ,:]eas1 9 ! e>ly
 h\rs ( ,novemb] #d1 #bjbj1 ! ,tigray   
,p's ,lib]ation ,front c>ri$ out an     
attack on ! ,nor!rn ,comm& ( ! ,e?iopian
 ,national ,def5se ,=ces2 ,:]eas ,prime 
,m9i/] ,abiy !n ord]$ a milit>y (f5sive 
& #f-mon? /ate ( em]g5cy 9 ! ,tigray    

region1 :i* has evolv$ into an arm$     
conflict 9 ! region & surr\nd+ areas    
betwe5 ! ,e?iopian ,national ,def5se    
,=ces & ! ,tigray ,p's ,lib]ation       
,front1 ) reports ( ?\s&s ( dea?s2      
,:]eas ! ,tigray ,p's ,lib]ation ,front 
claims x act$ 9 self-def5se & has accus$
 ! ,e?iopian ,national ,def5se ,=ces (  
/rik+ "s civilian t>gets2 ,:]eas !      
,tigray ,p's ,lib]ation ,front admits to
 hav+ fir$ missiles at #b airports &    
hav+ laun*$ rockets across ! bord] into 
,eritrea 9 :at !y say 0 retaliation =   
air /rikes 9 ! ,tigray region2 ,:]eas   
,amne/y ,int]national confirm$ t1 on    
,novemb] #i1 #bjbj1 likely hundr$s (    
e?nic ,amh>a p 7 /abb$ or hack$ to dea? 
9 ! t[n ( ,mai-,kadra 9 ! ,tigray       
region1 & "s witnesses attribut$ !      
kill+s to retreat+ ,tigray ,p's         
,lib]ation ,front =ces2 ,:]eas !        
,e?iopian ,human ,rights ,commission has
 express$ conc]n ov] ! arre/s (         
j\rnali/s 9 connection to ! conflict 9 !
 ,tigray region & call$ on ! ,gov]nm5t (

 ,e?iopia to respect due process rights2
 ,:]eas ! closures ( roads & airports   
s]vic+ ! ,tigray region h contribut$ to 
%ortages ( fuel & o!r necess>y goods &  
imp$$ ! deliv]y ( humanit>ian assi/ance 
to m ?an #b1jjj1jjj p already 9 ne$ (   
aid1 includ+ approximately #ajj1jjj     
,eritrean refugees & hundr$s ( ,unit$   
,/ates citiz5s liv+ 9 ! region2 ,:]eas !
 ,gov]nm5t ( ,e?iopia has %ut d[n       
electricity1 bank+1 int]net1 & telephone
 s]vices 9 ! ,tigray region1 creat+     
additional *all5ges = ! deliv]y (       
humanit>ian s]vices & ! protection (    
civilians2 ,:]eas ! conflict has already
 =c$ approximately #ej1jjj ,e?iopians to
 flee to ,sudan1 & aid ag5cies w>n t m  
?an #bjj1jjj refugees c\ld ent] ,sudan1 
,djib\ti1 & ,eritrea 9 ! next #f mon?s2 
,:]eas ! ,unit$ ,nations ,high          
,commission] = ,human ,rights w>n$ t !re
 is a risk ?is situation w spiral       
totally out ( control1 lead+ to heavy   
casualties & de/ruction1 z well z mass  
displacem5t )9 ,e?iopia itself & across 

bord]s2 ,:]eas1 accord+ to int]national 
human rights organizations1 ,tigrayans h
 be5 susp5d$ f _! jobs & prev5t$ f leav+
 ! c\ntry1 & !re are reports (          
surveillance & mass arre/s ( citiz5s (  
,e?iopia bas$ on _! e?nicity2 ,:]eas !  
,unit$ ,nations ,special ,advis] on !   
,responsibility to ,protect & ! ,act+   
,special ,advis] on ! ,prev5tion (      
,g5ocide h express$ deep conc]n ov]     
reports ( incid5ts ( e?nically &        
religi\sly motivat$ hate spee*1         
incitem5t to viol5ce & s]i\s human      
rights violations includ+ arbitr>y      
arre/s1 kill+s1 displacem5t (           
populations & de/ruction ( prop]ty 9    
v>i\s p>ts ( ! c\ntry1 /ress+ t !       
e?nically motivat$ attacks & report$    
e?nic pr(il+ ( citiz5s con/itute a      
dang]\s trajectory t height5s ! risk (  
atrocity crimes2 ,:]eas ! conflict 9 !  
,tigray region occurs )9 ! context (    
democratic transition 9 ,e?iopia1 an    
uptick 9 t>get$ e?nic viol5ce 9         
,e?iopia1 ongo+ talks1 m$iat$ by !      

,african ,union1 betwe5 ,e?iopia1       
,egypt1 & ,sudan ov] ! fill+ & use ( !  
,gr& ,e?iopian ,r5aissance ,dam1        
,e?iopia's rappro*em5t ) ,eritrea1 & !  
fragile democratic transition & peace   
process 9 ,sudan2 ,:]eas ! conflict 9 ! 
,tigray region jeop>dizes ! security &  
/ability n only ( ,e?iopia1 b ( ! broad]
 ,ea/ ,africa region1 p>ticul>ly z      
,e?iopia )draws its troops f ,somalia to
 support dome/ic ne$s1 includ+ !        
op]ation 9 ! ,tigray region2 ,:]eas     
,african ,union ,*airman ,cyril         
,ramaphosa1 ,presid5t ( ,s\? ,africa1   
has appo9t$ ,joaquim ,*issano1 =m]      
,presid5t ( ,mozambique1 ,ell5          
,johnson-,sirleaf1 =m] ,presid5t (      
,lib]ia1 & ,kgalema ,motlan!1 =m]       
,presid5t ( ,s\? ,africa1 z envoys to   
m$iate a resolution to ! conflict 9 !   
,tigray region1 b ! ,gov]nm5t ( ,e?iopia
 has dismiss$ calls = m$iation z (      
,decemb] #bjbj2 ,:]eas1 on ,novemb] #bh1
 #bjbj1 ! ,gov]nm5t ( ,e?iopia claim$   
victory 9 ! conflict aft] a s]ies (     

artill]y /rikes on ,mekelle1 ! capital  
city ( ! ,tigray region1 ) ,prime ,m9i/]
 ,abiy ann\nc+ t 8 =ces _h complet$ &   
ceas$ milit>y op]ations & w\ld %ift     
focus to rebuild+ ! region & provid+    
humanit>ian assi/ance :ile ,f$]al police
 attempt to appreh5d lead]s ( ! ,tigray 
,p's ,lib]ation ,front2 ,:]eas1 al?\gh  
,prime ,m9i/] ,abiy /at$ t no civilians 
7 h>m$ by ! op]ation 9 ,mekelle1 !      
communications black\t 9 ! ,tigray      
region imp$es v]ification ( t claim & ! 
,int]national ,committee ( ! ,r$ ,cross 
report$ on ,novemb] #bi1 #bjbj1 t #hj   
p]c5t ( pati5ts at ,ayd] ,ref]ral       
,hospital 9 ,mekelle 7 suff]+ trauma    
injuries2 ,:]eas1 on ,novemb] #bi1      
#bjbj1 ,debretsion ,gebremi*ael1 lead] (
 ! ,tigray ,p's ,lib]ation ,front1      
disput$ ,prime ,m9i/] ,abiy's claims (  
victory & told report]s t ,tigray ,p's  
,lib]ation ,front =ces 7 )draw+ f       
,mekelle b w\ld cont9ue fight+ ! ,f$]al 
,gov]nm5t2 & ,:]eas ,unit$ ,nations     
,high ,commission] = ,refugees ,filippo 

,gr&i not$ t al?\gh ! ,gov]nm5t (       
,e?iopia ann\nc$ ! completion ( milit>y 
op]ations 9 ! ,tigray region1 x does n  
mean ! conflict is f9i%$3 ,n[1 !re=e1 be
 x ,t ! ,s5ate-- 7#a7 /rongly           
disapproves ( ! escalation ( political  
t5sions betwe5 ! ,gov]nm5t ( ,e?iopia & 
! ,tigray ,p's ,lib]ation ,front into   
arm$ conflict & condemns 9 ! /ronge/    
t]ms any & all viol5ce aga9/ civilians1 
su* z ! report$ mass kill+s 9           
,mai-,kadra1 ,e?iopia2  7#b7 appreciates
 ! read9ess ( ,sudan & ,djib\ti to      
welcome refugees flee+ ! conflict 9 !   
,tigray region ( ,e?iopia & supports !  
de-escalation ef=ts l$ by ! ,african    
,union2  7#c7 calls on ! ,gov]nm5t (    
,e?iopia to imm$iately & fully re/ore   
electricity1 bank+1 telephone1 & int]net
 s]vice 9 ! ,tigray region2  7#d7 urges 
all p>ties to ! conflict to-- 7,a7 cease
 all viol5ce & refra9 f actions t c\ld  
spread or escalate ! conflict1 includ+  
attacks on int]national or civilian     
t>gets2  7,b7 engage 9 good fai? 9      

regional & int]national m$iation ef=ts  
to end ! conflict & commit to a cr$ible1
 inclusive dialogue t[>ds a su/a9able   
resolution ( political grievances2  7,c7
 comply ) int]national humanit>ian law1 
gu>antee unfett]$ humanit>ian access to 
areas affect$ by ! conflict1 & take all 
possible /eps to protect ! safety (     
civilians1 includ+ refugees1 displac$   
p]sons1 & humanit>ian aid work]s2  7,d7 
respect & promote ! rights ( all p 9    
,e?iopia to free expression1 political  
p>ticipation1 & due process )\t         
discrim9ation bas$ on e?nicity or       
religion2 &  7,e7 all[ =1 & coop]ate )1 
indep5d5t & transp>5t inve/igations (   
any alleg$ human rights abuses committ$ 
9 ! c\rse ( ! conflict & hold           
p]petrators to acc\nt2 &  7#e7 urges !  
,secret>y ( ,/ate1 ! ,secret>y ( !      
,treasury1 & ! ,adm9i/rator ( ! ,unit$  
,/ates ,ag5cy = ,int]national           
,developm5t1 9 coord9ation ) ! heads (  
o!r relevant ,f$]al dep>tm5ts & ag5cies1
 to-- 7,a7 engage at ! highe/ levels )  

lead]s ( ! ,gov]nm5t ( ,e?iopia & !     
,tigray ,p's ,lib]ation ,front to       
enc\rage dialogue to address ! root     
causes ( ! conflict1 a*ieve su/a9able   
peace1 & mitigate ! humanit>ian crisis2 
7,b7 end ! pause ( all non-life-su/a9+  
assi/ance to ,e?iopia & support         
programm+ to meet imm$iate humanit>ian  
ne$s1 includ+ ( refugees & int]nally    
displac$ p]sons1 advance nonviol5t      
conflict resolution & reconciliation1 & 
aid democratic transition 9 ,e?iopia2   
7,c7 consid] impos+ t>get$ sanctions on 
any political or milit>y (ficials f\nd  
responsible = violations ( human rights 
c>ri$ out 9 ! c\rse ( ! conflict2  7,d7 
take all possible diplomatic /eps to    
prev5t fur!r mass atrocities 9 ,e?iopia2
 &  7,e7 ma9ta9 close coord9ation )     
int]national allies & multilat]al       
organizations reg>d+ ef=ts to address ! 
conflict 9 ,e?iopia & br+ att5tion to ! 
conflict 9 int]national =a1 includ+ !   
,unit$ ,nations ,security ,c\ncil4