,,iii  #aaf? ,,congress  #b;d ,session  
,s4 ,,res4 #gae  ,,9 ,,! ,,s5ate ,,( ,,!
 ,,unit$ ,,/ates  ,septemb] #bd1        
#bjbj,mr4 ,braun 7= himself1 ,mr4       
,tillis1 ,mrs4 ,hyde-,smi?1 ,mr4 ,scott 
( ,florida1 ,mr4 ,moran1 ,mr4 ,lank=d1  
,mr4 ,cassidy1 ,mr4 ,"y1 ,mr4 ,rubio1   
,mr4 ,cram]1 ,mrs4 ,capito1 ,mrs4       
,blackburn1 ,mrs4 ,loeffl]1 ,mr4        
,boozman1 ,mr4 ,ris*1 ,mr4 ,scott ( ,s\?
 ,c>ol9a1 ,mr4 ,r\nds1 ,mr4 ,grassley1  
,mr4 ,hoev51 ,ms4 ,ern/1 ,mr4 ,p]due1   
,mr4 ,b>rasso1 ,mr4 ,inh(e1 ,mrs4       
,fis*]1 ,mr4 ,cornyn1 & ,mr4 ,cotton7   
submitt$ ! foll[+ resolution2 :i* 0     
consid]$ & agre$ to  ,,resolution       
,express+ support = ! ,pl$ge (          
,allegiance4  ,:]eas ! ,unit$ ,/ates 0  
f\nd$ on pr9ciples ( religi\s fre$om by 
! ,f\nd]s1 _m ( :om 7 deeply religi\s2  
,:]eas ! ,fir/ ,am5dm5t to !            
,con/itution ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates embodies 
pr9ciples int5d$ to gu>antee fre$om (   
religion bo? ?r\gh ! free ex]cise !re( &
 by prohibit+ ! ,gov]nm5t f e/abli%+ a  

religion2 ,:]eas ! ,pl$ge ( ,allegiance 
0 writt5 by ,francis ,bellamy1 a ,bapti/
 ,m9i/]1 & fir/ publi%$ 9 ! ,septemb]   
#h1 #ahib1 issue ( ! ,y\?'s ,companion2 
,:]eas1 9 #aied1 ,congress add$ ! words 
"u ,god to ! ,pl$ge ( ,allegiance2      
,:]eas1 = ov] #fj ye>s1 ! ,pl$ge (      
,allegiance has includ$ ref]5ces to !   
,unit$ ,/ates flag1 to ! c\ntry hav+ be5
 e/abli%$ z a union "u ,god1 & to !     
c\ntry be+ d$icat$ to secur+ lib]ty &   
ju/ice = all2 ,:]eas1 9 #aied1 ,congress
 believ$ x 0 act+ con/itutionally :5 x  
revis$ ! ,pl$ge ( ,allegiance2 ,:]eas ! 
,s5ate ( ! #aaf? ,congress believes t ! 
,pl$ge ( ,allegiance is a con/itutional 
expression ( patriotism2 ,:]eas         
patriotic songs1 engrav+s on ,unit$     
,/ates legal t5d]1 & engrav+s on ,f$]al 
build+s also conta9 g5]al ref]5ces to   
,god2 ,:]eas ! ,supreme ,c\rt ov]turn$  
,newd[ v4 ,unit$ ,/ates ,congress1 #cbh 
,f4#c;d #dff 7#i? ,cir4 #bjjc71 a case 9
 :i* ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,c\rt ( ,appeals = 
! ,n9? ,circuit held t ! recitation ( ! 

,pl$ge ( ,allegiance by a /ud5t's public
 s*ool tea*] violat$ ! ,e/abli%m5t      
,clause ( ! ,fir/ ,am5dm5t to !         
,con/itution ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates2 & ,:]eas
 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,c\rt ( ,appeals = !   
,n9? ,circuit lat] conclud$ t its       
previ\s op9ion 9 ,newd[ 0 no long] b9d+ 
prec$5t1 t case law f ! ,supreme ,c\rt (
 ! ,unit$ ,/ates conc]n+ ! ,e/abli%m5t  
,clause ( ! ,fir/ ,am5dm5t to !         
,con/itution ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates _h       
subsequ5tly *ang$1 & t ,congress1 :5    
pass+ ! new v]sion ( ! ,pl$ge (         
,allegiance1 e/abli%$ a secul> purpose =
 ! use ( ! t]ms "u ,god &1 ?us1 ! ,unit$
 ,/ates ,c\rt ( ,appeals = ! ,n9?       
,circuit upheld ! recitation ( ! ,pl$ge 
( ,allegiance by public s*ool tea*]s3   
,n[1 !re=e1 be x ,t-- 7#a7 ! ,pl$ge (   
,allegiance has be5 a valuable "p ( life
 = ! p ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates = g5]ations2 & 
7#b7 ! ,s5ate /rongly def5ds !          
con/itutionality ( ! ,pl$ge (           
,allegiance4