,,iii  #aaf? ,,congress  #b;d ,session  
,s4 ,,res4 #dii  ,,9 ,,! ,,s5ate ,,( ,,!
 ,,unit$ ,,/ates  ,febru>y #ac1         
#bjbj,mr4 ,"y 7= himself1 ,ms4 ,/ab5[1 &
 ,mr4 ,pet]s7 submitt$ ! foll[+         
resolution2 :i* 0 ref]r$ to ! ,committee
 on ,indian ,affairs  ,,resolution      
,ackn[l$g+ ! repreh5sible policy ( !    
,unit$ ,/ates reg>d+ ! =c$ relocation ( 
! ,potawatomi p f _! homel& ea/ ( !     
,mississippi ,riv] to ,kansas &         
,oklahoma & ! deva/at+ h>d%ips !        
,potawatomi p endur$ dur+ ! m>* we/1    
kn[n z ! ,potawatomi ,trail ( ,dea?4    
,:]eas ! ,potawatomi p1 collectively    
kn[n z ! ,potawatomi ,nation1 are       
compris$ ( memb]s ( ! _m villages1      
communities1 & b&s t resid$ = mill5nia 9
 _! homel& 9 ! s\!rn ,great ,lakes      
region ( ! pres5t day ,/ates ( ,ohio1   
,indiana1 ,mi*igan1 ,ill9ois1 &         
,wiscons92 ,:]eas ! advanc$ f>m+        
te*niques1 ext5sive trade & comm]ce     
networks1 & well-e/abli%$ transportation
 r\tes ( ! ,potawatomi ,nation _h a     

significant influ5ce on ! e>ly hi/ory ( 
,nor? ,am]ica2 ,:]eas ,potawatomi lead]s
 ent]$ into #dd treaties ) ! ,unit$     
,/ates1 includ+ a s]ies ( treaties !    
,potawatomi p 7 pressur$ to sign betwe5 
#ahah & #ahbh1 "u :i* ! ,potawatomi p   
c$$ va/ areas ( ! homel& ( ! ,potawatomi
 p 9 ex*ange = annuities1 small         
res]vations 9 ! ,/ates ( ,indiana &     
,ill9ois1 & scatt]$ individual          
allotm5ts2 ,:]eas1 9 #ahcj1 ,presid5t   
,&rew ,jackson sign$ ! ,act ( ,may #bh1 
#ahcj 7#d ,/at4 #daa1 *apt] #adh7       
7commonly kn[n z ! ,indian ,removal     
,act71 into law1 :i* au?oriz$ !         
,presid5t to provide l& 9 ! s-call$     
,indian t]ritory 9 ! we/]n ,unit$ ,/ates
 = ! reception ( su* tribes or nations (
 ,indians z may *oose to ex*ange ! l&s  
:]e !y n[ reside1 & remove !re '''2     
,:]eas #c treaties sign$ by ,potawatomi 
lead]s 9 ,octob] #ahcb fur!r r$uc$ !    
rema9+ homel& ( ! ,potawatomi p 9 !     
,/ates ( ,indiana & ,ill9ois to sev]al  
small res]vations & individual          

allotm5ts1 includ+ a res]vation at a    
village on ! ,yell[ ,riv] 9 ,tw9 ,lakes1
 ,indiana 7ref]r$ to 9 ?is preamble z ! 
,tw9 ,lakes ,res]vation71 "u a          
,potawatomi lead] nam$ ,m5om9ee2 ,:]eas 
pressure f ,unit$ ,/ates negotiators    
result$ 9 ,potawatomi lead]s sign+ a    
numb] ( treaties betwe5 #ahcd & #ahcg1  
kn[n z ! ,:iskey ,treaties1 :i* c$$ !   
rema9+ ,potawatomi l& 9 ! ,/ate (       
,indiana & includ$ a commitm5t to move  
to res]vations 9 ! ,we/ )9 #b ye>s2     
,:]eas ,m5om9ee & a numb] ( o!r         
,potawatomi lead]s-- 7#a7 refus$ to     
p>ticipate 9 ! negotiations t produc$ ! 
,treaty ( ,augu/ #e1 #ahcf 7#g ,/at4    
#eje7 7commonly kn[n z ! ,yell[ ,riv]   
,treaty71 :i* purport$ to rel9qui% !    
rights ( ! ,yell[ ,riv] ,b& ( !         
,potawatomi p 7ref]r$ to 9 ?is preamble 
z ! ,yell[ ,riv] ,b&7 to ! ,tw9 ,lakes  
,res]vation2 &  7#b7 lat] submitt$ a    
petition to ,unit$ ,/ates ,g5]al ,john  
,tipton t *all5g$ ! validity ( ! ,yell[ 
,riv] ,treaty2 ,:]eas1 aft] ! #b-ye>    

p]iod = ! ,yell[ ,riv] ,b& to move we/  
expir$1 ,:ite settl]s :o want$ to occupy
 ! l&s ( ! ,tw9 ,lakes ,res]vation      
petition$ ,indiana ,gov]nor ,david      
,wallace = protection1 &1 9 response1   
,gov]nor ,wallace au?oriz$ ,g5]al       
,tipton to mobilize a militia ( #ajj    
volunte]s to =cibly remove ! ,yell[     
,riv] ,b& f ! res]vation2 ,:]eas1 on    
,augu/ #cj1 #ahch1 ,g5]al ,tipton & a   
volunte] militia surpris$ ! ,yell[ ,riv]
 ,b& at ! ,tw9 ,lakes ,res]vation1 &1   
ov] ! next sev]al days1 ! soldi]s burn$ 
! crops & de/roy$ ! village ( ! ,yell[  
,riv] ,b& to disc\rage anyone f try+ to 
return2 ,:]eas1 on ,septemb] #d1 #ahch1 
! =c$ relocation ( #hei memb]s ( !      
,yell[ ,riv] ,b& proce$$ f ,tw9 ,lakes1 
,indiana1 "u ! arm$ escort ( ! militia1 
includ+ ! ,potawatomi lead]s ,m5om9ee1  
,makkatahm[ay1 & ,pep9awa1 :o 7 treat$ z
 prison]s ( w> & rode along 9 a wagon "u
 arm$ gu>d2 ,:]eas1 ov] ! c\rse ( #fa   
days1 ?r\gh deprivation & (t5 brutal    
heat along ! m>* we/1 kn[n z ! ,trail ( 

,dea?1 t ext5d$ f ,tw9 ,lakes1 ,indiana1
 ?r\gh ! ,/ates ( ,ill9ois & ,miss\ri to
 ! ev5tual de/9ation ( ! ,yell[ ,riv]   
,b& "s #ffj miles away 9 ,osawatomie1   
,kansas1 "s #db ,potawatomi individuals 
di$1 includ+ #bh *ildr52 & ,:]eas "s ( !
 ,potawatomi ,nation1 includ+ ! ,pokagon
 ,b&1 ! ,nottawaseppi ,huron ,b&1 ! ,gun
 ,lake ,b&1 & ! ,hannahville ,indian    
,community1 evad$ =c$ relocation & !    
deva/at+ consequ5ces ( ! ,trail ( ,dea? 
by flee+ to o!r locations 9 ! ,great    
,lakes region1 includ+ to ,canada1 &    
else:]e 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates3 ,n[1 !re=e1  
be x #a4 ,ackn[l$gm5t ,! ,s5ate-- 7#a7  
recognizes-- 7,a7 ! special legal &     
political relation%ip ,indian ,tribes h 
) ! ,unit$ ,/ates2 &  7,b7 ! solemn     
cov5ant t ! ,potawatomi p ( ! ,unit$    
,/ates %>e ) ! l&2 &  7#b7 ackn[l$ges ! 
extreme h>d%ip1 viol5ce1 & maltreatm5t  
inflict$ on ! ,potawatomi p by ! ,unit$ 
,/ates ?r\gh ! cruel & ill-conceiv$     
policy ( =cible removal ( ! ,potawatomi 
p f _! homel& ea/ ( ! ,mississippi      

,riv]4  #b4 ,disclaim] ,no?+ 9 ?is      
resolution-- 7#a7 au?orizes or supports 
any claim aga9/ ! ,unit$ ,/ates2 or     
7#b7 s]ves z a settlem5t ( any claim    
aga9/ ! ,unit$ ,/ates4